Conjugate a Latin verb

Conjugate a Latin verb is a draft programming task. It is not yet considered ready to be promoted as a complete task, for reasons that should be found in its talk page.

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Task

Create a program that can take a Latin verb and conjugate it, displaying in the following order:

1st person singular
2nd person singular
3rd person singular
1st person plural
2nd person plural
3rd person plural

• Each should be on its own line.
• Have at least one example from each of the 4 conjugations.
• Irregular verbs are not required.
• Translation into English is optional.

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• XXXX redacted
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See also

• Wikipedia: Latin conjugation.

ALGOL 68

BEGIN # print some Latin verb conjugations #
    PROC s length = ( STRING s )INT: ( UPB s + 1 ) - LWB s;      # calculates the length of s #
    # prints the cojugations of lv or an error message if we don't know how to conjugate lv #
    PROC print conjugations = ( STRING lv )VOID:
         IF   []STRING ending    = ( "are", "ēre", "ere", "ire" );
              INT length         = s length( lv );
              INT conjugation   := 0;
              INT ending length := 0;
              BOOL long enough  := FALSE;
              FOR i FROM LWB ending TO UPB ending WHILE conjugation = 0 DO
                  ending length := s length( ending[ i ] );
                  IF ending length < length
                  THEN
                      # the word is long enough for at least one ending #
                      long enough := TRUE;
                      IF lv[ ( UPB lv + 1 ) - ending length : ] = ending[ i ]
                      THEN
                          conjugation := i
                      FI
                  FI
              OD;
              NOT long enough
         THEN
              print( ( """", lv, """ is not long enough to conjugate", newline ) )
         ELIF conjugation = 0
         THEN
             print( ( "Don't know how to conjugate """, lv, """", newline ) )
         ELSE
             [,]STRING suffix =  ( (  "o", "as", "at", "amus", "atis",  "ant" )
                                 , ( "eo", "es", "et", "emus", "etis",  "ent" )
                                 , (  "o", "is", "it", "imus", "itis",  "unt" )
                                 , ( "io", "is", "it", "imus", "itis", "iunt" )
                                 );
             STRING prefix = lv[ : UPB lv - ending length ];
             print( ( "    Conjugations of """, lv, """:", newline ) );
             FOR i FROM 2 LWB suffix TO 2 UPB suffix DO
                 print( ( "        ", prefix, suffix[ conjugation, i ], newline ) )
             OD
         FI # print confugations # ;
    print( ( "Present Indicative conjugation:", newline ) );
    print conjugations( "amare"  );
    print conjugations( "monēre" );
    print conjugations( "tegere" );
    print conjugations( "venire" );
    print conjugations( "qwerty" );
    print conjugations( "are"    )
END

Output:

Present Indicative conjugation:
    Conjugations of "amare":
        amo
        amas
        amat
        amamus
        amatis
        amant
    Conjugations of "monēre":
        moneo
        mones
        monet
        monemus
        monetis
        monent
    Conjugations of "tegere":
        tego
        tegis
        tegit
        tegimus
        tegitis
        tegunt
    Conjugations of "venire":
        venio
        venis
        venit
        venimus
        venitis
        veniunt
Don't know how to conjugate "qwerty"
"are" is not long enough to conjugate

Arturo

Translation of: Nim

endings: #[
    {are}: ["o" "as" "at" "amus" "atis" "ant"]
    {ēre}: ["eo" "es" "et" "emus" "etis" "ent"]
    {ere}: ["o" "is" "it" "imus" "itis" "unt"]
    {ire}: ["io" "is" "it" "imus" "itis" "iunt"]
]

conjugate: function [v][
    suff: join last.n:3 split v
    stem: slice v 0 (size v)-4

    map endings\[suff] 'x -> stem ++ x
]

loop ["amare" "vidēre" "ducere" "audire"] 'verb [
    print repeat "=" 20
    print verb
    print repeat "=" 20
    loop conjugate verb 'row [
        print row
    ]
    print ""
]

Output:

====================
amare
====================
amo
amas
amat
amamus
amatis
amant

====================
vidēre
====================
video
vides
videt
videmus
videtis
vident

====================
ducere
====================
duco
ducis
ducit
ducimus
ducitis
ducunt

====================
audire
====================
audio
audis
audit
audimus
auditis
audiunt

F#

// Conjugate a Latin Verb. Nigel Galloway: September 17th., 2021
let myLatin (n:string)=printfn "Rogatus sum iungere verbum %s" n
                       match n.Length>3,n.[-3..]="are" with 
                        (false,_)|(_,false)->printfn "    facis quod"
                       |_->["o";"as";"at";"amus";"atis";"ant"]|>List.iter(fun g->printfn "    %s%s" n.[0.. -4] g)
myLatin "amare"
myLatin "creo"

Output:

Rogatus sum iungere verbum amare
    amo
    amas
    amat
    amamus
    amatis
    amant
Rogatus sum iungere verbum creo
    facis quod

Factor

Works with: Factor version 0.99 2021-06-02

USING: formatting io kernel math qw sequences ;

CONSTANT: pronouns {
    "I"
    "you"
    "he, she, it"
    "we"
    "you all"
    "they"
}

CONSTANT: endings qw{ ō ās at āmus ātis ant }

: first-conjugation? ( str -- ? )
    qw{ are āre } [ tail? ] with any? ;

: check-first-conjugation ( str -- )
    first-conjugation?
    [ "Input must end with 'are' or 'āre'." throw ] unless ;

: check-length ( str -- )
    length 3 >
    [ "Input too short to conjugate." throw ] unless ;

: check-input ( str -- )
    [ check-first-conjugation ] [ check-length ] bi ;

: conjugate ( str -- seq )
    dup check-input 3 head* endings [ append ] with map ;

: he/she/it ( str -- newstr )
    "s" append dup dup "he %s, she %s, it %s" sprintf ;

: english ( str -- seq )
    pronouns [ 2 = [ nip he/she/it ] [ " " glue ] if ] with
    map-index ;

:: conjugate. ( la en -- )
    la en "Present active indicative conjugations of %s (%s):\n"
    printf la conjugate en english [ "  %-10s%s\n" printf ] 2each ;

"amāre" "love" conjugate. nl
"dāre" "give" conjugate.

Output:

Present active indicative conjugations of amāre (love):
  amō       I love
  amās      you love
  amat      he loves, she loves, it loves
  amāmus    we love
  amātis    you all love
  amant     they love

Present active indicative conjugations of dāre (give):
  dō        I give
  dās       you give
  dat       he gives, she gives, it gives
  dāmus     we give
  dātis     you all give
  dant      they give

FreeBASIC

Translation of: Wren

Sub conjugate(infinitive As String)
    Dim As String ending(1 To 6) => {"o", "as", "at", "amus", "atis", "ant"}
    
    If Not (Right(infinitive, 3) = "are") Then Print "'"; infinitive; !"' non prima coniugatio verbi.\n" : Exit Sub
    
    Dim As String stem = Left(infinitive, Len(infinitive)-3)
    If Len(stem) = 0 Then Print !"\'"; infinitive; !"\' non satis diu conjugatus\n" : Exit Sub

    Print Using "Praesens indicativi temporis of '&':"; infinitive
    
    For i As Byte = 1 To 6
        Print Spc(5); stem; ending(i)
    Next i
    Print
End Sub

conjugate("amare")
conjugate("dare")
conjugate("qwerty")
conjugate("are")
Sleep

Output:

Praesens indicativi temporis of 'amare':
     amo
     amas
     amat
     amamus
     amatis
     amant

Praesens indicativi temporis of 'dare':
     do
     das
     dat
     damus
     datis
     dant

'qwerty' non prima coniugatio verbi.

'are' non satis diu conjugatus

Go

Translation of: Wren

The 'extended' version.

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "log"
)

var endings = [][]string{
    {"o", "as", "at", "amus", "atis", "ant"},
    {"eo", "es", "et", "emus", "etis", "ent"},
    {"o", "is", "it", "imus", "itis", "unt"},
    {"io", "is", "it", "imus", "itis", "iunt"},
}

var infinEndings = []string{"are", "ēre", "ere", "ire"}

var pronouns = []string{"I", "you (singular)", "he, she or it", "we", "you (plural)", "they"}

var englishEndings = []string{"", "", "s", "", "", ""}

func conjugate(infinitive, english string) {
    letters := []rune(infinitive)
    le := len(letters)
    if le < 4 {
        log.Fatal("Infinitive is too short for a regular verb.")
    }
    infinEnding := string(letters[le-3:])
    conj := -1
    for i, s := range infinEndings {
        if s == infinEnding {
            conj = i
            break
        }
    }
    if conj == -1 {
        log.Fatalf("Infinitive ending -%s not recognized.", infinEnding)
    }
    stem := string(letters[:le-3])
    fmt.Printf("Present indicative tense, active voice, of '%s' to '%s':\n", infinitive, english)
    for i, ending := range endings[conj] {
        fmt.Printf("    %s%-4s  %s %s%s\n", stem, ending, pronouns[i], english, englishEndings[i])
    }
    fmt.Println()
}

func main() {
    pairs := [][2]string{{"amare", "love"}, {"vidēre", "see"}, {"ducere", "lead"}, {"audire", "hear"}}
    for _, pair := range pairs {
        conjugate(pair[0], pair[1])
    }
}

Output:

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'amare' to 'love':
    amo     I love
    amas    you (singular) love
    amat    he, she or it loves
    amamus  we love
    amatis  you (plural) love
    amant   they love

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'vidēre' to 'see':
    video    I see
    vides    you (singular) see
    videt    he, she or it sees
    videmus  we see
    videtis  you (plural) see
    vident   they see

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'ducere' to 'lead':
    duco     I lead
    ducis    you (singular) lead
    ducit    he, she or it leads
    ducimus  we lead
    ducitis  you (plural) lead
    ducunt   they lead

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'audire' to 'hear':
    audio    I hear
    audis    you (singular) hear
    audit    he, she or it hears
    audimus  we hear
    auditis  you (plural) hear
    audiunt  they hear

jq

Translation of: Wren

Works with: jq

Works with gojq, the Go implementation of jq

Part 1

def conjugate:
  if endswith("are") | not
  then "\(.) is not a first conjugation verb." | error
  else .[0:-3] as $stem
  | if $stem|length == 0 then "Stem cannot be empty." | error
    else "Present indicative tense of '\(.)':",
        ( "o", "as", "at", "amus", "atis", "ant" 
         | "  " + $stem + .),
	""
    end
  end;

("amare", "dare")
| conjugate

Output:

As for #Wren.

Part 2

def rpad($len): tostring | ($len - length) as $l | . + (" " * $l)[:$l];

def endings: [
    [ "o", "as", "at", "amus", "atis",  "ant"],
    ["eo", "es", "et", "emus", "etis",  "ent"],
    [ "o", "is", "it", "imus", "itis",  "unt"],
    ["io", "is", "it", "imus", "itis", "iunt"]
];
 
def infinEndings: ["are", "ēre", "ere", "ire"];
 
def pronouns: ["I", "you (singular)", "he, she or it", "we", "you (plural)", "they"];
 
def englishEndings: [ "", "", "s", "", "", "" ];
 
def conjugate($infinitive; $english):
  def letters:  [explode[] | [.] | implode];
  ($infinitive|letters) as $letters
  | if $letters|length < 4 then "Infinitive is too short for a regular verb." | error
    else ($letters[-3:]|join("")) as $infinEnding
    |  (infinEndings | index($infinEnding)) as $conj
    | if $conj == null then "Infinitive ending -\($infinEnding) not recognized." | error
      else ($letters[:-3]|join("")) as $stem
      | "Present indicative tense, active voice, of '\(infinitive)' to '\($english)':",
        foreach endings[$conj][] as $ending (-1; .+1;
          "    \($stem + $ending|rpad(8)) \(pronouns[.]) \($english)\(englishEndings[.])" )
      end
   end;
 
def pairs: [["amare", "love"], ["vidēre", "see"], ["ducere", "lead"], ["audire", "hear"]];

pairs[]
| conjugate(.[0]; .[1])

Output:

As for #Wren.

Julia

const conjugators = ["ō", "ās", "at", "āmus", "ātis", "ant"]
conjugate(w, gregex = r"[aā]re$") = (r = replace(w, gregex => ""); [r * s for s in conjugators])

function testregularconjugation(verbvector)
    for verb in verbvector
        println("\nPresent active indicative conjugation of $verb:")
        for result in conjugate(verb)
            println(result)
        end
    end
end

testregularconjugation(["amāre", "dare"])

Output:

Present active indicative conjugation of amāre:
amō
amās
amat
amāmus
amātis
amant

Present active indicative conjugation of dare:
dō
dās
dat
dāmus
dātis
dant

Nim

Translation of: Go

Works with: Nim version 1.6.0

import std/[strformat, unicode]

const
  Endings = [["o", "as", "at", "amus", "atis", "ant"],
             ["eo", "es", "et", "emus", "etis", "ent"],
             ["o", "is", "it", "imus", "itis", "unt"],
             ["io", "is", "it", "imus", "itis", "iunt"]]
  InfinEndings = ["are", "ēre", "ere", "ire"]
  Pronouns = ["I", "you (singular)", "he, she or it", "we", "you (plural)", "they"]
  EnglishEndings = ["", "", "s", "", "", ""]


proc conjugate(infinitive, english: string) =
  let letters = infinitive.toRunes()
  if letters.len < 4:
    raise newException(ValueError, "infinitive is too short for a regular verb.")
  let infinEnding = $letters[^3..^1]
  let conj = InfinEndings.find(infinEnding)
  if conj == -1:
    raise newException(ValueError, &"infinitive ending -{infinEnding} not recognized.")
  let stem = $letters[0..^4]
  echo &"Present indicative tense, active voice, of '{infinitive}' to '{english}':"
  for i, ending in Endings[conj]:
    echo &"    {stem}{ending:4}  {Pronouns[i]} {english}{EnglishEndings[i]}"
  echo()


for (infinitive, english) in {"amare": "love", "vidēre": "see", "ducere": "lead", "audire": "hear"}:
  conjugate(infinitive, english)

Output:

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'amare' to 'love':
    amo     I love
    amas    you (singular) love
    amat    he, she or it loves
    amamus  we love
    amatis  you (plural) love
    amant   they love

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'vidēre' to 'see':
    video    I see
    vides    you (singular) see
    videt    he, she or it sees
    videmus  we see
    videtis  you (plural) see
    vident   they see

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'ducere' to 'lead':
    duco     I lead
    ducis    you (singular) lead
    ducit    he, she or it leads
    ducimus  we lead
    ducitis  you (plural) lead
    ducunt   they lead

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'audire' to 'hear':
    audio    I hear
    audis    you (singular) hear
    audit    he, she or it hears
    audimus  we hear
    auditis  you (plural) hear
    audiunt  they hear

Perl

Translation of: Raku

use strict;
use warnings;
use feature 'say';
use utf8;
binmode STDOUT, ':utf8';

sub conjugate {
    my($verb) = shift;
    join "\n", map { $verb . $_ } qw<ō ās at āmus ātis ant>;
}

for my $infinitive ('amāre', 'dare') {
    say "\nPresent active indicative conjugation of infinitive $infinitive.";
    my($verb) = $infinitive =~ /^ (\w+) [aā] re $/x;
    say $verb ? conjugate $verb : "Sorry, don't know how to conjugate $infinitive"

Output:

Present active indicative conjugation of infinitive amāre.
amō
amās
amat
amāmus
amātis
amant

Present active indicative conjugation of infinitive dare.
dō
dās
dat
dāmus
dātis
dant

Phix

TL; DR: Did just one term of Latin, right before posting this realised 'dāre' should probably be 'dare', left as an exercise...

with javascript_semantics
constant {ending,endings} = columnize({{"āre",split("ō ās at āmus ātis ant")},
                                       {"ēre",split("eō ēs et ēmus ētis ent")},
                                       {"ere",split("ō is it imus itis unt")},
                                       {"īre",split("iō īs it īmus ītis iunt")}}),
         pronouns = {"I %s", "you %s", "he %ss, she %ss, it %ss", "we %s", "you all %s", "they %s"}

procedure conjugate(sequence ie)
    string {infinitive,english} = ie
    sequence utf32 = utf8_to_utf32(infinitive)
    assert(length(utf32)>3,"Infinitive is too short for a regular verb.")
    string stem = utf32_to_utf8(utf32[1..-4]),
           last3 = utf32_to_utf8(utf32[-3..-1])
    integer edx = find(last3,ending)
    assert(edx!=0,"Infinitive ending -%s not recognized.",{last3}) 
    printf(1,"Present active indicative conjugations of '%s' (%s):\n",ie)
    for i=1 to length(endings[edx]) do
        string c = sprintf("%s%s",{stem,endings[edx][i]}),
               e = substitute(pronouns[i],"%s",english)
        printf(1,"  %-7s  %s\n",{c,e})
    end for
    printf(1,"\n")
end procedure
 
printf(0,"",{"unicode_align",true})
papply({{"amāre","love"},{"dāre","give"},{"vidēre","see"},{"dūcere","lead"},{"audīre","hear"}},conjugate)

Output:

Present active indicative conjugations of 'amāre' (love):
  amō      I love
  amās     you love
  amat     he loves, she loves, it loves
  amāmus   we love
  amātis   you all love
  amant    they love

Present active indicative conjugations of 'dāre' (give):
  dō       I give
  dās      you give
  dat      he gives, she gives, it gives
  dāmus    we give
  dātis    you all give
  dant     they give

Present active indicative conjugations of 'vidēre' (see):
  videō    I see
  vidēs    you see
  videt    he sees, she sees, it sees
  vidēmus  we see
  vidētis  you all see
  vident   they see

Present active indicative conjugations of 'dūcere' (lead):
  dūcō     I lead
  dūcis    you lead
  dūcit    he leads, she leads, it leads
  dūcimus  we lead
  dūcitis  you all lead
  dūcunt   they lead

Present active indicative conjugations of 'audīre' (hear):
  audiō    I hear
  audīs    you hear
  audit    he hears, she hears, it hears
  audīmus  we hear
  audītis  you all hear
  audiunt  they hear

Python

Translation of: Wren

#!/usr/bin/python

 
def conjugate(infinitive): 
    if not infinitive[-3:] == "are":
        print("'", infinitive, "' non prima coniugatio verbi.\n", sep='')
        return False
    
    stem = infinitive[0:-3]
    if len(stem) == 0:
        print("\'", infinitive, "\' non satis diu conjugatus\n", sep='')
        return False

    print("Praesens indicativi temporis of '", infinitive, "':", sep='') 
    for ending in ("o", "as", "at", "amus", "atis", "ant"):
        print("     ", stem, ending, sep='')
    print()
 
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    for infinitive in ("amare", "dare", "qwerty", "are"):
        conjugate(infinitive)

Raku

Translation of: Julia

for <amāre dare> -> $infinitive {
    say "\nPresent active indicative conjugation of infinitive $infinitive.";
    my $verb = ($infinitive ~~ /^ (\w+) ['a'|'ā'] 're' $/)[0];
    say $verb ?? (conjugate $verb) !! "Sorry, don't know how to conjugate $infinitive"
}

sub conjugate ($verb) { ($verb X~ <ō ās at āmus ātis ant>).join: "\n" }

Output:

Present active indicative conjugation of infinitive amāre.
amō
amās
amat
amāmus
amātis
amant

Present active indicative conjugation of infinitive dare.
dō
dās
dat
dāmus
dātis
dant

REXX

Checks were also made to ensure the Latin verb has only Latin letters (upper and/or lower case).

/*REXX pgm conjugates (to the terminal) a Latin verb when given a first conjugation verb*/
parse arg verbs
if verbs='' | verbs=","  then verbs= 'amare dare'
suffix= 'o as at amus atis ant'                  /*a list of six Latin verb suffixes.   */
#= words(verbs)                                  /*obtain the # of Latin verbs specified*/

      do j=1  for #;                  say        /*process each      "     "       "    */
      $= word(verbs, j);  $$= $;      upper $$   /*obtain one of the "     "       "    */
      if \datatype($, 'M')  then call ser "the following isn't a Latin verb: "      $
      L= length($)                               /*obtain the length of a Latin verb.   */
      if L<4  then call ser 'length of Latin verb is too short: '     $
      if right($$, 3)\=='ARE'  then call ser "the following isn't a Latin verb: "   $
      stem= left($, length($) - 3)               /*obtain the stem of the Latin verb.   */
      say center(' present indicative tense of "'$'"', 50, "─")

         do k=1  for words(suffix)               /*display each of the verb suffixes.   */
         say left('',21) stem || word(suffix, k) /*display a Latin verb stem with auffix*/
         end   /*k*/
      say
      end      /*j*/
exit 0                                           /*stick a fork in it,  we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
ser:  say;   say '***error*** '  arg(1);   say;   exit 13

output   when using the default inputs:

─────── present indicative tense of "amare"───────
                      amo
                      amas
                      amat
                      amamus
                      amatis
                      amant


─────── present indicative tense of "dare"────────
                      do
                      das
                      dat
                      damus
                      datis
                      dant

Wren

var conjugate = Fn.new { |infinitive|
    if (!infinitive.endsWith("are")) Fiber.abort("Not a first conjugation verb.")
    var stem = infinitive[0...-3]
    if (stem.count == 0) Fiber.abort("Stem cannot be empty.")
    System.print("Present indicative tense of '%(infinitive)':")
    for (ending in ["o", "as", "at", "amus", "atis", "ant"]) {
        System.print("  " + stem + ending)
    }
    System.print()
}

for (infinitive in ["amare", "dare"]) conjugate.call(infinitive)

Output:

Present indicative tense of 'amare':
  amo
  amas
  amat
  amamus
  amatis
  amant

Present indicative tense of 'dare':
  do
  das
  dat
  damus
  datis
  dant

Library: Wren-fmt

The following extended version can deal with regular verbs of all four conjugations. To distinguish 2nd and 3rd conjugations, a bar is placed above the penultimate 'e' in a second conjugation infinitive but accents are otherwise ignored. English meanings have also been added.

import "/fmt" for Fmt

var endings = [
    [ "o", "as", "at", "amus", "atis",  "ant"],
    ["eo", "es", "et", "emus", "etis",  "ent"],
    [ "o", "is", "it", "imus", "itis",  "unt"],
    ["io", "is", "it", "imus", "itis", "iunt"]
]

var infinEndings = ["are", "ēre", "ere", "ire"]

var pronouns = ["I", "you (singular)", "he, she or it", "we", "you (plural)", "they"]

var englishEndings = [ "", "", "s", "", "", "" ]

var conjugate = Fn.new { |infinitive, english|
    var letters = infinitive.toList
    if (letters.count < 4) Fiber.abort("Infinitive is too short for a regular verb.")
    var infinEnding = letters[-3..-1].join()
    var conj = infinEndings.indexOf(infinEnding)
    if (conj == -1) Fiber.abort("Infinitive ending -%(infinEnding) not recognized.") 
    var stem = letters[0..-4].join()
    System.print("Present indicative tense, active voice, of '%(infinitive)' to '%(english)':")
    var i = 0
    for (ending in endings[conj]) {
        Fmt.print("    $s$-4s  $s $s$s", stem, ending, pronouns[i], english, englishEndings[i])
        i = i + 1
    }
    System.print()
}

var pairs = [["amare", "love"], ["vidēre", "see"], ["ducere", "lead"], ["audire", "hear"]]
for (pair in pairs) conjugate.call(pair[0], pair[1])

Output:

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'amare' to 'love':
    amo     I love 
    amas    you (singular) love 
    amat    he, she or it loves
    amamus  we love 
    amatis  you (plural) love 
    amant   they love 

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'vidēre' to 'see':
    video    I see 
    vides    you (singular) see 
    videt    he, she or it sees
    videmus  we see 
    videtis  you (plural) see 
    vident   they see 

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'ducere' to 'lead':
    duco     I lead 
    ducis    you (singular) lead 
    ducit    he, she or it leads
    ducimus  we lead 
    ducitis  you (plural) lead 
    ducunt   they lead 

Present indicative tense, active voice, of 'audire' to 'hear':
    audio    I hear 
    audis    you (singular) hear 
    audit    he, she or it hears
    audimus  we hear 
    auditis  you (plural) hear 
    audiunt  they hear