File input/output
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
In this task, the job is to create a file called "output.txt", and place in it the contents of the file "input.txt".
Ada
If the file line size exceeds the size of the input string the output file will contain extra new-line characters. <lang ada>with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO; procedure File_IO is
Input, Output : File_Type; Line : String (1 .. 10_000); Last : Natural;
begin
Create (Output, Out_File, "output.txt");
Open (Input, In_File, "input.txt");
while not End_Of_File (Input) loop
Get_Line (Input, Line, Last);
Put_Line (Output, Line (1 .. Last));
end loop;
Close (Input);
Close (Output);
end File_IO;</lang> Note that it is possible to use a version of Get_Line that returns the read line as one string of unspecified length: <lang ada>while not End_Of_File (Input) loop
Put_Line (Output, Get_Line (Input));
end loop;</lang> But it is not recommended, because it would make program vulnerable to storage error problems.
The following example reads and writes each file one character at a time. There is no new-line issue. <lang ada>with Ada.Sequential_Io;
procedure File_Io is
package Char_Io is new Ada.Sequential_Io(Character); use Char_Io; Infile, Outfile : File_Type; Value : Character;
begin
Create(File => Outfile, Mode => Out_File, Name => "output.txt");
Open(File => Infile, Mode => In_File, Name => "input.txt");
while not End_Of_File(Infile) loop
Read(File => Infile, Item => Value);
Write(File => Outfile, Item => Value);
end loop;
Close(Infile);
Close(Outfile);
end File_IO;</lang> The following solution uses stream I/O. Any file of Ada.Text_IO can be used to obtain a corresponding stream. Reading and writing streams is more efficient than reading text files directly, because it skips formatting. Note also how End_Error exception is used to avoid End_Of_File. End_Of_File is depreciated as it requires file look-ahead, and thus is much less efficient. <lang ada>with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO; with Ada.Text_IO.Text_Streams; use Ada.Text_IO.Text_Streams;
procedure File_Io is
Infile, Outfile : File_Type;
begin
Create (File => Outfile, Mode => Out_File, Name => "output.txt");
Open (File => Infile, Mode => In_File, Name => "input.txt");
loop
Character'Write (Stream (Outfile), Character'Input (Stream (Infile)));
end loop;
exception
when End_Error =>
Close (Infile);
Close (Outfile);
end File_IO;</lang>
ALGOL 68
<lang algol68>PROC copy file = (STRING in name, out name)VOID: (
INT errno; FILE in file, out file; errno := open(in file, in name, stand in channel); errno := open(out file, out name, stand out channel);
BOOL in done := FALSE; PROC call back done = (REF FILE f) BOOL: ( in done := TRUE ); on logical file end(in file, call back done);
STRING line; WHILE NOT in done DO get(in file,(line, new line)); put(out file,(line, new line)) OD; close(in file); close(out file)
);
copy file("input.txt","output.txt")</lang>
AppleScript
<lang applescript>on copyFile from src into dst
set filedata to read file src
set outfile to open for access dst with write permission
write filedata to outfile
close access outfile
end copyFile
copyFile from ":input.txt" into ":output.txt"</lang>
AutoHotkey
Method 1: the input file can be processed line by line. <lang AutoHotkey>Loop, Read, input.txt, output.txt
FileAppend, %A_LoopReadLine%`n</lang>
Method 2: the input file can be read at once if it is less than 1 GB. <lang autohotkey>FileRead, var, input.txt FileAppend, %var%, output.txt</lang> Method 3: the file can be copied without IO. <lang autohotkey>FileCopy, input.txt, output.txt</lang>
Binary IO is possible with this library from Laszlo.
AWK
(This does not handle properly binary files)
<lang awk>BEGIN {
while ( (getline <"input.txt") > 0 ) {
print >"output.txt"
}
}</lang>
BASIC
<lang qbasic> OPEN "INPUT.TXT" FOR INPUT AS #1
OPEN "OUTPUT.TXT" FOR OUTPUT AS #2 DO UNTIL EOF(1) LINE INPUT #1, Data$ PRINT #2, Data$ LOOP CLOSE #1 CLOSE #2 SYSTEM</lang>
C
<lang c>#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
FILE *in, *out; int c;
in = fopen("input.txt", "r");
if (!in) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error opening input.txt for reading.\n");
return 1;
}
out = fopen("output.txt", "w");
if (!out) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error opening output.txt for writing.\n");
fclose(in);
return 1;
}
while ((c = fgetc(in)) != EOF) {
fputc(c, out);
}
fclose(out); fclose(in); return 0;
}</lang>
A couple of remarks on the preceding example:
It uses fgetc to read one character at a time. Each character is visited, even though there's nothing to do with it. Copying bigger blocks of data is much more efficient.
It uses buffered IO to perform the move, which is overkill. This is not actually a weakness, but it invokes some overhead that you don't need.
The following example addresses those issues. To avoid buffered IO, it uses open(), read(), write() and close(), which are part of POSIX, but not defined of ANSI C.
<lang c>#include <stdio.h>
- include <unistd.h>
- include <fcntl.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) { int fi, fo;
int len; char buf[1024]; /* a better choice is the FS block size, if you know it */
if ((fi = open("input.txt", O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
perror("Can't read input.txt");
return 1;
}
if ((fo = open("output.txt", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC)) < 0) {
perror("Can't write to output.txt");
return 1;
}
while ((len = read(fi, buf, 1024)) > 0) {
if (write(fo, buf, len) < 0) {
perror("write failed");
return 1;
}
}
if (len < 0) {
perror("read failed");
return 1;
}
close(fi); close(fo); return 0;
}</lang>
C#
The long way:
<lang csharp>using System.IO;
using (var reader = new StreamReader("input.txt")) using (var writer = new StreamWriter("output.txt")) {
var text = input.ReadToEnd(); writer.Write(text);
}</lang>
The short way:
<lang csharp>using System.IO;
var text = File.ReadAllText("input.txt"); File.WriteAllText("output.txt", text);</lang>
C++
<lang cpp>#include <iostream>
- include <fstream>
- include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string line;
ifstream input ( "input.txt" );
ofstream output ("output.txt");
if (output.is_open()) {
if (input.is_open()){
while (input) {
getline (input,line);
output << line << endl;
}
input.close(); // Not necessary - will be closed when variable goes out of scope.
}
else {
cout << "input.txt cannot be opened!\n";
}
output.close(); // Not necessary - will be closed when variable goes out of scope.
}
else {
cout << "output.txt cannot be written to!\n";
}
return 0;
}</lang>
Simpler version:
<lang cpp>#include <iostream>
- include <fstream>
- include <cstdlib>
int main() {
std::ifstream input("input.txt");
if (!input.is_open())
{
std::cerr << "could not open input.txt for reading.\n";
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
std::ofstream output("output.txt");
if (!output.is_open())
{
std::cerr << "could not open output.txt for writing.\n";
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
output << input.rdbuf();
if (!output)
{
std::cerr << "error copying the data.\n";
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}</lang>
Using istream- and ostream- iterators:
<lang cpp># include <algorithm>
- include <fstream>
int main() {
std::ifstream ifile("input.txt");
std::ofstream ofile("output.txt");
std::copy(std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(ifile),
std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(),
std::ostreambuf_iterator<char>(ofile));
}</lang>
Even simpler way:
<lang cpp>#include <fstream>
int main() {
std::ifstream input("input.txt");
std::ofstream output("output.txt");
output << input.rdbuf();
}</lang>
Clean
Define a function that copies the content from one file to another.
<lang clean>import StdEnv
copyFile fromPath toPath world
# (ok, fromFile, world) = fopen fromPath FReadData world
| not ok = abort ("Cannot open " +++ fromPath +++ " for reading")
# (ok, toFile, world) = fopen toPath FWriteData world
| not ok = abort ("Cannot open " +++ toPath +++ " for writing")
# (fromFile, toFile) = copyData 1024 fromFile toFile
# (ok, world) = fclose fromFile world
| not ok = abort ("Cannot close " +++ fromPath +++ " after reading")
# (ok, world) = fclose toFile world
| not ok = abort ("Cannot close " +++ toPath +++ " after writing")
= world
where
copyData bufferSize fromFile toFile
# (buffer, fromFile) = freads fromFile bufferSize
# toFile = fwrites buffer toFile
| size buffer < bufferSize = (fromFile, toFile) // we're done
= copyData bufferSize fromFile toFile // continue recursively</lang>
Apply this function to the world to copy a file.
<lang clean>Start world = copyFile "input.txt" "output.txt" world</lang>
Clojure
<lang lisp> (use '[clojure.contrib.duck-streams :only (copy)])
(copy (java.io.File. "input.txt") (java.io.File. "output.txt")) </lang>
ColdFusion
<lang cfm><cfif fileExists(expandPath("input.txt"))>
<cffile action="read" file="#expandPath('input.txt')#" variable="inputContents">
<cffile action="write" file="#expandPath('output.txt')#" output="#inputContents#">
</cfif></lang>
Common Lisp
By lines:
<lang lisp>(with-open-file (in #p"input.txt" :direction :input)
(with-open-file (out #p"output.txt" :direction :output)
(loop for line = (read-line in nil 'foo)
until (eq line 'foo)
do (write-line line out))))</lang>
By arbitrary blocks and for possibly-binary files:
<lang lisp>(defconstant +buffer-size+ (expt 2 16))
(with-open-file (in #p"input.txt" :direction :input
:element-type '(unsigned-byte 8))
(with-open-file (out #p"output.txt"
:direction :output
:element-type (stream-element-type in))
(loop with buffer = (make-array +buffer-size+
:element-type (stream-element-type in))
for size = (read-sequence buffer in)
while (plusp size)
do (write-sequence buffer out :end size))))</lang>
If you're on an odd platform which actually stores text/binary/... type information for files and your CL implementation will use this information, then in should be opened with :element-type :default.
D
Copy the content from one file to another (exceptions are handled by Tango):
<lang D>import tango.io.device.File;
void main() {
auto from = new File("input.txt");
auto to = new File("output.txt", File.WriteCreate);
to.copy(from).close;
from.close;
}</lang>
Or a shorter example without explicitly closing the output file:
<lang D>import tango.io.device.File;
void main() {
auto to = new File("output.txt", File.WriteCreate);
to.copy(new File("input.txt")).close;
}</lang>
Delphi
Delphi supports both typed and untyped as well as a textfile type for files. Delphi provides a default 128 byte buffer for text files. This may be enlarged via a call to SetTextBuff(Var F: Text; Var Buf [Size : integer]) procedure. All other files have no buffer at all and it is the programmers option to do buffering.
The following file I/O procedures have existed since Turbo Pascal V-3.
- Read(F,V1..Vn) - ReadLn(F,V1..Vn) - Write(F,V1[,V2..Vn]) - WriteLn(f,V1[,V2..Vn]) - BlockRead(F,Buff,BytesToRead[,BytesRead]) - BlockWrite(F,Buff,BytesToRead[,BytesWritten])
Files are opened using:
AssignFile(f,{fully qualified path and file name})
Assigns the file name to the file structure in preparation for opening.
Reset(f)
Opens and existing file. If it does not exist EIOError is raised.
Rewrite(f)
Creates a new file and opens it for I/O. If the files exists is is overwritten.
Delphi implemented Streams of which a variant is TFileStream and are very closely related to the Windows API for file handling.
- Text File I/O -
<lang delphi>var
f : TextFile ; s : string ;
begin
AssignFile(f,[fully qualified file name); Reset(f); writeln(f,s); Reset(f); ReadLn(F,S); CloseFile(
end;</lang>
- Untyped File I/O -
This is perhaps one of the most powerful I/O functions built into Pascal. This will allow you to open and read a file of ANY type, regardless of structure, size or content. Note the usage of Reset(). This is using the optional size parameter that instructs the record size of file I/O. This could have been called with SizeOf(Buff) as the optional parameter but that would have limited flexibility. Calling it with a size of ONE byte allows you to adjust the buffer size on the fly, as conditions warrant. Also note the use of the BytesRead parameter. When included in the BlockRead() function it will return the number of bytes actually read. If this is not included, then if your directive to read n bytes is greater then the size of the file, the EOF will be encountered unexpectedly and EIOError will be raised.
<lang delphi>var
f : File ; buff : array[1.1024] of byte ; BytesRead : Integer ;
begin
AssignFile(f,fully qualified file name); Reset(f,1); Blockread(f,Buff,SizeOf(Buff),BytesRead); CloseFile(f);
end;</lang>
- Typed File I/O -
Typed file I/O is very useful when reading and writing structures. An Address List is quiet easy to write when using this type of I/O. The same file procedures are used with some subtle differences. Bite below in the blockread and blockwrite procedures that the bytes to read or write are 1. Also note that the reset procedure is not called with a buffer size. When performing Typed File I/O the size of the type definition is the buffer size. In the BlockRead() and BlockWrite() procedures I elected to read one record. Had I declared a very large buffer of type tAddressBook of say 500 records, I could have set bytes to read as SizeOf(Buffer) thereby reading a minimum of 500 records.
<lang delphi>type
tAddressBook = Record
FName : string[20];
LName : string[30];
Address : string[30];
City : string[30];
State : string[2];
Zip5 : string[5];
Zip4 : string[4];
Phone : string[14];
Deleted : boolean ;
end;
var
f : file of tAddressBook ; v : tAddressBook ; bytes : integer ;
begin
AssignFile(f,fully qualified file name); Reset(f); Blockread(f,V,1,Bytes); Edit(v); Seek(F,FilePos(f)-1); BlockWrite(f,v,1,bytes); CloseFile(f);
end;</lang>
E
<lang e><file:output.txt>.setText(<file:input.txt>.getText())</lang>
(This version holds the entire contents in memory.)
Factor
Holds entire file content in memory: <lang factor>"input.txt" binary file-contents "output.txt" binary set-file-contents</lang> A bit longer, but only holds a small amount of data in memory. If opening the file for writing fails, we want to clean up the file that's open for reading: <lang factor>[
"input.txt" binary <file-reader> &dispose "output.txt" binary <file-writer> stream-copy
] with-destructors </lang> Possibly cheating: <lang factor>"input.txt" "output.txt" copy-file</lang>
Forth
Forth traditionally has not had any file handling capabilities, preferring instead to operate on a disk image block by block. Most modern Forth systems however run under an existing operating system and provide methods for disk access.
<lang forth>\ <to> <from> copy-file
- copy-file ( a1 n1 a2 n2 -- )
r/o open-file throw >r
w/o create-file throw r>
begin
pad maxstring 2 pick read-file throw
?dup while
pad swap 3 pick write-file throw
repeat
close-file throw
close-file throw ;
\ Invoke it like this: s" output.txt" s" input.txt" copy-file</lang>
Note the use of "2 pick" to get the input file handle and "3 pick" to get the output file handle. Local or global variables could have been used, but in this implementation simple stack manipulation was chosen. Also, only maxstring bytes are copied at a time, and the global "pad" memory area is used to hold the data. For faster copies, allocating a larger buffer could be advantageous.
Also, abort" can be used instead of throw if desired.
Fortran
It uses the access="stream" which is defined in Fortran 2003 standard and should allow to "copy" also binary data easily.
<lang fortran>program FileIO
integer, parameter :: out = 123, in = 124 integer :: err character(len=1) :: c
open(out, file="output.txt", status="new", action="write", access="stream", iostat=err)
if ( err == 0 ) then
open(in, file="input.txt", status="old", action="read", access="stream", iostat=err)
if ( err == 0 ) then
err = 0
do while ( err == 0 )
read(unit=in, iostat=err) c
if ( err == 0 ) write(out) c
end do
close(in)
end if
close(out)
end if
end program FileIO</lang>
Groovy
Using File <lang groovy>new File('output.txt').write(new File('input.txt').text)</lang>
Using Ant <lang groovy>new AntBuilder().copy(file:'input.txt', toFile:'output.txt', overwrite:true)</lang>
Buffered <lang groovy>new File('output.txt').withWriter( w ->
new File('input.txt').withReader( r -> w << r }
}</lang>
Haskell
Note: this doesn't keep the file in memory. Buffering is provided by lazy evaluation. <lang haskell>main = readFile "input.txt" >>= writeFile "output.txt"</lang>
HicEst
Copy via system call: <lang hicest>CHARACTER input='input.txt ', output='output.txt ', c, buffer*4096 SYSTEM(COPY=input//output, ERror=11) ! on error branch to label 11 (not shown)</lang> Read and write line by line <lang hicest>OPEN(FIle=input, OLD, ERror=21) ! on error branch to label 21 (not shown) OPEN(FIle=output)
DO i = 1, 1E300 ! "infinite" loop, exited on end-of-file error
READ( FIle=input, ERror=22) buffer ! on error (end of file) branch to label 22
WRITE(FIle=output, ERror=23) buffer ! on error branch to label 23 (not shown)
ENDDO
22 WRITE(FIle=output, CLoSe=1)</lang> Read and write in 1 block <lang hicest>OPEN(FIle=input, SEQuential, UNFormatted, OLD, LENgth=len, ERror=31) ! on error branch to label 31 (not shown) OPEN(FIle=output, SEQuential, UNFormatted, ERror=32) ! on error branch to label 32 (not shown) ALLOCATE(c, len) READ(FIle=input, CLoSe=1) c WRITE(FIle=output, CLoSe=1) c END</lang>
IDL
<lang idl>; open two LUNs openw,unit1,'output.txt,/get openr,unit2,'input.txt',/get
- how many bytes to read
fs = fstat(unit2)
- make buffer
buff = bytarr(fs.size)
- transfer content
readu,unit2,buff writeu,unit1,buff
- that's all
close,/all</lang>
J
<lang j> 'output.txt' (1!:2~ 1!:1)&< 'input.txt'</lang>
Or using the system library files:
<lang j>require 'files' 'output.txt' (fwrite~ fread) 'input.txt'</lang>
Java
Simple version; Files may be closed automatically by OS, on some systems.
<lang java>import java.io.*;
public class FileIODemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("ouput.txt");
int c;
while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {
out.write(c);
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}</lang>
This version closes both files after without OS intervention
<lang java>import java.io.*;
public class FileIODemo2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
// Probably should wrap with a BufferedInputStream
final InputStream in = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
try {
// Probably should wrap with a BufferedOutputStream
final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("output.txt");
try {
int c;
while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {
out.write(c);
}
}
finally {
out.close();
}
}
finally {
in.close();
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}</lang>
Package nio
<lang java>import java.io.*; import java.nio.channels.*;
public class FileIODemo3 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
final FileChannel in = new FileInputStream("input.txt").getChannel();
try {
final FileChannel out = new FileOutputStream("output.txt").getChannel();
try {
out.transferFrom(in, 0, in.size());
}
finally {
out.close();
}
}
finally {
in.close();
}
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.err.println("Exception while trying to copy: "+e);
e.printStackTrace(); // stack trace of place where it happened
}
}
}</lang>
This version is more in line with the other languages' implementations: it assumes simple text files, and doesn't worry too much about errors (just throws them out to the caller, the console in this case). It's shorter and simpler and shows that simple programs can be simple to write, in Java as well.
<lang java>import java.io.*; public class Test {
public static void main (String[] args) throws IOException {
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt"));
BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("output.txt"));
for (String line; (line = br.readLine()) != null; ) {
bw.write(line);
bw.newLine();
}
br.close();
bw.close();
}
}</lang>
JavaScript
<lang javascript>var fso = new ActiveXObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject"); var ForReading = 1, ForWriting = 2; var f_in = fso.OpenTextFile('input.txt', ForReading); var f_out = fso.OpenTextFile('output.txt', ForWriting, true);
// for small files: // f_out.Write( f_in.ReadAll() );
while ( ! f_in.AtEndOfStream) {
// ReadLine() does not include the newline char f_out.WriteLine( f_in.ReadLine() );
}
f_in.Close(); f_out.Close();</lang>
Lisaac
<lang Lisaac>Section Header
+ name := FILE_IO;
Section Public
- main <- (
+ e : ENTRY; + f : STD_FILE; + s : STRING;
e := FILE_SYSTEM.get "input.txt";
(e != NULL).if {
f ?= e.open_read_only;
(f != NULL).if {
s := STRING.create(f.size);
f.read s size (f.size);
f.close;
};
};
(s != NULL).if {
e := FILE_SYSTEM.make_file "output.txt";
(e != NULL).if {
f ?= e.open;
(f != NULL).if {
f.write s from (s.lower) size (s.count);
f.close;
};
};
};
);</lang>
Logo
<lang logo>to copy :from :to
openread :from openwrite :to setread :from setwrite :to until [eof?] [print readrawline] closeall
end
copy "input.txt "output.txt</lang>
Lua
<lang lua>in_file = io.open("input.txt", "r")
if in_file == nil then
os.exit(1)
end
out_file = io.open("output.txt", "w")
if out_file == nil then
os.exit(1)
end
--read the whole file from in and write to out out_file:write(in_file:read("*a"))
in_file:close() out_file:close() </lang>
MAXScript
<lang maxscript>inFile = openFile "input.txt" outFile = createFile "output.txt" while not EOF inFile do (
format "%" (readLine inFile) to:outFile
) close inFile close outFile</lang>
mIRC Scripting Language
<lang mirc>alias Write2FileAndReadIt { .write myfilename.txt Goodbye Mike! .echo -a Myfilename.txt contains: $read(myfilename.txt,1) }</lang>
Objective-C
Read the contents of input.txt and place it in output.txt, creating a file if needed:
<lang objc>NSData *input = [NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:@"input.txt"];
[data writeToFile:@"output.txt" atomically:YES];</lang>
Displayed without error checking to make it more clear. In real code you will need to add lot of error checking code, and maybe use dataWithContentsOfFile:error: if you want to get error information on failure. However, this code will mostly work correctly even if input does not exists or not accessible. dataWithContentsOfFile: will return nil, and sending nil the message writeTofile:atomically: does nothing :-)
The second argument (atomically:YES) write the content to a temporary file, and rename the temporary file to the destination file, replacing existing file.
OCaml
By line: <lang ocaml>let () =
let ic = open_in "input.txt" in
let oc = open_out "output.txt" in
try
while true do
let s = input_line ic in
output_string oc s;
output_char oc '\n';
done
with End_of_file ->
close_in ic;
close_out oc;
- </lang>
By character: <lang ocaml>let () =
let ic = open_in "input.txt" in
let oc = open_out "output.txt" in
try
while true do
let c = input_char ic in
output_char oc c
done
with End_of_file ->
close_in ic;
close_out oc;
- </lang>
(Notice that ic and oc, of type in_channel and out_channel, are buffered)
Oz
<lang oz>declare
class TextFile from Open.file Open.text end
In = {New TextFile init(name:"input.txt")}
Out = {New TextFile init(name:"output.txt" flags:[write text create truncate])}
proc {CopyAll In Out}
case {In getS($)} of false then skip
[] Line then
{Out putS(Line)}
{CopyAll In Out}
end
end
in
{CopyAll In Out}
{Out close}
{In close}</lang>
Perl
<lang perl>#!/usr/bin/perl
open my $fh_in, '<', 'input.txt' or die "could not open <input.txt> for reading: $!"; open my $fh_out, '>', 'output.txt' or die "could not open <output.txt> for writing: $!";
- '>' overwrites file, '>>' appends to file, just like in the shell
binmode $fh_out; # marks filehandle for binary content on systems where that matters
print $fh_out $_ while <$fh_in>;
- prints current line to file associated with $fh_out filehandle
- the same, less concise
- while (<$fh_in>) {
- print $fh_out $_;
- };
close $fh_in; close $fh_out;</lang>
Perl has also a powerful mechanism in conjunction with opening files called IO disciplines. It allows you to automatically apply chainable transformations on the input and output. Mangling newlines, gzip (de)compression and character encoding are the most used examples.
PHP
<lang php><?php
if (!$in=fopen('input.txt','r')) {
die('Could not open input.txt!');
}
if (!$out=fopen('output.txt','w')) {
die('Could not open output.txt!');
}
while(!feof($in)) {
$data = fread($in,512);
fwrite($out,$data);
}
fclose($out); fclose($in); ?></lang>
<lang php><?php if( $contents = file_get_contents('input.txt') ){
if( !file_put_contents('output.txt',$contents) ) echo('could not write output file');
}else{
echo('could not open input file');
} ?></lang>
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(in "input.txt"
(out "output.txt"
(echo) ) )</lang>
PL/I
<lang PL/I> declare in file, out file;
open file (in) title ('/INPUT.TXT,type(text),recsize(100)') input; open file (out) title ('/OUTPUT.TXT,type(text),recsize(100) output; do forever;
get file (in) edit (line) (L); put file (out) edit (line) (A);
end; </lang>
Pop11
Char by char copy:
<lang pop11>lvars i_stream = discin('input.txt'); lvars o_stream = discout('output.txt'); lvars c; while (i_stream() ->> c) /= termin do
o_stream(c);
endwhile;</lang>
Low level block copy:
<lang pop11>lvars i_file = sysopen('input.txt', 0, true); lvars o_file = syscreate('output.txt', 1, true); lvars buff = inits(4096); lvars i; while (sysread(i_file, buff, length(buff)) ->> i) > 0 do
syswrite(o_file, buff, i);
endwhile;</lang>
PureBasic
Basic file copy <lang PureBasic>CopyFile("input.txt","output.txt")</lang>
Line by line
<lang PureBasic>in = ReadFile(#PB_Any,"input.txt")
If in
out = CreateFile(#PB_Any,"output.txt")
If out
Define MyLine$
While Not Eof(in)
MyLine$ = ReadString(in)
WriteString(out,MyLine$)
Wend
CloseFile(out)
EndIf
CloseFile(in)
EndIf</lang>
Reading & writing the complete file in one pass
<lang PureBasic>If ReadFile(0,"input.txt")
Define MyLine$, *Buffer, length
length=FileSize("input.txt")
*Buffer = AllocateMemory(length)
If *Buffer
If OpenFile(1,"output.txt")
ReadData(0, *Buffer, length)
WriteData(1, *Buffer, length)
CloseFile(1)
EndIf
FreeMemory(*Buffer)
EndIf
CloseFile(0)
EndIf</lang>
Python
The following use of the standard libraries shutil.copyfile is to be preferred. (Current source code ensures that failure to open files raises appropriate exceptions, a restricted buffer is used to copy the files using binary mode, and any used file descriptors are always closed).
<lang python>import shutil shutil.copyfile('input.txt', 'output.txt')</lang>
However the following example shows how one would do file I/O of other sorts:
<lang python>infile = open('input.txt', 'r') outfile = open('output.txt', 'w') for line in infile:
outfile.write(line)
outfile.close() infile.close()</lang>
This does no error checking. A more robust program would wrap each open with exception handling blocks:
<lang python>import sys try:
infile = open('input.txt', 'r')
except IOError:
print >> sys.stderr, "Unable to open input.txt for input" sys.exit(1)
try:
outfile = open('output.txt', 'w')
except IOError:
print >> sys.stderr, "Unable to open output.txt for output" sys.exit(1)
try: # for finally
try: # for I/O
for line in infile:
outfile.write(line)
except IOError, e:
print >> sys.stderr, "Some I/O Error occurred (reading from input.txt or writing to output.txt)"
finally:
infile.close() outfile.close()</lang>
In Python 2.6 (or 2.5 if we use from __future__ import with_statement) we can more simply write:
<lang python>import sys try:
with open('input.txt') as infile:
with open('output.txt', 'w') as outfile:
for line in infile:
outfile.write(line)
except IOError:
print >> sys.stderr, "Some I/O Error occurred" sys.exit(1)</lang>
The files will automatically be closed on exit of their with: blocks. (Thus even if an I/O error occurred while reading the middle of the input file we are assured that the .close() method will have been called on each of the two files.
R
If files are textual we can use readLines ("-1" means "read until the end")
<lang R>src <- file("input.txt", "r") dest <- file("output.txt", "w")
fc <- readLines(src, -1) writeLines(fc, dest) close(src); close(dest)</lang>
If the files are not textual but "generic":
<lang R>src <- file("input.txt", "rb") dest <- file("output.txt", "wb")
while( length(v <- readBin(src, "raw")) > 0 ) {
writeBin(v, dest)
} close(src); close(dest)</lang>
Another simpler way is to use file.copy
<lang R>file.copy("input.txt", "output.txt", overwrite = FALSE)</lang>
REBOL
<lang REBOL>write %output.txt read %input.txt
- No line translations
write/binary %output.txt read/binary %input.txt
- Save a web page
write/binary %output.html read http://rosettacode.org </lang>
RapidQ
File I/O is one of the things where RapidQ differs from standard Basic. RapidQ uses file streams.
The first version copies text line by line, as in the BASIC example.
<lang rapidq>$INCLUDE "rapidq.inc"
DIM File1 AS QFileStream DIM File2 AS QFileStream
File1.Open("input.txt", fmOpenRead) File2.Open("output.txt", fmCreate)
WHILE NOT File1.EOF
data$ = File1.ReadLine File2.WriteLine(data$)
WEND
File1.Close File2.Close</lang>
When just copying data, the code can be simplified by using the CopyFrom method.
(The second parameter for CopyFrom is number of bytes to copy, 0 = copy the whole file.)
<lang rapidq>$INCLUDE "rapidq.inc"
DIM File1 AS QFileStream DIM File2 AS QFileStream
File1.Open("input.txt", fmOpenRead) File2.Open("output.txt", fmCreate)
File2.CopyFrom(File1, 0)
File1.Close File2.Close</lang>
Raven
<lang raven>'input.txt' read 'output.txt' write</lang>
Ruby
<lang ruby>File.open("output.txt", "w") do |file|
file.write File.read("input.txt")
end</lang>
Slate
<lang slate>(File newNamed: 'input.txt' &mode: File Read) sessionDo: [| :in |
(File newNamed: 'output.txt' &mode: File CreateWrite) sessionDo: [| :out | in >> out]]</lang>
Smalltalk
<lang smalltalk>| in out | in := FileStream open: 'input.txt' mode: FileStream read. out := FileStream open: 'output.txt' mode: FileStream write. [ in atEnd ]
whileFalse: [
out nextPut: (in next)
]</lang>
SNOBOL4
<lang snobol4>
input(.input,5,,'input.txt')
output(.output,6,,'output.txt')
while output = input :s(while) end</lang>
Standard ML
<lang sml>fun copyFile (from, to) = let
val instream = TextIO.openIn from val outstream = TextIO.openOut to val () = TextIO.output (outstream, TextIO.inputAll instream) val () = TextIO.closeIn instream val () = TextIO.closeOut outstream
in
true
end handle _ => false;</lang>
Tcl
<lang tcl>set in [open "input.txt" r] set out [open "output.txt" w]
- Obviously, arbitrary transformations could be added to the data at this point
puts -nonewline $out [read $in] close $in close $out</lang> For larger files, it is better to use the fcopy command, though in general this restricts what operations can be performed rather more (only encoding and end-of-line translations are possible, though not shown here): <lang tcl>set in [open "input.txt" r] set out [open "output.txt" w] fcopy $in $out close $in close $out</lang>
Or the minimal version if we don't need any processing of the data at all: <lang tcl>file copy input.txt output.txt</lang>
Other File I/O:
<lang tcl>#open file for writing set myfile [open "README.TXT" w]
- write something to the file
puts $myfile "This is line 1, so hello world...."
- close the file
close $myfile</lang>
<lang tcl>#open file for reading set myfile [open "README.TXT" r]
- read something from the file
gets $myfile mydata
- show what was read from the file
- should print "This is line1, so hello world...."
puts $mydata
- close the file
close $myfile</lang>
Toka
This is one method, which works with any type of file:
<lang toka>( source dest -- ) {
value| source dest size buffer |
{
{
[ "W" file.open to dest ] is open-dest
[ "R" file.open to source ] is open-source
[ open-dest open-source ]
} is open-files
{
[ source file.size to size ] is obtain-size
[ size malloc to buffer ] is allocate-buffer
[ obtain-size allocate-buffer ]
} is create-buffer
[ source dest and 0 <> ] is check
[ open-files create-buffer check ]
} is prepare
[ source buffer size file.read drop ] is read-source
[ dest buffer size file.write drop ] is write-dest
[ source file.close dest file.close ] is close-files
[ prepare [ read-source write-dest close-files ] ifTrue ]
} is copy-file</lang>
And a much simpler way for plain text files, making use of file.slurp:
<lang toka>[ ( source dest -- )
swap file.slurp dup 0 <> [ >r "W" file.open dup r> string.getLength file.write drop file.close ] ifTrue
] is copy-file</lang>
And a test:
<lang toka>" input.txt" " output.txt" copy-file</lang>
UNIX Shell
Bourne Shell
<lang bash>#!/bin/sh while read a; do
echo "$a"
done <input.txt >output.txt</lang>
Another way, using the 'cat' program
<lang bash>#!/bin/sh cat input.txt >output.txt</lang>
Yet another way, using the 'cp' utility <lang bash>#!/bin/sh cp input.txt output.txt</lang>
Ursala
I/O in Ursala is meant to be handled transparently by the run time system. The application is passed the input files as an argument and expected to return the output files as a result.
Returning a copy of the input file with a new name causes it to be written as a new file. <lang Ursala>#import std
- executable ('parameterized',)
fileio = ~command.files; &h.path.&h:= 'output.txt'!</lang>
Visual Basic .NET
<lang vbnet>'byte copy My.Computer.FileSystem.WriteAllBytes("output.txt", _
My.Computer.FileSystem.ReadAllBytes("input.txt"), False)
'text copy Using input = IO.File.OpenText("input.txt"), _
output As New IO.StreamWriter(IO.File.OpenWrite("output.txt"))
output.Write(input.ReadToEnd)
End Using
'Line by line text copy Using input = IO.File.OpenText("input.txt"), _
output As New IO.StreamWriter(IO.File.OpenWrite("output.txt"))
Do Until input.EndOfStream
output.WriteLine(input.ReadLine)
Loop
End Using</lang>
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