99 Bottles of Beer/Assembly
99 Bottles of Beer done in any of the assembler-languages.
6502 Assembly
IMPORTANT NOTE: This assembly language solution is targeted at the Apple 1.
The Apple 1 was an innovative device for its time, but it's quite primitive by modern standards, and it had NO support for lower-case letters.
Therefore, the UPPER-CASE output of this example accurately represents the only reasonable one for this device, and cannot be "fixed" due to non-compliance, only deleted.
<lang 6502 Assembly> .CR 6502
.TF AP1BEER.O,AP1 .LF AP1BEER.LST .OR $0BEE
- -------------------------------------;
- BEER SONG IN 6502 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ;
- BY BARRYM 2010-05-30 ;
- THANKS TO SBPROJECTS.COM FOR LOTS ;
- OF VALUABLE INFORMATION AND A ;
- VERY NICE ASSEMBLER! ;
- -------------------------------------;
- THE TARGET MACHINE FOR THIS PROGRAM ;
- IS THE APPLE 1, BUT IT WOULD BE ;
- EASY TO MAKE IT RUN ON OTHER 65XX ;
- MACHINES BY CHANGING THE NEXT TWO ;
- EQUATES. SOME MACHINE-TESTED ;
- EXAMPLES
- ;
- APPLE II, +, E, C
- $FDED, $80 ;
- COMMODORE 64
- $FFD2, $00 ;
- -------------------------------------;
ECHO = $FFEF ;EMIT A REG AS ASCII ORMASK = $80 ;($00 FOR + ASCII)
MAXBEER = 99 ;INITIAL BEER COUNT
- -------------------------------------;
- X REG. IS THE BOTTLE COUNTER. ;
- Y REG. IS THE STRING INDEX POINTER, ;
- AND THE TENS DIGIT IN THE BINARY- ;
- TO-ASCII CONVERSION ROUTINE. ;
- A REG. HANDLES EVERYTHING ELSE WITH ;
- A LITTLE HELP FROM THE STACK. ;
- ZERO PAGE ISN'T DIRECTLY DISTURBED. ;
- -------------------------------------;
- EMIT COMPLETE CORRECT SONG ADJUSTED ;
- FOR UPPER-CASE 40-COLUMN DISPLAY. ;
- -------------------------------------;
LDX #MAXBEER ;X=MAXBEER BNE PRSONG ;SING THE SONG & RTS
- -------------------------------------;
- EMIT WHOLE SONG UP TO LAST SENTENCE.;
- -------------------------------------;
BEERME:
LDY #TAKE1-TXT ;? "TAKE ... AROUND," JSR PRBOB ;? X;" BOT ... WALL."
PRSONG: ; ;?
LDY #CR-TXT ;? X;" BOT ... WALL," JSR PRBOB ;? X;" BOT ... BEER." DEX ;X=X-1 BPL BEERME ;IF X>=0 THEN BEERME
- -------------------------------------;
- EMIT LAST SENTENCE AND FALL THROUGH.;
- -------------------------------------;
LDX #MAXBEER X=MAXBEER:
- ? "GO TO ... MORE,"
- -------------------------------------;
- PRINT A PROPERLY PUNCTUATED "BOTTLE ;
- OF BEER" SENTENCE. ;
- -------------------------------------;
PRBOB:
TYA PHA ;SAVE THE PRE$ PTR JSR PUTS ;? PRE$; TXA ;IF X=0 THEN BEQ PRBOTT ; ? "NO MORE"; LDY #"0"-1 ;ELSE SEC ;(
DIV10:
SBC #10 ; Y=INT(X/10) INY BCS DIV10 ADC #10+'0' CPY #"0" BEQ ONEDIG PHA ; IF Y>0 THEN TYA ? Y; JSR PUTCH PLA ; ? X MOD 10;
ONEDIG:
LDY #BOTTL-TXT ;)
PRBOTT:
JSR PUTCH ;? " BOTTLE"; CPX #1 BNE PLURAL INY ;IF X<>1 THEN ? "S";
PLURAL:
JSR PUTS ;? " OF BEER"; PLA ;RECALL THE PRE$ PTR CMP #COMCR-TXT BEQ PRDOT PHA ;IF APPROPRIATE THEN JSR PUTS ; ? " ON THE WALL"; PLA LDY #COMCR-TXT ;IF APPROPRIATE THEN CMP #CR-TXT ; ? ",": BEQ PRBOB ; ? X;" ... BEER";
PRDOT:
LDY #DOTCR-TXT ;? "."
- -------------------------------------;
- EMIT A HI-BIT-SET TERMINATED STRING ;
- @ OFFSET Y AND EXIT WITH Y @ THE ;
- BEGINNING OF THE NEXT STRING. ;
- -------------------------------------;
PUTS:
LDA TXT,Y ;GRAB A STRING CHAR INY ;ADVANCE STRING PTR
PUTCH:
PHA ORA #ORMASK AND #ORMASK+127 ;FORMAT CHAR FOR ECHO JSR ECHO ;SHOOT IT TO CONSOLE PLA BPL PUTS ;LOOP IF APPROPRIATE RTS
- -------------------------------------;
- OPTIMIZED SONG LYRIC STRINGS. ;
- -------------------------------------;
TXT: TAKE1:
.AS "TAKE ONE DOWN AND" .AS " PASS IT AROUND"
COMCR:
.AS ","
CR:
.AT #13 .AS "NO MORE"
BOTTL:
.AT " BOTTLE" .AT "S OF BEER" .AT " ON THE WALL"
DOTCR:
.AT ".",#13 .AS "GO TO THE STORE AND" .AT " BUY SOME MORE,",#13 .EN
- -------------------------------------;
- APPLE 1 MONITOR HEX DUMP FOLLOWS. ;
- ENTER AS SHOWN INTO THE MONITOR, ;
- AND LET THE BEER FLOW!! ;
- -------------------------------------;
0BEE
- A2 63 D0 05 A0 00 20 01 0C A0 21 20 01
- 0C CA 10 F3 A2 63 98 48 20 3C 0C 8A F0
- 16 A0 AF 38 E9 0A C8 B0 FB 69 3A C0 B0
- F0 06 48 98 20 40 0C 68 A0 29 20 40 0C
- E0 01 D0 01 C8 20 3C 0C 68 C9 20 F0 0B
- 48 20 3C 0C 68 A0 20 C9 21 F0 C7 A0 45
- B9 4C 0C C8 48 09 80 29 FF 20 EF FF 68
- 10 F1 60 54 41 4B 45 20 4F 4E 45 20 44
- 4F 57 4E 20 41 4E 44 20 50 41 53 53 20
- 49 54 20 41 52 4F 55 4E 44 2C 8D 4E 4F
- 20 4D 4F 52 45 20 42 4F 54 54 4C C5 53
- 20 4F 46 20 42 45 45 D2 20 4F 4E 20 54
- 48 45 20 57 41 4C CC 2E 8D 47 4F 20 54
- 4F 20 54 48 45 20 53 54 4F 52 45 20 41
- 4E 44 20 42 55 59 20 53 4F 4D 45 20 4D
- 4F 52 45 2C 8D
BEER</lang>
6800 Assembly
<lang 6800 Assembly> .cr 6800
.tf beer6800.obj,AP1
.lf beer6800
- =====================================================;
- Beer Song for the Motorola 6800 microprocessor ;
- by barrym 2011-04-19 ;
- -----------------------------------------------------;
- Prints the correct, complete song lyrics to a full ;
- ascii terminal (console) connected to a 1970s ;
- vintage SWTPC 6800 system, which is the target ;
- device for this assembly. ;
- Many thanks to
- ;
- swtpc.com for hosting Michael Holley's documents! ;
- sbprojects.com for a very nice assembler! ;
- swtpcemu.com for a very capable emulator! ;
- The 6800 microprocessor is the slightly older, less ;
- popular, and more expensive step-brother of the ;
- 6502. Numerous similarities exist between the ;
- assembly languages of the two, but the 6800 has ;
- its own distinct flavor, which is (judging by how ;
- compact the code ended up) well suited to this ;
- type of small program. I am especially impressed ;
- with the two-byte 'bsr' instruction, and I make ;
- extensive use of it here. ;
- Effort was made to keep the code footprint as small ;
- as possible by re-using substrings and code in a ;
- hacker-like style that makes the program flow a ;
- bit strange to the human eye (the 6800 gobbles it ;
- up without complaint). The final tally
- 97 bytes ;
- of instructions, 108 bytes of text, and about 11 ;
- bytes of stack. This includes integer-to-ascii ;
- conversion, blank line between verses, removal of ;
- "s" from "1 bottles", substitution of "no more" ;
- for "0", and proper capitalization of "No more". ;
- reg b is the beer counter ;
- reg x is the string pointer ;
- reg a handles everything else (with a little help ;
- from the system stack) ;
- -----------------------------------------------------;
outeee = $e1d1 ;ROM: console putchar routine stbeer = 99 ;Must be in the range [0..99]
.or $0f00
- =====================================================;
- Initialize, sing the song, and exit ;
- -----------------------------------------------------;
main ldab #stbeer ;Beer count = stbeer
bsr prsong ;Sing the entire song
swi ;Return to the monitor.
- =====================================================;
- Emit the entire song up to the last sentence ;
- -----------------------------------------------------;
beerme bsr prbob2 ;Emit second sentence of verse prsong ldx #nline ;Blank line between verses
ldaa #'N' ;First sentence type = 'N'
bsr prbob ;Emit 1st sentence of verse
decb ;Beer count -= 1
bpl beerme ;If beer count >= 0 then beerme
- =====================================================;
- Set up the last sentence and fall through to prbob2 ;
- -----------------------------------------------------;
ldab #stbeer ;Beer count = stbeer
ldx #store ;x$ = "Go to the store ..."
- =====================================================;
- Emit a properly punctuated bottle-of-beer sentence, ;
- using beer counter in reg b, pre-string pointer ;
- in reg x, and the sentence type in reg a ('N' = ;
- sentence 1, 'o' = sentence 1.5, 'n' = sentence 2) ;
- -----------------------------------------------------;
prbob2 ldaa #'n' ;Second sentence type = 'n' prbob psha ;Stack sentence type for later
bsr puts ;Emit pre-string
pula ;Check sentence type and use
psha ; it to prepare the upper- or
anda #'n' ; lower-case of "no more"
ldx #omore ;x$ = "o more bottle"
tstb ;If beer count = 0 then
beq prbott ; skip over the i-to-a
ldx #bottl ;x$ = " bottle"
- =====================================================;
- I-to-A (inline)
- convert int in b to ascii and emit ;
- with leading zero suppression (0 <= # <= 99)! ;
- -----------------------------------------------------;
pshb ;Stack beer count
ldaa #-1 ; (divten trashes it)
divten subb #10 ;b = ones digit - 10
inca ;a = tens digit
bcc divten ;If a = 0 then
beq onedig ; suppress leading zero
adda #"0" ;else translate tens digit to
bsr putch ; shifted ascii and emit
onedig addb #'0'+10 ;Translate ones digit to ascii
tba ; and leave it in a for putch
pulb ;Restore beer count
- -----------------------------------------------------;
prbott bsr putch ;Emit a;x$;
cmpb #1 ;If beer count = 1
bne plural ;then
inx ; skip over the "s"
plural bsr puts ;Emit " ... beer";
pula ;Restore sentence type
cmpa #'o' ;If type <> 'o'
beq putdot ;then
psha ; emit " on the wall";
bsr puts ; if type = 'N' then loop
pula ; back to finish the
adda #33 ; first sentence with
bpl prbob ; type = 'o', x$ = ", "
putdot ldx #dotnl ;x$ = ".\n"
- =====================================================;
- Emit string @ x and leave x @ start of next string ;
- -----------------------------------------------------;
puts ldaa 0,x ;a = raw character removed
inx ; from the beginning of x$
- =====================================================;
- Emit a as ascii and loop into x$ if hi-bit is clear ;
- -----------------------------------------------------;
putch psha ;Stack raw char
anda #$7f ;Mask off the hi-bit
jsr outeee ;Emit a as 7-bit ascii
pula ;Restore raw char
tsta ;If hi-bit is clear then
bpl puts ; loop back into x$
rts ;All 8 'bsr's use this 'rts'!
- =====================================================;
- Optimized song lyric strings, carefully arranged to ;
- allow the prbob subroutine to take full advantage ;
- of the x register side-effects of puts ;
- -----------------------------------------------------;
omore .as "o more" bottl .at " bottle"
.at "s of beer"
.at " on the wall"
.at ", "
dotnl .as "." nline .at #13,#10
.at "Take one down and pass it around, "
store .at "Go to the store and buy some more, "
.en
- =====================================================;
- The following is a hex dump of the object file, ;
- suitable for copying and pasting into the 6800 ;
- emulator available at swtpcemu.com! ;
- -----------------------------------------------------;
e0F00 C6 63 8D 03 3F 8D 0F CE 0F 86 86 4E 8D 0A 5A 2A e0F10 F4 C6 63 CE 0F AA 86 6E 36 8D 38 32 36 84 6E CE e0F20 0F 61 5D 27 15 CE 0F 67 37 86 FF C0 0A 4C 24 FB e0F30 27 04 8B B0 8D 20 17 8B 3A 33 8D 1A C1 01 26 01 e0F40 08 8D 10 32 81 6F 27 08 36 8D 08 32 8B 21 2A C8 e0F50 CE 0F 85 A6 00 08 36 84 7F BD E1 D1 32 4D 2A F3 e0F60 39 6F 20 6D 6F 72 65 20 62 6F 74 74 6C E5 73 20 e0F70 6F 66 20 62 65 65 F2 20 6F 6E 20 74 68 65 20 77 e0F80 61 6C EC 2C A0 2E 0D 8A 54 61 6B 65 20 6F 6E 65 e0F90 20 64 6F 77 6E 20 61 6E 64 20 70 61 73 73 20 69 e0FA0 74 20 61 72 6F 75 6E 64 2C A0 47 6F 20 74 6F 20 e0FB0 74 68 65 20 73 74 6F 72 65 20 61 6E 64 20 62 75 e0FC0 79 20 73 6F 6D 65 20 6D 6F 72 65 2C A0 j0F00</lang>
LLVM
<lang llvm>; "99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall" in LLVM Assembly
- This is not strictly LLVM, as it uses the C library function "printf".
- LLVM does not provide a way to print values, so the alternative would be
- to just load the string into memory, and that would be boring.
- The song lyrics are global constants.
- Lyrics for plural verses
@pluralVerse = private constant [120 x i8] c"%d bottles of beer on the wall, %d bottles of beer.\0ATake one down and pass it around, %d bottles of beer on the wall.\0A\0A\00"
- Lyrics for the singular verse
@singularVerse = private constant [121 x i8]
c"1 bottle of beer on the wall, 1 bottle of beer.\0ATake one down and pass it around, no more bottles of beer on the wall.\0A\0A\00"
- Lyrics for the final verse
@finalVerse = private constant [130 x i8]
c"No more bottles of beer on the wall, no more bottles of beer.\0AGo to the store and buy some more, %d bottles of beer on the wall.\0A\00"
- Initial number of bottles of beer.
- This must be a natural number.
@initialVerseNumber = private constant i32 99
- The declaration for the external C printf function.
declare i32 @printf(i8*, ...)
- Prints a verse, with %numberOfBottles being the initial number of bottles
- in that verse.
define fastcc void @printVerse(i32 %numberOfBottles) {
switch i32 %numberOfBottles,
label %pluralVerse
[ i32 1, label %singularVerse
i32 0, label %finalVerse ]
pluralVerse:
%pluralVersePointer = getelementptr [120 x i8]* @pluralVerse, i64 0, i64 0
%newNumberOfBottles = sub i32 %numberOfBottles, 1
call i32(i8*, ...)* @printf(
i8* %pluralVersePointer,
i32 %numberOfBottles,
i32 %numberOfBottles,
i32 %newNumberOfBottles)
ret void
singularVerse:
%singularVersePointer = getelementptr [121 x i8]* @singularVerse,i64 0,i64 0 call i32(i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* %singularVersePointer) ret void
finalVerse:
%finalVersePointer = getelementptr [130 x i8]* @finalVerse, i64 0, i64 0 %initialVerseNumberL = load i32* @initialVerseNumber call i32(i8*, ...)* @printf(i8* %finalVersePointer,i32 %initialVerseNumberL) ret void
}
define i32 @main() { loopHeader:
%initialVerseNumberL = load i32* @initialVerseNumber br label %loop ; This br terminates the first basic block.
loop:
%verseNumber =
phi i32 [%initialVerseNumberL, %loopHeader], [%nextVerseNumber, %do]
%cond = icmp eq i32 -1, %verseNumber
br i1 %cond, label %break, label %do
do:
call fastcc void @printVerse(i32 %verseNumber) %nextVerseNumber = sub i32 %verseNumber, 1 br label %loop
break:
ret i32 0
}</lang>
X86 Assembly
Using Windows/MASM32
<lang asm>.386 .model flat, stdcall option casemap :none
include \masm32\include\kernel32.inc include \masm32\include\masm32.inc include \masm32\include\user32.inc includelib \masm32\lib\kernel32.lib includelib \masm32\lib\masm32.lib includelib \masm32\lib\user32.lib
.DATA
buffer db 1024 dup(?) str1 db "%d bottles of beer on the wall.",10,13,0 str2 db "%d bottles of beer",10,13,0 str3 db "Take one down, pass it around",10,13,0 str4 db "No more bottles of beer on the wall!",10,13,0 nline db 13,10,0
bottles dd 99
.CODE
start: INVOKE wsprintfA, offset buffer, offset str1, [bottles] INVOKE StdOut, offset buffer
INVOKE wsprintfA, offset buffer, offset str2, [bottles] INVOKE StdOut, offset buffer
INVOKE StdOut, offset str3
DEC [bottles]
INVOKE wsprintfA, offset buffer, offset str1, [bottles] INVOKE StdOut, offset buffer INVOKE StdOut, offset nline
CMP [bottles], 1 JNE start
INVOKE StdOut, offset str4 INVOKE ExitProcess, 0 end start</lang>
Implemented in the nasm preprocessor
<lang asm>bits 32
section .data str: %assign bottles 99 %rep 99
%defstr bottles_str bottles %if bottles == 1 %define bottle_plur " bottle" %else %define bottle_plur " bottles" %endif db bottles_str, bottle_plur, " of beer on the wall", 10 db bottles_str, bottle_plur, " of beer", 10 db "Take one down, pass it around", 10, 10
%assign bottles bottles-1 %endrep db "0 bottles of beer on the wall", 10 str_len: equ $ - str
section .text global _start _start:
mov edx, str_len mov ecx, str mov ebx, 1 mov eax, 4 int 0x80
mov ebx, 0 mov eax, 1 int 0x80</lang>
Z80 Assembly
For Sinclair ZX Spectrum. <lang z80>org 32768
start:
ld a, 2 ; Spectrum: channel 2 = "S" for screen call $1601 ; Spectrum: Select print channel using ROM
ld c,99 ; Number of bottles to start with
loopstart:
call printc ; Print the number of bottles ld hl,line1 ; Print the rest of the first line call printline
call printc ; Print the number of bottles ld hl,line2_3 ; Print rest of the 2nd and 3rd lines call printline
dec c ; Take one bottle away call printc ; Print the number of bottles ld hl,line4 ; Print the rest of the fourth line call printline
ld a,c cp 0 ; Out of beer bottles? jp nz,loopstart ; If not, loop round again ret ; Return to BASIC
printc: ; Routine to print C register as ASCII decimal
ld a,c call dtoa2d ; Split A register into D and E
ld a,d ; Print first digit in D cp '0' ; Don't bother printing leading 0 jr z,printc2 rst 16 ; Spectrum: Print the character in 'A'
printc2:
ld a,e ; Print second digit in E rst 16 ; Spectrum: Print the character in 'A' ret
printline: ; Routine to print out a line
ld a,(hl) ; Get character to print cp '$' ; See if it '$' terminator jp z,printend ; We're done if it is rst 16 ; Spectrum: Print the character in 'A' inc hl ; Move onto the next character jp printline ; Loop round
printend:
ret
dtoa2d: ; Decimal to ASCII (2 digits only), in: A, out: DE
ld d,'0' ; Starting from ASCII '0' dec d ; Because we are inc'ing in the loop ld e,10 ; Want base 10 please and a ; Clear carry flag
dtoa2dloop:
inc d ; Increase the number of tens sub e ; Take away one unit of ten from A jr nc,dtoa2dloop ; If A still hasn't gone negative, do another add a,e ; Decreased it too much, put it back add a,'0' ; Convert to ASCII ld e,a ; Stick remainder in E ret
- Data
line1: defb ' bottles of beer on the wall,',13,'$' line2_3: defb ' bottles of beer,',13,'Take one down, pass it around,',13,'$' line4: defb ' bottles of beer on the wall.',13,13,'$'</lang>