Window creation: Difference between revisions
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<lang amigabasic>WINDOW 2,"New Window"</lang> |
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Revision as of 18:46, 19 November 2020
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Display a GUI window. The window need not have any contents, but should respond to requests to be closed.
Ada
<lang ada>with Gtk.Window; use Gtk.Window; with Gtk.Widget; use Gtk.Widget;
with Gtk.Handlers; with Gtk.Main;
procedure Windowed_Application is
Window : Gtk_Window;
package Handlers is new Gtk.Handlers.Callback (Gtk_Widget_Record);
package Return_Handlers is
new Gtk.Handlers.Return_Callback (Gtk_Widget_Record, Boolean);
function Delete_Event (Widget : access Gtk_Widget_Record'Class)
return Boolean is
begin
return False;
end Delete_Event;
procedure Destroy (Widget : access Gtk_Widget_Record'Class) is
begin
Gtk.Main.Main_Quit;
end Destroy;
begin
Gtk.Main.Init;
Gtk.Window.Gtk_New (Window);
Return_Handlers.Connect
( Window,
"delete_event",
Return_Handlers.To_Marshaller (Delete_Event'Access)
);
Handlers.Connect
( Window,
"destroy",
Handlers.To_Marshaller (Destroy'Access)
);
Show (Window);
Gtk.Main.Main;
end Windowed_Application;</lang>
ALGOL 68
Compile command: ca -l gtk-3 -l gdk-3 -l atk-1.0 -l gio-2.0 -l pangocairo-1.0 -l gdk_pixbuf-2.0 -l cairo-gobject -l pango-1.0 -l cairo -l gobject-2.0 -l glib-2.0 firstgtk.a68 <lang algol68>PROGRAM firstgtk CONTEXT VOID USE standard BEGIN MODE GDATA = REF BITS; MODE GUINT = BITS; MODE GSIZE = BITS; MODE GTYPE = GSIZE; MODE GTYPECLASS = STRUCT(GTYPE g type); MODE GTYPEINSTANCE = STRUCT(REF GTYPECLASS g class); MODE GTKWIDGETPRIVATE = REF BITS;
MODE GOBJECT = STRUCT(
GTYPEINSTANCE g type instance,
GUINT ref count,
REF GDATA qdata);
MODE GTKWIDGET = STRUCT(
GOBJECT parent instance,
REF GTKWIDGETPRIVATE priv);
PROC(REF INT,REF CCHARPTRPTR)VOID gtk init = ALIEN "GTK_INIT"
"#define GTK_INIT(argc,argv) gtk_init(argc,argv)";
PROC(INT)REF GTKWIDGET gtk window new = ALIEN "GTK_WINDOW_NEW"
"#define GTK_WINDOW_NEW(type) (void *)gtk_window_new(type)";
PROC(REF GTKWIDGET)VOID gtk widget show = ALIEN "GTK_WIDGET_SHOW"
"#define GTK_WIDGET_SHOW(widget) gtk_widget_show((void *)widget)";
PROC gtk main = VOID: CODE "gtk_main();";
INT gtk window toplevel = 0; FILE argf; REF GTKWIDGET window;
open(argf,"",arg channel); gtk init(argc,argv); window:=gtk window new(gtk window toplevel); gtk widget show(window); gtk main END FINISH</lang>
AmigaBASIC
<lang amigabasic>WINDOW 2,"New Window"</lang>
Arturo
<lang arturo>use ~gui
window @mainWindow #{ :title "Hello World" :size #(300 300) }
app @main "TestWindow" mainWindow #{} main.run</lang>
AurelBasic
<lang AurelBasic>WIN 0 0 400 300 "New Window"</lang>
AutoHotkey
<lang AutoHotkey>Gui, Add, Text,, Hello Gui, Show</lang>
AutoIt
<lang AutoIt>GUICreate("Test") GUISetState(@SW_SHOW)
Do Switch GUIGetMsg() Case -3 ; $GUI_EVENT_CLOSE Exit EndSwitch Until False</lang>
BaCon
BaCon includes a Highlevel Universal GUI abstraction layer (HUG). The implementation is based on GTK.
<lang freebasic>REM empty window INCLUDE "hug.bac"
mainwin = WINDOW("Rosetta Code empty", 400, 300)
REM start gtk event loop... DISPLAY</lang>
BBC BASIC
<lang bbcbasic> INSTALL @lib$+"WINLIB2"
dlg% = FN_newdialog("GUI Window", 0, 0, 200, 150, 8, 1000)
PROC_showdialog(dlg%)</lang>
C
SDL
Compile Command: gcc `sdl-config --cflags` `sdl-config --libs` SDL_Window.c -o window <lang c>/*
* Opens an 800x600 16bit color window. * Done here with ANSI C. */
- include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include "SDL.h"
int main() {
SDL_Surface *screen;
if (SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO) != 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to initialize SDL: %s\n", SDL_GetError());
return 1;
}
atexit(SDL_Quit);
screen = SDL_SetVideoMode( 800, 600, 16, SDL_SWSURFACE | SDL_HWPALETTE );
return 0;
}</lang>
GTK
Compile command: gcc `gtk-config --cflags` `gtk-config --libs` -o window window.c
<lang c>#include <gtk/gtk.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
GtkWidget *window;
gtk_init(&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); gtk_signal_connect(GTK_OBJECT(window), "destroy", GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC(gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_widget_show(window); gtk_main();
return 0;
}</lang>
GTK2
Compile command: gcc -Wall -pedantic `pkg-config --cflags gtk+-2.0` `pkg-config --libs gtk+-2.0` -o window window.c
<lang c>#include <gtk/gtk.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
GtkWidget *window;
gtk_init(&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); g_signal_connect (window, "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_widget_show(window); gtk_main();
return 0;
}</lang>
GLUT
Compile command: gcc -I /usr/include/ -lglut -o window window_glut.c
Note that we aren't registering a painting or drawing callback, so the window will be created with nothing drawn in it. This is almost certain to lead to a strange appearance; On many systems, dragging the window around will appear to drag a copy of what was underneath where the window was when it was originally created.
We are registering a keypress callback, which isn't strictly necessary; It simply allows us to use a keypress to close the program rather than depending on the windowing system the program is run under.
<lang c>// A C+GLUT implementation of the Creating a Window task at Rosetta Code // http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Creating_a_Window
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <GL/glut.h>
// This function is not strictly necessary to meet the requirements of the task. void onKeyPress(unsigned char key, int x, int y) { // If you have any cleanup or such, you need to use C's // onexit routine for registering cleanup callbacks. exit(0);
}
int main(int argc, char **argv) { // Pulls out any command-line arguments that are specific to GLUT, // And leaves a command-line argument set without any of those arguments // when it returns. // (If you want a copy, take a copy first.) glutInit(&argc, argv);
// Tell GLUT we want to create a window. // It won't *actually* be created until we call glutMainLoop below. glutCreateWindow("Goodbye, World!");
// Register a callback to handle key press events (so we can quit on // when someone hits a key) This part is not necessary to meet the // requirements of the task. glutKeyboardFunc(&onKeyPress);
// Put the execution of the app in glut's hands. Most GUI environments // involve a message loop that communicate window events. GLUT handles // most of these with defaults, except for any we register callbacks // for. (Like the onKeyPress above.) glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
</lang>
C#
<lang csharp>using System; using System.Windows.Forms;
public class Window {
[STAThread]
static void Main() {
Form form = new Form();
form.Text = "Window";
form.Disposed += delegate { Application.Exit(); };
form.Show();
Application.Run();
}
}</lang>
C++
Compiler command: qmake -pro; qmake
<lang cpp>#include <QApplication>
- include <QMainWindow>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
QApplication app(argc, argv); QMainWindow window; window.show(); return app.exec();
}</lang>
Compiler command: g++ filename.cc -o test `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtkmm-2.4`
<lang cpp>#include <iostream>
- include <gtkmm.h>
int main( int argc, char* argv[] ) {
try
{
Gtk::Main m( argc, argv ) ;
Gtk::Window win ;
m.run( win ) ;
}
catch( std::exception const & exc )
{
std::cout << exc.what() << std::endl ;
exit( -1 ) ;
}
exit( 0 ) ;
}</lang>
Clojure
<lang clojure>(import '(javax.swing JFrame))
(let [frame (JFrame. "A Window")] (doto frame (.setSize 600 800) (.setVisible true)))</lang>
Common Lisp
<lang lisp>(capi:display (make-instance 'capi:interface :title "A Window"))</lang>
Setting up the environment:
<lang lisp>(require :mcclim) (cl:defpackage #:rc-window
(:use #:clim-lisp #:clim))
(cl:in-package #:rc-window)</lang>
The actual definition and display:
<lang lisp>(define-application-frame rc-window ()
() (:layouts (:default)))
(run-frame-top-level (make-application-frame 'rc-window))</lang>
Note: This creates a small, useless window ("frame"). Useful frames will have some panes defined inside them.
Works with the Armed Bear Common Lisp implementation that targets the JVM.
<lang lisp>(defun create-window ()
"Creates a window" (let ((window (jnew (jconstructor "javax.swing.JFrame"))))
(jcall (jmethod "javax.swing.JFrame" "setVisible" "boolean") window (make-immediate-object t :boolean))))
(create-window)</lang>
D
<lang d> module Window;
import fltk4d.all;
void main() {
auto window = new Window(300, 300, "A window");
window.show;
FLTK.run;
}</lang>
<lang d> import derelict.sdl.sdl;
int main(char[][] args)
{
DerelictSDL.load();
SDL_Event event;
auto done = false;
SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO);
scope(exit) SDL_Quit();
SDL_SetVideoMode(1024, 768, 0, SDL_OPENGL);
SDL_WM_SetCaption("My first Window", "SDL test");
while (!done)
{
if (SDL_PollEvent(&event) == 1)
{
switch (event.type)
{
case SDL_QUIT:
done = true;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
return 0;
}</lang>
QD is a simple and easy-to-use wrapper around SDL. <lang d> import qd;
void main() {
screen(640, 480);
while (true) events();
}</lang>
Delphi
This first example is a minimalist approach using Delphi's standard Window (form) creation procedure. In Delphi 7, this will create a single Window executable of 362KB.
<lang Delphi>
// The project file (Project1.dpr) program Project1;
uses
Forms,
// Include file with Window class declaration (see below)
Unit0 in 'Unit1.pas' {Form1};
{$R *.res}
begin
Application.Initialize; Application.CreateForm(TForm1, Form1); Application.Run;
end.
// The Window class declaration
unit Unit1;
interface
uses
Forms;
type
TForm1 = class(TForm) end;
var
Form1: TForm1;
implementation
{$R *.dfm} // The window definition resource (see below)
end.
// A textual rendition of the Window (form) definition file (Unit1.dfm) object Form1: TForm1
Left = 469 Top = 142 Width = 800 Height = 600 Caption = 'Form1' Color = clBtnFace Font.Charset = DEFAULT_CHARSET Font.Color = clWindowText Font.Height = -11 Font.Name = 'MS Shell Dlg 2' Font.Style = [] OldCreateOrder = False Position = poScreenCenter PixelsPerInch = 96 TextHeight = 13
end
</lang>
This second example demonstrates a 'pure' Windows API approach (i.e. NOT using the Delphi Visual Component Library). In Delphi 7, this will create a single Window executable of 15KB.
<lang Delphi> program Project3;
uses
Windows, Messages;
var
WndClass: TWndClass; Msg: TMsg; winT, winL: Integer;
// Initial height/width of the window const
winW: Integer = 800; winH: Integer = 600;
// Callback function to processes messages sent to the window function WindowProc(hWnd,Msg,wParam,lParam:Integer): Integer; stdcall; begin
// Trap the WM_DESTROY message if (Msg = WM_DESTROY) then PostQuitMessage(0); Result := DefWindowProc(hWnd,Msg,wParam,lParam);
end;
begin
// Fill the WndClass structure with the window class attributes
// to be registered by the RegisterClass function
with WndClass do
begin
lpszClassName:= 'Form1';
lpfnWndProc := @WindowProc; // Pointer to our message handling callback
style := CS_OWNDC or // Request a unique device context
CS_VREDRAW or // Redraw window when resized vertically
CS_HREDRAW; // Redraw window when resized horizontally
hInstance := hInstance; // The instance that the window procedure of this class is within
hbrBackground := HBRUSH(COLOR_BTNFACE+1); // Background colour of the window
end;
// Register the window class for use by CreateWindow RegisterClass(WndClass);
// Calculate initial top and left positions of the window winT := (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYFULLSCREEN) - winH) div 2; winL := (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXFULLSCREEN) - winW) div 2;
// Create the window
CreateWindow(WndClass.lpszClassName, // Class name
'Form1', // Window name
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW or WS_VISIBLE, // Window style
winL, // Horizontal Position (Left)
winT, // Vertical Position (Top)
winW, // Width
winH, // Height
0, // Window parent/owner handle
0, // Menu handle
hInstance, // Handle to application instance
nil); // Pointer to window creation data
// Handle messages while GetMessage(Msg,0,0,0) do DispatchMessage(Msg);
end. </lang>
Dragon
<lang dragon>select "GUI"
window = newWindow("Window") window.setSize(400,600) window.setVisible()
</lang>
E
Swing
when (currentVat.morphInto("awt")) -> {
def w := <swing:makeJFrame>("Window")
w.setContentPane(<swing:makeJLabel>("Contents"))
w.pack()
w.show()
}
Eiffel
Platform independent EiffelVision 2 Library
<lang eiffel >class
APPLICATION
inherit
EV_APPLICATION
create
make_and_launch
feature {NONE} -- Initialization
make_and_launch
-- Initialize and launch application
do
default_create
create first_window
first_window.show
launch
end
feature {NONE} -- Implementation
first_window: MAIN_WINDOW
-- Main window.
end</lang>
<lang eiffel >class
MAIN_WINDOW
inherit
EV_TITLED_WINDOW
redefine
initialize
end
create
default_create
feature {NONE} -- Initialization
initialize
-- Build the interface for this window.
do
-- Call initialize in parent class EV_TITLED_WINDOW
Precursor {EV_TITLED_WINDOW}
-- Build a container for widgets for this window
build_main_container
-- Add the container to this window
extend (main_container)
-- Add `request_close_window' to the actions taken when the user clicks
-- on the cross in the title bar.
close_request_actions.extend (agent request_close_window)
-- Set the title of the window
set_title ("Rosetta Code")
-- Set the initial size of the window
set_size (400, 400)
end
feature {NONE} -- Implementation, Close event
request_close_window
-- The user wants to close the window
do
-- Destroy this window
destroy;
-- Destroy application
(create {EV_ENVIRONMENT}).application.destroy
end
feature {NONE} -- Implementation
main_container: EV_VERTICAL_BOX
-- Main container contains all widgets displayed in this window.
-- In this case a single text area.
build_main_container
-- Create and populate `main_container'.
require
main_container_not_yet_created: main_container = Void
do
create main_container
main_container.extend (create {EV_TEXT})
ensure
main_container_created: main_container /= Void
end
end</lang>
<lang eiffel >class
APPLICATION
inherit
WINFORMS_FORM
rename
make as make_form
end
create
make
feature {NONE} -- Initialization
make
-- Run application.
do
-- Set window title
set_text ("Rosetta Code")
-- Launch application
{WINFORMS_APPLICATION}.run_form (Current)
end
end</lang>
Emacs Lisp
<lang lisp> (make-frame) </lang>
Euphoria
ARWEN
<lang euphoria>include arwen.ew
constant win = create(Window, "ARWEN window", 0, 0,100,100,640,480,{0,0})
WinMain(win, SW_NORMAL) </lang>
EuGTK
<lang euphoria>include GtkEngine.e
constant win = create(GtkWindow) connect(win,"destroy",quit) set(win,"title","Simple Window") set(win,"default size",300,100) set(win,"position",GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER)
show_all(win) main()</lang>
EuWinGUI
<lang euphoria>include EuWinGUI.ew
Window("EuWinGUI window",100,100,640,480)
-- Event loop while True do
WaitEvent()
end while
CloseApp(0)</lang>
Win32Lib
<lang euphoria>include Win32Lib.ew
constant win = createEx( Window, "Win32Lib", 0, Default, Default, 640, 480, 0, 0 )
WinMain( win, Normal )</lang>
wxEuphoria
<lang euphoria>include wxeu/wxeud.e
constant win = create( wxFrame, {0, -1, "wxEuphoria window", -1, -1, 640, 480} )
wxMain( win )</lang>
F#
Everything is provided by the .NET runtime so this is almost identical to C_sharp.
<lang fsharp> open System.Windows.Forms
[<System.STAThread>]
do
Form(Text = "F# Window")
|> Application.Run</lang>
Factor
<lang factor>USING: ui ui.gadgets.labels ;
"This is a window..." <label> "Really?" open-window</lang>
Fantom
<lang fantom> using fwt
class Main {
public static Void main ()
{
Window().open
}
} </lang>
Forth
gtk-server command: gtk-server -fifo=ffl-fifo &
<lang forth>include ffl/gsv.fs
\ Open the connection to the gtk-server and load the Gtk2 definitions s" gtk-server.cfg" s" ffl-fifo" gsv+open 0= [IF]
\ Convert the string event to a widget id
- event>widget
0. 2swap >number 2drop d>s
0 value window
- window-creation
gtk_init
\ Create the window GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL gtk_window_new to window
window gtk_widget_show
\ Wait for an event BEGIN s" WAIT" gtk_server_callback event>widget window = UNTIL
0 gtk_exit
window-creation
gsv+close drop [THEN]</lang>
FreeBASIC
<lang FreeBasic>
- Include "windows.bi"
Dim As HWND Window_Main Dim As MSG msg
'Create the window: Window_Main = CreateWindow("#32770", "I am a window - close me!", WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW Or WS_VISIBLE, 100, 100, 350, 200, 0, 0, 0, 0)
'Windows message loop: While GetMessage(@msg, Window_Main, 0, 0)
TranslateMessage(@msg) DispatchMessage(@msg) If msg.hwnd = Window_Main And msg.message = WM_COMMAND Then End
Wend
End </lang>
Frink
<lang frink> g=(new graphics).show[] </lang>
Gambas
<lang gambas>Public Sub Form_Open()
End</lang>
Go
GTK
<lang go>package main
import (
"github.com/mattn/go-gtk/glib" "github.com/mattn/go-gtk/gtk"
)
func main() {
gtk.Init(nil)
window := gtk.NewWindow(gtk.WINDOW_TOPLEVEL)
window.Connect("destroy",
func(*glib.CallbackContext) { gtk.MainQuit() }, "")
window.Show()
gtk.Main()
}</lang>
SDL
<lang go>package main
import (
"log"
"github.com/veandco/go-sdl2/sdl"
)
func main() {
window, err := sdl.CreateWindow("RC Window Creation",
sdl.WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED, sdl.WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED,
320, 200, 0)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
for {
if _, ok := sdl.WaitEvent().(*sdl.QuitEvent); ok {
break
}
}
window.Destroy()
}</lang>
X11
<lang go>package main
import (
"code.google.com/p/x-go-binding/ui" "code.google.com/p/x-go-binding/ui/x11" "log"
)
func main() {
win, err := x11.NewWindow()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Error: %v\n", err)
}
defer win.Close()
for ev := range win.EventChan() {
switch e := ev.(type) {
case ui.ErrEvent:
log.Fatalf("Error: %v\n", e.Err)
}
}
}</lang>
Groovy
import groovy.swing.SwingBuilder new SwingBuilder().frame(title:'My Window', size:[200,100]).show()
GUISS
We will open notepad as a window here.
<lang guiss>Start,Programs,Accessories,Notepad</lang>
To close the window:
<lang guiss>Window:Notepad,Button:Close</lang>
Haskell
Using
from HackageDB.
A simple graphics library, designed to give the programmer access to most interesting parts of the Win32 Graphics Device Interface and X11 library without exposing the programmer to the pain and anguish usually associated with using these interfaces. <lang haskell>import Graphics.HGL
aWindow = runGraphics $
withWindow_ "Rosetta Code task: Creating a window" (300, 200) $ \ w -> do
drawInWindow w $ text (100, 100) "Hello World" getKey w</lang>
HicEst
<lang hicest>WINDOW(WINdowhandle=handle, Width=80, Height=-400, X=1, Y=1/2, TItle="Rosetta Window_creation Example") ! window units: as pixels < 0, as relative window size 0...1, ascurrent character sizes > 1
WRITE(WINdowhandle=handle) '... some output ...'</lang>
IDL
With some example values filled in:
Id = WIDGET_BASE(TITLE='Window Title',xsize=200,ysize=100) WIDGET_CONTROL, /REALIZE, id
Icon and Unicon
Icon and Unicon windowing is portable between Windows and X-Windows environments.
Icon
<lang Icon>link graphics
procedure main(arglist)
WOpen("size=300, 300", "fg=blue", "bg=light gray") WDone() end</lang>
Unicon
The Icon solution works in Unicon. An Unicon-only version is as follows:
<lang unicon> import gui $include "guih.icn"
class WindowApp : Dialog ()
# -- automatically called when the dialog is created method component_setup () # make sure we respond to close event connect(self, "dispose", CLOSE_BUTTON_EVENT) end
end
- create and show the window
procedure main ()
w := WindowApp () w.show_modal ()
end </lang>
J
A minimalist modal dialog: <lang j> wdinfo 'Hamlet';'To be, or not to be: that is the question:'</lang>
A free-standing window: <lang j>MINWDW=: noun define pc minwdw; pas 162 85;pcenter; )
minwdw_run=: monad define
wd MINWDW wd 'pshow;'
)
minwdw_close=: monad define
wd'pclose'
)
minwdw_run </lang>
Java
<lang java>import javax.swing.JFrame;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
JFrame w = new JFrame("Title");
w.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
w.setSize(800,600);
w.setVisible(true);
}
}</lang>
JavaScript
window.open("webpage.html", "windowname", "width=800,height=600");
Julia
<lang julia># v0.6
using Tk
w = Toplevel("Example")</lang>
Kotlin
<lang kotlin>import javax.swing.JFrame
fun main(args : Array<String>) {
JFrame("Title").apply {
setSize(800, 600)
defaultCloseOperation = JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE
isVisible = true
}
}</lang>
Liberty BASIC
Minimum code required to fulfill the task. <lang lb>nomainwin open "GUI Window" for window as #1 wait
</lang>
As it would properly be used in a real program. <lang lb>nomainwin open "GUI Window" for window as #1
- 1 "trapclose Quit"
wait sub Quit hndl$
close #hndl$ end
end sub
</lang>
Lingo
<lang lingo>win = window().new("New Window") w = 320 h = 240 firstScreen = _system.deskTopRectList[1] x = firstScreen.width/2 - w/2 y = firstScreen.height/2- h/2 win.rect = rect(x,y,x+w,y+h) -- Director needs a binary movie file (*.dir) for opening new windows. But this -- movie file can be totally empty, and if it's write protected in the filesystem, -- it can be re-used for multiple windows. win.filename = _movie.path & "empty.dir" win.open()</lang>
Lua
<lang lua>local iup = require "iuplua"
iup.dialog{
title = "Window";
iup.vbox{
margin = "10x10";
iup.label{title = "A window"}
}
}:show()
iup.MainLoop() </lang>
M2000 Interpreter
Window has title by default the name of variable, here MyForm Window by default has 6000 twips width by 4000 twips height
Here we open MyForm as modal window (with 1 as first parameter, after "Show")
Window show a square in left side of title (we can change this to be at right), so this close the window (if we have proper event function, we can quit the closing). Also using key combination Alt-F4 close window too (also send event).
Window open in the monitor where we see the mouse pointer.
M2000 Windows have own decoration, independent from platform (same to Xp, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10 and Linux using Wine).
<lang M2000 Interpreter>
Module DisplayWindow {
Declare MyForm Form
Method MyForm,"Show",1
} DisplayWindow </lang>
Mathematica
<lang Mathematica> CreateDocument[] </lang>
mIRC Scripting Language
Switches: C = Center Window p = Picture Window d = Desktop Window
alias CreateMyWindow {
.window -Cp +d @WindowName 600 480
}
Nanoquery
This program creates and displays a 300x300 window with no contents and the title Nanoquery. <lang Nanoquery>w = new(Nanoquery.Util.Windows.Window).setSize(300,300).setTitle("Nanoquery").show()</lang>
NetRexx
<lang NetRexx>/* NetRexx */ options replace format comments java crossref symbols binary
import javax.swing.JFrame import javax.swing.JLabel import java.awt.BorderLayout import java.awt.Font import java.awt.Color
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ parse arg showText . select
when showText.length = 0 then addText = isTrue when 'YES'.abbrev(showText.upper) then addText = isTrue when showText = '.' then addText = isTrue otherwise addText = isFalse end
title = 'Rosetta Code - Window Creation' createFrame(title, addText)
return
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ method createFrame(title, addText = boolean 0) public static
do fenester = JFrame(title) fenester.setSize(600, 200) fenester.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE) if addText then decorate(fenester) fenester.setVisible(isTrue)
catch ex = Exception ex.printStackTrace() end return
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ method decorate(fenester = JFrame, textStr = 'This page intentionally left blank.') private static returns JFrame
textlbl = JLabel(textStr) textfont = Font(Font.SERIF, Font.BOLD, 20) textlbl.setHorizontalAlignment(JLabel.CENTER) textlbl.setFont(textfont) textlbl.setForeground(Color.ORANGE) fenester.add(textlbl, BorderLayout.CENTER)
return fenester
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ method isTrue() public static returns boolean
return (1 == 1)
-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ method isFalse() public static returns boolean
return \(1 == 1)
</lang>
Nim
gtk2
This is example 9 from the Araq/Nim github repository (modified to include a quit button) <lang nim>import
gdk2, glib2, gtk2
proc thisDestroy(widget: pWidget, data: pgpointer){.cdecl.} =
main_quit()
const
Inside: cstring = "Mouse is over label" OutSide: cstring = "Mouse is not over label"
var
OverButton: bool
nim_init() var window = window_new(gtk2.WINDOW_TOPLEVEL) var stackbox = vbox_new(TRUE, 10) var button1 = button_new("Move mouse over button") var buttonstyle = copy(get_style(Button1)) ButtonStyle.bg[STATE_PRELIGHT].pixel = 0 ButtonStyle.bg[STATE_PRELIGHT].red = -1'i16 ButtonStyle.bg[STATE_PRELIGHT].blue = 0'i16 ButtonStyle.bg[STATE_PRELIGHT].green = 0'i16 set_style(button1, buttonstyle) var button2 = button_new() var ALabel = label_new(Outside) var button3 = button_new("Quit")
proc ChangeLabel(P: PWidget, Event: gdk2.PEventCrossing,
Data: var bool){.cdecl.} =
if Not Data: set_text(ALabel, Inside)
else: set_text(ALabel, Outside)
Data = Not Data
add(button2, ALAbel)
pack_start(stackbox, button1, TRUE, TRUE, 0)
pack_start(stackbox, button2, TRUE, TRUE, 0)
pack_start(stackbox, button3, TRUE, TRUE, 0)
set_border_width(Window, 5)
add(window, stackbox)
discard signal_connect(window, "destroy",
SIGNAL_FUNC(thisDestroy), nil)
overbutton = False discard signal_connect(button1, "enter_notify_event",
SIGNAL_FUNC(ChangeLabel), addr(OverButton))
discard signal_connect(button1, "leave_notify_event",
SIGNAL_FUNC(ChangeLabel), addr(OverButton))
discard signal_connect(button3, "clicked",
SIGNAL_FUNC(thisDestroy), nil)
show_all(window) main()</lang>
SDL
<lang nim>import
sdl, sdl_image, colors
var
screen, greeting: PSurface r: TRect event: TEvent bgColor = colChocolate.int32
if init(INIT_VIDEO) != 0:
quit "SDL failed to initialize!"
screen = SetVideoMode(640, 480, 16, SWSURFACE or ANYFORMAT) if screen.isNil:
quit($sdl.getError())
greeting = IMG_load("tux.png") if greeting.isNil:
echo "Failed to load tux.png"
else:
## convert the image to alpha and free the old one var s = greeting.displayFormatAlpha() swap(greeting, s) s.freeSurface()
r.x = 0 r.y = 0
block game_loop:
while true:
while pollEvent(addr event) > 0:
case event.kind
of QUITEV:
break game_loop
of KEYDOWN:
if EvKeyboard(addr event).keysym.sym == K_ESCAPE:
break game_loop
else:
discard
discard fillRect(screen, nil, bgColor)
discard blitSurface(greeting, nil, screen, addr r)
discard flip(screen)
greeting.freeSurface() screen.freeSurface() sdl.Quit()</lang>
X11
<lang nim>import xlib, xutil, x, keysym
const
WINDOW_WIDTH = 400 WINDOW_HEIGHT = 300
var
width, height: cuint display: PDisplay screen: cint depth: int win: TWindow sizeHints: TXSizeHints
proc create_window =
width = WINDOW_WIDTH height = WINDOW_HEIGHT
display = XOpenDisplay(nil)
if display == nil:
echo("Verbindung zum X-Server fehlgeschlagen")
quit(1)
screen = XDefaultScreen(display)
depth = XDefaultDepth(display, screen)
var rootwin = XRootWindow(display, screen)
win = XCreateSimpleWindow(display, rootwin, 100, 10,
width, height, 5,
XBlackPixel(display, screen),
XWhitePixel(display, screen))
size_hints.flags = PSize or PMinSize or PMaxSize
size_hints.min_width = width.cint
size_hints.max_width = width.cint
size_hints.min_height = height.cint
size_hints.max_height = height.cint
discard XSetStandardProperties(display, win, "Simple Window", "window",
0, nil, 0, addr(size_hints))
discard XSelectInput(display, win, ButtonPressMask or KeyPressMask or
PointerMotionMask)
discard XMapWindow(display, win)
proc close_window =
discard XDestroyWindow(display, win) discard XCloseDisplay(display)
var
xev: TXEvent
proc process_event =
var key: TKeySym
case int(xev.theType)
of KeyPress:
key = XLookupKeysym(cast[ptr TXKeyEvent](addr(xev)), 0)
if key.int != 0:
echo("keyboard event",$key.int)
if key.int == 65307: # <Esc>
quit(1)
of ButtonPressMask, PointerMotionMask:
Echo("Mouse event")
else: nil
proc eventloop =
discard XFlush(display) var num_events = int(XPending(display)) while num_events != 0: dec(num_events) discard XNextEvent(display, addr(xev)) process_event()
create_window() while true:
eventloop()
close_window() </lang>
glut
<lang nim>import glut
var win: int = 0
proc myOnKeyPress(c: int8, v1, v2: cint) {.cdecl.} =
echo(c)
if c == 27:
glutDestroyWindow(win)
glutInit() win = glutCreateWindow("Goodbye, World!") glutKeyboardFunc(TGlut1Char2IntCallback(myOnKeyPress)) glutMainLoop()</lang>
win
<lang nim># test a Windows GUI application
import
windows, shellapi, nb30, mmsystem, shfolder
- proc MessageBox(hWnd: int, lpText, lpCaption: CString, uType: uint): int
- {stdcall, import: "MessageBox", header: "<windows.h>"}
discard MessageBox(0, "Hello World!", "Nim GUI Application", 0)</lang>
IUP
<lang nim>import iup
- assumes you have the iup .dll or .so installed
discard iup.open(nil,nil)
- now use a Dialog box to show a message
var lbl = label("Hello World") setAttribute(lbl,"PADDING","10x10")
var contents = hbox(lbl, nil)
- SetAttribute(contents, "MARGIN", "5x5")
var dlg = dialog(contents)
- SetAttribute(dlg, "SIZE", "100x50")
discard dlg.show()
- a window via a quick message box, sitting on top of the main dialog window
discard Alarm("MyTitle","Hello World","Ok", "Not Ok", nil)
discard mainloop() iup.close()</lang>
wxWidgets
This example works on MacOS but should be cross platform and native <lang nim>import wx
{.experimental.}
const
TITLE = "Rosetta Code - Window Creation Nim" WIDTH = 300 HEIGHT = 300
let
POSITION = construct_wxPoint(100,100) SIZE = construct_wxSize(WIDTH,HEIGHT)
let window = cnew construct_wxFrame(nil, wxID_ANY, TITLE, POSITION, SIZE)
window.show(true)
run_main_loop()</lang>
Objeck
<lang objeck> use Gtk2;
bundle Default {
class GtkHello {
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
window := GtkWindow->New();
delete_callback := Events->DeleteEvent(GtkWidget) ~ Nil;
window->SignalConnect(Signal->Destroy, window->As(GtkWidget), delete_callback);
window->SetTitle("Title");
window->Show();
Appliction->Main();
}
}
} </lang>
Objective-C
It opens a 800×600 window, centered on the screen, with title "A Window".
<lang objc>#include <Foundation/Foundation.h>
- include <AppKit/AppKit.h>
@interface Win : NSWindow { } - (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching: (NSNotification *)notification; - (BOOL)applicationShouldTerminateAfterLastWindowClosed: (NSNotification *)notification; @end
@implementation Win : NSWindow
-(instancetype) init
{
if ((self = [super
initWithContentRect: NSMakeRect(0, 0, 800, 600)
styleMask: (NSTitledWindowMask | NSClosableWindowMask)
backing: NSBackingStoreBuffered
defer: NO])) {
[self setTitle: @"A Window"]; [self center]; } return self;
}
- (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching: (NSNotification *)notification {
[self orderFront: self];
}
- (BOOL)applicationShouldTerminateAfterLastWindowClosed: (NSNotification *)notification {
return YES;
} @end
int main() {
@autoreleasepool {
[NSApplication sharedApplication]; Win *mywin = [[Win alloc] init]; [NSApp setDelegate: mywin]; [NSApp runModalForWindow: mywin];
} return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}</lang>
OCaml
<lang ocaml>let () =
let top = Tk.openTk() in Wm.title_set top "An Empty Window"; Wm.geometry_set top "240x180"; Tk.mainLoop ();
- </lang>
execute with:
ocaml -I +labltk labltk.cma sample.ml
with the Graphics module: <lang ocaml>open Graphics
let () =
open_graph " 800x600"; let _ = read_line() in close_graph ()</lang>
execute with:
ocaml graphics.cma tmp.ml
<lang ocaml>open GMain
let window = GWindow.window ~border_width:2 () let button = GButton.button ~label:"Hello World" ~packing:window#add ()
let () =
window#event#connect#delete ~callback:(fun _ -> true); window#connect#destroy ~callback:Main.quit; button#connect#clicked ~callback:window#destroy; window#show (); Main.main ()</lang>
execute with:
ocaml -I +lablgtk2 lablgtk.cma gtkInit.cmo sample.ml
<lang ocaml>let () =
Sdl.init [`VIDEO]; let _ = Sdlvideo.set_video_mode 200 200 [] in Sdltimer.delay 2000; Sdl.quit ()</lang>
execute with:
ocaml bigarray.cma -I +sdl sdl.cma sample.ml
<lang ocaml>open Sdl
let () =
let width, height = (640, 480) in
Sdl.init [`VIDEO];
let window, renderer =
Render.create_window_and_renderer
~width ~height ~flags:[]
in
let rgb = (0, 255, 0) in
let a = 255 in
Render.set_draw_color renderer rgb a;
Render.clear renderer;
Render.render_present renderer;
Timer.delay 3000;
Sdl.quit ()</lang>
execute with:
ocaml -I +sdl2 sdl2.cma sample.ml
<lang ocaml>let () =
let app = SFRenderWindow.make (640, 480) "OCaml-SFML Windowing" in
let rec loop () =
let continue =
match SFRenderWindow.pollEvent app with
| Some SFEvent.Closed -> false
| _ -> true
in
SFRenderWindow.clear app SFColor.black;
SFRenderWindow.display app;
if continue then loop ()
in
loop ()</lang>
execute with:
ocaml -I /tmp/ocaml-sfml/src sfml_system.cma sfml_window.cma sfml_graphics.cma win.ml
<lang ocaml>open Xlib
let () =
let d = xOpenDisplay "" in
let s = xDefaultScreen d in
let w = xCreateSimpleWindow d (xRootWindow d s) 10 10 100 100 1
(xBlackPixel d s) (xWhitePixel d s) in
xSelectInput d w [KeyPressMask];
xMapWindow d w;
let _ = xNextEventFun d in (* waits any key-press event *)
xCloseDisplay d;
- </lang>
execute with:
ocaml -I +Xlib Xlib.cma sample.ml
OpenEdge ABL/Progress 4GL
<lang OpenEdgeABL>
DEFINE VAR C-Win AS WIDGET-HANDLE NO-UNDO.
CREATE WINDOW C-Win ASSIGN
HIDDEN = YES
TITLE = "OpenEdge Window Display"
HEIGHT = 10.67
WIDTH = 95.4
MAX-HEIGHT = 16
MAX-WIDTH = 95.4
VIRTUAL-HEIGHT = 16
VIRTUAL-WIDTH = 95.4
RESIZE = yes
SCROLL-BARS = no
STATUS-AREA = no
BGCOLOR = ?
FGCOLOR = ?
KEEP-FRAME-Z-ORDER = yes
THREE-D = yes
MESSAGE-AREA = no
SENSITIVE = yes.
VIEW C-Win.
ON WINDOW-CLOSE OF C-Win /* <insert window title> */
DO:
/* This event will close the window and terminate the procedure. */
APPLY "CLOSE":U TO THIS-PROCEDURE.
RETURN NO-APPLY.
END.
WAIT-FOR CLOSE OF THIS-PROCEDURE.
</lang>
Oz
<lang oz>functor import
Application QTk at 'x-oz://system/wp/QTk.ozf'
define
proc {OnClose}
{Application.exit 0}
end
%% Descripe the GUI in a declarative style. GUIDescription = td(label(text:"Hello World!")
action:OnClose %% Exit app when window closes. )
%% Create a window object from the description and show it.
Window = {QTk.build GUIDescription}
{Window show}
end</lang>
Pascal
<lang pascal>Program WindowCreation_SDL;
{$linklib SDL}
uses
SDL, SysUtils;
var
screen: PSDL_Surface;
begin
SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO); screen := SDL_SetVideoMode( 800, 600, 16, (SDL_SWSURFACE or SDL_HWPALETTE) ); sleep(2000); SDL_Quit;
end.</lang>
Perl
<lang perl> use Tk;
MainWindow->new(); MainLoop;</lang>
<lang perl> use SDL::App;
use SDL::Event;
$app = SDL::App->new;
$app->loop({
SDL_QUIT() => sub { exit 0; },
});</lang>
<lang perl> use Gtk3 '-init';
$window = Gtk3::Window->new;
$window->signal_connect(
destroy => sub { Gtk3->main_quit; }
);
$window->show_all;
Gtk3->main;</lang>
<lang perl>use strict; use warnings; use QtGui4;
my $app = Qt::Application(\@ARGV); my $window = Qt::MainWindow; $window->show; exit $app->exec;</lang>
<lang perl> use Wx;
$window = Wx::Frame->new(undef, -1, 'title'); $window->Show; Wx::SimpleApp->new->MainLoop;</lang>
Phix
(works on Windows/Linux, 32/64-bit)
<lang Phix>-- demo\rosetta\Window_creation.exw include pGUI.e
IupOpen() Ihandle dlg = IupDialog(IupVbox({IupLabel("hello")},"MARGIN=200x200")) IupSetAttribute(dlg,"TITLE","Hello") IupCloseOnEscape(dlg) IupShow(dlg) IupMainLoop() IupClose()</lang>
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(load "@lib/openGl.l")
(glutInit) (glutCreateWindow "Goodbye, World!") (keyboardFunc '(() (bye))) (glutMainLoop)</lang>
PowerShell
<lang powershell>New-Window -Show</lang>
<lang powershell>$form = New-Object Windows.Forms.Form $form.Text = "A Window" $form.Size = New-Object Drawing.Size(150,150) $form.ShowDialog() | Out-Null</lang>
Prolog
Works with SWI-Prolog which has a graphic interface XPCE. <lang Prolog>?- new(D, window('Prolog Window')), send(D, open).</lang>
PureBasic
<lang PureBasic>Define MyWin.i, Event.i
MyWin = OpenWindow(#PB_Any, 412, 172, 402, 94, "PureBasic")
- Event loop
Repeat
Event = WaitWindowEvent()
Select Event
Case #PB_Event_Gadget
; Handle any gadget events here
Case #PB_Event_CloseWindow
Break
EndSelect
ForEver</lang>
Python
<lang python> import Tkinter
w = Tkinter.Tk() w.mainloop()</lang>
<lang python>import tkinter
w = tkinter.Tk() w.mainloop()</lang>
<lang python> from wxPython.wx import *
class MyApp(wxApp):
def OnInit(self):
frame = wxFrame(NULL, -1, "Hello from wxPython")
frame.Show(true)
self.SetTopWindow(frame)
return true
app = MyApp(0)
app.MainLoop()</lang>
<lang python> import win32ui
from pywin.mfc.dialog import Dialog d = Dialog(win32ui.IDD_SIMPLE_INPUT) d.CreateWindow()</lang>
<lang python> import gtk
window = gtk.Window() window.show() gtk.main()</lang>
<lang python> from PyQt4.QtGui import *
app = QApplication([]) win = QWidget() win.show()
app.exec_()</lang>
R
Although R cannot create windows itself, it has wrappers for several GUI toolkits. tcl/tk is shipped with R by default, and you can create windows with that. <lang r> win <- tktoplevel() </lang>
The gWidgets packages let you write GUIs in a toolkit independent way. You can create a window with <lang r> library(gWidgetstcltk) #or e.g. gWidgetsRGtk2 win <- gwindow() </lang>
Racket
<lang racket>
- lang racket/gui
(send (new frame%
[label "New Window"]
[width 100] [height 100])
show #t)
</lang>
Raku
(formerly Perl 6) Library GTK
Exit either by clicking the button or the close window control in the upper corner. <lang perl6>use GTK::Simple; use GTK::Simple::App;
my GTK::Simple::App $app .= new(title => 'Simple GTK Window');
$app.size-request(250, 100);
$app.set-content(
GTK::Simple::VBox.new(
my $button = GTK::Simple::Button.new(label => 'Exit'),
)
);
$app.border-width = 40;
$button.clicked.tap: { $app.exit }
$app.run;</lang>
RapidQ
create form as qform
center
width=500
height=400
end create
form.showModal
REBOL
<lang REBOL> view layout [size 100x100] </lang>
'size' needed to show the close-window button.
Red
Empty Window with close [X] button <lang Red>>>view [] </lang>
Ring
<lang ring> Load "guilib.ring"
MyApp = New qApp {
win1 = new qWidget() {
setwindowtitle("Hello World")
setGeometry(100,100,370,250)
show()}
exec()}
</lang>
Ruby
<lang ruby> require 'tk'
window = TkRoot::new() window::mainloop()</lang>
<lang ruby> require 'gtk2'
window = Gtk::Window.new.show Gtk.main</lang>
<lang ruby>Shoes.app {}</lang>
Run BASIC
Show a empty browser with a button to "Close Me" <lang runbasic>html "Close me!" button #c, "Close Me", [doExit] wait
' ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ' Get outta here. depending on how may layers you are into the window (history level) ' If you are at the top level then close the window ' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [doExit] html "<script language='javascript' type='text/javascript'> var a = history.length; a = a - 1; window.open(,'_parent',); window.close(); history.go(-a); </script>" wait</lang>
Scala
<lang scala>import javax.swing.JFrame
object ShowWindow{
def main(args: Array[String]){
var jf = new JFrame("Hello!")
jf.setSize(800, 600) jf.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE) jf.setVisible(true) }
}</lang>
Using native Scala libraries (which are wrappers over Java libraries):
<lang scala>import scala.swing._ import scala.swing.Swing._
object SimpleWindow extends SimpleSwingApplication {
def top = new MainFrame {
title = "Hello!"
preferredSize = ((800, 600):Dimension)
}
}</lang>
Scheme
<lang scheme>
- !r6rs
- PS-TK example
- display simple frame
(import (rnrs)
(lib pstk main) ; change this to refer to your installation of PS/Tk
)
(define tk (tk-start)) (tk/wm 'title tk "PS-Tk Example: Frame")
(tk-event-loop tk) </lang>
Seed7
Seed7 has a graphics library (draw.s7i), which is operating system independend. Seed7 programs run on all supported operating systems without a change. The program below opens a small window. The program waits until a key is pressed and exits.
<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "draw.s7i"; include "keybd.s7i";
const proc: main is func
begin screen(200, 200); KEYBOARD := GRAPH_KEYBOARD; ignore(getc(KEYBOARD)); end func;</lang>
Sidef
Tk
<lang ruby>var tk = require('Tk'); %s'MainWindow'.new; tk.MainLoop;</lang>
Gtk2
<lang ruby>var gtk2 = require('Gtk2') -> init; var window = %s'Gtk2::Window'.new; window.signal_connect(destroy => func(*_) { gtk2.main_quit }); window.show_all; gtk2.main;</lang>
Smalltalk
<lang smalltalk>SystemWindow new openInWorld.</lang>
<lang smalltalk>|top| top := TopView new. top add: (Label label: 'Hello World') in:(0.0@0.0 corner:1.0@1.0). top open</lang>
Standard ML
Works with PolyML (XWindows/Motif module) <lang Standard ML> open XWindows ; open Motif ;
val showWindow = fn () =>
let val shell = XtAppInitialise "" "demo" "top" [] [XmNwidth 400, XmNheight 300 ] ; val main = XmCreateMainWindow shell "main" [XmNmappedWhenManaged true ] ; val buttn = XmCreateDrawnButton main "stop" [ XmNlabelString "Exit"] ; val quit = fn (w,c,t) => (XtUnrealizeWidget shell; t) ; in ( XtSetCallbacks buttn [ (XmNactivateCallback, quit) ] XmNarmCallback ; XtManageChildren [buttn]; XtManageChild main; XtRealizeWidget shell )
end; </lang> call <lang Standard ML> showWindow () </lang>
Tcl
Loading the Tk package is all that is required to get an initial window: <lang tcl>package require Tk</lang> If you need an additional window: <lang tcl>toplevel .top</lang> If you are using the increasingly popular tclkit under MS Windows, all you have to do is associate the tclkit with the extension “.tcl” and then create an empty file with, e.g., with the name nothing.tcl. Double-clicking that will “open a window” (an empty one).
TI-89 BASIC
<lang ti89b>:Text "Rosetta Code"</lang>
Toka
Toka does not inherently know about graphical environments, but can interact with them using external libraries. This example makes use of the SDL library bindings included with Toka.
needs sdl 800 600 sdl_setup
TorqueScript
<lang TorqueScript> new GuiControl(GuiName) { profile = "GuiDefaultProfile"; horizSizing = "right"; vertSizing = "bottom"; position = "0 0"; extent = "640 480"; minExtent = "8 2"; enabled = 1; visible = 1; clipToParent = 1;
new GuiWindowCtrl() { profile = "GuiWindowProfile"; horizSizing = "right"; vertSizing = "bottom"; position = "0 0"; extent = "100 200"; minExtent = "8 2"; enabled = 1; visible = 1; clipToParent = 1; command = "canvas.popDialog(GuiName);"; accelerator = "escape"; maxLength = 255; resizeWidth = 1; resizeHeight = 1; canMove = 1; canClose = 1; canMinimize = 1; canMaximize = 1; minSize = "50 50"; closeCommand = "canvas.popDialog(GuiName);"; }; };
canvas.pushDialog(GuiName); </lang>
TXR
TXR has no library module for connecting to SDL, X11's Xlib, or GTK2.
All of these examples are completely self-contained, using the FFI capability in TXR, which can bind to any library whose interface is defined in terms of C functions and types.
No C header file is processed, and not a single line of C has to be compiled.
SDL
A wait for a SDL key-up event is added, missing in the C version, so that the window does not just appear and disappear.
Note that SDL's header file uses a enum for the event constants like SDL_KEYUP. But then in union SD_Event, the event field declared as UInt8. (That's how it appears on my Ubuntu system; newer versions of SDL seems to have switched the type field, and other fields of the event structures, to UInt32.)
Here, we exploit TXR's capability to define enumerations of specific types: we make the event enumeration based on uint8, giving it a typedef name, and then use that typedef in the SD_Event union.
<lang txrlisp>(defvarl SDL_INIT_VIDEO #x00000020) (defvarl SDL_SWSURFACE #x00000000) (defvarl SDL_HWPALETTE #x20000000)
(typedef SDL_Surface (cptr SDL_Surface))
(typedef SDL_EventType (enumed uint8 SDL_EventType
(SDL_KEYUP 3)
(SDL_QUIT 12)))
(typedef SDL_Event (union SD_Event
(type SDL_EventType)
(pad (array 8 uint32))))
(with-dyn-lib "libSDL.so"
(deffi SDL_Init "SDL_Init" int (uint32)) (deffi SDL_SetVideoMode "SDL_SetVideoMode" SDL_Surface (int int int uint32)) (deffi SDL_GetError "SDL_GetError" str ()) (deffi SDL_WaitEvent "SDL_WaitEvent" int ((ptr-out SDL_Event))) (deffi SDL_Quit "SDL_Quit" void ()))
(when (neql 0 (SDL_Init SDL_INIT_VIDEO))
(put-string `unable to initialize SDL: @(SDL_GetError)`) (exit nil))
(unwind-protect
(progn
(SDL_SetVideoMode 800 600 16 (logior SDL_SWSURFACE SDL_HWPALETTE))
(let ((e (make-union (ffi SDL_Event))))
(until* (memql (union-get e 'type) '(SDL_KEYUP SDL_QUIT))
(SDL_WaitEvent e))))
(SDL_Quit))</lang>
X11
One difference between the C original and this one is that the XLib macros for direct structure access, like DefaultGC, DefaultScreen or WhitePixel are not used; rather the correspoding C functions are used via FFI: XDefaultScreen and so on. The macro approach can be mimiced in detail, at the cost of a significant increase in verbosity (cloning the full declaration of the _XDisplay struct declaration, and reproducing the macros).
Also, this uses an enumeration for the events, so when the event type is decoded from the XEvent union, it comes out as a Lisp symbol.
<lang txrlisp>(typedef XID uint32)
(typedef Window XID)
(typedef Drawable XID)
(typedef Display (cptr Display))
(typedef GC (cptr GC))
(typedef XEventType (enum _XEventType
(KeyPress 2)
(Expose 12)))
(defvarl KeyPressMask (ash 1 0)) (defvarl ExposureMask (ash 1 15))
(typedef XEvent (union _XEvent
(type XEventType)
(pad (array 24 long))))
(defvarl NULL cptr-null)
(with-dyn-lib "libX11.so"
(deffi XOpenDisplay "XOpenDisplay" Display (bstr))
(deffi XCloseDisplay "XCloseDisplay" int (Display))
(deffi XDefaultScreen "XDefaultScreen" int (Display))
(deffi XRootWindow "XRootWindow" Window (Display int))
(deffi XBlackPixel "XBlackPixel" ulong (Display int))
(deffi XWhitePixel "XWhitePixel" ulong (Display int))
(deffi XCreateSimpleWindow "XCreateSimpleWindow" Window (Display
Window
int int
uint uint uint
ulong ulong))
(deffi XSelectInput "XSelectInput" int (Display Window long))
(deffi XMapWindow "XMapWindow" int (Display Window))
(deffi XNextEvent "XNextEvent" int (Display (ptr-out XEvent)))
(deffi XDefaultGC "XDefaultGC" GC (Display int))
(deffi XFillRectangle "XFillRectangle" int (Display Drawable GC
int int uint uint))
(deffi XDrawString "XDrawString" int (Display Drawable GC
int int bstr int)))
(let* ((msg "Hello, world!")
(d (XOpenDisplay nil))) (when (equal d NULL) (put-line "Cannot-open-display" *stderr*) (exit 1))
(let* ((s (XDefaultScreen d))
(w (XCreateSimpleWindow d (XRootWindow d s) 10 10 100 100 1
(XBlackPixel d s) (XWhitePixel d s))))
(XSelectInput d w (logior ExposureMask KeyPressMask))
(XMapWindow d w)
(while t
(let ((e (make-union (ffi XEvent))))
(XNextEvent d e)
(caseq (union-get e 'type)
(Expose
(XFillRectangle d w (XDefaultGC d s) 20 20 10 10)
(XDrawString d w (XDefaultGC d s) 10 50 msg (length msg)))
(KeyPress (return)))))
(XCloseDisplay d)))</lang>
GTK2
<lang txrlisp>(typedef GtkObject* (cptr GtkObject)) (typedef GtkWidget* (cptr GtkWidget))
(typedef GtkWidget* (cptr GtkWidget))
(typedef GtkWindowType (enum GtkWindowType
GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL
GTK_WINDOW_POPUP))
(with-dyn-lib "libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0"
(deffi gtk_init "gtk_init" void ((ptr int) (ptr (ptr (zarray str))))) (deffi gtk_window_new "gtk_window_new" GtkWidget* (GtkWindowType)) (deffi gtk_signal_connect_full "gtk_signal_connect_full" ulong (GtkObject* str closure closure val closure int int)) (deffi gtk_widget_show "gtk_widget_show" void (GtkWidget*)) (deffi gtk_main "gtk_main" void ()) (deffi-sym gtk_main_quit "gtk_main_quit"))
(defmacro GTK_OBJECT (cptr)
^(cptr-cast 'GtkObject ,cptr))
(defmacro gtk_signal_connect (object name func func-data)
^(gtk_signal_connect_full ,object ,name ,func cptr-null
,func-data cptr-null 0 0))
(gtk_init (length *args*) (vec-list *args*))
(let ((window (gtk_window_new 'GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL)))
(gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT window) "destroy" gtk_main_quit nil) (gtk_widget_show window) (gtk_main))</lang>
Win32/Win64
This solution is based on the "Your First Windows Program" example in MSDN. It registers a Window class, creates a Window and runs a Windows message loop against a custom WndProc function that is written in Lisp, which handles WM_QUIT and WM_PAINT events exactly like its C counterpart. All necessary basic types, structures, constants and foreign functions are declared using the TXR FFI language.
Note that the CW_USEDEFAULT constant in the Windows header files is defined as 0x80000000. This is out of range of the signed int arguments of CreateWindowEx with which it is used. Microsoft is relying on an implementation-defined C conversion to turn this value into the most negative int. When the original constant was used in the TXR translation, TXR's FFI uncovered this little problem by throwing an exception arising from the out-of-range conversion attempt. The fix is to specify the correct value directly as #x-80000000.
<lang txrlisp>(typedef LRESULT int-ptr-t) (typedef LPARAM int-ptr-t) (typedef WPARAM uint-ptr-t)
(typedef UINT uint32) (typedef LONG int32) (typedef WORD uint16) (typedef DWORD uint32) (typedef LPVOID cptr) (typedef BOOL (bool int32)) (typedef BYTE uint8)
(typedef HWND (cptr HWND)) (typedef HINSTANCE (cptr HINSTANCE)) (typedef HICON (cptr HICON)) (typedef HCURSOR (cptr HCURSOR)) (typedef HBRUSH (cptr HBRUSH)) (typedef HMENU (cptr HMENU)) (typedef HDC (cptr HDC))
(typedef ATOM WORD) (typedef LPCTSTR wstr)
(defvarl NULL cptr-null)
(typedef WNDCLASS (struct WNDCLASS
(style UINT)
(lpfnWndProc closure)
(cbClsExtra int)
(cbWndExtra int)
(hInstance HINSTANCE)
(hIcon HICON)
(hCursor HCURSOR)
(hbrBackground HBRUSH)
(lpszMenuName LPCTSTR)
(lpszClassName LPCTSTR)))
(defmeth WNDCLASS :init (me)
(zero-fill (ffi WNDCLASS) me))
(typedef POINT (struct POINT
(x LONG)
(y LONG)))
(typedef MSG (struct MSG
(hwnd HWND)
(message UINT)
(wParam WPARAM)
(lParam LPARAM)
(time DWORD)
(pt POINT)))
(typedef RECT (struct RECT
(left LONG)
(top LONG)
(right LONG)
(bottom LONG)))
(typedef PAINTSTRUCT (struct PAINTSTRUCT
(hdc HDC)
(fErase BOOL)
(rcPaint RECT)
(fRestore BOOL)
(fIncUpdate BOOL)
(rgbReserved (array 32 BYTE))))
(defvarl CW_USEDEFAULT #x-80000000) (defvarl WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW #x00cf0000)
(defvarl SW_SHOWDEFAULT 5)
(defvarl WM_DESTROY 2) (defvarl WM_PAINT 15)
(defvarl COLOR_WINDOW 5)
(deffi-cb wndproc-fn LRESULT (HWND UINT LPARAM WPARAM))
(with-dyn-lib "kernel32.dll"
(deffi GetModuleHandle "GetModuleHandleW" HINSTANCE (wstr)))
(with-dyn-lib "user32.dll"
(deffi RegisterClass "RegisterClassW" ATOM ((ptr-in WNDCLASS)))
(deffi CreateWindowEx "CreateWindowExW" HWND (DWORD
LPCTSTR LPCTSTR
DWORD
int int int int
HWND HMENU HINSTANCE
LPVOID))
(deffi ShowWindow "ShowWindow" BOOL (HWND int))
(deffi GetMessage "GetMessageW" BOOL ((ptr-out MSG) HWND UINT UINT))
(deffi TranslateMessage "TranslateMessage" BOOL ((ptr-in MSG)))
(deffi DispatchMessage "DispatchMessageW" LRESULT ((ptr-in MSG)))
(deffi PostQuitMessage "PostQuitMessage" void (int))
(deffi DefWindowProc "DefWindowProcW" LRESULT (HWND UINT LPARAM WPARAM))
(deffi BeginPaint "BeginPaint" HDC (HWND (ptr-out PAINTSTRUCT)))
(deffi EndPaint "EndPaint" BOOL (HWND (ptr-in PAINTSTRUCT)))
(deffi FillRect "FillRect" int (HDC (ptr-in RECT) HBRUSH)))
(defun WindowProc (hwnd uMsg wParam lParam)
(caseql* uMsg
(WM_DESTROY
(PostQuitMessage 0)
0)
(WM_PAINT
(let* ((ps (new PAINTSTRUCT))
(hdc (BeginPaint hwnd ps)))
(FillRect hdc ps.rcPaint (cptr-int (succ COLOR_WINDOW) 'HBRUSH))
(EndPaint hwnd ps)
0))
(t (DefWindowProc hwnd uMsg wParam lParam))))
(let* ((hInstance (GetModuleHandle nil))
(wc (new WNDCLASS
lpfnWndProc [wndproc-fn WindowProc]
hInstance hInstance
lpszClassName "Sample Window Class")))
(RegisterClass wc)
(let ((hwnd (CreateWindowEx 0 wc.lpszClassName "Learn to Program Windows"
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW
CW_USEDEFAULT CW_USEDEFAULT
CW_USEDEFAULT CW_USEDEFAULT
NULL NULL hInstance NULL)))
(unless (equal hwnd NULL)
(ShowWindow hwnd SW_SHOWDEFAULT)
(let ((msg (new MSG)))
(while (GetMessage msg NULL 0 0)
(TranslateMessage msg)
(DispatchMessage msg))))))</lang>
VBA
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Need to reference the following object library (From the Tools menu, choose References)
Microsoft Forms 2.0 Object Library
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
And :
Programmatic Access to Visual Basic Project must be trusted. See it in Macro's security!
<lang vb> Option Explicit
Sub InsertForm() Dim myForm As Object, strname As String
Set myForm = ThisWorkbook.VBProject.VBComponents.Add(3) strname = myForm.Name VBA.UserForms.Add(strname).Show
End Sub</lang>
Vedit macro language
Creates an empty window with ID 'A' near the upper left corner of document area, with height of 20 text lines and width of 80 characters. <lang vedit>Win_Create(A, 2, 5, 20, 80)</lang> Note: if you run this command while in Visual Mode, you should adjust your active window smaller so that the created window will not be hidden behind it (since the active window is always on top).
Visual Basic .NET
<lang vb> Dim newForm as new Form
newForm.Text = "It's a new window"
newForm.Show()</lang>
X86 Assembly
<lang asm>
- GTK imports and defines etc.
%define GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL 0
extern gtk_init extern gtk_window_new extern gtk_widget_show extern gtk_signal_connect extern gtk_main extern g_print extern gtk_main_quit
bits 32
section .text global _main
;exit signal
sig_main_exit: push exit_sig_msg call g_print add esp, 4 call gtk_main_quit ret
_main: mov ebp, esp sub esp, 8 push argv push argc call gtk_init add esp, 8 ;stack alignment. push GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL call gtk_window_new add esp, 4 mov [ebp-4], eax ;ebp-4 now holds our GTKWindow pointer. push 0 push sig_main_exit push gtk_delete_event push dword [ebp-4] call gtk_signal_connect add esp, 16 push dword [ebp-4] call gtk_widget_show add esp, 4 call gtk_main
section .data
- sudo argv
argc dd 1 argv dd args args dd title dd 0
title db "GTK Window",0 gtk_delete_event db 'delete_event',0 exit_sig_msg db "-> Rage quitting..",10,0
</lang>
<lang asm> .586 .model flat, stdcall option casemap:none
include /masm32/include/windows.inc include /masm32/include/kernel32.inc include /masm32/include/user32.inc
includelib /masm32/lib/kernel32.lib includelib /masm32/lib/user32.lib
WinMain proto :dword,:dword,:dword,:dword
.data
ClassName db "WndClass",0 AppName db "Window!",0
.data?
hInstance dd ? CommandLine dd ?
.code start:
invoke GetModuleHandle, NULL mov hInstance, eax invoke GetCommandLine mov CommandLine, eax invoke WinMain, hInstance, NULL, CommandLine, SW_SHOWDEFAULT
WinMain proc hInst:dword, hPervInst:dword, CmdLine:dword, CmdShow:dword LOCAL wc:WNDCLASSEX LOCAL msg:MSG LOCAL hwnd:HWND
wc.cbSize, sizeof WNDCLASSEX
wc.style, CS_HREDRAW or CS_VREDRAW
wc.lpfnWndPRoc, offset WndProc
wc.cbClsExtra,NULL
wc.cbWndExtra, NULL
push hInstance
pop wc.hInstance
mov wc.hbrBackground, COLOR_BTNFACE+1
mov wc.lpszMenuName NULL
mov wc.lpszClassName, offset ClassName
invoke LoadIcon, NULL, IDI_APPLICATION
mov wc.hIcon, eax
mov wc.hIconSm, eax
invoke LoadCursor, NULL, IDC_ARROW
mov wc.hCursor, eax
invoke RegisterClassEx, addr wc
invoke CreateWindowEx, NULL, addr ClassName, addr AppName, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CS_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAUT,\
CW_USEDEFAUT, CW_USEDEFAUT, NULL, NULL, hInst, NULL
mov hwnd, eax
invoke ShowWindow, hwnd, SW_SHOWNORMAL
invoke UpdateWindow, hwnd
.while TRUE
invoke GetMessage, addr msg, NULL, 0,0
.break .if (!eax)
invoke TranslateMessage, addr msg
invoke DispatchMessage, addr msg
.endw
mov eax, msg.wParam
ret
WinMain endp
WndProc proc hWnd:dword, uMsg:dword, wParam:dword, lParam:dword
mov eax, uMsg
.if eax==WM_DESTROY
invoke PostQuitMessage, NULL
.else
invoke DefWindowProc, hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam
.endif
xor eax, eax
ret
WndProc endp
end start </lang>
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