String case
Take the string alphaBETA and demonstrate how to convert it to:
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
- Task
- upper-case and
- lower-case
Use the default encoding of a string literal or plain ASCII if there is no string literal in your language.
Note: In some languages alphabets toLower and toUpper is not reversable.
Show any additional case conversion functions (e.g. swapping case, capitalizing the first letter, etc.) that may be included in the library of your language.
- Metrics
- Counting
- Word frequency
- Letter frequency
- Jewels and stones
- I before E except after C
- Bioinformatics/base count
- Count occurrences of a substring
- Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
- Remove/replace
- XXXX redacted
- Conjugate a Latin verb
- Remove vowels from a string
- String interpolation (included)
- Strip block comments
- Strip comments from a string
- Strip a set of characters from a string
- Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
- Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
- Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
- Word wheel
- ABC problem
- Sattolo cycle
- Knuth shuffle
- Ordered words
- Superpermutation minimisation
- Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
- Anagrams
- Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
- Permutations/Derangements
- Find/Search/Determine
- ABC words
- Odd words
- Word ladder
- Semordnilap
- Word search
- Wordiff (game)
- String matching
- Tea cup rim text
- Alternade words
- Changeable words
- State name puzzle
- String comparison
- Unique characters
- Unique characters in each string
- Extract file extension
- Levenshtein distance
- Palindrome detection
- Common list elements
- Longest common suffix
- Longest common prefix
- Compare a list of strings
- Longest common substring
- Find common directory path
- Words from neighbour ones
- Change e letters to i in words
- Non-continuous subsequences
- Longest common subsequence
- Longest palindromic substrings
- Longest increasing subsequence
- Words containing "the" substring
- Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
- Determine if a string is numeric
- Determine if a string is collapsible
- Determine if a string is squeezable
- Determine if a string has all unique characters
- Determine if a string has all the same characters
- Longest substrings without repeating characters
- Find words which contains all the vowels
- Find words which contains most consonants
- Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
- Find words which first and last three letters are equals
- Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
- Formatting
- Substring
- Rep-string
- Word wrap
- String case
- Align columns
- Literals/String
- Repeat a string
- Brace expansion
- Brace expansion using ranges
- Reverse a string
- Phrase reversals
- Comma quibbling
- Special characters
- String concatenation
- Substring/Top and tail
- Commatizing numbers
- Reverse words in a string
- Suffixation of decimal numbers
- Long literals, with continuations
- Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
- Abbreviations, easy
- Abbreviations, simple
- Abbreviations, automatic
- Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
- Mad Libs
- Magic 8-ball
- 99 Bottles of Beer
- The Name Game (a song)
- The Old lady swallowed a fly
- The Twelve Days of Christmas
- Tokenize
- Text between
- Tokenize a string
- Word break problem
- Tokenize a string with escaping
- Split a character string based on change of character
- Sequences
11l
<lang 11l>V s = ‘alphaBETA’ print(s.uppercase()) print(s.lowercase())</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
360 Assembly
The first version uses a nice thing of EBCDIC coding, uppercase can be performed with a simple 'OR' with blank character (X'40'), in the same way lowercase can be performed with a 'AND' with character 191 (X'BF'). <lang 360asm>UCASE CSECT
USING UCASE,R15
MVC UC,PG
MVC LC,PG
OC UC,=16C' ' or X'40' uppercase
NC LC,=16X'BF' and X'BF' lowercase
XPRNT PG,L'PG print original
XPRNT UC,L'UC print uc
XPRNT LC,L'LC print lc
BR R14
PG DC CL9'alphaBETA' UC DS CL(L'PG) LC DS CL(L'PG)
YREGS
END UCASE</lang>
- Output:
alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphabeta
The second version uses the translate operation (TR opcode), but now EBCDIC coding with alphabetic in 3 sequences, makes things a bit longer to create translation tables. <lang 360asm>UCASE CSECT
USING UCASE,R15
MVC UC,PG
MVC LC,PG
TR UC,TABLEU TR uppercase
TR LC,TABLEL TR lowercase
XPRNT PG,L'PG print original
XPRNT UC,L'UC print uc
XPRNT LC,L'LC print lc
BR R14
PG DC CL9'alphaBETA' UC DS CL(L'PG) LC DS CL(L'PG) TABLEU DC 256AL1(*-TABLEU)
ORG TABLEU+C'a'
DC C'ABCDEFGHI'
ORG TABLEU+C'j'
DC C'JKLMNOPQR'
ORG TABLEU+C's'
DC C'STUVWXYZ'
ORG
TABLEL DC 256AL1(*-TABLEL)
ORG TABLEL+C'A'
DC C'abcdefghi'
ORG TABLEL+C'J'
DC C'jklmnopqr'
ORG TABLEL+C'S'
DC C'stuvwxyz'
ORG
YREGS
END UCASE</lang>
- Output:
alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphabeta
4D
<lang 4d>$string:="alphaBETA" $uppercase:=Uppercase($string) $lowercase:=Lowercase($string)</lang>
6502 Assembly
<lang> .lf case6502.lst .cr 6502 .tf case6502.obj,ap1
- ------------------------------------------------------
- String Case for the 6502 by barrym95838 2013.04.07
- Thanks to sbprojects.com for a very nice assembler!
- The target for this assembly is an Apple II with
- mixed-case output capabilities. Apple IIs like to
- work in '+128' ascii, so this version leaves bit 7
- alone, and can be used with either flavor.
- 6502s work best with data structures < 256 bytes;
- several instructions would have to be added to
- properly deal with longer strings.
- Tested and verified on AppleWin 1.20.0.0
- ------------------------------------------------------
- Constant Section
StrPtr = $6 ;0-page temp pointer (2 bytes) Low = $8 ;0-page temp low bound High = $9 ;0-page temp high bound CharOut = $fded ;Specific to the Apple II BigA = "A" ;'A' for normal ascii BigZ = "Z" ;'Z' " " " LittleA = "a" ;'a' " " " LittleZ = "z" ;'z' " " "
- ======================================================
.or $0f00
- ------------------------------------------------------
- The main program
main ldx #sTest ;Point to the test string lda /sTest jsr puts ;print it to stdout jsr toUpper ;convert to UPPER-case jsr puts ;print it jsr toLower ;convert to lower-case jmp puts ;print it and return to caller
- ------------------------------------------------------
toUpper ldy #LittleA sty Low ;set up the flip range ldy #LittleZ bne toLow2 ;return via toLower's tail
- ------------------------------------------------------
toLower ldy #BigA sty Low ;set up the flip range ldy #BigZ toLow2 sty High ; ;return via fall-thru to flip
- ------------------------------------------------------
- Given a NUL-terminated string at A
- X, flip the case
- of any chars in the range [Low..High], inclusive;
- only works on the first 256 bytes of a long string
- Uses
- StrPtr, Low, High
- Preserves
- A, X
- Trashes
- Y
flip stx StrPtr ;init string pointer sta StrPtr+1 ldy #0 pha ;save A flip2 lda (StrPtr),y ;get string char beq flip5 ;done if NUL cmp Low bcc flip4 ;if Low <= char <= High cmp High beq flip3 bcs flip4 flip3 eor #$20 ; then flip the case sta (StrPtr),y flip4 iny ;point to next char bne flip2 ;loop up to 255 times flip5 pla ;restore A rts ;return
- ------------------------------------------------------
- Output NUL-terminated string @ A
- X; strings longer
- than 256 bytes are truncated there
- Uses
- StrPtr
- Preserves
- A, X
- Trashes
- Y
puts stx StrPtr ;init string pointer sta StrPtr+1 ldy #0 pha ;save A puts2 lda (StrPtr),y ;get string char beq puts3 ;done if NUL jsr CharOut ;output the char iny ;point to next char bne puts2 ;loop up to 255 times puts3 pla ;restore A rts ;return
- ------------------------------------------------------
- Test String (in '+128' ascii, Apple II style)
sTest .as -"Alpha, BETA, gamma, {[(<123@_>)]}." .az -#13
- ------------------------------------------------------
.en </lang> Output:
Alpha, BETA, gamma, {[(<123@_>)]}.
ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA, {[(<123@_>)]}.
alpha, beta, gamma, {[(<123@_>)]}.
68000 Assembly
These algorithms work for any ASCII string. The implementation of actually printing the characters is left out, as it is not actually relevant to this task. <lang 68000devpac>UpperCase:
- input
- A0 = pointer to the string's base address.
- alters the string in-place.
MOVE.B (A0),D0 ;load a letter BEQ .Terminated ;we've reached the null terminator.
CMP.B #'a',D0 ;compare to ascii code for a BCS .overhead ;if less than a, keep looping.
CMP.B #'z',D0 ;compare to ascii code for z BHI .overhead ;if greater than z, keep looping
AND.B #%1101111,D0 ;this "magic constant" turns lower case to upper case, since they're always 32 apart. .overhead: MOVE.B D0,(A0)+ ;store the letter back and increment the pointer.
;If this isn't an alphabetical character, D0 won't change and this store won't affect the string at all.
;If it was a letter, it will have been changed to upper case before storing back.
BRA UpperCase ;next letter
.Terminated: RTS
LowerCase: MOVE.B (A0),D0 ;load a letter BEQ .Terminated ;we've reached the null terminator.
CMP.B #'A',D0 ;compare to ascii code for A BCS .overhead ;if less than A, keep looping.
CMP.B #'Z',D0 ;compare to ascii code for Z BHI .overhead ;if greater than Z, keep looping
OR.B #%00100000,D0 ;this "magic constant" turns upper case to lower case, since they're always 32 apart. .overhead: MOVE.B D0,(A0)+ ;store the result and get ready to read the next letter. BRA LowerCase ;next letter .Terminated: RTS
ToggleCase: MOVE.B (A0),D0 ;load a letter and inc the pointer to the next letter BEQ .Terminated ;we've reached the null terminator.
MOVE.B D0,D1 ;copy the letter AND.B #%11011111 ;convert the copy to upper case so we can check it.
CMP.B #'A',D1 ;compare to ascii code for A BCS overhead ;if less than A, keep looping.
CMP.B #'Z',D1 ;compare to ascii code for Z BHI overhead ;if greater than Z, keep looping
EOR.B #%00100000,D0 ;swaps the case of the letter overhead: MOVE.B D0,(A0)+ ;store the result BRA ToggleCase ;next letter .Terminated: RTS</lang>
8080 Assembly
<lang 8080asm> org 100h jmp demo ;;; Convert CP/M string under [HL] to upper case unext: inx h ucase: mov a,m ; Get character <- entry point is here cpi '$' ; Done? rz ; If so, stop cpi 'a' ; >= 'a'? jc unext ; If not, next character cpi 'z'+1 ; <= 'z'? jnc unext ; If not, next character sui 32 ; Subtract 32 mov m,a ; Write character back jmp unext ;;; Convert CP/M string under [HL] to lower case lnext: inx h lcase: mov a,m ; Get character <- entry point is here cpi '$' ; Done? rz ; If so, stop cpi 'A' ; >= 'A'? jc lnext ; If not, next character cpi 'Z'+1 ; <= 'Z'? jnc lnext ; If not, next character adi 32 ; Subtract 32 mov m,a ; Write character back jmp lnext ;;; Apply to given string demo: call print ; Print without change lxi h,str call ucase ; Make uppercase call print ; Print uppercase version lxi h,str call lcase ; Make lowercase (fall through to print) print: lxi d,str ; Print string using CP/M call mvi c,9 jmp 5 str: db 'alphaBETA',13,10,'$'</lang>
- Output:
alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphabeta
Action!
<lang Action!>INCLUDE "D2:CHARTEST.ACT" ;from the Action! Tool Kit
PROC UpperCase(CHAR ARRAY text,res)
BYTE i
res(0)=text(0) FOR i=1 TO res(0) DO res(i)=ToUpper(text(i)) OD
RETURN
PROC LowerCase(CHAR ARRAY text,res)
BYTE i
res(0)=text(0) FOR i=1 TO res(0) DO res(i)=ToLower(text(i)) OD
RETURN
PROC Main()
CHAR ARRAY text="alphaBETA" CHAR ARRAY upper(20),lower(20)
UpperCase(text,upper) LowerCase(text,lower)
Put(125) PutE() ;clear screen
PrintF("Original string: ""%S""%E",text)
PrintF("Upper-case string: ""%S""%E",upper)
PrintF("Lower-case string: ""%S""%E",lower)
RETURN</lang>
- Output:
Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer
Original string: "alphaBETA" Upper-case string: "ALPHABETA" Lower-case string: "alphabeta"
ActionScript
<lang actionscript>var string:String = 'alphaBETA'; var upper:String = string.toUpperCase(); var lower:String = string.toLowerCase();</lang>
Ada
<lang ada>with Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Characters.Handling, Ada.Text_IO;
procedure Upper_Case_String is
S : constant String := "alphaBETA";
begin
Put_Line (To_Upper (S)); Put_Line (To_Lower (S));
end Upper_Case_String;</lang>
ALGOL 68
<lang algol68>#!/usr/local/bin/a68g --script #
- Demonstrate toupper and tolower for standard ALGOL 68
strings. This does not work for multibyte character sets. #
INT l2u = ABS "A" - ABS "a";
PROC to upper = (CHAR c)CHAR:
(ABS "a" > ABS c | c |: ABS c > ABS "z" | c | REPR ( ABS c + l2u ));
PROC to lower = (CHAR c)CHAR:
(ABS "A" > ABS c | c |: ABS c > ABS "Z" | c | REPR ( ABS c - l2u ));
- Operators can be defined in ALGOL 68 #
OP (CHAR)CHAR TOLOWER = to lower, TOUPPER = to upper;
- upper-cases s in place #
PROC string to upper = (REF STRING s)VOID:
FOR i FROM LWB s TO UPB s DO s[i] := to upper(s[i]) OD;
- lower-cases s in place #
PROC string to lower = (REF STRING s)VOID:
FOR i FROM LWB s TO UPB s DO s[i] := to lower(s[i]) OD;
main: (
STRING t := "alphaBETA"; string to upper(t); printf(($"uppercase: "gl$, t)); string to lower(t); printf(($"lowercase: "gl$, t))
)</lang> Output:
uppercase: ALPHABETA lowercase: alphabeta
ALGOL W
<lang algolw>begin
% algol W doesn't have standard case conversion routines, this is one way % % such facilities could be provided %
% converts text to upper case %
% assumes the letters are contiguous in the character set (as in ASCII) %
% would not work in EBCDIC (as the original algol W implementations used) %
procedure upCase( string(256) value result text ) ;
for i := 0 until 255 do begin
string(1) c;
c := text( i // 1 );
if c >= "a" and c <= "z"
then begin
text( i // 1 ) := code( decode( "A" )
+ ( decode( c ) - decode( "a" ) )
)
end
end upCase ;
% converts text to lower case %
% assumes the letters are contiguous in the character set (as in ASCII) %
% would not work in EBCDIC (as the original algol W implementations used) %
procedure dnCase( string(256) value result text ) ;
for i := 0 until 255 do begin
string(1) c;
c := text( i // 1 );
if c >= "A" and c <= "Z"
then begin
text( i // 1 ) := code( decode( "a" )
+ ( decode( c ) - decode( "A" ) )
)
end
end dnCase ;
string(256) text; text := "alphaBETA"; upCase( text ); write( text( 0 // 40 ) ); dnCase( text ); write( text( 0 // 40 ) );
end.</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Amazing Hopper
<lang Amazing Hopper>
- include <hopper.h>
- proto swapcase(_X_)
main:
// literal:
String to process = "alphaBETA", {"String to process: ",String to process}println
{"UPPER: ",String to process} upper,println
{"LOWER: ",String to process} lower,println
{"SWAP CASE: "}
s="", let( s := _swap case(String to process)),{s}println
// arrays:
vArray=0, {5,5} new array(vArray), vArray=String to process
{"ARRAY UPPER: \n",vArray} upper,println
{"ARRAY LOWER: \n",vArray} lower,println
[1:2:end,1:2:end]get(vArray),upper, put(vArray)
[2:2:end,2:2:end]get(vArray),lower, put(vArray)
{"INTERVAL ARRAY UPPER/LOWER: \n",vArray},println
exit(0)
.locals swapcase(_X_)
nLen=0, {_X_}len,mov(nLen)
__SWAPCASE__:
if( [nLen:nLen]get(_X_),{"upper"}!typechar? )
lower
else
upper
end if
put(_X_)
--nLen,{nLen}jnz(__SWAPCASE__)
{_X_} // put processed string into the stack...
back </lang>
- Output:
String to process: alphaBETA UPPER: ALPHABETA LOWER: alphabeta SWAP CASE: ALPHAbeta ARRAY UPPER: ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ALPHABETA ARRAY LOWER: alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta alphabeta INTERVAL ARRAY UPPER/LOWER: ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA alphabeta alphaBETA alphabeta alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA alphabeta alphaBETA alphabeta alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphaBETA ALPHABETA
APL
a←'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
A←'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
X←'alphaBETA'
(a,⎕AV)[(A,⎕AV)⍳'alphaBETA']
alphabeta
(A,⎕AV)[(a,⎕AV)⍳'alphaBETA']
ALPHABETA
In the following example, puntuation is not covered. It is substituted by '*'. <lang apl>
AlphLower←'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' AlphUpper←'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ*' AlphUpper[AlphLower⍳'I'm using APL!']
I*M USING APL*
AlphLower←'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ*' AlphUpper←'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' AlphLower[AlphUpper⍳'I'm using APL!']
i*m using apl* </lang>
APL (Dyalog)
Dyalog APL has a system function for case conversion, ⎕C. This is Unicode-aware and preserves punctuation. If called monadically, maps character arrays to lower case. If called with a left-hand argument of 1, maps character arrays to upper case.
<lang APL>
⎕C 'Πέτρος is using APL!'
πέτροσ is using apl!
1 ⎕C 'Πέτρος is using APL!'
ΠΈΤΡΟΣ IS USING APL! </lang>
Note: The I-Beam operator with code 819 is now deprecated in favor of the system function ⎕C.
AppleScript
AppleScript lacks built in string case functions, but since OS X 10.10 (Yosemite version, Oct 2014) it has been possible to use ObjC Foundation class methods directly in AppleScript code.
<lang applescript>use framework "Foundation"
-- TEST ----------------------------------------------------------------------- on run
ap({toLower, toTitle, toUpper}, {"alphaBETA αβγδΕΖΗΘ"})
--> {"alphabeta αβγδεζηθ", "Alphabeta Αβγδεζηθ", "ALPHABETA ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘ"}
end run
-- GENERIC FUNCTIONS ----------------------------------------------------------
-- toLower :: String -> String on toLower(str)
set ca to current application
((ca's NSString's stringWithString:(str))'s ¬
lowercaseStringWithLocale:(ca's NSLocale's currentLocale())) as text
end toLower
-- toTitle :: String -> String on toTitle(str)
set ca to current application
((ca's NSString's stringWithString:(str))'s ¬
capitalizedStringWithLocale:(ca's NSLocale's currentLocale())) as text
end toTitle
-- toUpper :: String -> String on toUpper(str)
set ca to current application
((ca's NSString's stringWithString:(str))'s ¬
uppercaseStringWithLocale:(ca's NSLocale's currentLocale())) as text
end toUpper
-- A list of functions applied to a list of arguments -- (<*> | ap) :: [(a -> b)] -> [a] -> [b] on ap(fs, xs)
set {nf, nx} to {length of fs, length of xs}
set lst to {}
repeat with i from 1 to nf
tell mReturn(item i of fs)
repeat with j from 1 to nx
set end of lst to |λ|(contents of (item j of xs))
end repeat
end tell
end repeat
return lst
end ap
-- Lift 2nd class handler function into 1st class script wrapper -- mReturn :: Handler -> Script on mReturn(f)
if class of f is script then
f
else
script
property |λ| : f
end script
end if
end mReturn</lang>
- Output:
<lang AppleScript>{"alphabeta αβγδεζηθ", "Alphabeta Αβγδεζηθ", "ALPHABETA ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘ"}</lang>
Arbre
<lang arbre>main():
uppercase('alphaBETA') + '\n' + lowercase('alphaBETA') + '\n' -> io</lang>
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Arturo
<lang rebol>str: "alphaBETA"
print ["uppercase :" upper str] print ["lowercase :" lower str] print ["capitalize :" capitalize str]</lang>
- Output:
uppercase : ALPHABETA lowercase : alphabeta capitalize : AlphaBETA
AutoHotkey
<lang autohotkey>a := "alphaBETA" StringLower, b, a ; alphabeta StringUpper, c, a ; ALPHABETA
StringUpper, d, a, T ; Alphabeta (T = title case) eg "alpha beta gamma" would become "Alpha Beta Gamma"</lang>
AutoIt
<lang autoit>$sString = "alphaBETA" $sUppercase = StringUpper($sString) ;"ALPHABETA" $sLowercase = StringLower($sString) ;"alphabeta"</lang>
Avail
<lang Avail>Print: uppercase "alphaBETA"; Print: lowercase "alphaBETA";</lang>
AWK
<lang awk>BEGIN {
a = "alphaBETA"; print toupper(a), tolower(a)
}</lang>
Capitalize: <lang awk>BEGIN {
a = "alphaBETA"; print toupper(substr(a, 1, 1)) tolower(substr(a, 2))
}</lang>
BASIC
<lang qbasic>s$ = "alphaBETA" PRINT UCASE$(s$) PRINT LCASE$(s$)</lang>
Applesoft BASIC
<lang ApplesoftBasic>S$ = "alphaBETA"
UP$ = "" : FOR I = 1 TO LEN(S$) : C = ASC(MID$(S$, I, 1)) : UP$ = UP$ + CHR$(C - (C > 96 AND C < 123) * 32) : NEXT I : ? UP$
LO$ = "" : FOR I = 1 TO LEN(S$) : C = ASC(MID$(S$, I, 1)) : LO$ = LO$ + CHR$(C + (C > 64 AND C < 91) * 32) : NEXT I : ? LO$</lang>
BBC BASIC
<lang bbcbasic> INSTALL @lib$+"STRINGLIB"
original$ = "alphaBETA"
PRINT "Original: " original$
PRINT "Lower case: " FN_lower(original$)
PRINT "Upper case: " FN_upper(original$)
PRINT "Title case: " FN_title(original$)</lang>
Output:
Original: alphaBETA Lower case: alphabeta Upper case: ALPHABETA Title case: AlphaBETA
Commodore BASIC
The example here is based on AppleSoft BASIC, however, Commodore machines have a slightly different interpretation of ASCII:
- On a number of Commodore machines, the default character set at startup is uppercase letters with graphic symbols. In this instance, standard ASCII codes apply, which means printing the result of
ASC("A")returns65, and printing the result ofASC("♠")(SHIFT-A) returns 193. (Not 97... More on this below.) - However, on many of these Commodore machines, the character mode can be changed(†) to an alternate set of glyphs which consists of lowercase letters as well as uppercase letters. When this happens, the former uppercase letter glyphs are replaced with lowercase letter glyphs, and the graphics glyphs are replaced with uppercase letter glyphs. This maintains intuitive use of the computer where typing an uppercase letter is accomplished by holding the SHIFT key while pressing the letter, but the downside is that now the equivalent ASCII codes are reversed: 65 equates to a lowercase "a" (should be 97), and 97 equates to an uppercase "A".
- In addition to all of this, characters 192 through 255 are duplicates of other characters in the lower realms of the table. This allows one to easily use bit 7 as a flag for a shifted character. This is perhaps one reason why BASIC's
ASCreturns values for shifted letters starting at 193. In any case, it needs to be accounted for, and actually makes this task simpler.
† Exceptions to the above would be early PET 2001 models that either had no lowercase letters at all, or had upper and lowercase, but were locked into traditional ASCII encoding. The code example will not behave as expected on these models.
It should be noted that the program starts by sending a control code 14 to the display immediately after clearing the screen, which ensures that the computer is displaying the mixed lowercase/uppercase character set, otherwise the output will be a mix of uppercase letters and graphics.
Code Example <lang commodorebasic>10 rem string case 15 rem rosetta code 20 s$="alphaBETA" 30 print chr$(147);chr$(14) 40 print "The original string is:" 41 print:print tab(11);s$ 50 up$="":lo$="" 55 for i=1 to len(s$) 60 c=asc(mid$(s$,i,1)) 65 up$=up$+chr$(c or 128) 70 lo$=lo$+chr$(c and 127) 75 next i 80 print:print "Uppercase: ";up$ 90 print "Lowercase: ";lo$</lang>
- Output:
The original string is:
alphaBETA
Uppercase: ALPHABETA
Lowercase: alphabeta
ready.
█
IS-BASIC
<lang IS-BASIC>100 INPUT PROMPT "String: ":TX$ 110 PRINT "Lower case: ";LCASE$(TX$) 120 PRINT "Upper case: ";UCASE$(TX$)</lang>
Liberty BASIC
<lang lb> input$ ="alphaBETA"
print input$ print upper$( input$) print lower$( input$)
end </lang>
PureBasic
<lang PureBasic>s$ = "alphaBETA" upper$ = UCase(s$) ;uppercase lower$ = LCase(s$) ;lowercase</lang>
Run BASIC
<lang runbasic>a$ ="alphaBETA"
print a$ '=> alphaBETA print upper$(a$) '=> ALPHABETA print lower$(a$) '=> alphabeta</lang>
TI-83 BASIC
Note: While lowercase letters are built in to every TI-83/4/+/SE calculator, typing in lowercase is disabled by default and you have to hack the calculator to type in lowercase. However, the calculator does not have to be hacked to simply display lowercase output from a program, so on non-hacked calculators this program will only be useful one-way. To get lowercase letters, you have to create a new program with "AsmPrgmFDCB24DEC9" as the text, and then execute it on the homescreen with Asm(prgmYOURPROGRAMNAME). Then press [ALPHA] twice.
Visual Basic .NET
<lang vbnet>' Define 's' Dim s AS String = "alphaBETA"
' Change 's' to Upper Case. s = s.ToUpper()
' Change 's' to Lower Case. s = s.ToLower()</lang>
<lang ti83b>:"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"→Str9
- "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"→Str0
- Input ">",Str1
- ":"+Str1+":"→Str1
- Prompt U
- If U:Then
- For(I,2,length(Str1))
- If inString(Str0,sub(Str1,I,1)) and sub(Str1,I,1)≠":"
- sub(Str1,1,I-1)+sub(Str9,inString(Str0,sub(Str1,I,1)),1)+sub(Str1,I+1,length(Str1)-I)→Str1
- End
- Else
- For(I,2,length(Str1))
- If inString(Str9,sub(Str1,I,1)) and sub(Str1,I,1)≠":"
- sub(Str1,1,I-1)+sub(Str0,inString(Str9,sub(Str1,I,1)),1)+sub(Str1,I+1,length(Str1)-I)→Str1
- End
- End
- sub(Str1,2,length(Str1)-2)→Str1
- Pause Str1</lang>
BCPL
<lang BCPL>get "libhdr"
// Check whether a character is an upper or lowercase letter let islower(x) = 'a' <= x <= 'z' let isupper(x) = 'A' <= x <= 'Z'
// Convert a character to upper or lowercase let toupper(x) = islower(x) -> x - 32, x let tolower(x) = isupper(x) -> x + 32, x
// Map a character function over a string let strmap(f,s) = valof $( for i=1 to s%0 do s%i := f(s%i)
resultis s
$)
// Convert a string to upper or lowercase let strtoupper(s) = strmap(toupper,s) let strtolower(s) = strmap(tolower,s)
let start() be $( let s = "alphaBETA"
writef(" String: %S*N", s)
writef("Uppercase: %S*N", strtoupper(s))
writef("Lowercase: %S*N", strtolower(s))
$)</lang>
- Output:
String: alphaBETA Uppercase: ALPHABETA Lowercase: alphabeta
Befunge
Converts to uppercase only; lowercase is done in a similar way so I chose not to add it. <lang Befunge>"ATEBahpla" > : #v_ 25* , @ >48*-v
> :: "`"` \"{"\` * | > , v
> ^
^ <</lang>
Bracmat
The functions upp$ and low$ assume that strings are UTF-8 encoded, but if a string is not valid UTF-8, it is assumed the string is ISO-8859-1. Case conversion is not restricted to the Latin alphabet, but extends to all alphabets that have upper and lower case characters.
<lang bracmat> "alphaBETA":?s
& out$str$(upp$!s \n low$!s)</lang>
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Burlesque
<lang burlesque> blsq ) "alphaBETA"^^zz\/ZZ "ALPHABETA" "alphabeta" </lang>
C
The tolower and toupper functions are locale-aware. <lang c>/* Demonstrate toupper and tolower for
standard C strings. This does not work for multibyte character sets. */
- include <ctype.h>
- include <stdio.h>
/* upper-cases s in place */ void str_toupper(char *s) {
while(*s)
{
*s=toupper(*s);
s++;
}
}
/* lower-cases s in place */
void str_tolower(char *s)
{
while(*s)
{
*s=tolower(*s);
s++;
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
char t[255]="alphaBETA";
str_toupper(t);
printf("uppercase: %s\n", t);
str_tolower(t);
printf("lowercase: %s\n", t);
return 0;
}</lang>
C#
<lang csharp> class Program {
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string input;
Console.Write("Enter a series of letters: ");
input = Console.ReadLine();
stringCase(input);
}
private static void stringCase(string str)
{
char[] chars = str.ToCharArray();
string newStr = "";
foreach (char i in chars)
if (char.IsLower(i))
newStr += char.ToUpper(i);
else
newStr += char.ToLower(i);
Console.WriteLine("Converted: {0}", newStr);
}
}</lang>
Title case is a little different: <lang csharp>System.Console.WriteLine(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.TextInfo.ToTitleCase("exAmpLe sTrinG"));</lang>
C++
This method does the transform in-place. Alternate methods might return a new copy or use a stream manipulator.
<lang cpp>#include <algorithm>
- include <string>
- include <cctype>
/// \brief in-place convert string to upper case /// \return ref to transformed string void str_toupper(std::string &str) {
std::transform(str.begin(),
str.end(),
str.begin(),
(int(*)(int)) std::toupper);
}
/// \brief in-place convert string to lower case /// \return ref to transformed string void str_tolower(std::string &str) {
std::transform(str.begin(),
str.end(),
str.begin(),
(int(*)(int)) std::tolower);
}</lang>
Here is sample usage code:
<lang cpp>#include <iostream>
- include <string>
using namespace std; int main() {
string foo("_upperCas3Me!!");
str_toupper(foo);
cout << foo << endl;
str_tolower(foo);
cout << foo << endl;
return 0;
}</lang>
Clojure
<lang lisp>(def string "alphaBETA") (println (.toUpperCase string)) (println (.toLowerCase string))</lang>
CMake
<lang cmake>string(TOUPPER alphaBETA s) message(STATUS "Uppercase: ${s}") string(TOLOWER alphaBETA s) message(STATUS "Lowercase: ${s}")</lang>
-- Uppercase: ALPHABETA -- Lowercase: alphabeta
COBOL
Standard-compliant Methods
<lang cobol> IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. string-case-85.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 example PIC X(9) VALUE "alphaBETA".
01 result PIC X(9).
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY "Example: " example
*> Using the intrinsic functions.
DISPLAY "Lower-case: " FUNCTION LOWER-CASE(example)
DISPLAY "Upper-case: " FUNCTION UPPER-CASE(example)
*> Using INSPECT
MOVE example TO result
INSPECT result CONVERTING "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
TO "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result
MOVE example TO result
INSPECT result CONVERTING "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
TO "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result
GOBACK
.</lang>
Compiler Extensions
<lang cobol> IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. string-case-extensions.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
78 example VALUE "alphaBETA".
01 result PIC X(9).
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY "Example: " example
*> ACUCOBOL-GT
MOVE example TO result
CALL "C$TOLOWER" USING result, BY VALUE 9
DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result
MOVE example TO result
CALL "C$TOUPPER" USING result, BY VALUE 9
DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result
*> Visual COBOL
MOVE example TO result
CALL "CBL_TOLOWER" USING result, BY VALUE 9
DISPLAY "Lower-case: " result
MOVE example TO result
CALL "CBL_TOUPPER" USING result BY VALUE 9
DISPLAY "Upper-case: " result
GOBACK
.</lang>
ColdFusion
converting a string literal <lang coldfusion><cfset upper = UCase("alphaBETA")> <cfset lower = LCase("alphaBETA")></lang>
converting the value of a variable <lang coldfusion><cfset string = "alphaBETA"> <cfset upper = UCase(string)> <cfset lower = LCase(string)></lang>
Common Lisp
You can use the string-upcase function to perform upper casing:
<lang lisp>CL-USER> (string-upcase "alphaBETA") "ALPHABETA"</lang>
and you can do lower casing by using string-downcase:
<lang lisp>CL-USER> (string-downcase "alphaBETA") "alphabeta"</lang>
Component Pascal
BlackBox Component Builder <lang oberon2> MODULE AlphaBeta; IMPORT StdLog,Strings;
PROCEDURE Do*; VAR str,res: ARRAY 128 OF CHAR; BEGIN str := "alphaBETA"; Strings.ToUpper(str,res); StdLog.String("Uppercase:> ");StdLog.String(res);StdLog.Ln; Strings.ToLower(str,res); StdLog.String("Lowercase:> ");StdLog.String(res);StdLog.Ln END Do;
END AlphaBeta.
</lang>
Execute: ^Q AlphaBeta.Do
Output:
Uppercase:> ALPHABETA Lowercase:> alphabeta
D
<lang d>void main() {
import std.stdio, std.string;
immutable s = "alphaBETA"; s.toUpper.writeln; s.toLower.writeln;
}</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
DBL
<lang DBL> OPEN (1,O,'TT:') ;open video
STR="alphaBETA"
LOCASE STR DISPLAY (1,STR,10) ;alphabeta
UPCASE STR DISPLAY (1,STR,10) ;ALPHABETA</lang>
Delphi
<lang pascal>writeln(uppercase('alphaBETA')); writeln(lowercase('alphaBETA'));</lang>
DWScript
<lang delphi>PrintLn(UpperCase('alphaBETA')); PrintLn(LowerCase('alphaBETA'));</lang>
Dyalect
<lang dyalect>let str = "alphaBETA"
print("Lower case: ", str.Lower(), separator: "") print("Upper case: ", str.Upper(), separator: "") print("Capitalize: ", str.Capitalize(), separator: "")</lang>
E
<lang e>["alphaBETA".toUpperCase(), "alphaBETA".toLowerCase()]</lang>
EchoLisp
EchoLisp includes the usual case conversion functions and the randcase function : random case <lang scheme> (string-downcase "alphaBETA")
→ "alphabeta"
(string-upcase "alphaBETA")
→ "ALPHABETA"
(string-titlecase "alphaBETA")
→ "Alphabeta"
(string-randcase "alphaBETA")
→ "alphaBEtA"
(string-randcase "alphaBETA")
→ "AlPHaBeTA"
</lang>
ECL
<lang ECL>IMPORT STD; //Imports the Standard Library
STRING MyBaseString := 'alphaBETA';
UpperCased := STD.str.toUpperCase(MyBaseString); LowerCased := STD.str.ToLowerCase(MyBaseString); TitleCased := STD.str.ToTitleCase(MyBaseString);
OUTPUT (UpperCased); OUTPUT (LowerCased); OUTPUT (TitleCased);</lang>
Elena
ELENA 4.x: <lang elena>import system'culture;
public program() {
string s1 := "alphaBETA"; // Alternative 1 console.writeLine(s1.lowerCase()); console.writeLine(s1.upperCase()); // Alternative 2 console.writeLine(s1.toLower(currentLocale)); console.writeLine(s1.toUpper(currentLocale)); console.readChar()
}</lang>
Elixir
The String module provides the following functions: <lang elixir> String.downcase("alphaBETA")
- => alphabeta
String.upcase("alphaBETA")
- => ALPHABETA
String.capitalize("alphaBETA")
- => Alphabeta
</lang> As with most String functions in Elixir, these are fully compatible with Unicode. <lang elixir> String.downcase("αΒ")
- => αβ
String.upcase("αΒ")
- => ΑΒ
String.capitalize("αΒ")
- => Αβ
</lang>
Elm
<lang elm>import String exposing (toLower, toUpper)
s = "alphaBETA"
lower = toLower s upper = toUpper s</lang>
Erlang
<lang erlang>string:to_upper("alphaBETA"). string:to_lower("alphaBETA").</lang>
Excel
Take 3 cells, say A1,B1 and C1. In B1 type :
<lang excel> =LOWER(A1) </lang>
and in C1 :
<lang excel> =UPPER(A1) </lang>
For the stated input in A1, the result will be :
<lang> alphaBETA alphabeta ALPHABETA </lang>
F#
<lang fsharp> let s = "alphaBETA" let upper = s.ToUpper() let lower = s.ToLower() </lang>
Factor
<lang factor>"alphaBETA" >lower ! "alphabeta" "alphaBETA" >upper ! "ALPHABETA" "alphaBETA" >title ! "Alphabeta" "ß" >case-fold ! "ss"</lang>
Falcon
<lang falcon>printl("alphaBETA".lower()) printl("alphaBETA".upper())</lang>
Fantom
<lang fantom> fansh> a := "alphaBETA" alphaBETA fansh> a.upper // convert whole string to upper case ALPHABETA fansh> a.lower // convert whole string to lower case alphabeta fansh> a.capitalize // make sure first letter is capital AlphaBETA fansh> "BETAalpha".decapitalize // make sure first letter is not capital bETAalpha </lang>
Forth
ANS Forth does not have words to convert case for either strings or characters. For known alpha-numeric ASCII characters, the following can be used:
: tolower ( C -- c ) 32 or ; : toupper ( c -- C ) 32 invert and ; : lower ( addr len -- ) over + swap do i c@ tolower i c! loop ; : upper ( addr len -- ) over + swap do i c@ toupper i c! loop ;
If the character range is unknown, these definitions are better:
: tolower ( C -- c ) dup [char] A [char] Z 1+ within if 32 + then ; : toupper ( c -- C ) dup [char] a [char] z 1+ within if 32 - then ;
create s ," alphaBETA" s count type s count 2dup upper type s count 2dup lower type
Output:
alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphabeta
Fortran
<lang fortran> program example
implicit none
character(9) :: teststring = "alphaBETA"
call To_upper(teststring)
write(*,*) teststring
call To_lower(teststring)
write(*,*) teststring
contains
subroutine To_upper(str)
character(*), intent(in out) :: str
integer :: i
do i = 1, len(str)
select case(str(i:i))
case("a":"z")
str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))-32)
end select
end do
end subroutine To_upper
subroutine To_lower(str)
character(*), intent(in out) :: str
integer :: i
do i = 1, len(str)
select case(str(i:i))
case("A":"Z")
str(i:i) = achar(iachar(str(i:i))+32)
end select
end do
end subroutine To_Lower
end program example</lang>
Functions could be used instead, especially with later compilers that enable lengths not fixed at compile time, but this involves copying the text about. By contrast, the subroutines alter the text in-place, though if something like Utext = Uppercase(text) is desired so that both versions are available, a subroutine is less convenient.
F90 introduced the intrinsic function i = IACHAR(c), which returns the integer value of the position of character c in the ASCII character set, even if the processor's default character set is different, such as perhaps EBCDIC. Function ACHAR is the inverse. If the bit pattern of the character was not being interpreted as in the ASCII set, this will cause odd results, say on a system using EBCDIC or (on an ASCII-using cpu) for a file originating from an EBCDIC-using system. Some systems offer additional options to the file OPEN statement that enable character conversion between ASCII and EBCDIC, and there may also be options concerning big- and little-endian usage. But much will depend on the format of the data in the file. If the data are a mixture of text, integers, floating-point, etc. all in binary, there will be no hope for such simple translations.
For converting lower-case text to upper, the following will work both on an ASCII system and an EBCDIC system (or any other encodement), once it is compiled for that system: <lang Fortran> SUBROUTINE UPCASE(TEXT)
CHARACTER*(*) TEXT
INTEGER I,C
DO I = 1,LEN(TEXT)
C = INDEX("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",TEXT(I:I))
IF (C.GT.0) TEXT(I:I) = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"(C:C)
END DO
END</lang>
The INDEX function of course returning zero if the character is not found. Converting from upper to lower case is the obvious inverse and it might be worthwhile defining a MODULE with suitable named character constants to avoid repetition - one might hope the compiler will share duplicated constants rather than producing a fresh version every time, but it might not too. The repeated text scanning done by the INDEX function for each character of TEXT will of course be a lot slower. A still-more advanced compiler might be able to take advantage of special translation op-codes, on systems that offer them. If storage space is not at a premium a swifter method would be to create something like CHARACTER*1 XLATUC(0:255) with most entries being equal to their index, except for those corresponding to the lower case letters for which the value is the corresponding upper case letter. Then <lang Fortran> DO I = 1,LEN(TEXT)
TEXT(I:I) = XLATUC(ICHAR(TEXT(I:I)))
END DO</lang>
Note that in EBCDIC the offset is not 32 but 64. Rather than using an undocumented "magic constant" such as 32, one could define PARAMETER (HIC = ICHAR("A") - ICHAR("a")) instead or just place such code in-line and have hope for the compiler. This would also handle the small detail that "A" > "a" in EBCDIC rather than ASCII's "A" < "a". But alas, in EBCDIC the letter codes are not contiguous (there are many non-letter symbols between "a" and "z" as well as between "A" and "Z"), so the bounds of "A" to "Z" will not isolate only letters for attack. And it was not just IBM mainframes that used various versions of EBCDIC, so also did Burroughs, among others.
Here a complete example, using functions, and as far as I can tell, will work also with EBCDIC:
<lang Fortran> module uplow
implicit none character(len=26), parameter, private :: low = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" character(len=26), parameter, private :: high = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
contains
function to_upper(s) result(t)
! returns upper case of s
implicit none
character(len=*), intent(in) :: s
character(len=len(s)) :: t
character(len=1), save :: convtable(0:255)
logical, save :: first = .true.
integer :: i
if(first) then
do i=0,255
convtable(i) = char(i)
enddo
do i=1,len(low)
convtable(iachar(low(i:i))) = char(iachar(high(i:i)))
enddo
first = .false.
endif
t = s
do i=1,len_trim(s)
t(i:i) = convtable(iachar(s(i:i)))
enddo
end function to_upper
function to_lower(s) result(t)
! returns lower case of s
implicit none
character(len=*), intent(in) :: s
character(len=len(s)) :: t
character(len=1), save :: convtable(0:255)
logical, save :: first = .true.
integer :: i
if(first) then
do i=0,255
convtable(i) = char(i)
enddo
do i = 1,len(low)
convtable(iachar(high(i:i))) = char(iachar(low(i:i)))
enddo
first = .false.
endif
t = s
do i=1,len_trim(s)
t(i:i) = convtable(iachar(s(i:i)))
enddo
end function to_lower
end module uplow
program doit
use uplow character(len=40) :: s
s = "abcdxyz ZXYDCBA _!@" print *,"original: ",'[',s,']' print *,"to_upper: ",'[',to_upper(s),']' print *,"to_lower: ",'[',to_lower(s),']'
end program doit </lang>
FreeBASIC
<lang freebasic>' FB 1.05.0 Win64
Dim s As String = "alphaBETA" Print UCase(s) Print LCase(s) Sleep</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Frink
<lang frink> a = "alphaBETA" println[lc[a]] println[uc[a]] </lang>
These functions use Unicode single- and multiple-character mapping tables and thus try to do the right thing with Unicode, possibly making the string longer in some cases: <lang frink>uc["Imbiß"] // Last char is \u00df</lang>
Produces:
IMBISS
As the Unicode standard for casing states, "it is important to note that no casing operations on strings are reversible:"
<lang frink>lc[ uc["Imbiß"] ]</lang>
imbiss
FutureBasic
<lang futurebasic>window 1
CFStringRef s = @"alphaBETA"
print s print ucase(s) print lcase(s)
HandleEvents</lang>
Output:
alphaBETA ALPHABETA alphabeta
Gambas
Click this link to run this code <lang gambas>Public Sub Main() Dim sString As String = "alphaBETA "
Print UCase(sString) Print LCase(sString)
End</lang> Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
GAP
<lang gap>LowercaseString("alphaBETA"); UppercaseString("alphaBETA");</lang>
GML
<lang GML>#define cases {
x = 'alphaBETA'; y = string_upper(x); // returns ALPHABETA z = string_lower(x); // returns alphabeta show_message(y); show_message(z);
}</lang>
Go
"Title case" in Go's Unicode package does not mean capitalize the first letter of each word, but rather capitalize each letter as if it were the first letter of a word. The distinction matters in languages such as Croatian with digraphs with a capitialized form that is different from the all-caps form. ToTitle() converts a string to all title case.
It is Title() on the other hand, that capitalizes the first letter of each word. It identifies word boundaries and capitalizes first letters, leaving other letters unmodified. As of Go 1.2 though, the word breaking algorithm is not Unicode compliant. <lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "strings" "unicode" "unicode/utf8"
)
func main() {
show("alphaBETA")
show("alpha BETA")
// Three digraphs that should render similar to DZ, Lj, and nj.
show("DŽLjnj")
// Unicode apostrophe in third word.
show("o'hare O'HARE o’hare don't")
}
func show(s string) {
fmt.Println("\nstring: ",
s, " len:", utf8.RuneCountInString(s), "runes") // DZLjnj
fmt.Println("All upper case: ", strings.ToUpper(s)) // DZLJNJ
fmt.Println("All lower case: ", strings.ToLower(s)) // dzljnj
fmt.Println("All title case: ", strings.ToTitle(s)) // DzLjNj
fmt.Println("Title words: ", strings.Title(s)) // Dzljnj
fmt.Println("Swapping case: ", // DzLjNJ
strings.Map(unicode.SimpleFold, s))
}</lang> Output:
string: alphaBETA len: 9 runes All upper case: ALPHABETA All lower case: alphabeta All title case: ALPHABETA Title words: AlphaBETA Swapping case: ALPHAbeta string: alpha BETA len: 10 runes All upper case: ALPHA BETA All lower case: alpha beta All title case: ALPHA BETA Title words: Alpha BETA Swapping case: ALPHA beta string: DŽLjnj len: 3 runes All upper case: DŽLJNJ All lower case: džljnj All title case: DžLjNj Title words: DžLjnj Swapping case: DžljNJ string: o'hare O'HARE o’hare don't len: 26 runes All upper case: O'HARE O'HARE O’HARE DON'T All lower case: o'hare o'hare o’hare don't All title case: O'HARE O'HARE O’HARE DON'T Title words: O'Hare O'HARE O’hare Don'T Swapping case: O'HARE o'hare O’HARE DON'T
Groovy
<lang groovy>def str = 'alphaBETA'
println str.toUpperCase() println str.toLowerCase()</lang>
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Haskell
<lang haskell>import Data.Char
s = "alphaBETA"
lower = map toLower s upper = map toUpper s</lang>
HicEst
<lang hicest>CHARACTER str = "alphaBETA" EDIT(Text=str, UpperCase=LEN(str)) EDIT(Text=str, LowerCase=LEN(str)) EDIT(Text=str, UpperCase=1) </lang>
Icon and Unicon
<lang Icon>procedure main()
write(map("alphaBETA"))
write(map("alphaBETA",&lcase,&ucase))
end</lang>
IDL
str = "alphaBETA" print, str print, strupcase(str) print, strlowcase(str)
J
Use standard utilities: <lang j> toupper 'alphaBETA' ALPHABETA
tolower 'alphaBETA'
alphabeta</lang>
or alternative definitions: <lang j>upper=: {&((65+i.26) +&32@[} i.256)&.(a.&i.) lower=: {&((97+i.26) -&32@[} i.256)&.(a.&i.)</lang>
For example: <lang j> upper 'alphaBETA' ALPHABETA
lower 'alphaBETA'
alphabeta</lang>
Java
<lang java>String str = "alphaBETA"; System.out.println(str.toUpperCase()); System.out.println(str.toLowerCase()); //Also works with non-English characters with no modification System.out.println("äàâáçñßæεбế".toUpperCase()); System.out.println("ÄÀÂÁÇÑSSÆΕБẾ".toLowerCase()); //does not transalate "SS" to "ß"</lang>
You could also easily create a swapCase method using Character.isLowerCase(), Character.isUpperCase(), and Character.isLetter().
JavaScript
<lang javascript>alert( "alphaBETA".toUpperCase() ); alert( "alphaBETA".toLowerCase() );</lang>
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
<lang javascript>var string = "alphaBETA"; var uppercase = string.toUpperCase(); var lowercase = string.toLowerCase();</lang>
jq
If your version of jq does not have ascii_downcase and ascii_upcase, then you might want to use their definitions: <lang jq># like ruby's downcase - only characters A to Z are affected def ascii_downcase:
explode | map( if 65 <= . and . <= 90 then . + 32 else . end) | implode;
- like ruby's upcase - only characters a to z are affected
def ascii_upcase:
explode | map( if 97 <= . and . <= 122 then . - 32 else . end) | implode;</lang>
Examples: <lang jq>"alphaBETA" | ascii_upcase
- => "ALPHABETA"
"alphaBETA" | ascii_downcase
- => "alphabeta"</lang>
Jsish
<lang javascript>var msg = "alphaBETA";
- msg;
- msg.toUpperCase();
- msg.toLowerCase();
- msg.toTitle();
- msg.toLocaleUpperCase();
- msg.toLocaleLowerCase();</lang>
- Output:
prompt$ jsish --U string-case.jsi msg ==> alphaBETA msg.toUpperCase() ==> ALPHABETA msg.toLowerCase() ==> alphabeta msg.toTitle() ==> Alphabeta msg.toLocaleUpperCase() ==> ALPHABETA msg.toLocaleLowerCase() ==> alphabeta
Julia
<lang julia>julia> uppercase("alphaBETA") "ALPHABETA"
julia> lowercase("alphaBETA") "alphabeta"</lang>
K
<lang k>
s:"alphaBETA"
upper:{i:_ic x; :[96<i; _ci i-32;_ci i]}'
lower:{i:_ic x; :[91>i; _ci i+32;_ci i]}'
upper s
"ALPHABETA"
lower s
"alphabeta" </lang>
Kotlin
<lang scala>// version 1.0.6
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val s = "alphaBETA" println(s.toUpperCase()) println(s.toLowerCase()) println(s.capitalize()) println(s.decapitalize())
}</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta AlphaBETA alphaBETA
Lambdatalk
Lambdatalk can take benefit from CSS rules. <lang scheme> {span {@ style="text-transform:lowercase"} alphaBETA } -> alphabeta {span {@ style="text-transform:uppercase"} alphaBETA } -> ALPHABETA </lang>
Lasso
<lang Lasso>// Direct string return 'alphaBETA'->uppercase& 'alphaBETA'->lowercase&
// Assignment and manipulation of variables local(toupper = 'alphaBETA')
- toupper->uppercase
- toupper
local(tolower = 'alphaBETA')
- tolower->lowercase
- tolower</lang>
Lingo
Lingo has no case conversion functions, but for ASCII strings they can e.g. be implemented like this: <lang lingo>---------------------------------------- -- Lower to upper case (ASCII only) -- @param {string} str -- @return {string}
on toUpper (str)
alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" len = str.length repeat with i = 1 to len pos = offset(str.char[i], alphabet) if pos > 0 then put alphabet.char[pos] into char i of str end repeat return str
end
-- Upper to lower case (ASCII only) -- @param {string} str -- @return {string}
on toLower (str)
alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" len = str.length repeat with i = 1 to len pos = offset(str.char[i], alphabet) if pos > 0 then put alphabet.char[pos] into char i of str end repeat return str
end</lang>
<lang lingo>put toUpper("alphaBETA") -- "ALPHABETA"
put toLower("alphaBETA") -- "alphabeta"</lang>
LiveCode
<lang LiveCode>put upper("alphaBETA") && lower("alphaBETA") ALPHABETA alphabeta</lang>
Logo
print uppercase "alphaBETA ; ALPHABETA print lowercase "alphaBETA ; alphabeta
Lua
<lang Lua>str = "alphaBETA" print( string.upper(str) ) print( string.lower(str) )</lang>
M4
<lang M4>define(`upcase', `translit(`$*', `a-z', `A-Z')') define(`downcase', `translit(`$*', `A-Z', `a-z')')
define(`x',`alphaBETA') upcase(x) downcase(x)</lang>
Maple
<lang Maple>str := "alphaBETA"; StringTools:-UpperCase(str); StringTools:-LowerCase(str);</lang> produces
alphabeta
ALPHABETA
Mathematica/Wolfram Language
<lang Mathematica>str="alphaBETA"; ToUpperCase[str] ToLowerCase[str]</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
MATLAB / Octave
<lang MATLAB>>> upper('alphaBETA')
ans =
ALPHABETA
>> lower('alphaBETA')
ans =
alphabeta</lang>
Maxima
<lang Maxima>supcase('alphaBETA'); sdowncase('alphaBETA');</lang>
MAXScript
Requires MAX 2008 <lang maxscript>str = "alphaBETA" print (toUpper str) print (toLower str)</lang>
Mercury
The functions to_upper/1, to_lower/1, capitalize_first/1 and uncapitalize_first/1 only affect unaccented Latin characters.
<lang>:- module string_case.
- - interface.
- - import_module io.
- - pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
- - implementation.
- - import_module list, string.
main(!IO) :-
S = "alphaBETA",
io.format("uppercase : %s\n", [s(to_upper(S))], !IO),
io.format("lowercase : %s\n", [s(to_lower(S))], !IO),
io.format("capitalize first: %s\n", [s(capitalize_first(S))], !IO).
% We can use uncaptitalize_first/1 to ensure the first character in a
% string is lower-case.</lang>
Metafont
We need to implement it, since it is not already given; the following code works only for ASCII or ASCII based encodings. (It could work anyway also for single byte encodings where letters are contiguous).
<lang metafont>vardef isbetween(expr a, i, f) =
if string a:
if (ASCII(a) >= ASCII(i)) and (ASCII(a) <= ASCII(f)):
true
else:
false
fi
else:
false
fi enddef;
vardef toupper(expr s) =
save ?; string ?; ? := ""; d := ASCII"A" - ASCII"a";
for i = 0 upto length(s)-1:
if isbetween(substring(i, i+1) of s, "a", "z"):
? := ? & char(ASCII(substring(i,i+1) of s) + d)
else:
? := ? & substring(i, i+1) of s
fi;
endfor
?
enddef;
vardef tolower(expr s) =
save ?; string ?; ? := ""; d := ASCII"a" - ASCII"A";
for i = 0 upto length(s)-1:
if isbetween(substring(i, i+1) of s, "A", "Z"):
? := ? & char(ASCII(substring(i,i+1) of s) + d)
else:
? := ? & substring(i, i+1) of s
fi;
endfor
?
enddef;</lang>
<lang metafont>message toupper("alphaBETA"); message tolower("alphaBETA");
end</lang>
min
<lang min>"alphaBETA" uppercase "alphaBETA" lowercase "alphaBETA" capitalize</lang>
MiniScript
<lang MiniScript>mixedString = "alphaBETA" print "Upper Case of " + mixedString + " is " + mixedString.upper print "Lower Case of " + mixedString + " is " + mixedString.lower</lang>
- Output:
Upper Case of alphaBETA is ALPHABETA Lower Case of alphaBETA is alphabeta
MIPS Assembly
These examples modify a string in place. $a0 is assumed to contain a pointer to the string in RAM; writes to ROM will obviously not have the desired effect.
Convert to upper case
<lang mips>ToUpper:
- input
- $a0 = pointer to beginning of string
- clobbers
- $t0,$t1,$t2
li $t1,'a' li $t2,'z' ToUpper_again:
lb $t0,($a0) nop
beq $t0,ToUpper_done ;if char is null terminator, exit nop
bltu $t0,$t1,ToUpper_overhead ;if char stored in $t0 < 'a', skip nop
bgtu $t0,$t2,ToUpper_overhead ;if char stored in $t0 > 'z', skip nop
andi $t0,$t0,0xDF ;otherwise, do the work.
sb $t0,($a0)
ToUpper_overhead: addiu $a0,1 b ToUpper_again nop
ToUpper_done: jr ra nop</lang>
Convert to lower case
<lang mips>ToLower: ;input: $a0 = pointer to beginning of string ;clobbers: $t0,$t1,$t2
li $t1,'A' li $t2,'Z' ToLower_again:
lb $t0,($a0) nop
beq $t0,ToLower_done nop
bltu $t0,$t1,ToLower_overhead ;if char stored in $t0 < 'a', skip nop
bgtu $t0,$t2,ToLower_overhead ;if char stored in $t0 > 'z', skip nop
ori $t0,$t0,0x20
sb $t0,($a0)
ToLower_overhead: addiu $a0,1 b ToLower_again nop
ToLower_done: jr ra nop</lang>
mIRC Scripting Language
<lang mirc>echo -ag $upper(alphaBETA) echo -ag $lower(alphaBETA)</lang>
Modula-3
<lang modula3>MODULE TextCase EXPORTS Main;
IMPORT IO, Text, ASCII;
PROCEDURE Upper(txt: TEXT): TEXT =
VAR
len := Text.Length(txt);
res := "";
BEGIN
FOR i := 0 TO len - 1 DO
res := Text.Cat(res, Text.FromChar(ASCII.Upper[Text.GetChar(txt, i)]));
END;
RETURN res;
END Upper;
PROCEDURE Lower(txt: TEXT): TEXT =
VAR
len := Text.Length(txt);
res := "";
BEGIN
FOR i := 0 TO len - 1 DO
res := Text.Cat(res, Text.FromChar(ASCII.Lower[Text.GetChar(txt, i)]));
END;
RETURN res;
END Lower;
BEGIN
IO.Put(Upper("alphaBETA\n"));
IO.Put(Lower("alphaBETA\n"));
END TextCase.</lang> Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
MUMPS
<lang MUMPS> STRCASE(S)
SET UP="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" SET LO="abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" WRITE !,"Given: "_S WRITE !,"Upper: "_$TRANSLATE(S,LO,UP) WRITE !,"Lower: "_$TRANSLATE(S,UP,LO) QUIT
</lang>
Output:
USER>DO STRCASE^ROSETTA("alphaBETA")
Given: alphaBETA
Upper: ALPHABETA
Lower: alphabeta
Nanoquery
<lang Nanoquery>string = "alphaBETA"
println upper(string) println lower(string)</lang>
Nemerle
<lang Nemerle>using System.Console; using System.Globalization;
module StringCase {
Main() : void
{
def alpha = "alphaBETA";
WriteLine(alpha.ToUpper());
WriteLine(alpha.ToLower());
WriteLine(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.TextInfo.ToTitleCase("exAmpLe sTrinG"));
}
}</lang>
NetRexx
<lang NetRexx>/* NetRexx */
options replace format comments java crossref savelog symbols
abc = 'alphaBETA'
say abc.upper say abc.lower say abc.upper(1, 1) -- capitalize 1st character </lang>
NewLISP
<lang NewLISP> (upper-case "alphaBETA") (lower-case "alphaBETA") </lang>
Nial
<lang nial>toupper 'alphaBETA' =ALPHABETA tolower 'alphaBETA' =alphabeta</lang>
Nim
In the following example, we use the ASCII version of the procedures to convert to lower case, to convert to upper case or to capitalize. In module “unicode” there exists also three procedures "toLower", "toUpper" and "capitalize" which can do the same thing for UTF-8 encoded strings.
<lang nim>import strutils
var s: string = "alphaBETA_123" echo s, " as upper case: ", toUpperAscii(s) echo s, " as lower case: ", toLowerAscii(s) echo s, " as capitalized: ", capitalizeAscii(s) echo s, " as normal case: ", normalize(s) # to lower case without underscores.</lang>
- Output:
alphaBETA_123 as upper case: ALPHABETA_123 alphaBETA_123 as lower case: alphabeta_123 alphaBETA_123 as capitalized: AlphaBETA_123 alphaBETA_123 as normal case: alphabeta123
Objeck
<lang objeck> string := "alphaBETA"; string->ToUpper()->PrintLine(); string->ToLower()->PrintLine(); </lang>
Objective-C
<lang objc>NSLog(@"%@", @"alphaBETA".uppercaseString); NSLog(@"%@", @"alphaBETA".lowercaseString);
NSLog(@"%@", @"foO BAr".capitalizedString); // "Foo Bar"</lang>
OCaml
<lang ocaml>let () =
let str = "alphaBETA" in print_endline (String.uppercase_ascii str); (* ALPHABETA *) print_endline (String.lowercase_ascii str); (* alphabeta *)
print_endline (String.capitalize_ascii str); (* AlphaBETA *)
- </lang>
Octave
<lang octave>s = "alphaBETA"; slc = tolower(s); suc = toupper(s); disp(slc); disp(suc);</lang>
Oforth
<lang Oforth>"alphaBETA" toUpper "alphaBETA" toLower</lang>
OpenEdge/Progress
<lang Progress (OpenEdge ABL)>caps("alphaBETA") lc("alphaBETA") </lang>
Oz
Convert to upper/lower-case: <lang oz>declare
Str = "alphaBETA"
in
{System.showInfo {Map Str Char.toUpper}}
{System.showInfo {Map Str Char.toLower}}</lang>
Capitalize: <lang oz>declare
[StringX] = {Link ['x-oz://system/String.ozf']}
in
{System.showInfo {StringX.capitalize "alphaBETA"}} %% prints "AlphaBETA"</lang>
Pascal
<lang pascal> // Uppercase and Lowercase functions for a minimal standard Pascal // where no library routines for these operations exist PROGRAM upperlower;
// convert a character to uppercase FUNCTION uch(ch: CHAR): CHAR; BEGIN uch := ch; IF ch IN ['a'..'z'] THEN uch := chr(ord(ch) AND $5F); END;
// convert a character to lowercase FUNCTION lch(ch: CHAR): CHAR; BEGIN lch := ch; IF ch IN ['A'..'Z'] THEN lch := chr(ord(ch) OR $20); END;
// toggle uper/lower case character FUNCTION ulch(ch: CHAR): CHAR; BEGIN ulch := ch; IF ch IN ['a'..'z'] THEN ulch := uch(ch); IF ch IN ['A'..'Z'] THEN ulch := lch(ch); END;
// convert a string to uppercase FUNCTION ucase(str: STRING): STRING; var i: Integer; BEGIN ucase := ; FOR i := 1 TO Length(str) DO ucase := ucase + uch(str[i]); END;
// convert a string to lowercase FUNCTION lcase(str: STRING): STRING; var i: Integer; BEGIN lcase := ; FOR i := 1 TO Length(str) DO lcase := lcase + lch(str[i]); END;
// reverse cases in a given string FUNCTION ulcase(str: STRING): STRING; var i: Integer; BEGIN ulcase := ; FOR i := 1 TO Length(str) DO ulcase := ulcase + ulch(str[i]); END;
VAR ab : STRING = 'alphaBETA';
BEGIN // demonstration Writeln('Original string : ',ab); Writeln('Reversed case : ',ulcase(ab)); Writeln('Upper case : ',ucase(ab)); Writeln('Lower case : ',lcase(ab)); END. </lang>
Demonstration:
Original string : alphaBETA Reversed case : ALPHAbeta Upper case : ALPHABETA Lower case : alphabeta
Peloton
Iterating through the peerset <lang sgml><@ ENU$$$LSTPSTLITLIT>UPP| [<@ SAYELTLST>...</@>] <@ SAYHLPELTLST>...</@><@ DEFKEYELTLST>__SuperMacro|...</@> <@ SAY&&&LIT>alphaBETA</@>
</@></lang>
Same code in padded-out, variable-length English dialect <lang sgml><# ENUMERATION LAMBDA LIST PEERSET LITERAL LITERAL>UPP| [<# SAY ELEMENT LIST>...</#>] <# SAY HELP ELEMENT LIST>...</#><# DEFINE KEYWORD ELEMENT LIST>__SuperMacro|...</#> <# SAY SUPERMACRO LITERAL>alphaBETA</#>
</#></lang>
Output.
[FLC] 410400001 Flip case (410400001) [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting] ALPHAbeta [LOW] 410400002 Lower case (410400002) [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting] alphabeta [PRP] 410400003 Proper Case (410400003) [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting] Alphabeta [SNT] 410400004 Sentence case (410400004) [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting] Alphabeta [UPP] 410400005 Upper case (410400005) [Transformers^Abstract type transforms^Text transformers^Platform relative encoding and encrypting] ALPHABETA
Perl
<lang perl>my $string = "alphaBETA"; print uc($string), "\n"; # => "ALPHABETA" print lc($string), "\n"; # => "alphabeta" $string =~ tr/[a-z][A-Z]/[A-Z][a-z]/; print "$string\n"; # => ALPHAbeta
print ucfirst($string), "\n"; # => "AlphaBETA" print lcfirst("FOObar"), "\n"; # => "fOObar"</lang>
Also works in Perl 4 if the my is removed.
Phix
constant s = "alphaBETA" ?upper(s) ?lower(s)
There is also a bespoke convertCase function in demo\Edix\Edix.exw which accepts five operators: LOWER, UPPER, CAPITALISE, SENTENCE, and INVERT, which is obviously not part of the language, and a bit too long, messy, ugly, and unedifying, to bother reproducing here.
PHP
<lang php>$str = "alphaBETA"; echo strtoupper($str), "\n"; // ALPHABETA echo strtolower($str), "\n"; // alphabeta
echo ucfirst($str), "\n"; // AlphaBETA echo lcfirst("FOObar"), "\n"; // fOObar echo ucwords("foO baR baZ"), "\n"; // FoO BaR BaZ echo lcwords("FOo BAr BAz"), "\n"; // fOo bAr bAz</lang>
Picat
<lang Picat>main =>
S = "alphaBETA", println(to_uppercase(S)), println(to_lowercase(S)).</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(let Str "alphaBETA"
(prinl (uppc Str)) (prinl (lowc Str)) )</lang>
Pike
Note: String.Elite.elite_string has an element of randomness, so the output will differ from run to run.
<lang Pike>string s = "alphaBETA"; string s2 = "foo bar gazonk";
write("Upper: %O\nLower: %O\nCapitalize: %O\nSilly: %O\nElite: %O\n",
upper_case(s),
lower_case(s),
String.capitalize(s),
String.sillycaps(s2),
String.Elite.elite_string(s2));
</lang>
- Output:
Upper: "ALPHABETA" Lower: "alphabeta" Capitalize: "AlphaBETA" Silly: "Foo Bar Gazonk" Elite: "fo() 8ar 6azo|\\||<"
When dealing with Unicode (or any other supported encoding) care must be taken primarily in the output step to serialize the Unicode string into something the sink can handle. IO functions will throw an error if sent raw wide strings.
<lang Pike>#charset utf8 void main() {
string s = upper_case("ἀρχῇ ß");
string out = sprintf("Upper: %s\nLower: %s\n",
s, lower_case(s));
write( string_to_utf8(out) );
}</lang>
- Output:
Upper: ἈΡΧῇ ß Lower: ἀρχῇ ß
PL/I
<lang pli> declare s character (20) varying initial ('alphaBETA');
put skip list (uppercase(s)); put skip list (lowercase(s)); </lang>
<lang pli> /* An alternative to the above, which might be used if some */ /* non-standard conversion is required, is shown for */ /* converting to upper case: */ put skip list ( translate(s, 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz',
'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ') );
</lang>
PL/SQL
<lang plsql>declare
vc VARCHAR2(40) := 'alphaBETA'; ivc VARCHAR2(40); lvc VARCHAR2(40); uvc VARCHAR2(40);
begin
ivc := INITCAP(vc); -- 'Alphabeta' lvc := LOWER(vc); -- 'alphabeta' uvc := UPPER(vc); -- 'ALPHABETA'
end; </lang>
Plain English
<lang plainenglish>To run: Start up. Put "alphaBeta" into a string. Uppercase the string. Write the string to the console. Lowercase the string. Write the string to the console. Capitalize the string. Write the string to the console. Wait for the escape key. Shut down.</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta Alphabeta
Pop11
<lang pop11>lvars str = 'alphaBETA'; lowertoupper(str) => uppertolower(str) =></lang>
Potion
<lang potion>lowercase = (str) :
low = ("")
str length times (i) :
low append(if (65 <= str(i) ord and str(i) ord <= 90) :
"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"(str(i) ord - 65)
. else :
str(i)
.)
.
low join("")
. uppercase = (str) :
upp = ("")
str length times (i) :
upp append(if (97 <= str(i) ord and str(i) ord <= 122) :
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"(str(i) ord - 97)
. else :
str(i)
.)
.
upp join("")
.
lowercase("alphaBETA") print uppercase("alphaBETA") print</lang>
Powerbuilder
<lang powerbuilder>string ls_string ls_string = 'alphaBETA' ls_string = Upper(ls_string) ls_string = Lower(ls_string)</lang>
PowerShell
<lang powershell> $string = 'alphaBETA' $lower = $string.ToLower() $upper = $string.ToUpper() $title = (Get-Culture).TextInfo.ToTitleCase($string)
$lower, $upper, $title </lang>
- Output:
alphabeta ALPHABETA Alphabeta
Python
<lang python>s = "alphaBETA" print s.upper() # => "ALPHABETA" print s.lower() # => "alphabeta"
print s.swapcase() # => "ALPHAbeta"
print "fOo bAR".capitalize() # => "Foo bar" print "fOo bAR".title() # => "Foo Bar"
import string print string.capwords("fOo bAR") # => "Foo Bar"</lang>
string.capwords() allows the user to define word separators, and by default behaves slightly differently than title().
<lang python>print "foo's bar".title() # => "Foo'S Bar" print string.capwords("foo's bar") # => "Foo's Bar"</lang>
QB64
<lang QB64>DIM s AS STRING * 9 s = "alphaBETA" PRINT "The original string: " + s PRINT "" PRINT "Translated to lowercase: " + LCASE$(s) PRINT "Translated to uppercase: " + UCASE$(s)</lang>
Optimized version:
CBTJD: 2020/03/13
- String does not have to be defined with a specific length using DIM.
- Addding the string identifier ($) to the variable is sufficient.
- PRINT does not need empty quotes to print a blank line.
- Semi-colons use less data than the concatenation (+) method.
<lang vb>s$ = "alphaBETA" PRINT "The original string: "; s$: PRINT PRINT "Converted to lowercase: "; LCASE$(s$) PRINT "Converted to uppercase: "; UCASE$(s$)</lang>
Quackery
<lang Quackery> [ $ "" swap
witheach [ upper join ] ] is upper$ ( $ --> $ )
[ $ "" swap witheach [ lower join ] ] is lower$ ( $ --> $ )
$ "PaTrIcK, I dOn'T tHiNk WuMbO iS a ReAl wOrD."
dup lower$ echo$ cr
upper$ echo$ cr</lang>
- Output:
patrick, i don't think wumbo is a real word. PATRICK, I DON'T THINK WUMBO IS A REAL WORD.
R
<lang R> str <- "alphaBETA"
toupper(str) tolower(str)</lang>
Racket
<lang Racket>#lang racket (define example "alphaBETA")
(string-upcase example)
- "ALPHABETA"
(string-downcase example)
- "alphabeta"
(string-titlecase example)
- "Alphabeta"</lang>
Raku
(formerly Perl 6) In Raku, case modification is implemented as builtin subroutine or method:
<lang perl6>my $word = "alpha BETA" ; say uc $word; # all uppercase (subroutine call) say $word.uc; # all uppercase (method call)
- from now on we use only method calls as examples
say $word.lc; # all lowercase say $word.tc; # first letter titlecase say $word.tclc; # first letter titlecase, rest lowercase say $word.wordcase; # capitalize each word </lang> Output:
ALPHA BETA alpha beta Alpha BETA Alpha beta Alpha Beta
Raven
<lang raven>'alphaBETA' upper 'alhpaBETA' lower</lang>
REBOL
<lang REBOL>print ["Original: " original: "alphaBETA"] print ["Uppercase:" uppercase original] print ["Lowercase:" lowercase original]</lang>
Output:
Original: alphaBETA Uppercase: ALPHABETA Lowercase: alphabeta
Red
<lang Red>str: "alphaBETA" >> uppercase str == "ALPHABETA" >> lowercase str == "alphabeta" >> uppercase/part str 5 == "ALPHAbeta"</lang>
Retro
<lang Retro>'alphaBETA s:to-upper s:put 'alphaBETA s:to-lower s:put</lang>
REXX
with TRANSLATE BIF
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC. <lang rexx>abc = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" /*define all lowercase Latin letters.*/ abcU = translate(abc) /* " " uppercase " " */
x = 'alphaBETA' /*define a string to a REXX variable. */ y = translate(x) /*uppercase X and store it ───► Y */ z = translate(x, abc, abcU) /*translate uppercase──►lowercase chars*/</lang>
with PARSE UPPER & PARSE LOWER statements
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC. <lang rexx>x = "alphaBETA" /*define a string to a REXX variable. */ parse upper var x y /*uppercase X and store it ───► Y */ parse lower var x z /*lowercase X " " " ───► Z */
/*Some REXXes don't support the LOWER option for the PARSE command.*/</lang>
with UPPER & LOWER BIFs
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC. <lang rexx>x = 'alphaBETA' /*define a string to a REXX variable. */ y = upper(x) /*uppercase X and store it ───► Y */ z = lower(x) /*lowercase X " " " ───► Z */
/*Some REXXes don't support the UPPER and LOWER BIFs (built-in functions).*/</lang>
with UPPER statement
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC. <lang rexx>x = "alphaBETA" /*define a string to a REXX variable. */ y=x; upper y /*uppercase X and store it ───► Y */ parse lower var x z /*lowercase Y " " " ───► Z */
/*Some REXXes don't support the LOWER option for the PARSE command.*/</lang>
with capitalized words
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC. <lang rexx>/*REXX program capitalizes each word in string, and maintains imbedded blanks. */ x= "alef bet gimel dalet he vav zayin het tet yod kaf lamed mem nun samekh",
"ayin pe tzadi qof resh shin tav." /*the "old" spelling of Hebrew letters.*/
y= capitalize(x) /*capitalize each word in the string. */ say x /*display the original string of words.*/ say y /* " " capitalized words.*/ exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */ /*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ capitalize: procedure; parse arg z; $=' 'z /*prefix $ string with a blank. */
abc = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" /*define all Latin lowercase letters.*/
do j=1 for 26 /*process each letter in the alphabet. */
_=' 'substr(abc,j,1); _U=_ /*get a lowercase (Latin) letter. */
upper _U /* " " uppercase " " */
$=changestr(_, $, _U) /*maybe capitalize some word(s). */
end /*j*/
return substr($, 2) /*return the capitalized words. */</lang>
Some older REXXes don't have a changestr BIF, so one is included here ───► CHANGESTR.REX.
- output:
alef bet gimel dalet he vav zayin het tet yod kaf lamed mem nun samekh ayin pe tzadi qof resh shin tav. Alef Bet Gimel Dalet He Vav Zayin Het Tet Yod Kaf Lamed Mem Nun Samekh Ayin Pe Tzadi Qof Resh Shin Tav.
Note: there are many variant spellings of the Hebrew alphabet.
with case swap
The following code will execute correctly in ASCII and EBCDIC. <lang rexx>/*REXX program swaps the letter case of a string: lower ──► upper & upper ──► lower.*/ abc = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" /*define all the lowercase letters. */ abcU = translate(abc) /* " " " uppercase " */
x = 'alphaBETA' /*define a string to a REXX variable. */ y = translate(x, abc || abcU, abcU || abc) /*swap case of X and store it ───► Y */ say x say y
/*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */</lang>
output
alphaBETA ALPHAbeta
version 2
<lang rexx> x='alphaBETA'; Say ' x='||x
Say 'three ways to uppercase'
u1=translate(x); Say ' u1='u1 u2=upper(x); Say ' u2='u2 parse upper var x u3; Say ' u3='u3
abc ='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' abcu=translate(abc); Say 'three ways to lowercase' l1=translate(x,abc,abcu); Say ' l1='l1 l2=lower(x); Say ' l2='l2 parse lower var x l3; Say ' l3='l3 </lang>
- Note: Parse options upper and lower not available in every Rexx
- Builtin functions upper and lower not available in every Rexx
- Upper instruction not available in ooRexx
For German input (considering umlaute) these will uppercase them: <lang rexx> uppercase: /*courtesy Gerard Schildberger */
return translate(changestr("ß",translate(arg(1),'ÄÖÜ',"äöü"),'SS'))
uppercase2: Procedure Parse Arg a
a=translate(arg(1),'ÄÖÜ',"äöü") /* translate lowercase umlaute */
a=changestr("ß",a,'SS') /* replace ß with SS */
return translate(a) /* translate lowercase letters */
</lang>
Translation to lowercase is not similarly possible because of 'SS'->'ß' or -> 'ss' ??
Note: Recently an uppercase ß was introduced in Austria. I haven't used it yet.
Ring
<lang ring> aString = "WELCOME TO THE ring programming language" see lower(aString) + nl see upper(aString) + nl </lang>
Ruby
<lang ruby>"alphaBETA".downcase # => "alphabeta" "alphaBETA".upcase # => "ALPHABETA"
"alphaBETA".swapcase # => "ALPHAbeta" "alphaBETA".capitalize # => "Alphabeta"</lang>
These methods used to affect ASCII letters A-Z and a-z only. From Ruby 2.4 onward however, these methods support Full Unicode case mapping, suitable for most languages, by default. (Options can be specified for Turkic, Lithuanian and ascii)
<lang ruby>'ĥåçýджк'.upcase # => "ĤÅÇÝДЖК"</lang>
Rust
<lang rust>fn main() {
println!("{}", "jalapeño".to_uppercase()); // JALAPEÑO
println!("{}", "JALAPEÑO".to_lowercase()); // jalapeño
}</lang>
Scala
<lang Scala>val s="alphaBETA" println(s.toUpperCase) //-> ALPHABETA println(s.toLowerCase) //-> alphabeta println(s.capitalize) //-> AlphaBETA println(s.reverse) //-> ATEBahpla</lang>
Scheme
<lang scheme>(define s "alphaBETA") (list->string (map char-upcase (string->list s))) (list->string (map char-downcase (string->list s)))</lang>
Using SRFI-13:
<lang scheme> > (define s "alphaBETA gammaDELTA") > (string-upcase s) ;; turn all into upper case "ALPHABETA GAMMADELTA" > (string-downcase s) ;; turn all into lower case "alphabeta gammadelta" > (string-titlecase s) ;; capitalise start of each word "Alphabeta Gammadelta" </lang>
Sed
Piping through sed in bash:
<lang bash>echo "alphaBETA" | sed 'y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/' echo "alphaBETA" | sed 'y/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/'</lang>
Other functions: <lang bash># Invert case echo "alphaBETA" | sed 'y/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/'</lang>
GNU sed supports special sequences to change case: <lang bash>
- to uppercase
$ echo alphaBETA | sed 's/.*/\U&/' ALPHABETA
- to lowercase
$ echo alphaBETA | sed 's/.*/\L&/' alphabeta </lang>
Seed7
writeln(upper("alphaBETA"));
writeln(lower("alphaBETA"));
SenseTalk
<lang sensetalk> set letters to "alphaBETA" put lowercase of letters // alphabeta put uppercase of letters // ALPHABETA put capitalized of letters // Alphabeta
repeat with each character of letters by reference if it is an uppercase set it to lowercase of it else set it to uppercase of it end if end repeat
put letters //ALPHAbeta </lang>
Sidef
<lang ruby>say "alphaBETA".lc; #=> alphabeta say "alphaBETA".uc; #=> ALPHABETA say "alphaBETA".tc; #=> AlphaBETA say "alpha BETA".wc; #=> Alpha Beta say "alpha BETA".tc; #=> Alpha BETA say "alpha BETA".tclc; #=> Alpha beta</lang>
Simula
<lang Simula>TEXT soup, lower; soup :- "alphaBETA"; lower :- LOWCASE(COPY(soup)); ! COPY, else soup is changed; OutText("upper: "); OutText(UPCASE("alphaBETA")); OutText(", lower: "); OutText(lower); OutText(", soup: "); OutText(soup); Outimage;</lang>
Slate
<lang slate>'alphaBETA' toLowercase.
'alphaBETA' toUppercase.</lang>
Smalltalk
<lang smalltalk>'ALPHAbeta' asUppercase "->'ALPHABETA' " 'ALPHAbeta' asLowercase "-> 'alphabeta' "</lang>
<lang smalltalk>'alphabeta' asUppercaseFirst "-> 'Alphabeta' "</lang> Unicode (notice, that this cannot be done simply with a straight forward "ch := ch -$a + $A" loop):
(may work with other dialects too, but I have not verified)
<lang smalltalk>'αβγω' asUppercase -> 'ΑΒΓΩ' 'ĥåçýджк' asUppercase "-> 'ĤÅÇÝДЖК' 'abcäöüáéíýıijńǵȅȇȉ' asUppercase -> 'ABCÄÖÜÁÉÍÝIIJŃǴȄȆȈ'</lang>
SNOBOL4
There are no standard Snobol libraries or case conversion built-ins. But case functions are easy to roll using the character class keywords. Native charset only.
<lang SNOBOL4> define('uc(str)') :(uc_end) uc uc = replace(str,&lcase,&ucase) :(return) uc_end
define('lc(str)') :(lc_end)
lc lc = replace(str,&ucase,&lcase) :(return) lc_end
define('ucfirst(str)ch') :(ucfirst_end)
ucfirst str len(1) . ch = uc(ch)
ucfirst = str :(return)
ucfirst_end
define('swapc(str)') :(swapc_end)
swapc str = replace(str,&ucase &lcase, &lcase &ucase)
swapc = str :(return)
swapc_end
- # Test and display
str = 'alphaBETA'
output = str
output = lc(str)
output = uc(str)
output = ucfirst(str)
output = swapc(str)
end</lang>
An alternative way of constructing the above that groups related functions together in a denser display:
<lang SNOBOL4> define('UC(STR)')
define('LC(STR)')
define('UCFIRST(STR)')
define('SWAPC(STR)') :(CASES.END)
UC uc = replace(str,&lcase,&ucase) :(RETURN) LC lc = replace(str,&ucase,&lcase) :(RETURN) UCFIRST str len(1) . ch = uc(ch) ; ucfirst = str :(RETURN) SWAPC swapc = replace(str, &ucase &lcase, &lcase &ucase) :(RETURN) CASES.END
- # Test and display
str = 'alphaBETA'
output = str
output = lc(str)
output = uc(str)
output = ucfirst(str)
output = swapc(str)
END</lang>
Output:
alphaBETA alphabeta ALPHABETA AlphaBETA ALPHAbeta
SQL
<lang sql>declare @s varchar(10) set @s = 'alphaBETA' print upper(@s) print lower(@s)</lang>
SQL PL
With SQL only: <lang sql pl> values upper('alphaBETA'); values lower('alphaBETA'); values initcap('alphaBETA'); -- Within a SQL query. select upper('alphaBETA') from sysibm.sysdummy1; </lang> Output:
db2 -t
db2 => values upper('alphaBETA');
1
---------
ALPHABETA
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => values lower('alphaBETA');
1
---------
alphabeta
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => values initcap('alphaBETA');
1
---------
Alphabeta
1 record(s) selected.
db2 => select upper('alphaBETA') from sysibm.sysdummy1;
1
---------
ALPHABETA
1 record(s) selected.
Standard ML
<lang sml>val strupr = String.map Char.toUpper; val strlwr = String.map Char.toLower;</lang>
Test
- strupr "alphaBETA"; val it = "ALPHABETA" : string - strlwr "alphaBETA"; val it = "alphabeta" : string
Stata
Use strupper and strlower to change case of ASCII characters. Use ustrupper and ustrlower to change case of all Unicode letters.
<lang stata>. scalar s="alphaBETA" . di strupper(s) ALPHABETA . di strlower(s) alphabeta</lang>
Notice there may be some difficulties with Unicode characters. In the following, the uppercase sigma is correctly converted back to the lowercase variant, but the iota subscript is not.
<lang stata>. scalar a="Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν" . scalar b=ustrupper(a) . di b ἘΝ ἈΡΧΗ͂Ι ἘΠΟΊΗΣΕΝ Ὁ ΘΕῸΣ ΤῸΝ ΟΥ̓ΡΑΝῸΝ ΚΑῚ ΤῊΝ ΓΗ͂Ν . di ustrlower(b) ἐν ἀρχῆι ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν</lang>
Swift
<lang swift>import Foundation
println("alphaBETA".uppercaseString) println("alphaBETA".lowercaseString) println("foO BAr".capitalizedString)</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta Foo Bar
Tcl
<lang tcl>set string alphaBETA
- three built-in case conversion commands
string toupper $string ;# ==> ALPHABETA string tolower $string ;# ==> alphabeta string totitle $string ;# ==> Alphabeta
- not built-in
proc swapcase {s} {
foreach char [split $s ""] {
if {$char eq [set CHAR [string toupper $char]]} {
append new [string tolower $char]
} else {
append new $CHAR
}
}
return $new
} swapcase $string ;# ==> ALPHAbeta
- better performance, but English alphabet only
proc swapcase_en {s} {
string map {
a A b B c C d D e E f F g G h H i I j J k K l L m M n N o O p P q Q r R s S t T u U v V w W x X y Y z Z
A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z
} $s
}
swapcase Père ;# ==> pÈRE swapcase_en Père ;# ==> pèRE</lang>
Toka
needs ctype [ i 1 - ] is i [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + c@ toupper over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toUpper [ string.getLength 0 [ dup i + c@ tolower over i + c! ] countedLoop ] is string.toLower " alphaBETA" string.toUpper type cr " alphaBETA" string.toLower type cr
TorqueScript
$string = "alphaBETA"; $upperCase = strUpr($string); $lowerCase = strLwr($string);
Transd
<lang Scheme>#lang transd
MainModule: {
_start: (λ
(with s "alphaBETA"
(lout (toupper s))
(lout (tolower s)))
)
}</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
TUSCRIPT
<lang tuscript> $$ MODE TUSCRIPT,{} string="alphaBETA" lowercase =EXCHANGE(string," {&a} {-0-} ") uppercase1=EXCHANGE(string," {&a} {-0+} ") uppercase2=CAPS (string) PRINT lowercase PRINT uppercase1 PRINT uppercase2 </lang> Output:
alphabeta ALPHABETA ALPHABETA
UNIX Shell
For System V tr: <lang bash>echo alphaBETA | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]' # => ALPHABETA echo alphaBETA | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]' # => alphabeta</lang>
For BSD tr, GNU tr, or any POSIX system: <lang bash>echo alphaBETA | tr a-z A-Z # => ALPHABETA echo alphaBETA | tr A-Z a-z # => alphabeta</lang>
System V has a different syntax, and requires square brackets around ranges. Portable scripts can use System V syntax; the other systems handle square brackets as literal characters, translating [ to [ and ] to ], which is harmless.
Bash
<lang bash>s="alphaBETA" echo ${s^^} # => ALPHABETA echo ${s,,} # => alphabeta echo ${s^} # => AlphaBETA</lang>
Z Shell
<lang bash>s="alphaBETA" echo ${s:u} # => ALPHABETA echo ${s:l} # => alphabeta</lang>
Ursa
<lang ursa>out (lower "alphaBETA") endl console out (upper "alphaBETA") endl console</lang>
Ursala
Case conversion functions aren't built in but can be defined using the reification operator (-:) to construct a function from a list of pairs. <lang Ursala>#import std
to_upper = * -:~& ~=`A-~p letters to_lower = * -:~& ~=`A-~rlp letters
- show+
examples = <to_upper 'alphaBETA',to_lower 'alphaBETA'></lang> output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Vala
<lang vala> string s = "alphaBeta"; // stores ALPHABETA to string string s_upper = s.up(); // stores alphabeta to string string s_lower = s.down(); </lang>
VBA
<lang VB>Function StringCase() Dim s As String s = "alphaBETA" Debug.Print UCase(s) Debug.Print LCase(s) Debug.Print WorksheetFunction.Proper(s) End Function</lang>
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta Alphabeta
VBScript
<lang vbscript>Dim MyWord MyWord = UCase("alphaBETA") ' Returns "ALPHABETA" MyWord = LCase("alphaBETA") ' Returns "alphabeta"</lang>
Vedit macro language
<lang vedit>#1 = CP IT("alphaBETA") Case_Upper_Block(#1, CP) Case_Lower_Block(#1, CP)</lang>
Visual Basic
<lang vb>Sub Main() Const TESTSTRING As String = "alphaBETA" Debug.Print "initial = " _
& TESTSTRING
Debug.Print "uppercase = " _
& UCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "lowercase = " _
& LCase(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first letter capitalized = " _
& StrConv(TESTSTRING, vbProperCase)
Debug.Print "length (in characters) = " _
& CStr(Len(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "length (in bytes) = " _
& CStr(LenB(TESTSTRING))
Debug.Print "reversed = " _
& StrReverse(TESTSTRING)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-sensitive) = " _
& InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbBinaryCompare)
Debug.Print "first position of letter A (case-insensitive) = " _
& InStr(1, TESTSTRING, "A", vbTextCompare)
Debug.Print "concatenated with '123' = " _
& TESTSTRING & "123"
End Sub</lang>
- Output:
initial = alphaBETA uppercase = ALPHABETA lowercase = alphabeta first letter capitalized = Alphabeta length (in characters) = 9 length (in bytes) = 18 reversed = ATEBahpla first position of letter A (case-sensitive) = 9 first position of letter A (case-insensitive) = 1 concatenated with '123' = alphaBETA123
Vlang
<lang vlang>fn show(s string) {
println('string: $s len: $s.len')
println('All upper case: ${s.to_upper()}')
println('All lower case: ${s.to_lower()}')
println('Title words: ${s.title()}')
println()
}
fn main(){
show('alphaBETA')
show('alpha BETA')
show('DŽLjnj')
show("o'hare O'HARE o’hare don't")
}</lang> Output:
string: alphaBETA len: 9 All upper case: ALPHABETA All lower case: alphabeta Title words: AlphaBETA string: alpha BETA len: 10 All upper case: ALPHA BETA All lower case: alpha beta Title words: Alpha BETA string: DŽLjnj len: 6 All upper case: DŽLjnj All lower case: DŽLjnj Title words: DŽLjnj string: o'hare O'HARE o’hare don't len: 28 All upper case: O'HARE O'HARE O’HARE DON'T All lower case: o'hare o'hare o’hare don't Title words: O'hare O'HARE O’hare Don't
Wren
<lang ecmascript>import "/str" for Str
var s = "alphaBETA" System.print(Str.upper(s)) System.print(Str.lower(s))</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
XPL0
<lang XPL0>string 0; \use zero-terminated string convention include c:\cxpl\stdlib; \ToUpper, ToLower, and 'code' declarations
proc StrToUpper(S); \Convert string to uppercase characters char S; while S(0) do [S(0):= ToUpper(S(0)); S:=S+1];
proc StrToLower(S); \Convert string to lowercase characters char S; while S(0) do [S(0):= ToLower(S(0)); S:=S+1];
char Str; [Str:= "alphaBETA"; StrToUpper(Str); Text(0, Str); CrLf(0); StrToLower(Str); Text(0, Str); CrLf(0); ]</lang>
Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
Z80 Assembly
The English alphabet is a subset of the ASCII character set, and the upper and lower case letters are 32 bytes apart. Bit 5 "toggles" the case of any letter in this range. Assuming your string exists in RAM, these subroutines are all that is needed to switch the string from upper to lower case, and vice versa. The first two functions are destructive, meaning that you cannot recover the original string after using them. The ToggleCase function can be performed twice on the same string to get the original string back.
<lang z80>ToUpperCase: ;INPUT: ;HL = BASE ADDRESS OF A NULL-TERMINATED STRING ;OVERWRITES THE STRING YOU INPUT WITH THE UPPERCASE VERSION ld bc,&617A ;lower case ascii range loop_toUpperCase: ld a,(hl) or a ret z call CompareRange_Inclusive ;is this a lower case letter? jr c,skipUpperCase ;if not, don't change it! and %11011111 ;change to upper case ld (hl),a ;store back in string skipUpperCase: inc hl jr loop_toUpperCase
ToLowerCase: ;INPUT: ;HL = BASE ADDRESS OF A NULL-TERMINATED STRING ;OVERWRITES THE STRING YOU INPUT WITH THE LOWERCASE VERSION ld bc,&415A ;upper case ascii range loop_toLowerCase: ld a,(hl) or a ret z call CompareRange_Inclusive jr c,skipLowerCase or %00100000 ld (hl),a skipLowerCase: inc hl jr loop_toLowerCase
ToggleCase: ;INPUT: ;HL = BASE ADDRESS OF A NULL-TERMINATED STRING ;INVERTS THE CASE OF ALL ALPHABET CHARACTERS IN THE STRING ld bc,&415A loop_toggleCase: ld a,(hl) or a ret z call CompareRange_Inclusive jr nc,toggle
push bc
ld bc,&617A
call CompareRange_Inclusive
pop bc
jr c, skipToggleCase
toggle: xor %00100000 ld (hl),a skipToggleCase: inc hl jr loop_toggleCase
CompareRange_Inclusive: ;returns CF CLEAR if B <= A <= C, and CF SET otherwise. cp b ret c ;if carry set, A < B thus out of range. push de ld e,a ld a,c ld c,e ;swap A with C
cp c ;compare C to A. Signs are reversed. ;if carry set, "A" < "C" which means original C < original A. Thus out of range. ;if carry clear, we are in range.
ld e,a ;now put A and C back where they belong. ld a,c ld c,e ;none of this affects the flags, so the compare is still valid. pop de ret
- </lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta ALPHAbeta
zkl
<lang zkl>s:="alphaBETA"; s.toLower(); //--> "alphabeta" s.toUpper(); //--> "ALPHABETA"</lang>
Zig
<lang zig>const std = @import("std");
pub fn main() !void {
const stdout_wr = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
const string = "alphaBETA";
var lower: [string.len]u8 = undefined;
var upper: [string.len]u8 = undefined;
for (string) |char, i| {
lower[i] = std.ascii.toLower(char);
upper[i] = std.ascii.toUpper(char);
}
try stdout_wr.print("lower: {s}\n", .{lower});
try stdout_wr.print("upper: {s}\n", .{upper});
// TODO use https://github.com/jecolon/zigstr
}</lang>
Zoea
<lang Zoea> program: uppercase
input: 'FOObar' output: 'FOOBAR'
program: lowercase
input: 'FOObar' output: 'foobar'
</lang>
- Output:
ALPHABETA alphabeta
