Echo server
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Create a network service that sits on TCP port 12321, which accepts connections on that port, and which echoes complete lines (using a carriage-return/line-feed sequence as line separator) back to clients. No error handling is required. For the purposes of testing, it is only necessary to support connections from localhost (127.0.0.1 or perhaps ::1). Logging of connection information to standard output is recommended.
The implementation must be able to handle simultaneous connections from multiple clients. A multi-threaded or multi-process solution may be used. Each connection must be able to echo more than a single line.
The implementation must not stop responding to other clients if one client sends a partial line or stops reading responses.
Ada
single-threaded, one client served at a time.
<lang Ada>with Ada.Text_IO; with Ada.IO_Exceptions; with GNAT.Sockets; procedure Echo_Server is
Receiver : GNAT.Sockets.Socket_Type; Connection : GNAT.Sockets.Socket_Type; Client : GNAT.Sockets.Sock_Addr_Type; Channel : GNAT.Sockets.Stream_Access;
begin
GNAT.Sockets.Create_Socket (Socket => Receiver);
GNAT.Sockets.Set_Socket_Option
(Socket => Receiver,
Level => GNAT.Sockets.Socket_Level,
Option => (Name => GNAT.Sockets.Reuse_Address, Enabled => True));
GNAT.Sockets.Bind_Socket
(Socket => Receiver,
Address => (Family => GNAT.Sockets.Family_Inet,
Addr => GNAT.Sockets.Inet_Addr ("127.0.0.1"),
Port => 12321));
GNAT.Sockets.Listen_Socket (Socket => Receiver);
loop
GNAT.Sockets.Accept_Socket
(Server => Receiver,
Socket => Connection,
Address => Client);
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line
("Client connected from " & GNAT.Sockets.Image (Client));
Channel := GNAT.Sockets.Stream (Connection);
begin
loop
Character'Output (Channel, Character'Input (Channel));
end loop;
exception
when Ada.IO_Exceptions.End_Error =>
null;
end;
GNAT.Sockets.Close_Socket (Connection);
end loop;
end Echo_Server;</lang>
Multi-threaded, multiple clients served. On OS X 10.10.5 with gcc 4.9.1, serves a maximum of about 2000 threads (communication tasks) per process. <lang Ada> with Ada.Text_IO; with Ada.IO_Exceptions; with GNAT.Sockets; procedure echo_server_multi is -- Multiple socket connections example based on Rosetta Code echo server.
Tasks_To_Create : constant := 3; -- simultaneous socket connections.
-- Use stack to pop the next free task index. When a task finishes its -- asynchronous (no rendezvous) phase, it pushes the index back on the stack.
type Integer_List is array (1..Tasks_To_Create) of integer;
subtype Counter is integer range 0 .. Tasks_To_Create;
subtype Index is integer range 1 .. Tasks_To_Create;
protected type Info is
procedure Push_Stack (Return_Task_Index : in Index);
procedure Initialize_Stack;
entry Pop_Stack (Get_Task_Index : out Index);
private
Task_Stack : Integer_List; -- Stack of free-to-use tasks.
Stack_Pointer: Counter := 0;
end Info;
protected body Info is
procedure Push_Stack (Return_Task_Index : in Index) is
begin -- Performed by tasks that were popped, so won't overflow.
Stack_Pointer := Stack_Pointer + 1;
Task_Stack(Stack_Pointer) := Return_Task_Index;
end;
entry Pop_Stack (Get_Task_Index : out Index) when Stack_Pointer /= 0 is
begin -- guarded against underflow.
Get_Task_Index := Task_Stack(Stack_Pointer);
Stack_Pointer := Stack_Pointer - 1;
end;
procedure Initialize_Stack is
begin
for I in Task_Stack'range loop
Push_Stack (I);
end loop;
end;
end Info;
Task_Info : Info;
task type SocketTask is
-- Rendezvous the setup, which sets the parameters for entry Echo.
entry Setup (Connection : GNAT.Sockets.Socket_Type;
Client : GNAT.Sockets.Sock_Addr_Type;
Channel : GNAT.Sockets.Stream_Access;
Task_Index : Index);
-- Echo accepts the asynchronous phase, i.e. no rendezvous. When the
-- communication is over, push the task number back on the stack.
entry Echo;
end SocketTask;
task body SocketTask is
my_Connection : GNAT.Sockets.Socket_Type;
my_Client : GNAT.Sockets.Sock_Addr_Type;
my_Channel : GNAT.Sockets.Stream_Access;
my_Index : Index;
begin
loop -- Infinitely reusable
accept Setup (Connection : GNAT.Sockets.Socket_Type;
Client : GNAT.Sockets.Sock_Addr_Type;
Channel : GNAT.Sockets.Stream_Access;
Task_Index : Index) do
-- Store parameters and mark task busy.
my_Connection := Connection;
my_Client := Client;
my_Channel := Channel;
my_Index := Task_Index;
end;
accept Echo; -- Do the echo communications.
begin
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Task " & integer'image(my_Index));
loop
Character'Output (my_Channel, Character'Input(my_Channel));
end loop;
exception
when Ada.IO_Exceptions.End_Error =>
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Echo " & integer'image(my_Index) & " end");
when others =>
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Echo " & integer'image(my_Index) & " err");
end;
GNAT.Sockets.Close_Socket (my_Connection);
Task_Info.Push_Stack (my_Index); -- Return to stack of unused tasks.
end loop;
end SocketTask;
-- Setup the socket receiver, initialize the task stack, and then loop, -- blocking on Accept_Socket, using Pop_Stack for the next free task from the -- stack, waiting if necessary.
task type SocketServer (my_Port : GNAT.Sockets.Port_Type) is
entry Listen;
end SocketServer;
task body SocketServer is Receiver : GNAT.Sockets.Socket_Type; Connection : GNAT.Sockets.Socket_Type; Client : GNAT.Sockets.Sock_Addr_Type; Channel : GNAT.Sockets.Stream_Access; Worker : array (1..Tasks_To_Create) of SocketTask; Use_Task : Index;
begin
accept Listen;
GNAT.Sockets.Create_Socket (Socket => Receiver);
GNAT.Sockets.Set_Socket_Option
(Socket => Receiver,
Level => GNAT.Sockets.Socket_Level,
Option => (Name => GNAT.Sockets.Reuse_Address, Enabled => True));
GNAT.Sockets.Bind_Socket
(Socket => Receiver,
Address => (Family => GNAT.Sockets.Family_Inet,
Addr => GNAT.Sockets.Inet_Addr ("127.0.0.1"),
Port => my_Port));
GNAT.Sockets.Listen_Socket (Socket => Receiver);
Task_Info.Initialize_Stack;
Find: loop -- Block for connection and take next free task.
GNAT.Sockets.Accept_Socket
(Server => Receiver,
Socket => Connection,
Address => Client);
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line ("Connect " & GNAT.Sockets.Image(Client));
Channel := GNAT.Sockets.Stream (Connection);
Task_Info.Pop_Stack(Use_Task); -- Protected guard waits if full house.
-- Setup the socket in this task in rendezvous.
Worker(Use_Task).Setup(Connection,Client, Channel,Use_Task);
-- Run the asynchronous task for the socket communications.
Worker(Use_Task).Echo; -- Start echo loop.
end loop Find;
end SocketServer;
Echo_Server : SocketServer(my_Port => 12321);
begin
Echo_Server.Listen;
end echo_server_multi;
</lang>
Aime
<lang aime>void readc(dispatch w, file i, file o, data b) {
integer e; data t;
while (1) {
e = f_b_read(i, t, 1 << 10);
if (e < 1) {
if (e == -1) {
w_resign(w, i);
}
break;
} else {
e = b_frame(t, '\n');
if (e != -1) {
e += 1;
b_rule(b, -1, t, 0, e);
f_data(o, b);
w_register(w, o);
b_ecopy(b, t, e, ~t - e);
} else {
b_add(b, t);
}
}
}
}
void serve(dispatch w, file s) {
file i, o; data b;
accept(i, o, s, NONBLOCKING_INPUT | NONBLOCKING_OUTPUT); w.watch(i, readc, w, i, o, b);
}
integer main(void) {
dispatch w; file s;
tcpip_listen(s, 12321, 0); w.watch(s, serve, w, s); w.press;
0;
}</lang>
AutoHotkey
echoserver.ahk, modified from script by zed gecko. <lang AutoHotkey>#SingleInstance Force Network_Port = 12321 Network_Address = 127.0.0.1
NewData := false DataReceived = Gosub Connection_Init return
Connection_Init: OnExit, ExitSub socket := PrepareForIncomingConnection(Network_Address, Network_Port) if socket = -1
ExitApp
Process, Exist DetectHiddenWindows On ScriptMainWindowId := WinExist("ahk_class AutoHotkey ahk_pid " . ErrorLevel) DetectHiddenWindows Off
NotificationMsg = 0x5555 OnMessage(NotificationMsg, "ReceiveData")
ExitMsg = 0x6666 OnMessage(ExitMsg, "ExitData")
FD_READ = 1 FD_CLOSE = 32 FD_CONNECT = 20
if DllCall("Ws2_32\WSAAsyncSelect", "UInt", socket,
"UInt", ScriptMainWindowId, "UInt", ExitMsg, "Int", FD_CLOSE)
{
msgbox, closed
}
if DllCall("Ws2_32\WSAAsyncSelect", "UInt", socket,
"UInt", ScriptMainWindowId, "UInt", NotificationMsg, "Int",
FD_READ|FD_CONNECT)
{
MsgBox % "WSAAsyncSelect() indicated Winsock error "
. DllCall("Ws2_32\WSAGetLastError")
DllCall("Ws2_32\WSAAsyncSelect", "UInt", socket,
"UInt", ScriptMainWindowId, "UInt", ExitMsg, "Int", FD_CLOSE)
ExitApp
}
SetTimer, NewConnectionCheck, 500 return
PrepareForIncomingConnection(IPAddress, Port) {
VarSetCapacity(wsaData, 32)
result := DllCall("Ws2_32\WSAStartup", "UShort", 0x0002, "UInt", &wsaData)
if ErrorLevel
{
MsgBox % "WSAStartup() could not be called due to error %ErrorLevel%. "
. "Winsock 2.0 or higher is required."
return -1
}
if result
{
MsgBox % "WSAStartup() indicated Winsock error "
. DllCall("Ws2_32\WSAGetLastError")
return -1
}
AF_INET = 2
SOCK_STREAM = 1
IPPROTO_TCP = 6
socket := DllCall("Ws2_32\socket", "Int", AF_INET,
"Int", SOCK_STREAM, "Int", IPPROTO_TCP)
if socket = -1
{
MsgBox % "socket() indicated Winsock error "
. DllCall("Ws2_32\WSAGetLastError")
return -1
}
SizeOfSocketAddress = 16
VarSetCapacity(SocketAddress, SizeOfSocketAddress)
InsertInteger(2, SocketAddress, 0, AF_INET)
InsertInteger(DllCall("Ws2_32\htons", "UShort", Port), SocketAddress, 2, 2)
InsertInteger(DllCall("Ws2_32\inet_addr", "Str", IPAddress),
SocketAddress, 4, 4)
if DllCall("Ws2_32\bind", "UInt", socket,
"UInt", &SocketAddress, "Int", SizeOfSocketAddress)
{
MsgBox % "bind() indicated Winsock error "
. DllCall("Ws2_32\WSAGetLastError") . "?"
return -1
}
if DllCall("Ws2_32\listen", "UInt", socket, "UInt", "SOMAXCONN")
{
MsgBox % "LISTEN() indicated Winsock error "
. DllCall("Ws2_32\WSAGetLastError") . "?"
return -1
}
return socket
}
ReceiveData(wParam, lParam) {
global DataReceived
global NewData
global mydata
global ConnectionList
socket := wParam
ReceivedDataSize = 4096
Loop
{
VarSetCapacity(ReceivedData, ReceivedDataSize, 0)
ReceivedDataLength := DllCall("Ws2_32\recv", "UInt",
socket, "Str", ReceivedData, "Int", ReceivedDataSize, "Int", 0)
if ReceivedDataLength = 0
{
StringReplace, ConnectionList, ConnectionList, %socket%`n
DllCall("Ws2_32\closesocket", "UInt", socket)
}
if ReceivedDataLength = -1
{
WinsockError := DllCall("Ws2_32\WSAGetLastError")
if WinsockError = 10035
{
DataReceived = %TempDataReceived%
NewData := true
return 1
}
if WinsockError <> 10054
{
MsgBox % "recv() indicated Winsock error " . WinsockError
StringReplace, ConnectionList, ConnectionList, %socket%`n
DllCall("Ws2_32\closesocket", "UInt", socket)
}
}
mydata := ReceivedData
gosub myreceive
if (A_Index = 1)
TempDataReceived =
TempDataReceived = %TempDataReceived%%ReceivedData%
}
return 1
}
ExitData(wParam, lParam) {
global ConnectionList
socket := wParam
ReceivedDataSize = 16
VarSetCapacity(ReceivedData, ReceivedDataSize, 0)
ReceivedDataLength := DllCall("Ws2_32\recv", "UInt", socket,
"Str", ReceivedData, "Int", ReceivedDataSize, "Int", 0)
StringReplace, ConnectionList, ConnectionList, %socket%`n
DllCall("Ws2_32\closesocket", "UInt", socket)
return 1
}
SendData(wParam,SendData) {
SendDataSize := VarSetCapacity(SendData)
SendDataSize += 1
Loop, parse, wParam, `n
{
If A_LoopField =
Continue
socket := A_LoopField
sendret := DllCall("Ws2_32\send", "UInt", socket,
"Str", SendData, "Int", SendDatasize, "Int", 0)
}
}
InsertInteger(pInteger, ByRef pDest, pOffset = 0, pSize = 4)
{
Loop %pSize%
DllCall("RtlFillMemory", "UInt", &pDest + pOffset + A_Index-1,
"UInt", 1, "UChar", pInteger >> 8*(A_Index-1) & 0xFF)
}
NewConnectionCheck: ConnectionCheck := DllCall("Ws2_32\accept", "UInt", socket,
"UInt", &SocketAddress, "Int", SizeOfSocketAddress)
if ConnectionCheck > 1
ConnectionList = %ConnectionList%%ConnectionCheck%`n
Return
SendProcedure: If ConnectionList <> {
SendText = %A_Hour%:%A_Min%:%A_Sec% SendData(ConnectionList,SendText)
} Return
myreceive:
TrayTip, server, %mydata%, ,16 return
GuiClose: ExitSub: DllCall("Ws2_32\WSACleanup") ExitApp</lang> A client is also available for testing this code.
BBC BASIC
<lang bbcbasic> INSTALL @lib$+"SOCKLIB"
PROC_initsockets
maxSess% = 8
DIM sock%(maxSess%-1), rcvd$(maxSess%-1), Buffer% 255
ON ERROR PRINT REPORT$ : PROC_exitsockets : END
ON CLOSE PROC_exitsockets : QUIT
crlf$ = CHR$13 + CHR$10
port$ = "12321"
host$ = FN_gethostname
PRINT "Host name is " host$
listen% = FN_tcplisten(host$, port$)
PRINT "Listening on port ";port$
REPEAT
socket% = FN_check_connection(listen%)
IF socket% THEN
FOR i% = 0 TO maxSess%-1
IF sock%(i%) = 0 THEN
sock%(i%) = socket%
rcvd$(i%) = ""
PRINT "Connection on socket "; sock%(i%) " opened"
EXIT FOR
ENDIF
NEXT i%
listen% = FN_tcplisten(host$, port$)
ENDIF
FOR i% = 0 TO maxSess%-1
IF sock%(i%) THEN
res% = FN_readsocket(sock%(i%), Buffer%, 256)
IF res% >= 0 THEN
Buffer%?res% = 0
rcvd$(i%) += $$Buffer%
crlf% = INSTR(rcvd$(i%), crlf$)
IF crlf% THEN
echo$ = LEFT$(rcvd$(i%), crlf%-1)
res% = FN_writelinesocket(sock%(i%), echo$)
rcvd$(i%) = MID$(rcvd$(i%), crlf%+2)
ENDIF
ELSE
PROC_closesocket(sock%(i%))
PRINT "Connection on socket " ; sock%(i%) " closed"
sock%(i%) = 0
ENDIF
ENDIF
NEXT i%
WAIT 0
UNTIL FALSE
END</lang>
Sample output:
Host name is PC236 Listening on port 12321 Connection on socket 1016 opened Connection on socket 1012 opened Connection on socket 1016 closed Connection on socket 1016 opened Connection on socket 1016 closed Connection on socket 1012 closed
C
This is a rather standard code (details apart); the reference guide for such a code is the Beej's Guide to Network programming. The dependency from POSIX is mainly in the use of the read and write functions, (using the socket as a file descriptor sometimes make things simpler).
<lang c>#include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <string.h>
- include <errno.h>
- include <sys/types.h>
- include <sys/socket.h>
- include <netdb.h>
- include <unistd.h>
- include <sys/wait.h>
- include <signal.h>
- define MAX_ENQUEUED 20
- define BUF_LEN 256
- define PORT_STR "12321"
/* ------------------------------------------------------------ */ /* How to clean up after dead child processes */ /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
void wait_for_zombie(int s) {
while(waitpid(-1, NULL, WNOHANG) > 0) ;
}
/* ------------------------------------------------------------ */ /* Core of implementation of a child process */ /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
void echo_lines(int csock) {
char buf[BUF_LEN]; int r;
while( (r = read(csock, buf, BUF_LEN)) > 0 ) {
(void)write(csock, buf, r);
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
/* ------------------------------------------------------------ */ /* Core of implementation of the parent process */ /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
void take_connections_forever(int ssock) {
for(;;) {
struct sockaddr addr;
socklen_t addr_size = sizeof(addr);
int csock;
/* Block until we take one connection to the server socket */
csock = accept(ssock, &addr, &addr_size);
/* If it was a successful connection, spawn a worker process to service it */
if ( csock == -1 ) {
perror("accept");
} else if ( fork() == 0 ) {
close(ssock);
echo_lines(csock);
} else {
close(csock);
}
}
}
/* ------------------------------------------------------------ */ /* The server process's one-off setup code */ /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
int main() {
struct addrinfo hints, *res; struct sigaction sa; int sock;
/* Look up the address to bind to */
memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;
if ( getaddrinfo(NULL, PORT_STR, &hints, &res) != 0 ) {
perror("getaddrinfo");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Make a socket */
if ( (sock = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype, res->ai_protocol)) == -1 ) {
perror("socket");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Arrange to clean up child processes (the workers) */
sa.sa_handler = wait_for_zombie;
sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
if ( sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == -1 ) {
perror("sigaction");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Associate the socket with its address */
if ( bind(sock, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) != 0 ) {
perror("bind");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
freeaddrinfo(res);
/* State that we've opened a server socket and are listening for connections */
if ( listen(sock, MAX_ENQUEUED) != 0 ) {
perror("listen");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Serve the listening socket until killed */ take_connections_forever(sock); return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}</lang>
C#
<lang csharp>using System.Net.Sockets; using System.Threading;
namespace ConsoleApplication1 {
class Program
{
static TcpListener listen;
static Thread serverthread;
static void Main(string[] args)
{
listen = new TcpListener(System.Net.IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"), 12321);
serverthread = new Thread(new ThreadStart(DoListen));
serverthread.Start();
}
private static void DoListen()
{
// Listen
listen.Start();
Console.WriteLine("Server: Started server");
while (true)
{
Console.WriteLine("Server: Waiting...");
TcpClient client = listen.AcceptTcpClient();
Console.WriteLine("Server: Waited");
// New thread with client
Thread clientThread = new Thread(new ParameterizedThreadStart(DoClient));
clientThread.Start(client);
}
}
private static void DoClient(object client)
{
// Read data
TcpClient tClient = (TcpClient)client;
Console.WriteLine("Client (Thread: {0}): Connected!", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
do
{
if (!tClient.Connected)
{
tClient.Close();
Thread.CurrentThread.Abort(); // Kill thread.
}
if (tClient.Available > 0)
{
// Resend
byte pByte = (byte)tClient.GetStream().ReadByte();
Console.WriteLine("Client (Thread: {0}): Data {1}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, pByte);
tClient.GetStream().WriteByte(pByte);
}
// Pause
Thread.Sleep(100);
} while (true);
}
}
}</lang>
Clojure
<lang lisp>(use '[clojure.contrib.server-socket :only (create-server)]) (use '[clojure.contrib.duck-streams :only (read-lines write-lines)])
(defn echo [input output]
(write-lines (java.io.PrintWriter. output true) (read-lines input)))
(create-server 12321 echo)</lang>
Note here that an auto-flushing PrintWriter needs to be created, otherwise 'output' could simply be passed to write-lines.
CoffeeScript
<lang coffeescript> net = require("net") server = net.createServer (conn) ->
console.log "Connection from #{conn.remoteAddress} on port #{conn.remotePort}"
conn.setEncoding "utf8"
buffer = ""
conn.on "data", (data) ->
i = 0
while i <= data.length
char = data.charAt(i)
buffer += char
if char is "\n"
conn.write buffer
buffer = ""
i++
server.listen 12321, "localhost" </lang>
Common Lisp
Here is a basic :usocket example (it should work with any Common Lisp):
<lang lisp>(ql:quickload (list :usocket)) (defpackage :echo (:use :cl :usocket)) (in-package :echo)
(defun read-all (stream)
(loop for char = (read-char-no-hang stream nil :eof)
until (or (null char) (eql char :eof)) collect char into msg
finally (return (values msg char))))
(defun echo-server (port &optional (log-stream *standard-output*))
(let ((connections (list (socket-listen "127.0.0.1" port :reuse-address t)))) (unwind-protect
(loop (loop for ready in (wait-for-input connections :ready-only t) do (if (typep ready 'stream-server-usocket) (push (socket-accept ready) connections) (let* ((stream (socket-stream ready)) (msg (concatenate 'string "You said: " (read-all stream)))) (format log-stream "Got message...~%") (write-string msg stream) (socket-close ready) (setf connections (remove ready connections))))))
(loop for c in connections do (loop while (socket-close c))))))
(echo-server 12321) </lang>
It's single threaded, so you can't REPL around with a running server. You'll need to start a second Lisp prompt, load the above and
<lang lisp>(defun echo-send (message port)
(with-client-socket (sock str "127.0.0.1" port)
(write-string message str)
(force-output str)
(when (wait-for-input sock :timeout 5)
(coerce (read-all str) 'string))))
(echo-send "Hello echo!" 12321) </lang>
The return value of that call should be "You said: Hello echo!".
The usocket library notwithstanding, sockets are not a standard part of Common Lisp, but many implementations provide them. Here is a CLISP-specific example:
<lang lisp>(defvar *clients* '()
"This is a list of (socket :input status) which is used with
`socket:socket-status' to test for data ready on a socket.")
(defun echo-server (port)
"Listen on `port' for new client connections and for data arriving on
any existing client connections"
(let ((server (socket:socket-server port)))
(format t "Echo service listening on port ~a:~d~%"
(socket:socket-server-host server)
(socket:socket-server-port server))
(unwind-protect
(loop
(when (socket:socket-status server 0 1)
(echo-accept-client (socket:socket-accept server
:external-format :dos
:buffered t)))
(when *clients*
(socket:socket-status *clients* 0 1)
(mapcar #'(lambda (client)
(when (eq :input (cddr client))
(echo-service-client (car client)))
(when (eq :eof (cddr client))
(echo-close-client (car client)))) *clients*)))
(socket-server-close server))))
(defun echo-accept-client (socket)
"Accept a new client connection and add it to the watch list."
(multiple-value-bind
(host port) (socket:socket-stream-peer socket)
(format t "Connect from ~a:~d~%" host port))
(push (list socket :input nil) *clients*))
(defun echo-service-client (socket)
(let ((line (read-line socket nil nil)))
(princ line socket)
(finish-output socket)))
(defun echo-close-client (socket)
"Close a client connection and remove it from the watch list."
(multiple-value-bind
(host port) (socket:socket-stream-peer socket)
(format t "Closing connection from ~a:~d~%" host port))
(close socket)
(setq *clients* (remove socket *clients* :key #'car)))
(echo-server 12321)</lang>
D
This is a very basic server that processes the buffers one character at a time. In a real-world application, the buffers would be larger. More seriously, it processes one listener at a time. If the currSock.receive() blocks, the loop will not process other clients. This opens the door for a trivial denial-of-service attack. A realistic echo service must multiplex clients.
<lang d>import std.array, std.socket;
void main() {
auto listener = new TcpSocket; assert(listener.isAlive); listener.bind(new InternetAddress(12321)); listener.listen(10);
Socket currSock; uint bytesRead; ubyte[1] buff;
while (true) {
currSock = listener.accept();
while ((bytesRead = currSock.receive(buff)) > 0)
currSock.send(buff);
currSock.close();
buff.clear();
}
}</lang>
This example will handle many connections. <lang d>import std.stdio, std.socket, std.array;
void main() {
enum ushort port = 7; enum int backlog = 10; enum int max_connections = 60; enum BUFFER_SIZE = 16;
auto listener = new TcpSocket;
assert(listener.isAlive);
listener.bind(new InternetAddress(port));
listener.listen(backlog);
debug writeln("Listening on port ", port);
// Room for listener. auto sset = new SocketSet(max_connections + 1);
Socket[] sockets; char[BUFFER_SIZE] buf;
for (;; sset.reset()) {
sset.add(listener);
foreach (each; sockets)
sset.add(each);
// Update socket set with only those sockets that have data
// avaliable for reading. Options are for read, write,
// and error.
Socket.select(sset, null, null);
// Read the data from each socket remaining, and handle
// the request.
for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
NEXT:
if (i == sockets.length)
break;
if (sset.isSet(sockets[i])) {
int read = sockets[i].receive(buf);
if (Socket.ERROR == read) {
debug writeln("Connection error.");
goto SOCK_DOWN;
} else if (read == 0) {
debug {
try {
// If the connection closed due to an
// error, remoteAddress() could fail.
writefln("Connection from %s closed.",
sockets[i].remoteAddress()
.toString());
} catch (SocketException) {
writeln("Connection closed.");
}
}
SOCK_DOWN:
sockets[i].close(); //Release socket resources now.
// Remove from socket from sockets, and id from
// threads.
if (i != sockets.length - 1)
sockets[i] = sockets.back;
sockets.length--;
debug writeln("\tTotal connections: ",
sockets.length);
goto NEXT; // -i- is still the NEXT index.
} else {
debug
writefln("Received %d bytes from %s:"
~ "\n-----\n%s\n-----",
read,
sockets[i].remoteAddress().toString(),
buf[0 .. read]);
// Echo what was sent.
sockets[i].send(buf[0 .. read]);
}
}
}
// Connection request.
if (sset.isSet(listener)) {
Socket sn;
try {
if (sockets.length < max_connections) {
sn = listener.accept();
debug writefln("Connection from %s established.",
sn.remoteAddress().toString());
assert(sn.isAlive);
assert(listener.isAlive);
sockets ~= sn;
debug writefln("\tTotal connections: %d",
sockets.length);
} else {
sn = listener.accept();
debug writefln("Rejected connection from %s;"
~ " too many connections.",
sn.remoteAddress().toString());
assert(sn.isAlive);
sn.close();
assert(!sn.isAlive);
assert(listener.isAlive);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
debug writefln("Error accepting: %s", e.toString());
if (sn)
sn.close();
}
}
}
}</lang>
Delphi
<lang Delphi>program EchoServer;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses SysUtils, IdContext, IdTCPServer;
type
TEchoServer = class private FTCPServer: TIdTCPServer; public constructor Create; destructor Destroy; override; procedure TCPServerExecute(AContext: TIdContext); end;
constructor TEchoServer.Create; begin
FTCPServer := TIdTCPServer.Create(nil); FTCPServer.DefaultPort := 12321; FTCPServer.OnExecute := TCPServerExecute; FTCPServer.Active := True;
end;
destructor TEchoServer.Destroy; begin
FTCPServer.Active := False; FTCPServer.Free; inherited Destroy;
end;
procedure TEchoServer.TCPServerExecute(AContext: TIdContext); var
lCmdLine: string;
begin
lCmdLine := AContext.Connection.IOHandler.ReadLn;
Writeln('>' + lCmdLine);
AContext.Connection.IOHandler.Writeln('>' + lCmdLine);
if SameText(lCmdLine, 'QUIT') then
begin
AContext.Connection.IOHandler.Writeln('Disconnecting');
AContext.Connection.Disconnect;
end;
end;
var
lEchoServer: TEchoServer;
begin
lEchoServer := TEchoServer.Create;
try
Writeln('Delphi Echo Server');
Writeln('Press Enter to quit');
Readln;
finally
lEchoServer.Free;
end;
end.</lang>
Erlang
<lang erlang>-module(echo). -export([start/0]).
start() ->
spawn(fun () -> {ok, Sock} = gen_tcp:listen(12321, [{packet, line}]),
echo_loop(Sock)
end).
echo_loop(Sock) ->
{ok, Conn} = gen_tcp:accept(Sock),
io:format("Got connection: ~p~n", [Conn]),
Handler = spawn(fun () -> handle(Conn) end),
gen_tcp:controlling_process(Conn, Handler),
echo_loop(Sock).
handle(Conn) ->
receive
{tcp, Conn, Data} ->
gen_tcp:send(Conn, Data),
handle(Conn);
{tcp_closed, Conn} ->
io:format("Connection closed: ~p~n", [Conn])
end.</lang>
F#
<lang fsharp>open System.IO open System.Net open System.Net.Sockets
let service (client:TcpClient) =
use stream = client.GetStream()
use out = new StreamWriter(stream, AutoFlush = true)
use inp = new StreamReader(stream)
while not inp.EndOfStream do
match inp.ReadLine() with
| line -> printfn "< %s" line
out.WriteLine(line)
printfn "closed %A" client.Client.RemoteEndPoint
client.Close |> ignore
let EchoService =
let socket = new TcpListener(IPAddress.Loopback, 12321)
do socket.Start()
printfn "echo service listening on %A" socket.Server.LocalEndPoint
while true do
let client = socket.AcceptTcpClient()
printfn "connect from %A" client.Client.RemoteEndPoint
let job = async {
use c = client in try service client with _ -> () }
Async.Start job
[<EntryPoint>] let main _ =
EchoService 0</lang>
Factor
Connections get logged to /place-where-factor-is/logs/echo-server.
<lang factor>USING: accessors io io.encodings.utf8 io.servers io.sockets threads ;
IN: rosetta.echo
CONSTANT: echo-port 12321
- handle-client ( -- )
[ print flush ] each-line ;
- <echo-server> ( -- threaded-server )
utf8 <threaded-server>
"echo server" >>name
echo-port >>insecure
[ handle-client ] >>handler ;
- start-echo-server ( -- )
<echo-server> [ start-server ] in-thread start-server drop ;
</lang>
Forth
<lang forth>include unix/socket.fs
128 constant size
- (echo) ( sock buf -- sock buf )
begin cr ." waiting..." 2dup 2dup size read-socket nip dup 0> while ." got: " 2dup type rot write-socket repeat drop drop drop ;
create buf size allot
- echo-server ( port -- )
cr ." Listening on " dup .
create-server
dup 4 listen
begin
dup accept-socket
cr ." Connection!"
buf ['] (echo) catch
cr ." Disconnected (" . ." )"
drop close-socket
again ;
12321 echo-server</lang> TODO: use tasker.fs and non-blocking semantics to handle mutliple connections
Go
<lang go>package main
import ( "fmt" "net" "bufio" )
func echo(s net.Conn, i int) { defer s.Close();
fmt.Printf("%d: %v <-> %v\n", i, s.LocalAddr(), s.RemoteAddr()) b := bufio.NewReader(s) for { line, e := b.ReadBytes('\n') if e != nil { break } s.Write(line) } fmt.Printf("%d: closed\n", i) }
func main() { l, e := net.Listen("tcp", ":12321") for i := 0; e == nil; i++ { var s net.Conn s, e = l.Accept() go echo(s, i) } }</lang>
Haskell
<lang haskell>module Main where import Network (withSocketsDo, accept, listenOn, sClose, PortID(PortNumber)) import Control.Monad (forever) import System.IO (hGetLine, hPutStrLn, hFlush, hClose) import System.IO.Error (isEOFError) import Control.Concurrent (forkIO) import Control.Exception (bracket)
-- For convenience in testing, ensure that the listen socket is closed if the main loop is aborted withListenOn port body = bracket (listenOn port) sClose body
echo (handle, host, port) = catch (forever doOneLine) stop where
doOneLine = do line <- hGetLine handle
print (host, port, init line)
hPutStrLn handle line
hFlush handle
stop error = do putStrLn $ "Closed connection from " ++ show (host, port) ++ " due to " ++ show error
hClose handle
main = withSocketsDo $
withListenOn (PortNumber 12321) $ \listener ->
forever $ do
acc@(_, host, port) <- accept listener
putStrLn $ "Accepted connection from " ++ show (host, port)
forkIO (echo acc)</lang>
Icon and Unicon
The following is Unicon-specific: <lang unicon>global mlck, nCons
procedure main()
mlck := mutex()
nCons := 0
while f := open(":12321","na") do {
handle_client(f)
critical mlck: if nCons <= 0 then close(f)
}
end
procedure handle_client(f)
critical mlck: nCons +:= 1
thread {
select(f,1000) & repeat writes(f,reads(f))
critical mlck: nCons -:= 1
}
end</lang>
Java
<lang java>import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.io.PrintWriter; import java.net.ServerSocket; import java.net.Socket;
public class EchoServer { ServerSocket serverSocket; public EchoServer(){ }
public void start() { try { serverSocket = new ServerSocket(12321); while(true){ Thread clientThread = new Thread(new ClientHandler(serverSocket.accept())); clientThread.start(); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { try { System.out.println("closing server socket"); serverSocket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
}
public static void main(String[] args) { EchoServer es = new EchoServer(); es.start(); } }
class ClientHandler implements Runnable { private static int numConnections; private int connectionId = 0; Socket clientSocket;
public ClientHandler(Socket s) { connectionId = numConnections++; System.out.println("handling connection, #" + connectionId); clientSocket = s; }
public void run() { PrintWriter out = null; BufferedReader in = null; try { out = new PrintWriter(clientSocket.getOutputStream(), true); in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream())); String inputLine, outputLine; while((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null){ outputLine = inputLine; System.out.println("received: " + outputLine); out.write(outputLine+"\n"); out.flush(); if (outputLine.equals("exit")) break; } } catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { out.close(); try { in.close(); clientSocket.close(); System.out.println("closing connection, #" + connectionId); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } }</lang>
JavaScript
<lang javascript>var net = require('net');
var server = net.createServer(function(conn) {
console.log("Connection from " + conn.remoteAddress + " on port " + conn.remotePort);
conn.setEncoding("utf8");
var buffer = "";
conn.on("data", function(data) {
for(var i = 0; i <= data.length; i++) {
var char = data.charAt(i);
buffer += char;
if(char == "\n") {
conn.write(buffer);
buffer = "";
}
}
});
});
server.listen(12321, "localhost");</lang>
Julia
<lang julia> using Sockets # for version 1.0 println("Echo server on port 12321") try
server = listen(12321)
instance = 0
while true
sock = accept(server)
instance += 1
socklabel = "$(getsockname(sock)) number $instance"
@async begin
println("Server connected to socket $socklabel")
write(sock, "Connected to echo server.\r\n")
while isopen(sock)
str = readline(sock)
write(sock,"$str\r\n")
println("Echoed $str to socket $socklabel")
end
println("Closed socket $socklabel")
end
end
catch y
println("Caught exception: $y")
end </lang>
Kotlin
<lang scala>// version 1.1.3
import java.io.BufferedReader import java.io.InputStreamReader import java.io.PrintWriter import java.net.ServerSocket import java.net.Socket
class ClientHandler(private val clientSocket: Socket): Runnable {
private val connectionId: Int
init {
connectionId = ++numConnections
println("Handling connection, #$connectionId")
}
override fun run() {
val pw = PrintWriter(clientSocket.outputStream, true)
val br = BufferedReader(InputStreamReader(clientSocket.inputStream))
while (true) {
val line = br.readLine() ?: break
println("Received: $line")
pw.write("$line\n")
pw.flush()
if (line == "exit") break
}
br.close()
pw.close()
clientSocket.close()
println("Closing connection, #$connectionId")
}
private companion object {
var numConnections = 0
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val serverSocket = ServerSocket(12321)
try {
while (true) {
Thread(ClientHandler(serverSocket.accept())).start()
}
}
finally {
serverSocket.close()
println("Closing server socket")
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Quick test using telnet:
telnet localhost 12321 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. Hello Hello Goodbye Goodbye exit exit Connection closed by foreign host.
Echo server window (closing with ^C):
Handling connection, #1 Received: Hello Received: Goodbye Received: exit Closing connection, #1 ^C
LFE
Paste into the LFE REPL: <lang lisp> (defun start ()
(spawn (lambda ()
(let ((`#(ok ,socket) (gen_tcp:listen 12321 `(#(packet line)))))
(echo-loop socket)))))
(defun echo-loop (socket)
(let* ((`#(ok ,conn) (gen_tcp:accept socket))
(handler (spawn (lambda () (handle conn)))))
(lfe_io:format "Got connection: ~p~n" (list conn))
(gen_tcp:controlling_process conn handler)
(echo-loop socket)))
(defun handle (conn)
(receive
(`#(tcp ,conn ,data)
(gen_tcp:send conn data))
(`#(tcp_closed ,conn)
(lfe_io:format "Connection closed: ~p~n" (list conn)))))
</lang>
Usage:
> (set server (start)) <0.38.0> > (! server "hey!") "hey!" > (! server "wassup?") "wassup?"
Lua
This implementation doesn't rely on coroutines because they're an additional (often confusing) notion that could make the example needlessly hard to understand. Instead it uses a table of not-quite-non-blocking socket client objects (they block for one microsecond), which is iterated over to check on whether each one has either a line to echo or an error to warrant deletion. <lang Lua>require("socket")
function checkOn (client)
local line, err = client:receive()
if line then
print(tostring(client) .. " said " .. line)
client:send(line .. "\n")
end
if err and err ~= "timeout" then
print(tostring(client) .. " " .. err)
client:close()
return err
end
return nil
end
local delay, clients, newClient = 10^-6, {} local server = assert(socket.bind("*", 12321)) server:settimeout(delay) print("Server started") while 1 do
repeat
newClient = server:accept()
for k, v in pairs(clients) do
if checkOn(v) then table.remove(clients, k) end
end
until newClient
newClient:settimeout(delay)
print(tostring(newClient) .. " connected")
table.insert(clients, newClient)
end</lang> Without the microsecond delays, the whole thing would become one 'hot' loop and eat all the CPU time for one core. With them, it uses close to zero percent.
Nim
<lang nim>import asyncnet, asyncdispatch
proc processClient(client: AsyncSocket) {.async.} =
while true: let line = await client.recvLine() await client.send(line & "\c\L")
proc serve() {.async.} =
var server = newAsyncSocket() server.bindAddr(Port(12321)) server.listen()
while true: let client = await server.accept() discard processClient(client)
discard serve() runForever()</lang>
Objeck
<lang objeck> use Net; use Concurrency;
bundle Default {
class SocketServer {
id : static : Int;
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
server := TCPSocketServer->New(12321);
if(server->Listen(5)) {
while(true) {
client := server->Accept();
service := Service->New(id->ToString());
service->Execute(client);
id += 1;
};
};
server->Close();
}
}
class Service from Thread {
New(name : String) {
Parent(name);
}
method : public : Run(param : Base) ~ Nil {
client := param->As(TCPSocket);
line := client->ReadString();
while(line->Size() > 0) {
line->PrintLine();
line := client->ReadString();
};
}
}
} </lang>
Ol
<lang scheme> (import (otus vm)) (define (timestamp) (syscall 201 "%c"))
(define (on-accept name fd) (lambda ()
(print "# " (timestamp) "> we got new visitor: " name)
(let*((ss1 ms1 (clock)))
(let loop ((str #null) (stream (force (port->bytestream fd))))
(cond
((null? stream)
#false)
((function? stream)
(let ((message (list->string (reverse str))))
(print "# " (timestamp) "> client " name " wrote " message)
(print-to fd message))
(loop #null (force stream)))
(else
(loop (cons (car stream) str) (cdr stream)))))
(syscall 3 fd)
(let*((ss2 ms2 (clock)))
(print "# " (timestamp) "> visitor leave us. It takes " (+ (* (- ss2 ss1) 1000) (- ms2 ms1)) "ms.")))))
(define (run port) (let ((socket (syscall 41)))
; bind
(let loop ((port port))
(if (not (syscall 49 socket port)) ; bind
(loop (+ port 2))
(print "Server binded to " port)))
; listen
(if (not (syscall 50 socket)) ; listen
(shutdown (print "Can't listen")))
; accept
(let loop ()
(if (syscall 23 socket) ; select
(let ((fd (syscall 43 socket))) ; accept
(fork (on-accept (syscall 51 fd) fd))))
(set-ticker-value 0)
(loop))))
(run 12321) </lang>
Oz
<lang oz>declare
ServerSocket = {New Open.socket init}
proc {Echo Socket}
case {Socket getS($)} of false then skip
[] Line then
{System.showInfo "Received line: "#Line}
{Socket write(vs:Line#"\n")}
{Echo Socket}
end
end
class TextSocket from Open.socket Open.text end
in
{ServerSocket bind(takePort:12321)}
{System.showInfo "Socket bound."}
{ServerSocket listen}
{System.showInfo "Started listening."}
for do
ClientHost ClientPort
ClientSocket = {ServerSocket accept(accepted:$
acceptClass:TextSocket host:?ClientHost port:?ClientPort )}
in
{System.showInfo "Connection accepted from "#ClientHost#":"#ClientPort#"."}
thread
{Echo ClientSocket}
{System.showInfo "Connection lost: "#ClientHost#":"#ClientPort#"."}
{ClientSocket close}
end
end</lang>
Client test code: <lang oz>declare
Socket = {New class $ from Open.socket Open.text end init}
in
{Socket connect(port:12321)}
{Socket write(vs:"Hello\n")}
{System.showInfo "Client received: "#{Socket getS($)}}
{Socket close}</lang>
Example session:
Socket bound. Started listening. Connection accepted from localhost:2048. Received line: Hello Client received: Hello Connection lost: localhost:2048.
Perl
This server will run indefinitely listening in the port 12321 and forking every time a client connects, the childs listen to the client and write back.
This is an example using the IO::Socket module: <lang perl>use IO::Socket; my $use_fork = 1;
my $sock = new IO::Socket::INET (
LocalHost => '127.0.0.1',
LocalPort => '12321',
Proto => 'tcp',
Listen => 1, # maximum queued connections
Reuse => 1,
)
or die "socket: $!"; # no newline, so perl appends stuff
$SIG{CHLD} = 'IGNORE' if $use_fork; # let perl deal with zombies
print "listening...\n"; while (1) { # declare $con 'my' so it's closed by parent every loop
my $con = $sock->accept()
or die "accept: $!"; fork and next if $use_fork; # following are for child only
print "incoming..\n"; print $con $_ while(<$con>); # read each line and write back print "done\n";
last if $use_fork; # if not forking, loop }
- child will reach here and close its copy of $sock before exit</lang>
This is an equivalent program using the Net::Server module: <lang perl>package Echo; use base 'Net::Server::Fork'; sub process_request {
print while <STDIN>;
} Echo->run(port => 12321, log_level => 3);</lang> It also prints the IP address and port number of every connection.
This is a more complicated example using preforking: <lang perl>package Echo; use base 'Net::Server::PreFork'; sub process_request {
print while <STDIN>;
} Echo->run(port => 12321, log_level => 3);</lang> By default it spawns 5 child processes at startup, makes sure there are always at least 2 and at most 10 spare children available for new requests, each of which will be killed after processing 1000 requests and new ones will take their place.
PHP
<lang PHP>$socket = socket_create(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,SOL_TCP); socket_bind($socket, '127.0.0.1', 12321); socket_listen($socket);
$client_count = 0; while (true){
if (($client = socket_accept($socket)) === false) continue; $client_count++;
$client_name = 'Unknown';
socket_getpeername($client, $client_name);
echo "Client {$client_count} ({$client_name}) connected\n";
$pid = pcntl_fork();
if($pid == -1) die('Could not fork');
if($pid){
pcntl_waitpid(-1, $status, WNOHANG);
continue;
}
//In a child process
while(true){
if($input = socket_read($client, 1024)){
socket_write($client, $input);
} else {
socket_shutdown($client);
socket_close($client);
echo "Client {$client_count} ({$client_name}) disconnected\n";
exit();
}
}
}</lang>
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(setq Port (port 12321))
(loop
(setq Sock (listen Port)) # Listen (NIL (fork) (close Port)) # Accepted (close Sock) ) # Parent: Close socket and continue
- Child:
(prinl (stamp) " -- (Pid " *Pid ") Client connected from " *Adr)
(in Sock
(until (eof) # Echo lines
(out Sock (prinl (line))) ) )
(prinl (stamp) " -- (Pid " *Pid ") Client disconnected") (bye) # Terminate child</lang>
PureBasic
<lang Purebasic>NewMap RecData.s() OpenWindow(0, 100, 200, 200, 100, "Echo Server", #PB_Window_SystemMenu | #PB_Window_MinimizeGadget ) InitNetwork() CreateNetworkServer(1, 12321)
Repeat
Event = NetworkServerEvent()
ClientID = EventClient()
If Event = #PB_NetworkEvent_Connect ; When a new client has been connected...
AddMapElement(RecData(), Str(ClientID))
ElseIf Event = #PB_NetworkEvent_Data
*Buffer = AllocateMemory(20000)
count = ReceiveNetworkData(ClientID, *Buffer, 20000)
For i = 1 To count
RecData(Str(ClientID)) + Mid( PeekS(*Buffer, count), i , 1)
If Right( RecData(Str(ClientID)), 2) = #CRLF$
SendNetworkString (ClientID, RecData(Str(ClientID)))
Debug IPString(GetClientIP(ClientID)) + ":" + Str(GetClientPort(ClientID)) + " " + RecData(Str(ClientID))
RecData(Str(ClientID)) = ""
EndIf
Next
FreeMemory(*Buffer)
ElseIf Event = #PB_NetworkEvent_Disconnect ; When a client has closed the connection...
DeleteMapElement(RecData(), Str(ClientID))
EndIf
Event = WaitWindowEvent(10)
Until Event = #PB_Event_CloseWindow</lang>
Python
<lang python>import SocketServer
HOST = "localhost" PORT = 12321
- this server uses ThreadingMixIn - one thread per connection
- replace with ForkMixIn to spawn a new process per connection
class EchoServer(SocketServer.ThreadingMixIn, SocketServer.TCPServer):
# no need to override anything - default behavior is just fine pass
class EchoRequestHandler(SocketServer.StreamRequestHandler):
"""
Handles one connection to the client.
"""
def handle(self):
print "connection from %s" % self.client_address[0]
while True:
line = self.rfile.readline()
if not line: break
print "%s wrote: %s" % (self.client_address[0], line.rstrip())
self.wfile.write(line)
print "%s disconnected" % self.client_address[0]
- Create the server
server = EchoServer((HOST, PORT), EchoRequestHandler)
- Activate the server; this will keep running until you
- interrupt the program with Ctrl-C
print "server listening on %s:%s" % server.server_address server.serve_forever()</lang>
<lang python>
- !/usr/bin/env python
- $ printf 'echo\r\n' | nc localhost 12321
- echo
import asyncio import logging import os
logger = logging.getLogger('echoserver')
async def echo_handler(reader, writer):
address = writer.get_extra_info('peername')
logger.debug('accept: %s', address)
message = await reader.readline()
writer.write(message)
await writer.drain()
writer.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
logging.basicConfig()
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
factory = asyncio.start_server(
echo_handler,
os.environ.get('HOST'),
os.environ.get('PORT', 12321)
)
server = loop.run_until_complete(factory)
try:
loop.run_forever()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
server.close()
loop.run_until_complete(server.wait_closed())
loop.close()
</lang>
Using only the low-level socket and threading modules. Supports timing out inactive clients <lang python>
#!usr/bin/env python import socket import threading
HOST = 'localhost' PORT = 12321 SOCKET_TIMEOUT = 30
# This function handles reading data sent by a client, echoing it back
# and closing the connection in case of timeout (30s) or "quit" command
# This function is meant to be started in a separate thread
# (one thread per client)
def handle_echo(client_connection, client_address):
client_connection.settimeout(SOCKET_TIMEOUT)
try:
while True:
data = client_connection.recv(1024)
# Close connection if "quit" received from client
if data == b'quit\r\n' or data == b'quit\n':
print('{} disconnected'.format(client_address))
client_connection.shutdown(1)
client_connection.close()
break
# Echo back to client
elif data:
print('FROM {} : {}'.format(client_address,data))
client_connection.send(data)
# Timeout and close connection after 30s of inactivity
except socket.timeout:
print('{} timed out'.format(client_address))
client_connection.shutdown(1)
client_connection.close()
# This function opens a socket and listens on specified port. As soon as a
# connection is received, it is transfered to another socket so that the main
# socket is not blocked and can accept new clients.
def listen(host, port):
# Create the main socket (IPv4, TCP)
connection = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
connection.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
connection.bind((host, port))
# Listen for clients (max 10 clients in waiting)
connection.listen(10)
# Every time a client connects, allow a dedicated socket and a dedicated
# thread to handle communication with that client without blocking others.
# Once the new thread has taken over, wait for the next client.
while True:
current_connection, client_address = connection.accept()
print('{} connected'.format(client_address))
handler_thread = threading.Thread( \
target = handle_echo, \
args = (current_connection,client_address) \
)
# daemon makes sure all threads are killed if the main server process
# gets killed
handler_thread.daemon = True
handler_thread.start()
if __name__ == "__main__":
try:
listen(HOST, PORT)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print('exiting')
pass
</lang>
Racket
An example echo server from the front page of the Racket website: <lang racket>
- lang racket
(define listener (tcp-listen 12321)) (let echo-server ()
(define-values [I O] (tcp-accept listener)) (thread (λ() (copy-port I O) (close-output-port O))) (echo-server))
</lang>
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
<lang perl6>my $socket = IO::Socket::INET.new:
:localhost<localhost>, :localport<12321>, :listen;
while $socket.accept -> $conn {
say "Accepted connection";
start {
while $conn.recv -> $stuff {
say "Echoing $stuff";
$conn.print($stuff);
}
$conn.close;
}
}</lang>
Async version: <lang perl6>react {
whenever IO::Socket::Async.listen('0.0.0.0', 12321) -> $conn {
whenever $conn.Supply.lines -> $line {
$conn.print( "$line\n" ) ;
}
}
} </lang>
REALbasic
This example uses the built-in ServerSocket class to handle multiple users. <lang vb> Class EchoSocket Inherits TCPSocket
Sub DataAvailable()
If Instr(Me.LookAhead, EndofLine.Windows) > 0 Then
Dim data As String = Me.ReadAll
Dim lines() As String = Split(data, EndofLine.Windows)
For i As Integer = 0 To Ubound(lines)
Me.Write(lines(i) + EndOfLine.Windows)
Print(lines(i))
Next
End If
End Sub
End Class
Class EchoServer Inherits ServerSocket
Function AddSocket() As TCPSocket Return New EchoSocket End Function
End Class
Class App Inherits ConsoleApplication
Function Run(args() As String) As Integer
Listener = New EchoServer
Listener.Port = 12321
Listener.Listen()
While True
DoEvents() 'pump the event loop
Wend
End Function
Private Listener As EchoServer
End Class </lang>
REBOL
<lang rebol>server-port: open/lines tcp://:12321 forever [
connection-port: first server-port
until [
wait connection-port
error? try [insert connection-port first connection-port]
]
close connection-port
] close server-port</lang>
Ruby
<lang ruby>require 'socket' server = TCPServer.new(12321)
while (connection = server.accept)
Thread.new(connection) do |conn|
port, host = conn.peeraddr[1,2]
client = "#{host}:#{port}"
puts "#{client} is connected"
begin
loop do
line = conn.readline
puts "#{client} says: #{line}"
conn.puts(line)
end
rescue EOFError
conn.close
puts "#{client} has disconnected"
end
end
end</lang>
Ruby 1.9.2 introduced an alternate method to create TCP server sockets. The Socket.tcp_server_loop method encapsulates the guts of the server into a block.
<lang ruby>require 'socket'
Socket.tcp_server_loop(12321) do |conn, addr|
Thread.new do
client = "#{addr.ip_address}:#{addr.ip_port}"
puts "#{client} is connected"
begin
loop do
line = conn.readline
puts "#{client} says: #{line}"
conn.puts(line)
end
rescue EOFError
conn.close
puts "#{client} has disconnected"
end
end
end</lang>
Rust
<lang rust> use std::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream}; use std::io::{BufReader, BufRead, Write}; use std::thread;
fn main() {
let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:12321").unwrap();
println!("server is running on 127.0.0.1:12321 ...");
for stream in listener.incoming() {
let stream = stream.unwrap();
thread::spawn(move || handle_client(stream));
}
}
fn handle_client(stream: TcpStream) {
let mut stream = BufReader::new(stream);
loop {
let mut buf = String::new();
if stream.read_line(&mut buf).is_err() {
break;
}
stream
.get_ref()
.write(buf.as_bytes())
.unwrap();
}
} </lang>
Scala
<lang scala>import java.io.PrintWriter import java.net.{ServerSocket, Socket}
import scala.io.Source
object EchoServer extends App {
private val serverSocket = new ServerSocket(23) private var numConnections = 0
class ClientHandler(clientSocket: Socket) extends Runnable {
private val (connectionId, closeCmd) = ({numConnections += 1; numConnections}, ":exit")
override def run(): Unit =
new PrintWriter(clientSocket.getOutputStream, true) {
println(s"Connection opened, close with entering '$closeCmd'.")
Source.fromInputStream(clientSocket.getInputStream).getLines
.takeWhile(!_.toLowerCase.startsWith(closeCmd))
.foreach { line =>
Console.println(s"Received on #$connectionId: $line")
println(line) // Echo
}
Console.println(s"Gracefully closing connection, #$connectionId")
clientSocket.close()
}
println(s"Handling connection, $connectionId") }
while (true) new Thread(new ClientHandler(serverSocket.accept())).start()
}</lang>
Scheme
Based on the Guile Internet Socket Server Example. <lang scheme>; Needed in Guile for read-line (use-modules (ice-9 rdelim))
- Variable used to hold child PID returned from forking
(define child #f)
- Start listening on port 12321 for connections from any address
(let ((s (socket PF_INET SOCK_STREAM 0)))
(setsockopt s SOL_SOCKET SO_REUSEADDR 1) (bind s AF_INET INADDR_ANY 12321) (listen s 5) ; Queue size of 5
(simple-format #t "Listening for clients in pid: ~S" (getpid)) (newline)
- Wait for connections forever
(while #t
(let* ((client-connection (accept s))
(client-details (cdr client-connection))
(client (car client-connection)))
- Once something connects fork
(set! child (primitive-fork))
(if (zero? child)
(begin
- Then have child fork to avoid zombie children (grandchildren aren't our responsibility)
(set! child (primitive-fork))
(if (zero? child)
(begin
- Display some connection details
(simple-format #t "Got new client connection: ~S" client-details)
(newline)
(simple-format #t "Client address: ~S"
(gethostbyaddr (sockaddr:addr client-details)))
(newline)
- Wait for input from client and then echo the input back forever (or until client quits)
(do ((line (read-line client)(read-line client))) ((zero? 1))
(display line client)(newline client))))
- Child exits after spawning grandchild.
(primitive-exit))
- Parent waits for child to finish spawning grandchild
(waitpid child)))))</lang>
Seed7
The code below uses the library listener.s7i. The function waitForRequest returns requests from new and existing connections.
<lang Seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "socket.s7i"; include "listener.s7i";
const proc: main is func
local
var listener: aListener is listener.value;
var file: existingConnection is STD_NULL;
var file: newConnection is STD_NULL;
begin
aListener := openInetListener(12321);
listen(aListener, 10);
while TRUE do
waitForRequest(aListener, existingConnection, newConnection);
if existingConnection <> STD_NULL then
if eof(existingConnection) then
writeln("Close connection " <& numericAddress(address(existingConnection)) <&
" port " <& port(existingConnection));
close(existingConnection);
else
write(existingConnection, gets(existingConnection, 1024));
end if;
end if;
if newConnection <> STD_NULL then
writeln("New connection " <& numericAddress(address(newConnection)) <&
" port " <& port(newConnection));
end if;
end while;
end func;</lang>
Tcl
This code is single-threaded. It uses non-blocking I/O to perform the transfers, sitting on top of the event multiplexer system call (e.g., select() on Unix) to decide when to take new connections or service a particular socket. This makes this into a very lightweight echo server in terms of overall system resources.
<lang tcl># How to handle an incoming new connection proc acceptEcho {chan host port} {
puts "opened connection from $host:$port" fconfigure $chan -blocking 0 -buffering line -translation crlf fileevent $chan readable [list echo $chan $host $port]
}
- How to handle an incoming message on a connection
proc echo {chan host port} {
if {[gets $chan line] >= 0} {
puts $chan $line
} elseif {[eof $chan]} {
close $chan
puts "closed connection from $host:$port"
}
# Other conditions causing a short read need no action
}
- Make the server socket and wait for connections
socket -server acceptEcho -myaddr localhost 12321 vwait forever</lang>
Alternative version
A more succinct version (though one harder to adapt to other kinds of services, but closer to the standard unix echo daemon since it has no line-buffering) is to use an asynchronous binary copy. <lang tcl># How to handle an incoming new connection proc acceptEcho {chan host port} {
puts "opened connection from $host:$port" fconfigure $chan -translation binary -buffering none fcopy $chan $chan -command [list done $chan $host $port]
}
- Called to finalize the connection
proc done {chan host port args} {
puts "closed connection from $host:$port" close $chan
}
- Make the server socket and wait for connections
socket -server acceptEcho -myaddr localhost 12321 vwait forever</lang>
X86 Assembly
<lang x86asm>
- x86_64 Linux NASM
global _start
%define af_inet 2 %define sock_stream 1 %define default_proto 0 %define sol_sock 1 %define reuse_addr 2 %define reuse_port 15 %define server_port 9001 %define addr_any 0 %define family_offset 0 %define port_offset 2 %define addr_offset 4 %define unused_offset 8 %define addr_len 16 %define buffer_len 64 %define max_connections 3
section .text
- rdi - 16 bit value to be byte swapped
- return - byte swapped value
htn_swap16:
xor rax, rax mov rdx, 0x000000ff
mov rsi, rdi and rsi, rdx shl rsi, 8 or rax, rsi shl rdx, 8
mov rsi, rdi and rsi, rdx shr rsi, 8 or rax, rsi ret
- return - server socket
create_server_socket:
mov rax, 41 mov rdi, af_inet mov rsi, sock_stream mov rdx, default_proto syscall push rax
mov rax, 54 mov rdi, qword [rsp] mov rsi, sol_sock mov rdx, reuse_addr mov qword [rsp - 16], 1 lea r10, [rsp - 16] mov r8, 4 syscall
mov rax, 54 mov rdi, qword [rsp] mov rsi, sol_sock mov rdx, reuse_port mov qword [rsp - 16], 1 lea r10, [rsp - 16] mov r8, 4 syscall
pop rax ret
- rdi - socket
- rsi - port
- rdx - connections
- return - void
bind_and_listen:
push rdi push rdx
mov rdi, rsi call htn_swap16
lea rsi, [rsp - 16] mov word [rsi + family_offset], af_inet mov word [rsi + port_offset], ax mov dword [rsi + addr_offset], addr_any mov qword [rsi + unused_offset], 0
mov rax, 49 mov rdi, qword [rsp + 8] mov rdx, addr_len syscall
mov rax, 50 pop rsi pop rdi syscall ret
- rdi - server socket
- return - client socket
accept:
mov rax, 43 lea rsi, [rsp - 16] lea rdx, [rsp - 24] syscall ret
- rdi - client socket
- return - void
echo:
push rdi mov rax, 0 lea rsi, [rsp - 104] mov rdx, buffer_len syscall
pop rdi mov rdx, rax lea rsi, [rsp - 112] mov rax, 1 syscall ret
_start:
call create_server_socket mov r14, rax
mov rdi, rax mov rsi, server_port mov rdx, max_connections call bind_and_listen
accept_connection:
mov rdi, r14 call accept
mov r15, rax mov rax, 57 syscall
test rax, rax jz handle_connection
; close client socket mov rax, 3 mov rdi, r15 syscall jmp accept_connection
handle_connection:
mov rdi, r15 call echo
close_client: mov rax, 3 mov rdi, r15 syscall
close_server: mov rax, 3 mov rdi, r14 syscall
exit: mov rax, 60 xor rdi, rdi syscall
</lang>
zkl
<lang zkl>const PORT=12321; pipe:=Thread.Pipe(); // how server tells thread to connect to user
fcn echo(socket){ // a thread, one per connection
text:=Data();
while(t:=socket.read()){
text.append(t);
if(text.find("\n",text.cursor)){ text.readln().print(); }
}
// socket was closed
}
// Set up the server socket.
server:=Network.TCPServerSocket.open(PORT); println("Listening on %s:%s".fmt(server.hostname,server.port)); server.listen(echo.launch); // Main event loop</lang>
- Output:
The next three windows overlap in time
//start the server $ zkl bbb Listening on Octavius:12321 hohothis is a test a different terminal ^\Quit
//on another terminal, run the REPL
$ zkl
zkl: var s=Network.TCPClientSocket.connectTo("localhost",12321);
TCPClientSocket
zkl: s.write("hoho")
4
zkl: s.write("this is a test\n")
15
zkl:
//and on a third terminal
$ zkl
zkl: var s=Network.TCPClientSocket.connectTo("localhost",12321);
TCPClientSocket
zkl: s.write("a different terminal\n")
21
zkl:
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