Copy a string

Copy a string
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.

This task is about copying a string.

Task

Where it is relevant, distinguish between copying the contents of a string versus making an additional reference to an existing string.

Other tasks related to string operations:

Metrics

• Array length
• String length
• Copy a string
• Empty string  (assignment)

Counting

• Word frequency
• Letter frequency
• Jewels and stones
• I before E except after C
• Bioinformatics/base count
• Count occurrences of a substring
• Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string

Remove/replace

• XXXX redacted
• Conjugate a Latin verb
• Remove vowels from a string
• String interpolation (included)
• Strip block comments
• Strip comments from a string
• Strip a set of characters from a string
• Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
• Strip control codes and extended characters from a string

Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling

• Word wheel
• ABC problem
• Sattolo cycle
• Knuth shuffle
• Ordered words
• Superpermutation minimisation
• Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
• Anagrams
• Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
• Permutations/Derangements

Find/Search/Determine

• ABC words
• Odd words
• Word ladder
• Semordnilap
• Word search
• Wordiff  (game)
• String matching
• Tea cup rim text
• Alternade words
• Changeable words
• State name puzzle
• String comparison
• Unique characters
• Unique characters in each string
• Extract file extension
• Levenshtein distance
• Palindrome detection
• Common list elements
• Longest common suffix
• Longest common prefix
• Compare a list of strings
• Longest common substring
• Find common directory path
• Words from neighbour ones
• Change e letters to i in words
• Non-continuous subsequences
• Longest common subsequence
• Longest palindromic substrings
• Longest increasing subsequence
• Words containing "the" substring
• Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
• Determine if a string is numeric
• Determine if a string is collapsible
• Determine if a string is squeezable
• Determine if a string has all unique characters
• Determine if a string has all the same characters
• Longest substrings without repeating characters
• Find words which contains all the vowels
• Find words which contains most consonants
• Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
• Find words which first and last three letters are equals
• Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa

Formatting

• Substring
• Rep-string
• Word wrap
• String case
• Align columns
• Literals/String
• Repeat a string
• Brace expansion
• Brace expansion using ranges
• Reverse a string
• Phrase reversals
• Comma quibbling
• Special characters
• String concatenation
• Substring/Top and tail
• Commatizing numbers
• Reverse words in a string
• Suffixation of decimal numbers
• Long literals, with continuations
• Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
• Abbreviations, easy
• Abbreviations, simple
• Abbreviations, automatic

Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases

• Mad Libs
• Magic 8-ball
• 99 Bottles of Beer
• The Name Game (a song)
• The Old lady swallowed a fly
• The Twelve Days of Christmas

Tokenize

• Text between
• Tokenize a string
• Word break problem
• Tokenize a string with escaping
• Split a character string based on change of character

Sequences

• Show ASCII table
• De Bruijn sequences
• Self-referential sequences
• Generate lower case ASCII alphabet

11l

V src = ‘hello’
V dst = copy(src)

360 Assembly

To copy a string, we use an MVC (Move Character). To make a reference to a string, we use a LA (Load Address).

*        Duplicate a string
         MVC    A,=CL64'Hello'     a='Hello'
         MVC    B,A                b=a          memory copy
         MVC    A,=CL64'Goodbye'   a='Goodbye'
         XPRNT  A,L'A              print a
         XPRNT  B,L'B              print b
         ...
*        Make reference to a string a string
         MVC    A,=CL64'Hi!'       a='Hi!'
         LA     R1,A               [email protected]        set pointer
         ST     R1,REFA            [email protected]      store pointer
         XPRNT  A,L'A              print a
         XPRNT  0(R1),L'A          print %refa
         ...
A        DS     CL64               a
B        DS     CL64               b
REFA     DS     A                  @a

68000 Assembly

Making a reference to an existing string is simple. Just load its memory location into an address register.

myString: DC.B "HELLO WORLD",0
EVEN
 
LEA myString,A3

Copying a string involves a little more work:

StringRam equ $100000
 
myString: DC.B "HELLO WORLD",0
EVEN
 
LEA myString,A3
LEA StringRam,A4
 
CopyString:
MOVE.B (A3)+,D0
MOVE.B D0,(A4)+  ;we could have used "MOVE.B (A3)+,(A4)+" but this makes it easier to check for the terminator.
BEQ Terminated
BRA CopyString
 
Terminated:      ;the null terminator is already stored along with the string itself, so we are done.
;program ends here.

8086 Assembly

The technique varies depending on whether you just want a new reference to the old string or to actually duplicate it in RAM. Strangely, this is one of the few things that's actually easier to do correctly in assembly than in high-level languages - it's very unlikely you'll do the wrong one by accident.

Making a new reference

This technique is useful if you wish to create a struct/record that needs to be able to retrieve a string quickly. All you need to do is get a pointer to the desired string and store it in RAM.

.model small 
.stack 1024
 
.data
 
myString byte "Hello World!",0    ; a null-terminated string
 
myStruct word 0
 
.code
 
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax       ;load data segment into DS
 
mov bx,offset myString   ;get the pointer to myString
 
mov word ptr [ds:myStruct],bx
 
mov ax,4C00h
int 21h         ;quit program and return to DOS

Creating a "deep copy"

This method will actually make a byte-for-byte copy somewhere else in RAM.

.model small 
.stack 1024
 
.data
 
myString byte "Hello World!",0    ; a null-terminated string
 
StringRam byte 256 dup (0)        ;256 null bytes
 
.code
 
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax       ;load data segment into DS
mov es,ax       ;also load it into ES
 
mov si,offset myString
mov di,offset StringRam
mov cx,12       ;length of myString
cld             ;make MOVSB auto-increment rather than auto-decrement (I'm pretty sure DOS begins with 
                ;the direction flag cleared but just to be safe)
 
rep movsb      ;copies 12 bytes from [ds:si] to [es:di]
mov al,0       ;create a null terminator
stosb          ;store at the end. (It's already there since we initialized StringRam to zeroes, but you may need to do this depending
               ;on what was previously stored in StringRam, if you've copied a string there already.
 
mov ax,4C00h
int 21h         ;quit program and return to DOS

AArch64 Assembly

Works with: as version Raspberry Pi 3B version Buster 64 bits

 
/* ARM assembly AARCH64 Raspberry PI 3B */
/*  program copystr64.s   */
 
/*******************************************/
/* Constantes file                         */
/*******************************************/
/* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly*/
.include "../includeConstantesARM64.inc"
/*******************************************/
/* Initialized data                        */
/*******************************************/
.data
szString: .asciz "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ\n"
/*******************************************/
/* UnInitialized data                      */
/*******************************************/
.bss 
.align 4
qPtString:    .skip 8
szString1:    .skip 80
/*******************************************/
/*  code section                           */
/*******************************************/
.text
.global main 
main:                    // entry of program
 
                         // display start string 
    ldr x0,qAdrszString
    bl affichageMess
                         // copy pointer string
    ldr x0,qAdrszString
    ldr x1,qAdriPtString
    str x0,[x1]
                         // control
    ldr x1,qAdriPtString
    ldr x0,[x1]
    bl affichageMess
                         // copy string
    ldr x0,qAdrszString    
    ldr x1,qAdrszString1
1:
    ldrb w2,[x0],1       // read one byte and increment pointer one byte
    strb w2,[x1],1       // store one byte and increment pointer one byte
    cmp x2,#0            // end of string ?
    bne 1b               // no -> loop 
                         // control
    ldr x0,qAdrszString1
    bl affichageMess
 
100:                     // standard end of the program */
    mov x0,0             // return code
    mov x8,EXIT          // request to exit program
    svc 0                // perform the system call
qAdrszString:        .quad szString
qAdriPtString:       .quad qPtString
qAdrszString1:       .quad szString1
/********************************************************/
/*        File Include fonctions                        */
/********************************************************/
/* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly */
.include "../includeARM64.inc"
 

ABAP

data: lv_string1 type string value 'Test',
      lv_string2 type string.
lv_string2 = lv_string1.

Inline Declaration

Works with: ABAP version 7.4 Or above only

DATA(string1) = |Test|.
DATA(string2) = string1.

Action!

PROC Main()
  CHAR ARRAY str1,str2,str3(10)
 
  str1="Atari"
  str2=str1 
  SCopy(str3,str1)
 
  PrintF(" base=%S%E",str1)
  PrintF("alias=%S%E",str2)
  PrintF(" copy=%S%E",str3)
  PutE()
 
  SCopy(str1,"Action!")
 
  PrintF(" base=%S%E",str1)
  PrintF("alias=%S%E",str2)
  PrintF(" copy=%S%E",str3)
RETURN

Output:

Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer

 base=Atari
alias=Atari
 copy=Atari

 base=Action!
alias=Action!
 copy=Atari

ActionScript

Strings are immutable in ActionScript, and can safely be assigned with the assignment operator, much as they can in Java.[1]

var str1:String = "Hello";
var str2:String = str1;

Ada

Ada provides three different kinds of strings. The String type is a fixed length string. The Bounded_String type is a string with variable length up to a specified maximum size. The Unbounded_String type is a variable length string with no specified maximum size. The Bounded_String type behaves a lot like C strings, while the Unbounded_String type behaves a lot like the C++ String class.

Fixed Length String Copying.

Src : String := "Hello";
Dest : String := Src;

Ada provides the ability to manipulate slices of strings.

Src : String := "Rosetta Stone";
Dest : String := Src(1..7); -- Assigns "Rosetta" to Dest
Dest2 : String := Src(9..13); -- Assigns "Stone" to Dest2

Bounded Length String Copying

-- Instantiate the generic package Ada.Strings.Bounded.Generic_Bounded_Length with a maximum length of 80 characters
package Flexible_String is new Ada.Strings.Bounded.Generic_Bounded_Length(80);
use Flexible_String;
 
Src : Bounded_String := To_Bounded_String("Hello");
Dest : Bounded_String := Src;

Ada Bounded_String type provides a number of functions for dealing with slices.

Unbounded Length String Copying

-- The package Ada.Strings.Unbounded contains the definition of the Unbounded_String type and all its methods
Src : Unbounded_String := To_Unbounded_String("Hello");
Dest : Unbounded_String := Src;

Aime

The intrinsic text type is immediate, immutable and cannot be referred more than once.

Copying an intrinsic string:

text s, t;
t = "Rosetta";
s = t;

Data of the non intrinsic byte array type can be referred more than once. Copying a binary array of bytes:

data s, t;
# Copy -t- into -s-
b_copy(s, t);
# Set -s- as a reference of the object -t- is pointing
b_set(s, t);
# or:
s = t;
 

ALGOL 68

In ALGOL 68 strings are simply flexible length arrays of CHAR;

(
  STRING src:="Hello", dest;
  dest:=src
)

ALGOL W

begin
    % strings are (fixed length) values in algol W. Assignment makes a copy   %
    string(10) a, copyOfA;
    a := "some text";
    copyOfA := a;
    % assignment to a will not change copyOfA                                 %
    a := "new value";
    write( a, copyOfA )
end.

Output:

new value some text 

Apex

In Apex, Strings are a primitive data type

String original = 'Test';
String cloned = original;
//"original == cloned" is true
 
cloned += ' more';
//"original == cloned" is false

AppleScript

set src to "Hello"
set dst to src

ARM Assembly

Works with: as version Raspberry Pi

 
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI  */
/*  program copystr.s   */
 
/* Constantes    */
.equ STDOUT, 1     @ Linux output console
.equ EXIT,   1     @ Linux syscall
.equ WRITE,  4     @ Linux syscall
/* Initialized data */
.data
szString: .asciz "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ\n"
 
/* UnInitialized data */
.bss 
.align 4
iPtString:   .skip 4
szString1:    .skip 80
 
/*  code section */
.text
.global main 
main:                /* entry of program  */
    push {fp,lr}    /* saves 2 registers */
 
    @ display start string 
    ldr r0,iAdrszString
    bl affichageMess
    @ copy pointer string
    ldr r0,iAdrszString
    ldr r1,iAdriPtString
    str r0,[r1]
    @ control
    ldr r1,iAdriPtString
    ldr r0,[r1]
    bl affichageMess
    @ copy string
    ldr r0,iAdrszString    
    ldr r1,iAdrszString1
1:
    ldrb r2,[r0],#1   @ read one byte and increment pointer one byte
    strb r2,[r1],#1   @ store one byte and increment pointer one byte
    cmp r2,#0          @ end of string ?
    bne 1b            @ no -> loop 
    @ control
    ldr r0,iAdrszString1
    bl affichageMess
 
100:   /* standard end of the program */
    mov r0, #0                  @ return code
    pop {fp,lr}                 @restaur 2 registers
    mov r7, #EXIT              @ request to exit program
    swi 0                       @ perform the system call
iAdrszString:		.int szString
iAdriPtString:		.int iPtString
iAdrszString1:		.int szString1
 
/******************************************************************/
/*     display text with size calculation                         */ 
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
affichageMess:
    push {fp,lr}    			/* save  registres */ 
    push {r0,r1,r2,r7}    		/* save others registers */
    mov r2,#0   				/* counter length */
1:      	/* loop length calculation */
    ldrb r1,[r0,r2]  			/* read octet start position + index */
    cmp r1,#0       			/* if 0 its over */
    addne r2,r2,#1   			/* else add 1 in the length */
    bne 1b          			/* and loop */
                                /* so here r2 contains the length of the message */
    mov r1,r0        			/* address message in r1 */
    mov r0,#STDOUT      		/* code to write to the standard output Linux */
    mov r7, #WRITE             /* code call system "write" */
    swi #0                      /* call systeme */
    pop {r0,r1,r2,r7}     		/* restaur others registers */
    pop {fp,lr}    				/* restaur des  2 registres */ 
    bx lr	        			/* return  */
 
 
 

Arturo

a: new "Hello"
b: a            ; reference the same string
 
; changing one string in-place
; will change both strings
 
'b ++ "World"
print b
print a
 
c: "Hello"
d: new c        ; make a copy of the older string
 
; changing one string in-place
; will change only the string in question
 
'd ++ "World"
print d
print c

Output:

HelloWorld
HelloWorld
HelloWorld
Hello

Asymptote

string src, dst;
src = "Hello";
dst = src;
src = " world...";
write(dst, src);

AutoHotkey

src := "Hello"
dst := src

AutoIt

$Src= "Hello"
$dest = $Src

AWK

BEGIN {
  a = "a string"
  b = a
  sub(/a/, "X", a) # modify a
  print b  # b is a copy, not a reference to...
}

Axe

Lbl STRCPY
r₁→S
While {r₂}
 {r₂}→{r₁}
 r₁++
 r₂++
End
0→{r₁}
S
Return

Babel

To copy a string in Babel is the same as copying any other object. Use the cp operator to make a deep-copy.

babel> "Hello, world\n" dup cp dup 0 "Y" 0 1 move8
babel> << <<
Yello, world
Hello, world
 

BASIC

Works with: QuickBasic version 4.5

Works with: PB version 7.1

 src$ = "Hello"
 dst$ = src$

Applesoft BASIC

100 DEF  FN P(A) =  PEEK (A) +  PEEK(A + 1) * 256 : FOR I =  FN P(105) TO  FN P(107) - 1 STEP 7 : ON PEEK(I + 1) < 128 OR PEEK(I) > 127 GOTO 130 : ON LEFT$(P$, 1) <> CHR$(PEEK(I)) GOTO 130
110 IF LEN(P$) > 1 THEN ON PEEK(I + 1) = 128 GOTO 130 : IF MID$(P$, 2, 1) <> CHR$(PEEK(I + 1) - 128) GOTO 130
120 POKE I + 4, P / 256 : POKE I + 3, P - PEEK(I + 4) * 256 : RETURN
130 NEXT I : STOP

S$ = "HELLO" : REM S$ IS THE ORIGINAL STRING
C$ = S$ : REM C$ IS THE COPY

P$ = "S" : P = 53637 : GOSUB 100"POINT STRING S AT SOMETHING ELSE
?S$
?C$

BaCon

Strings by value or by reference

Strings can be stored by value or by reference. By value means that a copy of the original string is stored in a variable. This happens automatically when when a string variable name ends with the '$' symbol.

Sometimes it may be necessary to refer to a string by reference. In such a case, simply declare a variable name as STRING but omit the '$' at the end. Such a variable will point to the same memory location as the original string. The following examples should show the difference between by value and by reference.

When using string variables by value:

a$ = "I am here"
b$ = a$
a$ = "Hello world..."
PRINT a$, b$

This will print "Hello world...I am here". The variables point to their individual memory areas so they contain different strings. Now consider the following code:

a$ = "Hello world..."
LOCAL b TYPE STRING
b = a$
a$ = "Goodbye..."
PRINT a$, b

This will print "Goodbye...Goodbye..." because the variable 'b' points to the same memory area as 'a$'.

BASIC256

src$ = "Hello"
dst$ = src$
src$ = " world..."
print dst$; src$

QBasic

Works with: QBasic version 1.1

Works with: QuickBasic version 4.5

Works with: PB version 7.1

src$ = "Hello"  ' is the original string
dst$ = src$     ' is the copy
src$ = " world..."
PRINT dst$; src$

True BASIC

Works with: QBasic

Works with: BASIC256

Works with: Yabasic

LET src$ = "Hello"
LET dst$ = src$
LET src$ = " world..."
PRINT dst$; src$
END

Yabasic

src$ = "Hello"
dst$ = src$
src$ = " world..."
print dst$, src$
end

Commodore BASIC

10 A$ = "HELLO"
20 REM COPY CONTENTS OF A$ TO B$
30 B$ = A$
40 REM CHANGE CONTENTS OF A$
50 A$ = "HI"
60 REM DISPLAY CONTENTS
70 PRINT A$, B$

Commodore BASIC can't do pointers or 'reference to'

Sinclair ZX81 BASIC

Creating a new reference to an existing string is not possible, or at least not easy. (You could probably do it with PEEKs and POKEs.) This program demonstrates that an assignment statement copies a string, by showing that the two strings can afterwards be independently modified.

10 LET A$="BECAUSE I DO NOT HOPE TO TURN AGAIN"
20 LET B$=A$
30 LET A$=A$( TO 21)
40 PRINT B$
50 PRINT A$
60 LET B$=A$+B$(22 TO 29)
70 PRINT B$

Output:

BECAUSE I DO NOT HOPE TO TURN AGAIN
BECAUSE I DO NOT HOPE
BECAUSE I DO NOT HOPE TO TURN

Batch File

Since the only variables are environment variables, creating a string copy is fairly straightforward:

set src=Hello
set dst=%src%

BBC BASIC

Works with: BBC BASIC for Windows

      source$ = "Hello, world!"
 
      REM Copy the contents of a string:
      copy$ = source$
      PRINT copy$
 
      REM Make an additional reference to a string:
      !^same$ = !^source$
      ?(^same$+4) = ?(^source$+4)
      ?(^same$+5) = ?(^source$+5)
      PRINT same$

BQN

BQN strings are character arrays. Like all other types of arrays, they are immutable.

String copying in BQN is left to be defined by the implementation, but CBQN and mlochbaum/BQN(main implementations) copy only the reference until the original source is modified.

a ← "Hello"
b ← a
•Show a‿b
a ↩ "hi"
•Show a‿b

⟨ "Hello" "Hello" ⟩
⟨ "hi" "Hello" ⟩

Bracmat

Because in Bracmat strings are unalterable, you never want to copy a string. Still, you will obtain a copy of a string by overflowing the reference counter of the string. (Currently, reference counters on strings and on most operators are 10 bits wide. The = operator has a much wider 'inexhaustible' reference counter, because it anchors alterable objects.) Still, you won't be able to test whether you got the original or a copy other than by looking at overall memory usage of the Bracmat program at the OS-level or by closely timing comparison operations. You obtain a new reference to a string or a copy of the string by simple assignment using the = or the : operator:

abcdef:?a;
!a:?b;
 
c=abcdef;
!c:?d;
 
!a:!b { variables a and b are the same and probably referencing the same string }
!a:!d { variables a and d are also the same but not referencing the same string }
 

C

#include <stdlib.h>	/* exit(), free() */
#include <stdio.h>	/* fputs(), perror(), printf() */
#include <string.h>
 
int
main()
{
	size_t len;
	char src[] = "Hello";
	char dst1[80], dst2[80];
	char *dst3, *ref;
 
	/*
	 * Option 1. Use strcpy() from <string.h>.
	 *
	 * DANGER! strcpy() can overflow the destination buffer.
	 * strcpy() is only safe if the source string is shorter than
	 * the destination buffer. We know that "Hello" (6 characters
	 * with the final '\0') easily fits in dst1 (80 characters).
	 */
	strcpy(dst1, src);
 
	/*
	 * Option 2. Use strlen() and memcpy() from <string.h>, to copy
	 * strlen(src) + 1 bytes including the final '\0'.
	 */
	len = strlen(src);
	if (len >= sizeof dst2) {
		fputs("The buffer is too small!\n", stderr);
		exit(1);
	}
	memcpy(dst2, src, len + 1);
 
	/*
	 * Option 3. Use strdup() from <string.h>, to allocate a copy.
	 */
	dst3 = strdup(src);
	if (dst3 == NULL) {
		/* Failed to allocate memory! */
		perror("strdup");
		exit(1);
	}
 
	/* Create another reference to the source string. */
	ref = src;
 
	/* Modify the source string, not its copies. */
	memset(src, '-', 5);
 
	printf(" src: %s\n", src);   /*  src: ----- */
	printf("dst1: %s\n", dst1);  /* dst1: Hello */
	printf("dst2: %s\n", dst2);  /* dst2: Hello */
	printf("dst3: %s\n", dst3);  /* dst3: Hello */
	printf(" ref: %s\n", ref);   /*  ref: ----- */
 
	/* Free memory from strdup(). */
	free(dst3);
 
	return 0;
}

Library: BSD libc

#include <stdlib.h>	/* exit() */
#include <stdio.h>	/* fputs(), printf() */
#include <string.h>
 
int
main()
{
	char src[] = "Hello";
	char dst[80];
 
	/* Use strlcpy() from <string.h>. */
	if (strlcpy(dst, src, sizeof dst) >= sizeof dst) {
		fputs("The buffer is too small!\n", stderr);
		exit(1);
	}
 
	memset(src, '-', 5);
	printf("src: %s\n", src);  /* src: ----- */
	printf("dst: %s\n", dst);  /* dst: Hello */
 
	return 0;
}

C#

string src = "Hello";
string dst = src;

C++

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
 
int main( ) {
   std::string original ("This is the original");
   std::string my_copy = original;
   std::cout << "This is the copy: " << my_copy << std::endl;
   original = "Now we change the original! ";
   std::cout << "my_copy still is " << my_copy << std::endl;
}

Clojure

(let [s "hello"
      s1 s]
  (println s s1))

COBOL

Translation of: C#

MOVE "Hello" TO src
MOVE src TO dst

ColdFusion

In ColdFusion, only complex data types (structs, objects, etc.) are passed by reference. Hence, any string copy operations are by value.

<cfset stringOrig = "I am a string." />
<cfset stringCopy = stringOrig />

Common Lisp

(let* ((s1     "Hello")        ; s1 is a variable containing a string
       (s1-ref s1)             ; another variable with the same value
       (s2     (copy-seq s1))) ; s2 has a distinct string object with the same contents
  (assert (eq s1 s1-ref))      ; same object
  (assert (not (eq s1 s2)))    ; different object
  (assert (equal s1 s2))       ; same contents
 
  (fill s2 #\!)                ; overwrite s2
  (princ s1)                  
  (princ s2))                  ; will print "Hello!!!!!"

Component Pascal

 
VAR
	str1: ARRAY 128 OF CHAR;
	str2: ARRAY 32 OF CHAR;
	str3: ARRAY 25 OF CHAR;
 

...

 
	str1 := "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
        str3 := str1; (* don't compile, incompatible assignement *)
        str3 := str1$; (* runtime error, string too long *)
        str2 := str1$; (* OK *)
 

Computer/zero Assembly

Assuming a string to be a zero-terminated array of bytes, this program takes a string beginning at address src and makes a copy of it beginning at address dest. As an example, we copy the string "Rosetta".

ldsrc:  LDA  src
stdest: STA  dest
        BRZ  done  ; 0-terminated
 
        LDA  ldsrc
        ADD  one
        STA  ldsrc
 
        LDA  stdest
        ADD  one
        STA  stdest
 
        JMP  ldsrc
 
done:   STP
 
one:         1
 
src:         82    ; ASCII
             111
             115
             101
             116
             116
             97
             0
 
dest:

Crystal

s1 = "Hello"
s2 = s1

D

void main() {
    string src = "This is a string";
 
    // copy contents:
    auto dest1 = src.idup;
 
    // copy contents to mutable char array
    auto dest2 = src.dup;
 
    // copy just the fat reference of the string
    auto dest3 = src;
}

dc

[a string]   # push "a string" on the main stack
d            # duplicate the top value
f            # show the current contents of the main stack

Output:

a string
a string

Delphi

Delphi strings are reference counted with copy on write semantics.

program CopyString;
 
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
 
var
  s1: string;
  s2: string;
begin
  s1 := 'Goodbye';
  s2 := s1; // S2 points at the same string as S1
  s2 := s2 + ', World!'; // A new string is created for S2
 
  Writeln(s1);
  Writeln(s2);
end.

Output:

Goodbye
Goodbye, World!

DWScript

DWScript strings are value-type, from the language point of view, you can't have a reference to a String, no more than you can have a reference to an Integer or a Float (unless you wrap in an object of course).

Internally they're transparently implemented via either immutable reference or copy-on-write.

Dyalect

Strings in Dyalect are immutable:

var src = "foobar"
var dst = src

Déjà Vu

In Déjà Vu, strings are immutable, so there really isn't a good reason to copy them. As such, no standard way of doing so is provided. However, one can still create a copy of a string by concatenating it with an empty string.

local :orgininal "this is the original"
local :scopy concat( original "" )
!. scopy

Output:

"this is the original"

E

E is a pass-references-by-value object-oriented language, and strings are immutable, so there is never a need for or benefit from copying a string. Various operations, such as taking the substring (run) from the beginning to the end (someString.run(0)) might create a copy, but this is not guaranteed.

EasyLang

a$ = "hello"
b$ = a$

EchoLisp

Strings are immutable. A copy will return the same object.

 
(define-syntax-rule (string-copy s) (string-append s)) ;; copy = append nothing
    → #syntax:string-copy
(define s "abc")
(define t (string-copy s))
    t → "abc"
(eq? s t) → #t ;; same reference, same object
 

EDSAC order code

Expects the final character of a string to be marked with a 1 in the least significant bit, as in Hello world/Line printer#EDSAC order code. The source string should be loaded at θ+34; it is copied into storage tank 6. The copy is then printed out.

[ Copy a string
  =============
 
  A program for the EDSAC
 
  Copies the source string into storage
  tank 6, which is assumed to be free,
  and then prints it from there
 
  Works with Initial Orders 2 ]
 
        T56K
        GK
 
[  0 ]  [email protected]      [ copy the string ]
[  1 ]  T192F
[  2 ]  [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
[ 17 ]  O192F     [ print the copy  ]
[ 18 ]  H192F
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
        [email protected]
[ 30 ]  ZF
[ 31 ]  PF
[ 32 ]  PD
[ 33 ]  P1F
[ 34 ]  *F
        RF
        OF
        SF
        EF
        TF
        TF
        AF
        !F
        CF
        OF
        DF
        ED
 
        EZPF

Output:

ROSETTA CODE

Elena

 
var src := "Hello";
var dst := src;          //  copying the reference
var copy := src.clone(); //  copying the content 
 

Elixir

src = "Hello"
dst = src

Emacs Lisp

(let* ((str1 "hi")
       (str1-ref str1)
       (str2 (copy-sequence str1)))
  (eq str1 str1-ref) ;=> t
  (eq str1 str2) ;=> nil
  (equal str1 str1-ref) ;=> t
  (equal str1 str2)) ;=> t

Erlang

Src = "Hello".
Dst = Src.

Euphoria

Works with: Euphoria version 4.0.3, 4.0.0 RC1 and later

Arrays in many languages are constrained to have a fixed number of elements, and those elements must all be of the same type. Euphoria eliminates both of those restrictions by defining all arrays (sequences) as a list of zero or more Euphoria objects whose element count can be changed at any time. When you retrieve a sequence element, it is not guaranteed to be of any type. You, as a programmer, need to check that the retrieved data is of the type you'd expect, Euphoria will not. The only thing it will check is whether an assignment is legal. For example, if you try to assign a sequence to an integer variable, Euphoria will complain at the time your code does the assignment.

sequence first = "ABC"
sequence newOne = first

F#

.NET strings are immutable, so it is usually not useful to make a deep copy. However if needed, it is possible using a static method of the System.String type:

let str = "hello"
let additionalReference = str
let deepCopy = System.String.Copy( str )
 
printfn "%b" <| System.Object.ReferenceEquals( str, additionalReference ) // prints true
printfn "%b" <| System.Object.ReferenceEquals( str, deepCopy )            // prints false

Factor

Factor strings are mutable but not growable. Strings will be immutable in a future release.

"This is a mutable string." dup ! reference
"Let's make a deal!" dup clone  ! copy
"New" " string" append .               ! new string
    "New string"

Factor string buffers (sbufs) are mutable and growable.

SBUF" Grow me!" dup "  OK." append
    SBUF" Grow me!  OK."

Convert a string buffer to a string.

SBUF" I'll be a string someday." >string .
    "I'll be a string someday."

Forth

Forth strings are generally stored in memory as prefix counted string, where the first byte contains the string length. However, on the stack they are most often represented as <addr cnt> pairs. Thus the way you copy a string depends on where the source string comes from:

\ Allocate two string buffers
create stringa 256 allot
create stringb 256 allot
 
\ Copy a constant string into a string buffer
s" Hello" stringa place
 
\ Copy the contents of one string buffer into another
stringa count  stringb place

Fortran

str2 = str1

Because Fortran uses fixed length character strings if str1 is shorter than str2 then str2 is padded out with trailing spaces. If str1 is longer than str2 it is truncated to fit.

FreeBASIC

' FB 1.05.0 Win64
 
Dim s As String = "This is a string"
Dim t As String = s
' a separate copy of the string contents has been made as can be seen from the addresses
Print s, StrPtr(s)
Print t, StrPtr(t)
' to refer to the same string a pointer needs to be used
Dim u As String Ptr = @s
Print
Print *u, StrPtr(*u)
Sleep

Output:

This is a string            10623504
This is a string            10623552

This is a string            10623504

Frink

Strings are immutable after construction, so "copying" a string just creates a new reference to a string. All string manipulation routines return a new string.

 
a = "Monkey"
b = a
 

FutureBasic

 
include "NSLog.incl"
 
CFStringRef original, copy
 
original = @"Hello!"
copy = fn StringWithString( original )
 
NSLog( @"%@", copy )
 
HandleEvents
 

Output:

Hello!

Gambas

Note that the DIM statement is required in Gambas.

Click this link to run this code

Public Sub main()
Dim src As String
Dim dst As String
 
src = "Hello"
dst = src
 
Print src
Print dst
End

GAP

#In GAP strings are lists of characters. An affectation simply copy references
a := "more";
b := a;
b{[1..4]} := "less";
a;
# "less"
 
# Here is a true copy
a := "more";
b := ShallowCopy(a);
b{[1..4]} := "less";
a;
# "more"

GML

src = "string";
dest = src;

Go

Just use assignment:

src := "Hello"
dst := src

Strings in Go are immutable. Because of this, there is no need to distinguish between copying the contents and making an additional reference. Technically, Go strings are immutable byte slices. A slice is an object that contains a reference to an underlying array. In the assignment shown above, a new slice object is created for dst. Its internal reference is likely to point to the same underlying array as src, but the language does not specify this behavior or make any guarantees about it.

package main
 
import "fmt"
 
func main() {
	// creature string
	var creature string = "shark"
	// point to creature
	var pointer *string = &creature
	// creature string
	fmt.Println("creature =", creature) // creature = shark
	// creature location in memory
	fmt.Println("pointer =", pointer) // pointer = 0xc000010210
	// creature through the pointer
	fmt.Println("*pointer =", *pointer) // *pointer = shark
	// set creature through the pointer
	*pointer = "jellyfish"
	// creature through the pointer
	fmt.Println("*pointer =", *pointer) // *pointer = jellyfish
	// creature string
	fmt.Println("creature =", creature) // creature = jellyfish
}

Groovy

The dynamics of references and object creation are very much the same as in Java. However, the meaning of the equality (==) operator is different in Groovy, so we show those differences here, even though they are not relevant to the actual copying.

Example and counter-example:

def string = 'Scooby-doo-bee-doo'    // assigns string object to a variable reference
def stringRef = string               // assigns another variable reference to the same object
def stringCopy = new String(string)  // copies string value into a new object, and assigns to a third variable reference

Test Program:

assert string == stringRef           // they have equal values (like Java equals(), not like Java ==)
assert string.is(stringRef)          // they are references to the same objext (like Java ==)
assert string == stringCopy          // they have equal values
assert ! string.is(stringCopy)       // they are references to different objects (like Java !=)

Caveat Lector: Strings are immutable objects in Groovy, so it is wasteful and utterly unnecessary to ever make copies of them within a Groovy program.

GUISS

Start.Programs,Accessories,Notepad,
Type:Hello world[pling],Highlight:Hello world[pling],
Menu,Edit,Copy,Menu,Edit,Paste

Harbour

cSource := "Hello World"
cDestination := cSource

Haskell

In Haskell, every value is immutable, including Strings. So one never needs to copy them; references are shared.

HicEst

src = "Hello World"
dst = src

i

//Strings are immutable in 'i'.
software {
	a = "Hello World"
	b = a //This copies the string.
 
	a += "s"
 
	print(a)
	print(b)
}
 

Icon and Unicon

Strings in Icon are immutable.

procedure main()
    a := "qwerty"
    b := a
    b[2+:4] := "uarterl"
    write(a," -> ",b)
end

Under the covers 'b' is created as a reference to the same string as 'a'; the sub-string assignment creates a new copy of the string. However, there is no way to tell this in the language. While most of the time this is transparent, programs that create very long strings through repeated concatenation need to avoid generating intermediate strings. Instead using a list and concatenating at the last minute can perform much better.

Note that strings are indicated using double quotes. However, single quotes are another type called character sets or csets.

J

src  =: 'hello'
dest =: src

J has copy-on-write semantics. So both src and dest are references to the same memory, until src changes, at which time dest retains a copy of the original value of src.

Java

In Java, Strings are immutable, so it doesn't make that much difference to copy it.

String src = "Hello";
String newAlias = src;
String strCopy = new String(src);
 
//"newAlias == src" is true
//"strCopy == src" is false
//"strCopy.equals(src)" is true

Instead, maybe you want to create a StringBuffer (mutable string) from an existing String or StringBuffer:

StringBuffer srcCopy = new StringBuffer("Hello");

JavaScript

Objects can be copied in JavaScript via simple reassignment. Changes to the properties of one will be reflected in the other:

var container = {myString: "Hello"};
var containerCopy = container; // Now both identifiers refer to the same object
 
containerCopy.myString = "Goodbye"; // container.myString will also return "Goodbye"

If you copy property values with reassignment, such as properties of the global object (window in browsers), only the value will be copied and not the reference

var a = "Hello";
var b = a; // Same as saying window.b = window.a
 
b = "Goodbye" // b contains a copy of a's value and a will still return "Hello"

Joy

"hello" dup

Strings are immutable.

jq

jq is a functional language and all data types, including strings, are immutable. If a string were to be copied (e.g. by exploding and imploding it), the resultant string would be equal in all respects to the original, and from the jq programmer's perspective, the two would be identical.

jq does however have a type of variable, though their values actually don't change -- they are just context-dependent. For example, consider the sequence of steps in the following function:

def demo:
  "abc" as $s    # assignment of a string to a variable
  | $s as $t     # $t points to the same string as $s
  | "def" as $s  # This $s shadows the previous $s
  | $t           # $t still points to "abc"
;
 
demo
 

Output:

"abc"

Julia

Strings are immutable in Julia. Assignment of one string valued variable to another is effectively a copy, as subsequent changes to either variable have no effect on the other.

 
s = "Rosetta Code"
t = s
 
println("s = \"", s, "\" and, after \"t = s\", t = \"", t, "\"")
 
s = "Julia at "*s
 
println("s = \"", s, "\" and, after this change, t = \"", t, "\"")
 

Output:

s = "Rosetta Code" and, after "t = s", t = "Rosetta Code"
s = "Julia at Rosetta Code" and, after this change, t = "Rosetta Code"

KonsolScript

Var:String str1 = "Hello";
Var:String str2 = str1;

Kotlin

val s = "Hello"
val alias = s      // alias === s
val copy = "" + s  // copy !== s

LabVIEW

In LabVIEW, one can simply wire an input to more than one output.
This image is a VI Snippet, an executable image of LabVIEW code. The LabVIEW version is shown on the top-right hand corner. You can download it, then drag-and-drop it onto the LabVIEW block diagram from a file browser, and it will appear as runnable, editable code.

Lang5

'hello dup

Lasso

While other datatypes like arrays require ->asCopy & ->asCopyDeep methods, assigning strings creates a copy, not a reference, as is seen below.

local(x = 'I saw a rhino!')
local(y = #x)
 
#x //I saw a rhino!
'\r'
#y //I saw a rhino!
 
'\r\r'
#x = 'I saw one too'
#x //I saw one too
'\r'
#y //I saw a rhino!
 
'\r\r'
#y = 'it was grey.'
#x //I saw one too
'\r'
#y //it was grey.

Latitude

Strings are immutable in Latitude, so it is seldom necessary to explicitly copy one. However, a copy can be distinguished from the original using ===

a := "Hello".
b := a.
c := a clone.
println: a == b.  ; True
println: a == c.  ; True
println: a === b. ; True
println: a === c. ; False

LC3 Assembly

Copying a string is the same as copying any other zero-terminated array. This program copies the string at SRC to COPY, then prints the copy to show it has worked.

        .ORIG      0x3000
 
        LEA        R1,SRC
        LEA        R2,COPY
 
LOOP    LDR        R3,R1,0
        STR        R3,R2,0
        BRZ        DONE
        ADD        R1,R1,1
        ADD        R2,R2,1
        BRNZP      LOOP
 
DONE    LEA        R0,COPY
        PUTS
 
        HALT
 
SRC     .STRINGZ   "What, has this thing appeared again tonight?"
 
COPY    .BLKW      128
 
        .END

Output:

What, has this thing appeared again tonight?

LFE

(let* ((a '"data assigned to a")
       (b a)) 
  (: io format '"Contents of 'b': ~s~n" (list b)))

Output:

Contents of 'b': data assigned to a

One can also use set to copy a sting when one is in the LFE REPL:

> (set a '"data")
"data"
> a
"data"
> (set b a)
"data"
> b
"data"

Liberty BASIC

src$ = "Hello"
dest$ = src$
print src$
print dest$
 

Lingo

str = "Hello world!"
str2 = str

Syntax-wise strings are not immuatable in Lingo. You can alter an existing string without new assignment:

put "X" before str
put "X" after str
put "X" into char 6 of str
put str
-- "XHellX world!X"

But memory-wise they are immutable: Lingo internally stores references to strings, and as soon as a string is altered, a new copy is created on the fly, so other references to the original string are not affected by the change.

Lisaac

+ scon : STRING_CONSTANT;
+ svar : STRING;
 
scon := "sample";
svar := STRING.create 20;
svar.copy scon;
svar.append "!\n";
 
svar.print;

STRING_CONSTANT is immutable, STRING is not.

Little

string a = "A string";
string b = a;
a =~ s/$/\./; 
puts(a);
puts(b);

LiveCode

put "foo" into bar
put bar into baz
answer bar && baz

Copies are nearly always made, on function calls parameters may be passed by reference (pointer) by prepending @ to a parameter in the function definition, however this is the only case where it is usually performed.

Logo

As a functional language, words are normally treated as symbols and cannot be modified. The EQUAL? predicate compares contents instead of identity. In UCB Logo the .EQ predicate tests for "thing" identity.

make "a "foo
make "b "foo
print .eq :a :b   ; true, identical symbols are reused
 
make "c :a
print .eq :a :c   ; true, copy a reference
 
make "c word :b "||  ; force a copy of the contents of a word by appending the empty word
print equal? :b :c   ; true
print .eq :b :c     ; false

Lua

Lua strings are immutable, so only one reference to each string exists.

 
a = "string"
b = a
print(a == b) -->true
print(b) -->string

Maple

In Maple, you cannot really copy a string in the sense that there can be two copies of the string in memory. As soon as you create a second copy of a string that already exists, it get turned into a reference to the first copy. However, you can copy a reference to a string by a simple assignment statement.

 
> s := "some string";
                           s := "some string"
 
> t := "some string";
                           t := "some string"
 
> evalb( s = t ); # they are equal
                                  true
 
> addressof( s ) = addressof( t ); # not just equal data, but the same address in memory
                        3078334210 = 3078334210
 
> u := t: # copy reference
 

Mathematica / Wolfram Language

a="Hello World"
b=a

MATLAB

string1 = 'Hello';
string2 = string1;

Maxima

/* It's possible in Maxima to access individual characters by subscripts, but it's not the usual way.
Also, the result is "Lisp character", which cannot be used by other Maxima functions except cunlisp. The usual
way to access characters is charat, returning a "Maxima character" (actually a one characte string). With the latter,
it's impossible to modify a string in place, thus scopy is of little use. */
 
a: "loners"$
b: scopy(a)$
c: a$
 
c[2]: c[5]$
 
a;
"losers"
 
b;
"loners"
 
c;
"losers"

MAXScript

str1 = "Hello"
str2 = copy str1

Metafont

Metafont will always copy a string (does not make references).

string s, a;
s := "hello";
a := s;
s := s & " world";
message s;  % writes "hello world"
message a;  % writes "hello"
end

MiniScript

phrase = "hi"
copy = phrase
print phrase
print copy

MIPS Assembly

This does a full copy of the string, not just copying the pointer to the string's contents.

.data 
 
.text
 
strcpy:
  addi $sp, $sp, -4
  sw $s0, 0($sp)
  add $s0, $zero, $zero
 
L1: 
  add $t1, $s0, $a1
  lb $t2, 0($t1)
  add $t3, $s0, $a0
  sb $t2, 0($t3)
  beq $t2, $zero, L2
  addi $s0, $s0, 1
  j L1
 
L2:
  lw $s0, 0($sp)
  addi $sp, $sp, 4
  jr $ra
 

Mirah

src = "Hello"
new_alias = src
 
puts 'interned strings are equal' if src == new_alias
 
str_copy = String.new(src)
puts 'non-interned strings are not equal' if str_copy != src
puts 'compare strings with equals()' if str_copy.equals(src)
 

Modula-3

Strings in Modula-3 have the type TEXT.

VAR src: TEXT := "Foo";
VAR dst: TEXT := src;

MUMPS

SET S1="Greetings, Planet"
SET S2=S1

Nanoquery

a = "Hello"
b = a

Neko

var src = "Hello"
var dst = src

Nemerle

Nemerle gives you the option of declaring a variable - even a string - as mutable, so the caveats of languages with only immutable strings don't necessarily apply. However, Nemerle binds the value of the string to the new name when copying; to sort of emulate copying a reference you can use lazy evaluation.

using System;
using System.Console;
using Nemerle;
 
module StrCopy
{
    Main() : void
    {
        mutable str1 = "I am not changed";      // str1 is bound to literal
        def str2 = lazy(str1);                  // str2 will be bound when evaluated
        def str3 = str1;                        // str3 is bound to value of str1
        str1 = "I am changed";                  // str1 is bound to new literal
        Write($"$(str1)\n$(str2)\n$(str3)\n");  // str2 is bound to value of str1
        // Output: I am changed
        //         I am changed
        //         I am not changed
    }
}

NetRexx

In addition to the string capabilities provided by the Java String libraries (see Java for some examples) NetRexx provides comprehensive string capabilities through the built-in Rexx type. Rexx strings can be copied by simple assignment; as follows:

/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref symbols nobinary
 
s1 = 'This is a Rexx string'
s2 = s1
 
s2 = s2.changestr(' ', '_')
 
say s1
say s2

In this example a string is created, the string is copied then the copy is modified with the changestr built-in function. Finally both strings are displayed to confirm that the original string wasn't modified by the call to changestr.

Output:

This is a Rexx string
This_is_a_Rexx_string

NewLISP

(define (assert f msg) (if (not f) (println msg)))
 
(setq  s "Greetings!"  c (copy s))
(reverse c) ; Modifies c in place.
 
(assert (= s c) "Strings not equal.")
 
; another way
; Nehal-Singhal 2018-05-25
 
> (setq a "abcd")
"abcd"
> (setq b a)
"abcd"
> b
"abcd"
> (= a b)
true
 
 

Nim

var
  c = "This is a string"
  d = c # Copy c into a new string

NS-HUBASIC

10 A$ = "HELLO"
20 B$ = A$
30 A$ = "HI"
40 PRINT A$, B$

Oberon-2

MODULE CopyString;
TYPE 
	String = ARRAY 128 OF CHAR;
VAR
	a,b: String;
 
BEGIN
	a := "plain string";
	COPY(a,b);
END CopyString.

Objeck

a := "GoodBye!";
b := a;

Objective-C

Immutable strings - since they are immutable, you may get the same instance with its references count increased. Or, you can get a copy which is mutable if you use mutableCopy. Remember that both copy and mutableCopy return a retained instance. You can also get a copy by doing [NSString stringWithString:] or [[NSString alloc] initWithString:].

Note that both copy and initWithString:/stringWithString: are optimized to return the original string object (possibly retained) if it is immutable.

NSString *original = @"Literal String";
NSString *new = [original copy];
NSString *anotherNew = [NSString stringWithString:original];
NSString *newMutable = [original mutableCopy];

Mutable strings - you can get either new mutable (if you use mutableCopy) or immutable (if you use copy) string:

NSMutableString *original = [NSMutableString stringWithString:@"Literal String"];
NSString *immutable = [original copy];
NSString *anotherImmutable = [NSString stringWithString:original];
NSMutableString *mutable = [original mutableCopy];

Copying a CString into an NSString:

const char *cstring = "I'm a plain C string";
NSString *string = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:cstring];

Copying from data, possibly not null terminated:

char bytes[] = "some data";
NSString *string = [[NSString alloc] initWithBytes:bytes length:9 encoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding];

And of course, if a C string is needed, you can use standard functions like strcpy.

OCaml

let src = "foobar"

Before OCaml 4.02 (2014), strings were mutable and explicit deep copying was needed:

let dst = String.copy src

Between 4.02 and 4.06 (2017), immutable strings were optionally enabled via a flag: -safe-string. A Bytes module was added to provide safe and unsafe mutable views on strings. The two modules were synonymous unless the aforementioned flag was added.

(* Transition-period synonymy between types, explicit type annotations are just for emphasis *)
let dst1 : string = Bytes.copy (src : bytes)
let dst2 : bytes = Bytes.copy (src : string)
(* fails to compile with -safe-string *)

After 4.06, immutable strings became the default, Bytes still exists, but its type is now distinct. The only way to get mutable strings and type synonymy back is at configure-time on the compiler itself.
String.copy issues a deprecation warning, and a (shallow) copy would simply be an assignment by default:

let dst = src

To get a mutable deep-copy still, just convert the string to bytes via Bytes.of_string, which copies for safety, or String.sub/map/init/.. for an immutable copy.

depending on your compiler version, choose the example accordingly.

Octave

str2 = str1

Oforth

To make a copy of the reference, just dup the string

"abcde" dup

There is no need to copy a string content as strings are immutable. If really needed :

StringBuffer new "abcde" << 

Ol

 
(define a "The String.")
 
; copy the string
(define b (runes->string (string->runes a)))
(print "a: " a)
(print "b: " b)
(print "b is an a: " (eq? a b))
(print "b same as a: " (equal? a b))
 
; another way: marshal the string
(define c (fasl-decode (fasl-encode a) #f))
(print "a: " a)
(print "c: " c)
(print "c is an a: " (eq? a c))
(print "c same as a: " (equal? a c))
 

Output:

a: The String.
b: The String.
b is an a: #false
b same as a: #true
a: The String.
c: The String.
c is an a: #false
c same as a: #true

ooRexx

/* Rexx ***************************************************************
* 16.05.2013 Walter Pachl
**********************************************************************/
 
s1 = 'This is a Rexx string'
s2 = s1 /* does not copy the string */
 
Say 's1='s1
Say 's2='s2
i1=s1~identityhash; Say 's1~identityhash='i1
i2=s2~identityhash; Say 's2~identityhash='i2
 
s2 = s2~changestr('*', '*') /* creates a modified copy */
 
Say 's1='s1
Say 's2='s2
i1=s1~identityhash; Say 's1~identityhash='i1
i2=s2~identityhash; Say 's2~identityhash='i2

Output:

s1=This is a Rexx string
s2=This is a Rexx string
s1~identityhash=17587366586244
s2~identityhash=17587366586244
s1=This is a Rexx string
s2=This is a Rexx string
s1~identityhash=17587366586244
s2~identityhash=17587366588032

OxygenBasic

 
string s, t="hello"
s=t
 

PARI/GP

Assignment in GP always copies.

s1=s

In PARI, strings can be copied and references can be made.

GEN string_copy = gcopy(string);
GEN string_ref = string;

Pascal

program in,out;
 
type
 
   pString = ^string;
 
var
 
   s1,s2 : string ;
   pStr  : pString ;
 
begin
 
   /* direct copy */
   s1 := 'Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their party.'
   s2 := s1 ;
 
   writeln(s1);
   writeln(s2);
 
   /* By Reference */
   pStr := @s1 ;
   writeln(pStr^);
 
   pStr := @s2 ;
   writeln(pStr^);
 
end;

Perl

To copy a string, just use ordinary assignment:

my $original = 'Hello.';
my $new = $original;
$new = 'Goodbye.';
print "$original\n";   # prints "Hello."

To create a reference to an existing string, so that modifying the referent changes the original string, use a backslash:

my $original = 'Hello.';
my $ref = \$original;
$$ref = 'Goodbye.';
print "$original\n";   # prints "Goodbye."

If you want a new name for the same string, so that you can modify it without dereferencing a reference, assign a reference to a typeglob:

my $original = 'Hello.';
our $alias;
local *alias = \$original;
$alias = 'Good evening.';
print "$original\n";   # prints "Good evening."

Note that our $alias, though in most cases a no-op, is necessary under stricture. Beware that local binds dynamically, so any subroutines called in this scope will see (and possibly modify!) the value of $alias assigned here.

To make a lexical variable that is an alias of some other variable, the Lexical::Alias module can be used:

use Lexical::Alias;
my $original = 'Hello.';
my $alias;
alias $alias, $original;
$alias = 'Good evening.';
print "$original\n";   # prints "Good evening."

Phix

Library: Phix/basics

Use of strings is utterly intuitive with no unexpected side effects. For example

string one = "feed"
string two = one     -- (two becomes "feed", one remains "feed")
two[2..3] = "oo"     -- (two becomes "food", one remains "feed")
one[1] = 'n'         -- (two remains "food", one becomes "need")
?{one,two}

Output:

{"need","food"}

Phix variables are reference counted (except for integers). When a simple copy is made, it increases the reference count and shares the data, making it very fast on large sequences and long strings. Attempts to modify any data with a reference count greater than one cause a copy to be made, and all other variables are left unchanged. Strings can be modified "in situ", no problem.

PHP

$src = "Hello";
$dst = $src;

Picat

Use copy_term/1 to ensure that the original string is not changed.

go =>
  S1 = "string",
  println(s1=S1),
  S2 = S1,
  S2[1] := 'x', % also changes S1
  println(s1=S1),
  println(s2=S2),
  nl,
 
  S3 = "string",
  S4 = copy_term(S3),
  S4[1] := 'x', % no change of S3
  println(s3=S3),
  println(s4=S4),
 
  nl.

Output:

s1 = string
s1 = xtring
s2 = xtring

s3 = string
s4 = xtring

PicoLisp

(setq Str1 "abcdef")
(setq Str2 Str1)                       # Create a reference to that symbol
(setq Str3 (name Str1))                # Create new symbol with name "abcdef"

Pike

int main(){
   string hi = "Hello World.";
   string ih = hi;
}

PL/I

   declare (s1, s2) character (20) varying;
   s1 = 'now is the time';
   s2 = s1;

Pop11

In Pop11 normal data are represented by references, so plain assignment will copy references. To copy data one has to use copy procedure:

vars src, dst;
'Hello' -> src;
copy(src) -> dst;

One can also combine assignment (initialization) with variable declarations:

vars src='Hello';
vars dst=copy(src);

PostScript

In PostScript,

(hello) dup length string copy

PowerShell

Since PowerShell uses .NET behind the scenes and .NET strings are immutable you can simply assign the same string to another variable without breaking anything:

$str = "foo"
$dup = $str

To actually create a copy the Clone() method can be used:

$dup = $str.Clone()

ProDOS

editvar /newvar /value=a /userinput=1 /title=Enter a string to be copied:
editvar /newvar /value=b /userinput=1 /title=Enter current directory of the string:
editvar /newvar /value=c /userinput=1 /title=Enter file to copy to:
copy -a- from -b- to -c- 

Prolog

Values in Prolog are immutable so unifying with a variable that already has the value of a string will effectively copy that string. You cannot reassign a value once it has been unified, it is not logical to have a value equal more than one thing.

?- A = "A test string", A = B.
A = B, B = "A test string".

PureBasic

src$ = "Hello"
dst$ = src$

Python

Works with: Python version 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5

Since strings are immutable, all copy operations return the same string, with the reference count increased as appropriate

>>> src = "hello"
>>> a = src
>>> b = src[:]
>>> import copy
>>> c = copy.copy(src)
>>> d = copy.deepcopy(src)
>>> src is a is b is c is d
True

To actually copy a string:

>>> a = 'hello'
>>> b = ''.join(a)
>>> a == b
True
>>> b is a  ### Might be True ... depends on "interning" implementation details!
False

As a result of object "interning" some strings such as the empty string and single character strings like 'a' may be references to the same object regardless of copying. This can potentially happen with any Python immutable object and should be of no consequence to any proper code.

Be careful with is - use it only when you want to compare the identity of the object. To compare string values, use the == operator. For numbers and strings any given Python interpreter's implementation of "interning" may cause the object identities to coincide. Thus any number of names to identical numbers or strings might become references to the same objects regardless of how those objects were derived (even if the contents were properly "copied" around). The fact that these are immutable objects makes this a reasonable behavior.

Quackery

Translation of: Joy

Strings are immutable.

$ "hello" dup

R

Copy a string by value:

str1 <- "abc"
str2 <- str1

Racket

 
#lang racket
 
(let* ([s1 "Hey"]
       [s2 s1]
       [s3 (string-copy s1)]
       [s4 s3])
  (printf "s1 and s2 refer to ~a strings\n"
          (if (eq? s1 s2) "the same" "different")) ; same
  (printf "s1 and s3 refer to ~a strings\n"
          (if (eq? s1 s3) "the same" "different")) ; different
  (printf "s3 and s4 refer to ~a strings\n"
          (if (eq? s3 s4) "the same" "different")) ; same
  (string-fill! s3 #\!)
  (printf "~a~a~a~a\n" s1 s2 s3 s4)) ; outputs "HeyHey!!!!!!"
 

Raku

(formerly Perl 6)

There is no special handling needed to copy a string; just assign it to a new variable:

my $original = 'Hello.';
my $copy = $original;
say $copy;            # prints "Hello."
$copy = 'Goodbye.';
say $copy;            # prints "Goodbye."
say $original;        # prints "Hello."

You can also bind a new variable to an existing one so that each refers to, and can modify the same string.

my $original = 'Hello.';
my $bound := $original;
say $bound;           # prints "Hello."
$bound = 'Goodbye.';
say $bound;           # prints "Goodbye."
say $original;        # prints "Goodbye."

Raven

Copy a string by reference:

'abc' as a
a as b

Copy a string by value:

'abc' as a
a copy as b

REBOL

rebol [
    Title: "String Copy"
    URL: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Copy_a_string
]
 
x: y: "Testing."
y/2: #"X"
print ["Both variables reference same string:" mold x "," mold y]
 
x: "Slackeriffic!"
print ["Now reference different strings:" mold x "," mold y]
 
y: copy x        ; String copy here!
y/3: #"X"        ; Modify string.
print ["x copied to y, then modified:" mold x "," mold y]
 
y: copy/part x 7 ; Copy only the first part of y to x.
print ["Partial copy:" mold x "," mold y]
 
y: copy/part  skip x 2  3 
print ["Partial copy from offset:" mold x "," mold y]

Output:

Script: "String Copy" (16-Dec-2009)
Both variables reference same string: "TXsting." , "TXsting."
Now reference different strings: "Slackeriffic!" , "TXsting."
x copied to y, then modified: "Slackeriffic!" , "SlXckeriffic!"
Partial copy: "Slackeriffic!" , "Slacker"
Partial copy from offset: "Slackeriffic!" , "ack"

Red

 
Red[]
originalString: "hello wordl"
copiedString: originalString
; OR
copiedString2: copy originalString
 

Retro

'this_is_a_string dup s:temp

REXX

The example shows how to copy the contents of one string into another string.

Note that delimiters for literal strings, REXX accepts either of:

•   '     (an apostrophe)
•   "     (a double quote)

Also note that   all   REXX values (variables) are stored as (varying length)   character strings.

src = "this is a string"
dst = src

Ring

 
cStr1 = "Hello!"   # create original string
cStr2 = cStr1      # make new string from original
 

RLaB

>> s1 = "A string"
A string
>> s2 = s1
A string

Robotic

 
set "$string1" to "This is a string"
set "$string2" to "$string1"
* "&$string2&"
 

Ruby

In Ruby, String are mutable.

original = "hello"
reference = original          # copies reference
copy1 = original.dup          # instance of original.class
copy2 = String.new(original)  # instance of String
 
original << " world!"         # append
p reference                   #=> "hello world!"
p copy1                       #=> "hello"
p copy2                       #=> "hello"

There is a method of Object#clone, too, in the copy of the object.

original = "hello".freeze     # prevents further modifications
copy1 = original.dup          # copies contents (without status)
copy2 = original.clone        # copies contents (with status)
p copy1.frozen?               #=> false
p copy1 << " world!"          #=> "hello world!"
p copy2.frozen?               #=> true
p copy2 << " world!"          #=> can't modify frozen String (RuntimeError)

Run BASIC

origString$ = "Hello!"     ' create original string
newString$  = origString$  ' make new strig from original

Rust

fn main() {
    let s1 = "A String";
    let mut s2 = s1;
 
    s2 = "Another String";
 
    println!("s1 = {}, s2 = {}", s1, s2);
}

Output:

s1 = A String, s2 = Another String

Sather

class MAIN is
  main is
    s  ::= "a string";
    s1 ::= s;
    -- s1 is a copy
  end;
end;

Scala

  val src = "Hello"
  // Its actually not a copy but a reference
  // That is not a problem because String is immutable
  // In fact its a feature
  val des = src
  assert(src eq des) // Proves the same reference is used. 
  // To make a real copy makes no sense.
  // Actually its hard to make a copy, the compiler is too smart.
  // mkString, toString makes also not a real copy
  val cop = src.mkString.toString
  assert((src eq cop))                 // Still no copyed image
  val copy = src.reverse.reverse       // Finally double reverse makes a copy
  assert(src == copy && !(src eq copy))// Prove, but it really makes no sense.

Scheme

(define dst (string-copy src))

Seed7

var string: dest is "";
 
dest := "Hello";

SenseTalk

(* In SenseTalk, assignments normally always make copies of values. *)
 
put "glorious" into myWord
put myWord into yourWord
 
(* Assignments can also be made by reference if desired. *)
 
put a reference to myWord into myRef
set another to refer to myRef
 
put "ly" after myWord
put "in" before another
 
put "myWord:   " & myWord
put "yourWord: " & yourWord
put "myRef:    " & myRef
put "another:  " & another
 

Output:

myWord:   ingloriously
yourWord: glorious
myRef:    ingloriously
another:  ingloriously

Shiny

src: 'hello'
cpy: src

Sidef

var original = "hello";               # new String object
var reference = original;             # points at the original object
var copy1 = String.new(original);     # creates a new String object
var copy2 = original+'';              # ==//==

Simula

BEGIN
    TEXT ORIGINAL, REFERENCE, COPY1;
 
    ORIGINAL :- "THIS IS CONSTANT TEXT";
    ORIGINAL.SETPOS(1);
    REFERENCE :- ORIGINAL;
 
! RUN TIME ERROR:
!   ORIGINAL.PUTCHAR('X');
!   "copy-a-string.sim", line 9: ./copy-a-string: Putchar: Constant text object
;
 
    OUTTEXT(ORIGINAL);
    OUTIMAGE;
 
    ! CONTENT EQUAL? => T ;
    OUTTEXT(IF ORIGINAL = REFERENCE THEN "T" ELSE "F");
    OUTIMAGE;
 
    ! SAME TEXT OBJECT? => T ;
    OUTTEXT(IF ORIGINAL == REFERENCE THEN "T" ELSE "F");
    OUTIMAGE;
 
    COPY1 :- COPY(ORIGINAL);
    COPY1.SETPOS(1);
    COPY1.PUTCHAR('X');
    OUTTEXT(COPY1);
    OUTIMAGE;
END;

Output:

THIS IS CONSTANT TEXT
T
T
XHIS IS CONSTANT TEXT

Slate

[ | :s | s == s copy] applyTo: {'hello'}. "returns False"

Smalltalk

|s1 s2|
"bind the var s1 to the object string on the right"
s1 := 'i am a string'.
"bind the var s2 to the same object..."
s2 := s1.
"bind s2 to a copy of the object bound to s1"
s2 := (s1 copy).

SNOBOL4

 
* copy a to b
          b = a = "test"
          output = a
          output = b
* change the copy
          b "t" = "T"
          output = b
end

Output:

  test
  test
  Test

Standard ML

In Standard ML, strings are immutable, so you don't copy it.

Instead, maybe you want to create a CharArray.array (mutable string) from an existing string:

val src = "Hello";
val srcCopy = CharArray.array (size src, #"x"); (* 'x' is just dummy character *)
CharArray.copyVec {src = src, dst = srcCopy, di = 0};
src = CharArray.vector srcCopy; (* evaluates to true *)

or from another CharArray.array:

val srcCopy2 = CharArray.array (CharArray.length srcCopy, #"x"); (* 'x' is just dummy character *)
CharArray.copy {src = srcCopy, dst = srcCopy2, di = 0};

Swift

Just use assignment:

var src = "Hello"
var dst = src

Strings in Swift are value types, so assigning copies the string.

Tcl

set src "Rosetta Code"
set dst $src

Tcl copies strings internally when needed. To be exact, it uses a basic value model based on simple objects that are immutable when shared (i.e., when they have more than one effective reference to them); when unshared, they can be changed because the only holder of a reference has to be the code requesting the change. At the script level, this looks like Tcl is making a copy when the variable is assigned as above, but is more efficient in the common case where a value is not actually modified.

TI-83 BASIC

:"Rosetta Code"→Str1
:Str1→Str2

TI-89 BASIC

:"Rosetta Code"→str1
:str1→str2

Toka

" hello" is-data a
a string.clone is-data b

Transd

#lang transd
 
MainModule : {
  _start: (λ 
    (with s "Hello!" s1 "" s2 ""
        (= s1 s)             // duplication of 's' content
        (rebind s2 s)        // another reference to 's'
        (= s "Good bye!")
        (lout s)
        (lout s1)
        (lout s2)
    )
  )
}

Output:

Good bye!
Hello!
Good bye!

Trith

Strings are immutable character sequences, so copying a string just means duplicating the reference at the top of the stack:

"Hello" dup

TUSCRIPT

$$ MODE TUSCRIPT
str="Hello"
dst=str

UNIX Shell

foo="Hello"
bar=$foo    # This is a copy of the string

Ursa

decl string a b
set a "hello"
set b a

V

dup really makes a reference, but the language is functional, so the string is immutable.

"hello" dup

VBA

This program copies string in variable a to variable b. Mutating variable a subsequently doesn't alter variable b. Variable b is not a reference.

Sub copystring()
    a = "Hello World!"
    b = a
    a = "I'm gone"
    Debug.Print b
    Debug.Print a
End Sub

Output:

Hello World!
I'm gone

Vim Script

let str1 = "original string"
let str2 = str1
let str1 = "new string"
 
echo "String 1:" str1
echo "String 2:" str2

Output:

String 1: new string                                                            
String 2: original string

Visual Basic .NET

Platform: .NET

Works with: Visual Basic .NET version 9.0+

'Immutable Strings
Dim a = "Test string"
Dim b = a 'reference to same string
Dim c = New String(a.ToCharArray) 'new string, normally not used
 
'Mutable Strings
Dim x As New Text.StringBuilder("Test string")
Dim y = x 'reference
Dim z = New Text.StringBuilder(x.ToString) 'new string

Alternatively, you can use, with all versions of the .NET framework:

Dim a As String = "Test String"
Dim b As String = String.Copy(a) ' New string

Wren

A string in Wren is an immutable array of bytes.

Although technically a reference type, this means there is no need to distinguish between copying the contents of a string and making an additional reference. We can therefore just use assignment to copy a string.

var s = "wren"
var t = s
System.print("Are 's' and 't' equal? %(s == t)")

Output:

Are 's' and 't' equal? true

X86 Assembly

Works with: nasm

creating a second 0 terminated string with the same content:

 
section .data
    string db "Hello World", 0
 
section .bss
    string2 resb 12
 
section .text
global _main
_main:
    mov ecx, 0
    looping:
        mov al, [string + ecx]
        mov [string2 + ecx], al
        inc ecx
        cmp al, 0 ;copy until we find the terminating 0
        je end
        jmp looping
    end:
        xor eax, eax
        ret
 

creating a second string; first byte signals length of string

 
section .data
    string db 11,"Hello World"
 
section .bss
    string2 resb 12
 
section .text
global _main
_main:
    xor ecx, ecx ;clear ecx
    mov cl, [string]
    mov [string2], cl ;copy byte signaling length
    mov edx, 1
    looping: ;copy each single byte
        mov al, [string + edx]
        mov [string2 + edx], al
        inc edx
        dec ecx
        cmp ecx, 0
        jg looping
    xor eax, eax
    ret
 

X86-64 Assembly

UASM 2.52

 
option casemap:none
option literals:on
 
printf    proto :dword, :VARARG
exit      proto :dword
 
.data
  s   db "Goodbye, World!",0
 
.data?
  d   db 20 dup (?)
  dp  dq ?
  tb  dd ?
 
.code
main proc
  lea rsi, s                    ;; Put the address of var S into the source index(RSI)
  xor rcx, rcx                  ;; Zero out RCX
  _getsize:
    inc rcx                     ;; Advanced the index by 1
    cmp byte ptr [rsi+rcx],0    ;; check the current byte for terminating 0
    jne _getsize                ;; nope, jump back and check again
 
  mov tb, ecx                   ;; tb = Total bytes, Keep a copy of the size of the string
  lea rsi, s                    ;; Copy the address of s into the source index(rsi)
  lea rdi, d                    ;; Copy the address of d into the destination index(rdi)
  rep movsb                     ;; Copy bytes from ESI to EDI until RCX is 0
 
  lea rax, s                    ;; Get the address of S
  mov dp, rax                   ;; Copy it from RAX to dp
 
  mov rbx,rdi                   ;; Make a copy of RDI, cause over writes due to ABI call args T_T
  invoke printf, CSTR("-> s (0x%x) = %s",10), rsi, addr s
  invoke printf, CSTR("-> d (0x%x) = %s",10), rbx, addr d
  invoke printf, CSTR("-> dp (0x%x) = %s",10), addr dp, dp
  invoke printf, CSTR("-> bytes copied: %i",10), tb
  xor rsi, rsi
  call exit
  ret 
main endp
 
end
 

Output:

-> s (0x40303f) = Goodbye, World!
-> d (0x40309f) = Goodbye, World!
-> dp (0x4030a4) = Goodbye, World!
-> bytes copied: 15

XPL0

The default method of terminating strings is to set the most significant bit of the last character. An alternative is to use the 'string 0' command to specify zero-terminated strings. The string copy routine from the standard library is shown.

proc StrCopy(A, B);     \Copy string: A --> B
char A, B;              \Strings: B must already have enough space "Reserved"
int  I;                 \Beware if strings overlap
for I:= 0 to -1>>1-1 do
    [B(I):= A(I);
    if A(I) >= $80 then return
    ];
 
char S1, S2, S3(13);
[S1:= "Hello, world!";  \S1 now points to the string
S2:= S1;                \S2 now also points to the string
StrCopy(S1, S3);        \S3 points to a separate copy of the string
]

Z80 Assembly

Making An Additional Reference

Making an additional reference to a string is easy. If you know the address of the beginning of the string, store that address in RAM somewhere else.

ld hl,MyString
ld (PointerVariable),hl
 
MyString:          ;assembler equates this label to a memory location at compile time
byte "Hello",0
 
PointerVariable:   
word 0             ;placeholder for the address of the above string, gets written to by the code above.

NOTE: If you're programming for the Game Boy, you can't store a 16-bit value directly into RAM from HL. There are other methods to achieve the same result, and here's one:

ld a,<MyString           ; < represents the low byte of the address. Some assemblers use LOW() with the label in the parentheses.
ld (PointerVariable),a
ld a,>MyString           ; > represents the high byte of the address. Some assemblers use HIGH() with the label in the parentheses.
ld (PointerVariable+1),a

Copying A String

As long as you have enough RAM space to hold the entire string, you can copy it somewhere else in memory. If you know the string's length in advance a simple LDIR will be sufficient. This method will use the null terminator to tell the copy function when to stop:

StrCpy:
;input: HL = base address of string you wish to copy
;       DE = where you want to copy it to.
;       This program assumes that the string is null-terminated, and that there is enough RAM to hold the entire string.
 
        ld a,(hl)
        or a        ;compare A to 0.
        ret z
        ld (de),a
        inc hl
        inc de
        jr StrCpy

Zig

const std = @import("std");
 
const debug = std.debug;
const mem = std.mem;
 
test "copy a string" {
    const source = "A string.";
 
    // Variable `dest1` will have the same type as `source`, which is
    // `*const [9:0]u8`.
    const dest1 = source;
 
    // Variable `dest2`'s type is [9]u8.
    //
    // The difference between the two is that `dest1` string is null-terminated,
    // while `dest2` is not.
    var dest2: [source.len]u8 = undefined;
    mem.copy(u8, dest2[0..], source[0..]);
 
    debug.assert(mem.eql(u8, dest1[0..], "A string."));
    debug.assert(mem.eql(u8, dest2[0..], "A string."));
}

zkl

Strings are immutable so copy is just return the string:

"abc".copy()  // noop

zonnon

 
module Main;
var
	s,r: string;
	c: array 60 of char;
begin
	s := "plain string";r := s; writeln(s);
	(* copy string to array of char *)
	copy(s,c);c[0] := 'P';
	(* copy array of char to string *)
	copy(c,r);writeln(r);
end Main.
 

Zoomscript

For typing:

var a
var b
a = "World"
b = a
a = "Hello"
print (a," ",b)

For importing:

¶0¶var a¶0¶var b¶0¶a = "World"¶0¶b = a¶0¶a = "Hello"¶0¶print (a," ",b)

ZX Spectrum Basic

10 LET a$ = "Hello": REM a$ is the original string
20 LET b$ = a$: REM b$ is the copy

Amazing Hopper

Version 1: Assign variable "s" to variable "b".

 
#include <hopper.h>
main:
   s = "string to copy"
   t = s
   {s,"\n",t}println
exit(0)
 

Output:

  string to copy
  string to copy

Version 2: Soft copy to variable (CPY).

 
#include <hopper.h>
main:
   s=""
   {"1:","string to copy"},cpy(s),println
   {"2:",s}println
exit(0)
 

Output:

  1:string to copy
  2:string to copy

Version 3: From stack to var: hard copy (move, MOV).

 
#include <hopper.h>
main:
   s=""
   {"string to copy"},mov(s)
   {s}println
exit(0)
 

Output:

  string to copy