Execute a system command: Difference between revisions

Content added Content deleted

Inline

Revision as of 21:13, 4 November 2019

Task

Run either the ls system command (dir on Windows), or the pause system command.

Related task

Get system command output

ABAP report which checks if there is an external command called 'ls' for the os of the current application server. When running on Windows, it calls dir, for all other platforms ls. A new command is created if not existing and run.

<lang abap>*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*

& Report ZEXEC_SYS_CMD
&
&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
&
&
&---------------------------------------------------------------------*

REPORT zexec_sys_cmd.

DATA: lv_opsys TYPE syst-opsys,

     lt_sxpgcotabe TYPE TABLE OF sxpgcotabe,
     ls_sxpgcotabe LIKE LINE OF  lt_sxpgcotabe,
     ls_sxpgcolist TYPE          sxpgcolist,
     lv_name       TYPE          sxpgcotabe-name,
     lv_opcommand  TYPE          sxpgcotabe-opcommand,
     lv_index      TYPE          c,
     lt_btcxpm     TYPE TABLE OF btcxpm,
     ls_btcxpm     LIKE LINE OF  lt_btcxpm
     .

Initialize

lv_opsys = sy-opsys. CLEAR lt_sxpgcotabe[].

IF lv_opsys EQ 'Windows NT'.

 lv_opcommand = 'dir'.

ELSE.

 lv_opcommand = 'ls'.

ENDIF.

Check commands

SELECT * FROM sxpgcotabe INTO TABLE lt_sxpgcotabe

 WHERE opsystem  EQ lv_opsys
   AND opcommand EQ lv_opcommand.

IF lt_sxpgcotabe IS INITIAL.

 CLEAR ls_sxpgcolist.
 CLEAR lv_name.
 WHILE lv_name IS INITIAL.

Don't mess with other users' commands

   lv_index = sy-index.
   CONCATENATE 'ZLS' lv_index INTO lv_name.
   SELECT * FROM sxpgcostab INTO ls_sxpgcotabe
     WHERE name EQ lv_name.
   ENDSELECT.
   IF sy-subrc = 0.
     CLEAR lv_name.
   ENDIF.
 ENDWHILE.
 ls_sxpgcolist-name      = lv_name.
 ls_sxpgcolist-opsystem  = lv_opsys.
 ls_sxpgcolist-opcommand = lv_opcommand.

Create own ls command when nothing is declared

 CALL FUNCTION 'SXPG_COMMAND_INSERT'
   EXPORTING
     command                = ls_sxpgcolist
     public                 = 'X'
   EXCEPTIONS
     command_already_exists = 1
     no_permission          = 2
     parameters_wrong       = 3
     foreign_lock           = 4
     system_failure         = 5
     OTHERS                 = 6.
 IF sy-subrc <> 0.

Implement suitable error handling here

 ELSE.

Hooray it worked! Let's try to call it

   CALL FUNCTION 'SXPG_COMMAND_EXECUTE_LONG'
     EXPORTING
       commandname                   = lv_name
     TABLES
       exec_protocol                 = lt_btcxpm
     EXCEPTIONS
       no_permission                 = 1
       command_not_found             = 2
       parameters_too_long           = 3
       security_risk                 = 4
       wrong_check_call_interface    = 5
       program_start_error           = 6
       program_termination_error     = 7
       x_error                       = 8
       parameter_expected            = 9
       too_many_parameters           = 10
       illegal_command               = 11
       wrong_asynchronous_parameters = 12
       cant_enq_tbtco_entry          = 13
       jobcount_generation_error     = 14
       OTHERS                        = 15.
   IF sy-subrc <> 0.

Implement suitable error handling here

     WRITE: 'Cant execute ls - '.
     CASE sy-subrc.
       WHEN 1.
         WRITE: / ' no permission!'.
       WHEN 2.
         WRITE: / ' command could not be created!'.
       WHEN 3.
         WRITE: / ' parameter list too long!'.
       WHEN 4.
         WRITE: / ' security risk!'.
       WHEN 5.
         WRITE: / ' wrong call of SXPG_COMMAND_EXECUTE_LONG!'.
       WHEN 6.
         WRITE: / ' command cant be started!'.
       WHEN 7.
         WRITE: / ' program terminated!'.
       WHEN 8.
         WRITE: / ' x_error!'.
       WHEN 9.
         WRITE: / ' parameter missing!'.
       WHEN 10.
         WRITE: / ' too many parameters!'.
       WHEN 11.
         WRITE: / ' illegal command!'.
       WHEN 12.
         WRITE: / ' wrong asynchronous parameters!'.
       WHEN 13.
         WRITE: / ' cant enqueue job!'.
       WHEN 14.
         WRITE: / ' cant create job!'.
       WHEN 15.
         WRITE: / ' unknown error!'.
       WHEN OTHERS.
         WRITE: / ' unknown error!'.
     ENDCASE.
   ELSE.
     LOOP AT lt_btcxpm INTO ls_btcxpm.
       WRITE: / ls_btcxpm.
     ENDLOOP.
   ENDIF.
 ENDIF.

ENDIF.</lang>

Ada

Using the IEEE POSIX Ada standard, P1003.5c: <lang ada>with POSIX.Unsafe_Process_Primitives;

procedure Execute_A_System_Command is

  Arguments : POSIX.POSIX_String_List;

begin

  POSIX.Append (Arguments, "ls");
  POSIX.Unsafe_Process_Primitives.Exec_Search ("ls", Arguments);

end Execute_A_System_Command;</lang>

Importing the C system() function: <lang ada>with Interfaces.C; use Interfaces.C;

procedure Execute_System is

   function Sys (Arg : Char_Array) return Integer;
   pragma Import(C, Sys, "system");
   Ret_Val : Integer;

begin

   Ret_Val := Sys(To_C("ls"));

end Execute_System;</lang>

Using the GNAT run-time library: <lang ada> with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO; with System.OS_Lib; use System.OS_Lib;

procedure Execute_Synchronously is

  Result    : Integer;
  Arguments : Argument_List :=
                (  1=> new String'("cmd.exe"),
                   2=> new String'("/C dir c:\temp\*.adb")
                );

begin

  Spawn
  (  Program_Name           => "cmd.exe",
     Args                   => Arguments,
     Output_File_Descriptor => Standout,
     Return_Code            => Result
  );
  for Index in Arguments'Range loop
     Free (Arguments (Index)); -- Free the argument list
  end loop;

end Execute_Synchronously; </lang>

Aikido

The simplest way to do this is using the system() function. It returns a vector of strings (the output from the command). <lang aikido> var lines = system ("ls") foreach line lines {

   println (line)

} </lang> If you don't want to process the output you can use the exec function. It writes the output to the standard output stream by default; <lang aikido> exec ("ls") </lang> You also have the regular fork and execv calls available: <lang aikido> var pid = fork() if (pid == 0) {

   var args = ["/bin/ls"]
   execv ("/bin/ls", args)
   exit(1)

} var status = 0 waitpid (pid, status)

</lang>

Aime

<lang aime>sshell ss;

ss.argv.insert("ls");

o_(ss.link); </lang>

ALGOL 68

Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release mk15-0.8b.fc9 - "system" is not part of the standard's prelude.

<lang algol68>system("ls")</lang>

Or the classic "!" shell escape can be implemented as an "!" operator:

Works with: ALGOL 68G version Any - tested with release mk15-0.8b.fc9 - "system" & "ANDF" are not part of the standard's prelude.

<lang algol68>OP ! = (STRING cmd)BOOL: system(cmd) = 0;

IF ! "touch test.tmp" ANDF ( ! "ls test.tmp" ANDF ! "rm test.tmp" ) THEN

 print (("test.tmp now gone!", new line))

FI</lang>

AppleScript

<lang applescript>do shell script "ls" without altering line endings</lang>

Applesoft BASIC

<lang ApplesoftBASIC>? CHR$(4)"CATALOG"</lang>

Arturo

<lang arturo>print $(shell "ls")</lang>

Output:

data.log
rosetta.art
sample.txt

AutoHotkey

<lang autohotkey>Run, %comspec% /k dir & pause</lang>

AutoIt

<lang AutoIt>Run(@ComSpec & " /c " & 'pause', "", @SW_HIDE)</lang>

AWK

Using system() function: <lang awk>BEGIN {

 system("ls")		# Unix
#system("dir")		# DOS/MS-Windows

}</lang>

Using getline command: <lang awk>BEGIN {

        ls = sys2var("ls")
        print ls

} function sys2var(command ,fish, scale, ship) {

        command = command " 2>/dev/null"
        while ( (command | getline fish) > 0 ) {
            if ( ++scale == 1 )
                ship = fish
            else
                ship = ship "\n" fish
        }
        close(command)
        return ship

}</lang>

BASIC

<lang qbasic>SHELL "dir"</lang>

BaCon

<lang freebasic>' Execute a system command SYSTEM "ls"</lang>

Batch File

BBC BASIC

On Acorn computers the *CAT command catalogues the current directory, the equivalent of the Unix ls command or the DOS/Windows dir command. The BBC BASIC OSCLI command passes a string to the Command Line Interpreter to execute a system command, it is the equivalent of C's system() command. <lang bbcbasic>OSCLI "CAT"</lang>

With BBC BASIC for Windows you can execute the Windows dir command: <lang bbcbasic>OSCLI "*dir":REM *dir to bypass BB4W's built-in dir command</lang>

And if running BBC BASIC on a Unix host, you can execute the ls command: <lang bbcbasic>OSCLI "ls"</lang>

Bracmat

Brat

<lang brat>include :subprocess

p subprocess.run :ls #Lists files in directory</lang>

Brlcad

C

ISO C & POSIX:

<lang c>#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {

   system("ls");
   return 0;

}</lang>

C++

Works with: Visual C++ version 2005

<lang cpp>system("pause");</lang>

C#

Using Windows / .NET: <lang csharp>using System.Diagnostics;

namespace Execute {

   class Program
   {
       static void Main(string[] args)
       {
           Process.Start("cmd.exe", "/c dir");
       }
   }

}</lang>

Works with: MCS version 1.2.3.1

<lang csharp>using System;

 class Execute {
    static void Main() {
        System.Diagnostics.Process proc = new System.Diagnostics.Process();
        proc.EnableRaisingEvents=false;
        proc.StartInfo.FileName="ls";
        proc.Start();
   }
}</lang>

Clojure

<lang lisp>(.. Runtime getRuntime (exec "cmd /C dir"))</lang> <lang lisp>

user=> (use '[clojure.java.shell :only [sh]])

user=> (sh "ls" "-aul")

{:exit 0,

:out total 64

drwxr-xr-x 11 zkim staff 374 Jul 5 13:21 . drwxr-xr-x 25 zkim staff 850 Jul 5 13:02 .. drwxr-xr-x 12 zkim staff 408 Jul 5 13:02 .git -rw-r--r-- 1 zkim staff 13 Jul 5 13:02 .gitignore -rw-r--r-- 1 zkim staff 12638 Jul 5 13:02 LICENSE.html -rw-r--r-- 1 zkim staff 4092 Jul 5 13:02 README.md drwxr-xr-x 2 zkim staff 68 Jul 5 13:15 classes drwxr-xr-x 5 zkim staff 170 Jul 5 13:15 lib -rw-r--r--@ 1 zkim staff 3396 Jul 5 13:03 pom.xml -rw-r--r--@ 1 zkim staff 367 Jul 5 13:15 project.clj drwxr-xr-x 4 zkim staff 136 Jul 5 13:15 src , :err } </lang>

<lang lisp> user=> (use '[clojure.java.shell :only [sh]])

user=> (println (:out (sh "cowsay" "Printing a command-line output")))

_________________________________

< Printing a command-line output. >

--------------------------------- 
       \   ^__^
        \  (oo)\_______
           (__)\       )\/\
               ||----w |
               ||     ||

nil </lang>

CMake

Works with: Unix

<lang cmake>execute_process(COMMAND ls)</lang>

Because of a quirk in the implementation (cmExecuteProcessCommand.cxx and ProcessUNIX.c), CMake diverts the standard output to a pipe. The effect is like running ls | cat in the shell. The ls process inherits the original standard input and standard error, but receives a new pipe for standard output. CMake then reads this pipe and copies all data to the original standard output.

execute_process() can also chain commands in a pipeeline, and capture output.

<lang cmake># Calculate pi to 40 digits after the decimal point. execute_process(

 COMMAND printf "scale = 45; 4 * a(1) + 5 / 10 ^ 41\\n"
 COMMAND bc -l
 COMMAND sed -e "s/.\\{5\\}$//"
 OUTPUT_VARIABLE pi OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)

message(STATUS "pi is ${pi}")</lang>

-- pi is 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841972

COBOL

Works with: OpenCOBOL

<lang cobol>CALL "SYSTEM" USING BY CONTENT "ls"</lang>

CoffeeScript

Works with: Node.js

<lang coffeescript> { spawn } = require 'child_process'

ls = spawn 'ls'

ls.stdout.on 'data', ( data ) -> console.log "Output: #{ data }"

ls.stderr.on 'data', ( data ) -> console.error "Error: #{ data }"

ls.on 'close', -> console.log "'ls' has finished executing." </lang>

Common Lisp

Works with: CMUCL

<lang lisp>(with-output-to-string (stream) (extensions:run-program "ls" nil :output stream))</lang>

Works with: LispWorks

<lang lisp>(system:call-system "ls")</lang>

Library: trivial-shell

<lang lisp>(trivial-shell:shell-command "ls")</lang>

D

<lang d> import std.process, std.stdio; //these two alternatives wait for the process to return, and capture the output //each process function returns a Tuple of (int)"status" and (string)"output auto ls_string = executeShell("ls -l"); //takes single string writeln((ls_string.status == 0) ? ls_string.output : "command failed");

auto ls_array = execute(["ls", "-l"]); //takes array of strings writeln((ls_array.status == 0) ? ls_array.output : "command failed"); //other alternatives exist to spawn processes in parallel and capture output via pipes </lang> std.process.system() is deprecated.

dc

DCL

<lang DCL>Directory</lang> Or, shorter<lang DCL>dir</lang>

Delphi

<lang Delphi>program ExecuteSystemCommand;

{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}

uses Windows, ShellApi;

begin

 ShellExecute(0, nil, 'cmd.exe', ' /c dir', nil, SW_HIDE);

end.</lang>

E

<lang e>def ls := makeCommand("ls") ls("-l")

def [results, _, _] := ls.exec(["-l"]) when (results) -> {

 def [exitCode, out, err] := results
 print(out)

} catch problem {

 print(`failed to execute ls: $problem`)

}</lang>

Emacs Lisp

Syncronous

<lang Lisp>(shell-command "ls")</lang>

Asyncronous

<lang Lisp>(async-shell-command "ls")</lang>

Erlang

ERRE

In ERRE language you have the SHELL command followed, eventually, by a string command. SHELL itself opens a new DOS/Windows shell: you must use EXIT to end. For example

<lang> SHELL("DIR/W")</lang>

lists the current directory and then returns to the program.

<lang ERRE>cmd$="DIR/W" SHELL(cmd$)</lang>

Euphoria

Euphoria has 2 systems command functions: system() and system_exec(). <lang euphoria> -- system -- -- the simplest way -- -- system spawns a new shell so I/O redirection is possible --

system( "dir /w c:\temp\ " ) -- Microsoft --

system( "/bin/ls -l /tmp" ) -- Linux BSD OSX --

-- system_exec() --                                                                                                                                         
-- system_exec does not spawn a new shell --                                                                                                                  
-- ( like bash or cmd.exe ) --

integer exit_code = 0 sequence ls_command = ""

ifdef UNIX or LINUX or OSX then

   ls_command = "/bin/ls -l "

elsifdef WINDOWS then

   ls_command = "dir /w "

end ifdef

exit_code = system_exec( ls_command )

if exit_code = -1 then

   puts( STDERR, " could not execute " & ls_command & "\n" )

elsif exit_code = 0 then

   puts( STDERR, ls_command & " succeeded\n")

else

   printf( STDERR, "command %s failed with code %d\n", ls_command, exit_code)

end if</lang>

F#

<lang fsharp>System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd", "/c dir")</lang>

Factor

<lang factor>"ls" run-process wait-for-process</lang>

Fantom

The Process class handles creating and running external processes. in/out/err streams can be redirected, but default to the usual stdin/stdout/stderr. So following program prints result of 'ls' to the command line:

<lang fantom> class Main {

 public static Void main ()
 {
   p := Process (["ls"])
   p.run
 }

} </lang>

Forth

Works with: gforth version 0.6.2

<lang forth>s" ls" system</lang>

Fortran

execute_command_line subroutine in Fortran 2008 and later runs a system command <lang fortran> program SystemTest integer :: i

call execute_command_line ("ls", exitstat=i)

end program SystemTest </lang>

Works with: gfortran

The SYSTEM subroutine (and function) are a GNU extension. <lang fortran>program SystemTest

 call system("ls")

end program SystemTest</lang>

FreeBASIC

<lang freebasic>' FB 1.05.0 Win64

Shell "dir" Sleep</lang>

Frink

<lang frink>r = callJava["java.lang.Runtime", "getRuntime"] println[read[r.exec["dir"].getInputStream[]]]</lang>

FunL

<lang funl>import sys.execute

execute( if $os.startsWith('Windows') then 'dir' else 'ls' )</lang>

FutureBasic

This simple example prints the output to a console window. With its open "Unix" command, FB has robust capability as a system interface to the Free BSD Unix core of Macintosh OS X 10.x. <lang futurebasic> include "ConsoleWindow"

local fn DoUnixCommand( cmd as str255 )

 dim as str255 s

 open "Unix", 2, cmd
 while ( not eof(2) )
   line input #2, s
   print s
 wend
 close 2

end fn

fn DoUnixCommand( "ls -A" ) </lang>

Output:

.DocumentRevisions-V100
.Spotlight-V100
.Trashes
.file
.fseventsd
.hotfiles.btree
.vol
Applications
Library
Network
System
Users
Volumes
bin
cores
dev
etc
home
mach_kernel
net
private
sbin
tmp
usr
var

Gambas

Click this link to run this code <lang gambas>Public Sub Main()

Shell "ls -aul"

End</lang> Output:

total 36364
drwxr-xr-x  88 charlie charlie     4096 May 29 10:26 .
drwxr-xr-x   5 root    root        4096 May 26 15:44 ..
drwxr-xr-x   2 charlie charlie     4096 May 29 10:54 15PuzzleGame
drwx------   3 charlie charlie     4096 May 28 13:51 .adobe
drwxr-xr-x   4 charlie charlie     4096 May 28 13:52 .audacity-data
drwxr-xr-x   4 charlie charlie     4096 May 28 13:51 .barcode
etc....

Genie

<lang genie>[indent=4] /*

 Execute system command, in Genie

 valac executeSystemCommand.gs
 ./executeSystemCommand

/

init

   try
       // Non Blocking
       Process.spawn_command_line_async("ls")
   except e : SpawnError
       stderr.printf("%s\n", e.message)</lang>

Output:

Output is asynchronous (could be made synchronous with spawn_command_line_sync), and elided here for the sample capture.

prompt$ valac executeSystemCommand.gs
prompt$ ./executeSystemCommand
...
aplusb            executeSystemCommand       hello.gs          helloNoNewline.gs
memavail          progress-bar               readfile.vapi     stringsample.vala
...

Go

<lang go>package main

import (

   "log"
   "os"
   "os/exec"

)

func main() {

   cmd := exec.Command("ls", "-l")
   cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
   cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
   if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
       log.Fatal(err)
   }

}</lang>

gnuplot

Groovy

<lang groovy>println "ls -la".execute().text</lang>

GUISS

<lang guiss>Start,Programs,Accessories,MSDOS Prompt,Type:dir[enter]</lang>

Haskell

Works with: GHCi version 6.6

<lang haskell>import System.Cmd

main = system "ls" </lang>

HicEst

<lang hicest>SYSTEM(CoMmand='pause') SYSTEM(CoMmand='dir & pause') </lang>

HolyC

HolyC is the official programming language for The Temple Operating System (TempleOS). The Temple Operating System interpreter executes just-in-time compiled HolyC code. All HolyC code is effectively executed as system commands.

For example, to execute the Dir command:

Icon and Unicon

The code below selects the 'ls' or 'dir' command at runtime based on the UNIX feature.

<lang Icon>procedure main()

write("Trying command ",cmd := if &features == "UNIX" then "ls" else "dir") system(cmd)

end</lang>

Unicon extends system to allow specification of files and a wait/nowait parameter as in the examples below. <lang Icon>

 pid := system(command_string,&input,&output,&errout,"wait") 
 pid := system(command_string,&input,&output,&errout,"nowait")

</lang>

IDL

Will execute "ls" with output to the screen.

<lang idl>spawn,"ls",result</lang>

will execute it and store the result in the string array "result".

<lang idl>spawn,"ls",unit=unit</lang>

will execute it asynchronously and direct any output from it into the LUN "unit" from whence it can be read at any (later) time.

Io

<lang io>System runCommand("ls") stdout println</lang>

J

The system command interface in J is provided by the standard "task" script: <lang j>load'task'

NB. Execute a command and wait for it to complete shell 'dir'

NB. Execute a command but don't wait for it to complete fork 'notepad'

NB. Execute a command and capture its stdout stdout =: shell 'dir'

NB. Execute a command, provide it with stdin, NB. and capture its stdout stdin =: 'blahblahblah' stdout =: stdin spawn 'grep blah'</lang>

Note that on unix systems, you can also use the 2!:x family of foreign verbs to execute system commands.

Java

Works with: Java version 1.5+

<lang java5>import java.util.Scanner; import java.io.*;

public class Program {

   public static void main(String[] args) {    	
   	try {
   		Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("cmd /C dir");//Windows command, use "ls -oa" for UNIX
   		Scanner sc = new Scanner(p.getInputStream());    		
   		while (sc.hasNext()) System.out.println(sc.nextLine());
   	}
   	catch (IOException e) {
   		System.out.println(e.getMessage());
   	}
   }

}</lang>

Works with: Java version 1.4+

There are two ways to run system commands. The simple way, which will hang the JVM (I would be interested in some kind of reason). -- this happens because the the inputStream buffer fills up and blocks until it gets read. Moving your .waitFor after reading the InputStream would fix your issue (as long as your error stream doesn't fill up) <lang java>import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream;

public class MainEntry {

   public static void main(String[] args) {
       executeCmd("ls -oa");
   }

   private static void executeCmd(String string) {
       InputStream pipedOut = null;
       try {
           Process aProcess = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(string);
           aProcess.waitFor();

           pipedOut = aProcess.getInputStream();
           byte buffer[] = new byte[2048];
           int read = pipedOut.read(buffer);
           // Replace following code with your intends processing tools
           while(read >= 0) {
               System.out.write(buffer, 0, read);
               
               read = pipedOut.read(buffer);
           }
       } catch (IOException e) {
           e.printStackTrace();
       } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
           ie.printStackTrace();
       } finally {
           if(pipedOut != null) {
               try {
                   pipedOut.close();
               } catch (IOException e) {
               }
           }
       }
   }

}</lang>

And the right way, which uses threading to read the InputStream given by the process. <lang java>import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream;

public class MainEntry {

   public static void main(String[] args) {
       // the command to execute
       executeCmd("ls -oa");
   }

   private static void executeCmd(String string) {
       InputStream pipedOut = null;
       try {
           Process aProcess = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(string);

           // These two thread shall stop by themself when the process end
           Thread pipeThread = new Thread(new StreamGobber(aProcess.getInputStream()));
           Thread errorThread = new Thread(new StreamGobber(aProcess.getErrorStream()));
           
           pipeThread.start();
           errorThread.start();
           
           aProcess.waitFor();
       } catch (IOException e) {
           e.printStackTrace();
       } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
           ie.printStackTrace();
       }
   }

}

//Replace the following thread with your intends reader class StreamGobber implements Runnable {

   private InputStream Pipe;

   public StreamGobber(InputStream pipe) {
       if(pipe == null) {
           throw new NullPointerException("bad pipe");
       }
       Pipe = pipe;
   }

   public void run() {
       try {
           byte buffer[] = new byte[2048];

           int read = Pipe.read(buffer);
           while(read >= 0) {
               System.out.write(buffer, 0, read);

               read = Pipe.read(buffer);
           }
       } catch (IOException e) {
           e.printStackTrace();
       } finally {
           if(Pipe != null) {
               try {
                   Pipe.close();
               } catch (IOException e) {
               }
           }
       }
   }

}</lang>

JavaScript

JavaScript does not have any facilities to interact with the OS. However, host environments can provide this ability.

Works with: JScript

<lang javascript>var shell = new ActiveXObject("WScript.Shell"); shell.run("cmd /c dir & pause");</lang>

Works with: Rhino

<lang javascript>runCommand("cmd", "/c", "dir", "d:\\"); print("==="); var options = {

   // can specify arguments here in the options object
   args: ["/c", "dir", "d:\\"],
   // capture stdout to the options.output property
   output:

}; runCommand("cmd", options); print(options.output);</lang>

Joy

<lang joy>"ls" system.</lang>

Julia

The Julia manual has an excellent section on this topic, which is worth a read. The short answer on Linux is: <lang Julia>run(`ls`)</lang>

Output:

$ ls
bitmap_bresenham_line.jl   completed                  single_link_list_collection.jl
color_quantization_in.png  execute_system_command.jl  single_link_list_insert.jl
color_quantization.jl      README.md                  support
$ julia execute_system_command.jl
bitmap_bresenham_line.jl   completed                  single_link_list_collection.jl
color_quantization_in.png  execute_system_command.jl  single_link_list_insert.jl
color_quantization.jl      README.md                  support

K

Execute "ls" <lang K> \ls</lang>

Execute "ls" and capture the output in the variable "r": <lang K> r: 4:"ls"</lang>

Kotlin

<lang scala>// version 1.0.6

import java.util.Scanner

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

   val proc = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("cmd /C dir")  // testing on Windows 10
   Scanner(proc.inputStream).use {
       while (it.hasNextLine()) println(it.nextLine())
   }

}</lang>

Lang5

For one-word commands: <lang Lang5>'ls system</lang> For multi-word commands: <lang Lang5>"ls -a" system</lang>

Lasso

<lang Lasso>local( path = file_forceroot, ls = sys_process('/bin/ls', (:'-l', #path)), lswait = #ls -> wait )

'

'
#ls -> read
'

'</lang>

total 16
drwxr-xr-x  8 _lasso  staff  272 Nov 10 08:13 mydir
-rw-r--r--  1 _lasso  staff   38 Oct 29 16:05 myfile.lasso
-rw-r--r--@ 1 _lasso  staff  175 Oct 29 18:18 rosetta.lasso

LFE

In the LFE REPL:

That will display output on a single line, with literal newlines.

For pretty output, compose with io:format:

<lang lisp> > (io:format (os:cmd "ls -alrt")) </lang>

Liberty BASIC

drive1$ = left$(Drives$,1)

run "cmd.exe /";drive1$;" dir & pause"

</lang>

Lingo

Library: Shell Xtra

<lang lingo>sx = xtra("Shell").new() if the platform contains "win" then

 put sx.shell_cmd("dir")

else

 put sx.shell_cmd("ls")

end if</lang>

Limbo

There is no equivalent to Unix's exec() in Inferno per se; commands are just modules that have at least an init() function with the correct signature, and are loaded the same way as any other module. (As a result, there's nothing in the language or OS that prevents a program from acting as both a command and a library except convention.)

This version passes its argument list through to ls:

<lang Limbo>implement Runls;

include "sys.m"; sys: Sys; include "draw.m"; include "sh.m";

Runls: module { init: fn(ctxt: ref Draw->Context, args: list of string); };

init(ctxt: ref Draw->Context, args: list of string) { sys = load Sys Sys->PATH; ls := load Command "/dis/ls.dis"; if(ls == nil) die("Couldn't load /dis/ls.dis"); ls->init(ctxt, "ls" :: tl args); }

die(s: string) { sys->fprint(sys->fildes(2), "runls: %s: %r", s); raise "fail:errors"; }</lang>

It's not strictly necessary to pass the graphics context to ls, but it is generally a good idea to do so when calling another program.

Locomotive Basic

The Amstrad CPC464 uses a ROM based basic interpreter, so every statement within the program is a system command. If a command without a line number is typed, whilst the computer is in a ready state, the command gets executed immediately. There is no pause command, so in this example, we use the list command (which exhibits totally different behaviour to a pause command):

Logo

Works with: UCB Logo

The lines of output of the SHELL command are returned as a list. <lang logo>print first butfirst shell [ls -a] ; ..</lang>

Logtalk

Using the standard library: <lang logtalk>os::shell('ls -a').</lang>

Lua

<lang lua>-- just executing the command os.execute("ls")

-- to execute and capture the output, use io.popen local f = io.popen("ls") -- store the output in a "file" print( f:read("*a") ) -- print out the "file"'s content</lang>

M4

<lang M4>syscmd(ifdef(`__windows__',`dir',`ls'))</lang>

Make

make can use system command in either definition of variables or in the targets

in definition

<lang make>contents=$(shell cat foo) curdir=`pwd`</lang>

in target

<lang make>mytarget:

  cat foo | grep mytext</lang>

Maple

<lang Maple>ssystem("dir");</lang>

Mathematica / Wolfram Language

MATLAB

To execute system commands in MATLAB, use the "system" keyword.

Sample Usage: <lang MATLAB>>> system('PAUSE')

Press any key to continue . . .

ans =

</lang>

Maxima

<lang>system("dir > list.txt")$</lang>

MAXScript

<lang maxscript>dosCommand "pause"</lang>

Mercury

<lang>

- module execute_sys_cmd.

- interface.

- import_module io.

- pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.

- implementation.

main(!IO) :-

  io.call_system("ls", _Result, !IO).

</lang>

min

Works with: min version 0.19.3

Modula-2

<lang modula2>MODULE tri;

FROM SYSTEM IMPORT ADR; FROM SysLib IMPORT system;

IMPORT TextIO, InOut, ASCII;

VAR fd : TextIO.File;

     ch                : CHAR;

PROCEDURE SystemCommand (VAR command : ARRAY OF CHAR) : BOOLEAN;

BEGIN

  IF  system (ADR (command) ) = 0  THEN
     RETURN TRUE
  ELSE
     RETURN FALSE
  END

END SystemCommand;

BEGIN

  IF  SystemCommand ("ls -1 tri.mod | ") = TRUE  THEN
     InOut.WriteString ("No error reported.")
  ELSE
     InOut.WriteString ("Error reported!")
  END;
  LOOP
     InOut.Read (ch);
     InOut.Write (ch);
     IF  ch < ' '  THEN  EXIT  END
  END;
  InOut.WriteLn;
  InOut.WriteBf

END tri.</lang>

Modula-3

This code requires the UNSAFE keyword because M3toC deals with C strings (which are pointers), and are implemented in Modula-3 as UNTRACED, meaning they are not garbage collected, which is why the code calls FreeCopiedS().

Also note the EVAL keyword, which ignores the return value of a function. <lang modula3>UNSAFE MODULE Exec EXPORTS Main;

IMPORT Unix, M3toC;

VAR command := M3toC.CopyTtoS("ls");

BEGIN

 EVAL Unix.system(command);
 M3toC.FreeCopiedS(command);

END Exec.</lang>

MUMPS

ANSI MUMPS doesn't allow access to the operating system except possibly through the View command and $View function, both of which are implementation specific. Intersystems' Caché does allow you to create processes with the $ZF function, and if the permissions for the Caché process allow it you can perform operating system commands.

In Caché on OpenVMS in an FILES-11 filesystem ODS-5 mode this could work: <lang MUMPS>Set X=$ZF(-1,"DIR")</lang>

In GT.M on OpenVMS, the following will work: <lang MUMPS>ZSY "DIR"</lang>

GT.M on UNIX is the same: <lang MUMPS>ZSY "ls"</lang>

Note: $ZF in GT.M is Unicode version of $F[ind].

Nanoquery

<lang Nanoquery>shell("ls")</lang>

NetRexx

Translation of: Java

<lang NetRexx>/* NetRexx */ options replace format comments java crossref symbols binary

import java.util.Scanner

runSample(arg) return

-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ method runSample(arg) private static

 parse arg command
 if command =  then command = 'ls -oa' -- for Windows change to: 'cmd /C dir'
 do
   say 'Executing command:' command
   jprocess = Runtime.getRunTime().exec(command)
   jscanner = Scanner(jprocess.getInputStream())
   loop label scanning while jscanner.hasNext()
     say jscanner.nextLine()
     end scanning
 catch ex = IOException
   ex.printStackTrace()
 end
 return

</lang>

NewLISP

Nim

<lang nim>import osproc

let exitCode = execCmd "ls" let (output, exitCode2) = execCmdEx "ls"</lang>

Objective-C

Works with: GCC

NSTask runs an external process with explicit path and arguments. <lang objc>void runls() {

   [[NSTask launchedTaskWithLaunchPath:@"/bin/ls"
       arguments:@[]] waitUntilExit];

}</lang> If you need to run a system command, invoke the shell: <lang objc>void runSystemCommand(NSString *cmd) {

   [[NSTask launchedTaskWithLaunchPath:@"/bin/sh"
       arguments:@[@"-c", cmd]]
       waitUntilExit];

}</lang> Complete usage example:

Works with: Cocoa

Works with: GNUstep

<lang objc>#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

void runSystemCommand(NSString *cmd) {

   [[NSTask launchedTaskWithLaunchPath:@"/bin/sh"
       arguments:@[@"-c", cmd]]
       waitUntilExit];

}

int main(int argc, const char **argv) {

   @autoreleasepool {

     runSystemCommand(@"ls");
   }
   return 0;

}</lang> Or use the C method above.

OCaml

Just run the command:

<lang ocaml>Sys.command "ls"</lang>

To capture the output of the command:

<lang ocaml>#load "unix.cma"

let syscall cmd =

 let ic, oc = Unix.open_process cmd in
 let buf = Buffer.create 16 in
 (try
    while true do
      Buffer.add_channel buf ic 1
    done
  with End_of_file -> ());
 let _ = Unix.close_process (ic, oc) in
 (Buffer.contents buf)

let listing = syscall "ls" ;;</lang>

a more complete version which also returns the contents from stderr, and checks the exit-status, and where the environment can be specified:

<lang ocaml>let check_exit_status = function

 | Unix.WEXITED 0 -> ()
 | Unix.WEXITED r -> Printf.eprintf "warning: the process terminated with exit code (%d)\n%!" r
 | Unix.WSIGNALED n -> Printf.eprintf "warning: the process was killed by a signal (number: %d)\n%!" n
 | Unix.WSTOPPED n -> Printf.eprintf "warning: the process was stopped by a signal (number: %d)\n%!" n

let syscall ?(env=[| |]) cmd =

 let ic, oc, ec = Unix.open_process_full cmd env in
 let buf1 = Buffer.create 96
 and buf2 = Buffer.create 48 in
 (try
    while true do Buffer.add_channel buf1 ic 1 done
  with End_of_file -> ());
 (try
    while true do Buffer.add_channel buf2 ec 1 done
  with End_of_file -> ());
 let exit_status = Unix.close_process_full (ic, oc, ec) in
 check_exit_status exit_status;
 (Buffer.contents buf1,
  Buffer.contents buf2)</lang>

val syscall : ?env:string array -> string -> string * string

Octave

<lang octave>system("ls");</lang>

Oforth

<lang Oforth>System cmd("pause")</lang>

Oz

<lang oz>{OS.system "ls" _}</lang>

A more sophisticated example can be found here.

PARI/GP

<lang parigp>system("ls")</lang>

Pascal

Works with: Free_Pascal

Library: SysUtils

<lang pascal>Program ExecuteSystemCommand;

uses

 SysUtils;

begin

 ExecuteProcess('/bin/ls', '-alh');

end.</lang>

Perl

<lang perl>my @results = qx(ls); # run command and return STDOUT as a string

my @results = `ls`; # same, alternative syntax

system "ls"; # run command and return exit status; STDOUT of command goes program STDOUT

print `ls`; # same, but with back quotes

exec "ls"; # replace current process with another</lang>

Perl 6

<lang perl6>run "ls" orelse .die; # output to stdout

my @ls = qx/ls/; # output to variable

my $cmd = 'ls'; @ls = qqx/$cmd/; # same thing with interpolation</lang>

PDP-11 Assembly

PDP-11 running Unix <lang pdp-11>; Execute a file - the equivalent of system() in stdio


On entry, r1=>nul-terminated command string
On exit, VS=Couldn't fork
VC=Forked successfully, r0=return value

.CLIsystem trap 2 ; fork() br CLIchild ; Child process returns here bcc CLIparent ; Parent process returns here mov (sp)+,r1 tst (sp)+ sev ; Couldn't fork, set V rts pc .CLIparent mov r0,-(sp) ; Save child's PID .CLIwait trap 7 ; wait() cmp r0,(sp) beq CLIfinished cmp r0,#&FFFF bne CLIwait ; Loop until child finished .CLIfinished tst (sp)+ ; Drop child's PID mov r1,r0 ; R0=return value mov (sp)+,r1 ; Restore R1 tst (sp)+ ; Drop original R0 swab r0 ; Move return value to bottom byte rts pc

CLI child process
-----------------

.CLIchild clr -(sp) ; end of string array mov r1,-(sp) ; => command string mov #UXsh3,-(sp) ; => "-c" mov #UXsh2,-(sp) ; => "sh" mov #&890B,TRAP_BUF ; exec mov #UXsh1,TRAP_BUF+2 ; => "/bin/sh" mov sp,TRAP_BUF+4 ; => pointers to command strings

mov SV_ENVPTR,TRAP_BUF+6 ; => "PATH=etc"

trap 0 ; indir() EQUW TRAP_BUF ; exec(shell, parameters) add #8,sp ; If we get back, we didn't fork, we spawned mov (sp)+,r1 ; So, restore registers clr (sp)+ ; and return exit value in R0 rts pc

.UXsh1 EQUS "/bin/sh",0 .UXsh2 EQUS "sh",0 .UXsh3 EQUS "-c",0 ALIGN

.TRAP_BUF EQUW 0 EQUW 0 EQUW 0 EQUW 0</lang> So, call with, for example: <lang pdp-11>mov #cmd_ls,r1 ; => "ls" command string jsr pc,CLIsystem ... .cmd_ls EQUS "ls",0</lang>

Phix

<lang Phix>string cmd = iff(platform()=WINDOWS?"dir":"ls") system(cmd) integer res = system_exec("pause",4)</lang> system_exec allows you to specify whether you want a command shell or not, and whether to wait for a result. In the case of pause, the 4 signifies that we need a shell and we want to wait for it to complete.

PHP

The first line execute the command and the second line display the output: <lang php>@exec($command,$output); echo nl2br($output);</lang> Note:The '@' is here to prevent error messages to be displayed, 'nl2br' translate '\n' chars to 'br' in HTML.

Other: <lang php>$results = `ls`;

runs command and returns its STDOUT as a string

system("ls");

runs command and returns its exit status; its STDOUT gets output to our STDOUT

echo `ls`;

the same, but with back quotes

passthru("ls");

like system() but binary-safe</lang>

PicoLisp

Pike

<lang pike>int main(){

  // Process.run was added in Pike 7.8 as a wrapper to simplify the use of Process.create_process()
  mapping response = Process.run("ls -l");
  // response is now a map containing 3 fields
  // stderr, stdout, and exitcode. We want stdout.
  write(response["stdout"] + "\n");

  // with older versions of pike it's a bit more complicated:
  Stdio.File stdout = Stdio.File();
  Process.create_process(({"ls", "-l"}), ([ "stdout" : stdout->pipe() ]) );
  write(stdout->read() + "\n");

}</lang>

Pop11

The sysobey function runs commands using a shell:

<lang pop11>sysobey('ls');</lang>

PowerShell

Since PowerShell is a shell, running commands is the default operation. <lang powershell>dir ls Get-ChildItem</lang> are all equivalent (the first two are aliases for the third) but they are PowerShell-native commands. If one really needs to execute dir (which is no program but rather a built-in command in cmd.exe) this can be achieved by <lang powershell>cmd /c dir</lang>

Prolog

Works with: SWI Prolog

Works with: GNU Prolog

<lang prolog>shell('ls').</lang>

PureBasic

<lang PureBasic>ImportC "msvcrt.lib"

 system(str.p-ascii)

EndImport

If OpenConsole()

 system("dir & pause")
 
 Print(#CRLF$ + #CRLF$ + "Press ENTER to exit")
 Input()
 CloseConsole()

EndIf</lang>

Python

<lang python>import os exit_code = os.system('ls') # Just execute the command, return a success/fail code output = os.popen('ls').read() # If you want to get the output data. Deprecated.</lang> or

Works with: Python version 2.7 (and above)

<lang python>import subprocess

if the exit code was non-zero these commands raise a CalledProcessError

exit_code = subprocess.check_call(['ls', '-l']) # Python 2.5+ assert exit_code == 0 output = subprocess.check_output(['ls', '-l']) # Python 2.7+</lang>

or

Works with: Python version 2.4 (and above)

<lang python>from subprocess import PIPE, Popen, STDOUT p = Popen('ls', stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT) print p.communicate()[0]</lang>

Note: The latter is the preferred method for calling external processes, although cumbersome, it gives you finer control over the process.

or

Works with: Python version 2.2 (and above)

<lang python>import commands stat, out = commands.getstatusoutput('ls') if not stat:

   print out</lang>

R

<lang R>system("ls") output=system("ls",intern=TRUE)</lang>

Racket

lang racket

simple execution of a shell command

(system "ls")

capture output

(string-split (with-output-to-string (λ() (system "ls"))) "\n")

Warning

passing random string to be run in a shell is a bad idea!
much safer: avoids shell parsing, arguments passed separately

(system* "/bin/ls" "-l")

avoid specifying the executable path

(system* (find-executable-path "/bin/ls") "-l") </lang>

Raven

Back tick string is auto executed:

<lang raven>`ls -la` as listing</lang>

Or specifically on any string:

<lang raven>'ls -la' shell as listing</lang>

REBOL

<lang REBOL>; Capture output to string variable:

x: "" call/output "dir" x print x

The 'console' refinement displays the command output on the REBOL command line.

call/console "dir *.r" call/console "ls *.r"

call/console "pause"

The 'shell' refinement may be necessary to launch some programs.

call/shell "notepad.exe"</lang>

Red

<lang red> call/show %pause ;The /show refinement forces the display of system's shell window (Windows only). call/show %dir call/show %notepad.exe</lang>

REXX

Since REXX is a shell scripting language, it's easy to execute commands: <lang REXX>"dir /a:d"</lang>

Ring

<lang ring> system("dir") </lang>

Ruby

<lang ruby>string = `ls`

runs command and returns its STDOUT as a string

string = %x{ls}

ditto, alternative syntax

system "ls"

runs command and returns its exit status; its STDOUT gets output to our STDOUT

print `ls`

The same, but with back quotes

exec "ls"

replace current process with another

call system command and read output asynchronously

io = IO.popen('ls')

... later

io.each {|line| puts line}</lang>

Run BASIC

<lang runbasic>print shell$("ls") ' prints the returned data from the OS a$ = shell$("ls") ' holds returned data in a$</lang>

Rust

<lang rust>use std::process::Command; fn main() {

   let output = Command::new("ls").output().unwrap_or_else(|e| {
       panic!("failed to execute process: {}", e)
   });
   println!("{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout));

} </lang>

Scala

<lang scala>import scala.sys.process.Process Process("ls", Seq("-oa"))!</lang>

Scheme

Works with: Guile

Works with: Chicken Scheme

<lang scheme>(system "ls")</lang>

Seed7

System commands can make a program unportable. Unix, Linux and BSD use the command ls, while Windows respectively DOS use the command dir. The format written by ls respectively dir depends on operating system and locale. The library osfiles.s7i defines the function readDir, which reads the contents of a directory in a portable way. ReadDir works independend from operating system and locale and supports also Unicode filenames. Anyway, the task was to use a system command, so here is the example:

<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";

 include "shell.s7i";

const proc: main is func

 begin
   cmd_sh("ls");
 end func;</lang>

SETL

<lang SETL>system("ls");</lang>

Sidef

<lang ruby># Pipe in read-only mode %p(ls).open_r.each { |line|

   print line;

};

var str1 = `ls`; # backtick: returns a string var str2 = %x(ls); # ditto, alternative syntax

Sys.system('ls'); # system: executes a command and prints the result Sys.exec('ls'); # replaces current process with another</lang>

Slate

Run a command normally through the shell:

<lang slate>Platform run: 'ls'.</lang>

Run a command (this way takes advantage of the 'does not understand' message for the shell object and calls the Platform run: command above with a specific command):

<lang slate>shell ls: '*.slate'.</lang>

Smalltalk

<lang smalltalk>Smalltalk system: 'ls'.</lang>

Standard ML

Just run the command:

<lang sml>OS.Process.system "ls"</lang>

SQL PL

Works with: Db2 LUW

In Linux or UNIX: <lang sql pl> !ls </lang> Output:

db2 => !ls
adm	  ctrlhamirror	    fm.ip-10-0-0-85.reg  lib64	    profile.env  security64
adsm	  dasfcn	    function		 log	    python32	 spmlog
backup	  db2cshrc	    gskit		 map	    python64	 sqldbdir
bin	  db2dump	    hmonCache		 misc	    rdf		 tmp
bnd	  db2nodes.cfg	    include		 msg	    Readme	 tools
cfg	  db2profile	    infopop		 nodes	    ruby32	 uif
cfgcache  db2systm	    java		 nodes.reg  ruby64	 usercshrc
conv	  doc		    json		 pd	    samples	 userprofile
ctrl	  fm.db2-1.reg	    lib			 php32	    security
ctrlha	  fm.db2-model.reg  lib32		 php64	    security32

In Windows: <lang sql pl> !dir </lang>

Stata

Stata has a built-in dir command. However, it's also possible to run arbitrary external programs using the shell or winexec commands.

The command ! (or equivalently shell), opens a Windows console to run the command, while winexec does not.

<lang stata>!dir

print a message and wait

!echo Ars Longa Vita Brevis & pause

load Excel from Stata

!start excel

run a Python program (Python must be installed and accessible in the PATH environment variable)

!python preprocessing.py

load Windows Notepad

winexec notepad</lang>

Tcl

This page uses "ls" as the primary example. For what it's worth, Tcl has built-in primitives for retrieving lists of files so one would rarely ever directly exec an ls command.

It is also possible to execute a system command by "open"ing it through a pipe from whence any output of the command can be read at any (later) time. For example:

would execute "ls" and pipe the result into the channel whose name is put in the "io" variable. From there one could receive it either line by line like this:

<lang tcl>set nextline [gets $io]</lang>

or read the whole shebang in a fell swoop:

<lang tcl>set lsoutput [read $io]</lang>

If the command is opened "rw", it is even possible to send it user input through the same handle, though care must be taken with buffering in that case.

Toka

<lang toka>needs shell " ls" system</lang>

TUSCRIPT

<lang tuscript> $$ MODE TUSCRIPT system=SYSTEM () IF (system=="WIN") THEN EXECUTE "dir" ELSEIF (system.sw."LIN") THEN EXECUTE "ls -l" ENDIF </lang>

UNIX Shell

UNIX shells are designed to run system commands as a default operation. <lang bash>ls</lang>

If one wishes to replace the shell process with some other command (chain into some command with no return) one can use the exec shell built-in command.

Command substitution

One can also capture the command's standard output in a variable.

With Bourne Shell: <lang bash>output=`ls`</lang>

With Korn Shell or any modern shell: <lang bash>output=$(ls)</lang>

Note 1: in `ls`, these are "backticks" rather than quotes or apostrophes.
Note 2: the $(...) form works in all modern shells, including the Almquist Shell, Bash and any POSIX shell.
The old `backticks` can also be used in the newer shells, but their users prefer the $(...) form when discussing such things in e-mail, on USENET, or in other online forums (such as this wiki). The only reason to use `backticks` is in scripts for old Bourne Shell.

The `...` form is difficult to nest, but the $(...) form is very nestable.

<lang bash>output=`expr \`echo hi | wc -c\` - 1` output=$(expr $(echo hi | wc -c) - 1)</lang>

Both forms, `backticks` and $(...), also work inside double-quoted strings. This prevents file name expansion and also prevents word splitting.

<lang bash>echo "Found: `grep 80/tcp /etc/services`" echo "Found: $(grep 80/tcp /etc/services)"</lang>

C Shell

C Shell also runs system commands, and has an exec built-in command, exactly like Bourne Shell.

<lang csh>ls # run command, return to shell exec ls # replace shell with command</lang>

`Backticks` are slightly different. When inside double quotes, as "`...`", C Shell splits words at newlines, like "line 1" "line 2" ..., but preserves spaces and tabs.

<lang csh>set output=( "`grep 80/ /etc/services`" ) echo "Line 1: $output[1]" echo "Line 2: $output[2]"</lang>

Ursa

<lang ursa>decl string<> arg decl string<> output decl iodevice iod

append "ls" arg set iod (ursa.util.process.start arg) set output (iod.readlines)

for (decl int i) (< i (size output)) (inc i)

       out output endl console

end for</lang>
Ursala
The library function, ask, parameterized by a shell descriptor, such as bash, spawns a process that interacts with that shell by feeding it a list of commands, and returns a transcript of the interaction.
Note that the output from the spawned process is captured and returned only, not sent to the standard output stream of the parent.
Here is a self-contained command line application providing a limited replacement for the ls command. <lang Ursala>#import std
import cli
executable ('parameterized',)
myls = <.file$[contents: --<>]>@hm+ (ask bash)/0+ -[ls --color=no]-!</lang> The color option is needed to suppress terminal escape sequences.
VBScript
<lang vb> Set objShell = CreateObject("WScript.Shell") objShell.Run "%comspec% /K dir",3,True </lang>
Vedit macro language
<lang vedit>system("dir", DOS)</lang>
The above does not work on 64-bit Windows versions which do not have 16-bit DOS emulation. In this case, you need to call cmd.exe explicitly:
<lang vedit>system('cmd /k "dir"')</lang>
Visual Basic
Shelling out a sub task in Visual Basic is rather a pain if you need to wait for the task to complete, which is probably the usual case. But it is possible. <lang vb>Attribute VB_Name = "mdlShellAndWait" Option Explicit
Private Declare Function OpenProcess Lib "kernel32" _
(ByVal dwDesiredAccess As Long, ByVal bInheritHandle As Long, _ ByVal dwProcessId As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function GetExitCodeProcess Lib "kernel32" _
(ByVal hProcess As Long, lpExitCode As Long) As Long
Private Const STATUS_PENDING = &H103& Private Const PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION = &H400
' ' Little function go get exit code given processId ' Function ProcessIsRunning( processId as Long ) as Boolean
Dim exitCode as Long Call GetExitCodeProcess(lProcessId, exitCode) ProcessIsRunning = (exitCode = STATUS_PENDING)
End Function
' Spawn subprocess and wait for it to complete. ' I believe that the command in the command line must be an exe or a bat file. ' Maybe, however, it can reference any file the system knows how to "Open" ' ' commandLine is an executable. ' expectedDuration - is for poping up a dialog for whatever ' infoText - text for progressDialog dialog
Public Function ShellAndWait( commandLine As String, _
expectedDuration As Integer ) As Boolean Dim inst As Long Dim startTime As Long Dim expirationTime As Long Dim pid As Long Dim expiresSameDay As Boolean On Error GoTo HandleError
'Deal with timeout being reset at Midnight ($hitForBrains VB folks) startTime = CLng(Timer) expirationTime = startTime + expectedDuration expiresSameDay = expirationTime < 86400 If Not expiresSameDay Then expirationTime = expirationTime - 86400 End If
inst = Shell(commandLine, vbMinimizedNoFocus) If inst <> 0 Then pid = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, False, inst)
Do While ProcessIsRunning( pid) DoEvents If Timer > expirationTime And (expiresSameDay Or Timer < startTime) Then Exit Do End If Loop ShellAndWait = True Else MsgBox ("Couldn't execute command: " & commandLine) ShellAndWait = False End If Exit Function
HandleError:
MsgBox ("Couldn't execute command: " & commandLine) ShellAndWait = False
End Function
Sub SpawnDir()
ShellAndWait("dir", 10)
End Sub</lang>
Visual Basic .NET
Works with: Visual Basic .NET version 9.0+
<lang vbnet>Module System_Command
Sub Main() Dim cmd As New Process cmd.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe" cmd.StartInfo.RedirectStandardInput = True cmd.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = True cmd.StartInfo.CreateNoWindow = True cmd.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = False
cmd.Start()
cmd.StandardInput.WriteLine("dir") cmd.StandardInput.Flush() cmd.StandardInput.Close()
Console.WriteLine(cmd.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd) End Sub
End Module </lang>
Wart
<lang wart>system "ls"</lang>
zkl
<lang zkl>System.cmd(System.isWindows and "dir" or "ls")</lang>
ZX Spectrum Basic
The ZX Spectrum uses a ROM based basic interpreter, so every statement within the program is a system command. If a command without a line number is typed, whilst the computer is in a ready state, the command gets executed immediately:
<lang zxbasic>PAUSE 100</lang>

@@ Line 1,216: / Line 1,216: @@
 <lang MUMPS>ZSY "ls"</lang></p>
 <p>Note: $ZF in GT.M is Unicode version of $F[ind].</p>
+=={{header|Nanoquery}}==
+<lang Nanoquery>shell("ls")</lang>
 =={{header|NetRexx}}==