Literals/String: Difference between revisions

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Show literal specification of characters and strings. If supported, show how verbatim strings (quotes where escape sequences are quoted literally) and here-strings work. Also, discuss which quotes expand variables.

Ada

Single character literals require single quotes <lang Ada>ch : character := 'a';</lang> String literals use double quotes <lang Ada>msg : string := "hello world"; empty : string := ""; -- an empty string</lang> The length of a string in Ada is equal to the number of characters in the string. Ada does not employ a terminating null character like C. A string can have zero length, but zero length strings are not often used. Ada's string type is a fixed length string. It cannot be extended after it is created. If you need to extend the length of a string you need to use either a bounded string, which has a pre-determined maximum length, similar to C strings, or an unbounded string which can expand or shrink to match the data it contains.

ALGOL 68

In ALGOL 68 a single character (CHAR), character arrays ([]CHAR) and strings (STRING) are contained in double quotes. ALGOL 68 also has FORMAT strings which are contained between dollar ($) symbols. <lang algol68>CHAR charx = "z";</lang> Strings are contained in double quotes. <lang algol68>[]CHAR charxyz = "xyz"; STRING stringxyz = "xyz"; FORMAT twonewlines = $ll$, threenewpages=$ppp$, fourbackspaces=$bbbb$;</lang> Note: When only uppercase characters sets are available (eg on computers with only 6 bits per "byte") the single quote can used to denote a reserved word. eg <lang algol68>.PR QUOTE .PR []'CHAR' CHARXYZ = "XYZ";</lang> The STRING type is simply a FLEX array of CHAR. <lang algol68>MODE STRING = FLEX[1:0]CHAR;</lang> ALGOL 68 also has raw strings called BYTES, this type is a fixed width packed array of CHAR. <lang algol68>BYTES bytesabc = bytes pack("abc");</lang> A string quote character is inserted in a string when two quotes are entered, eg: <lang algol68>STRING stringquote = """I'll be back."" - The Terminator";</lang> A string can span lines, but cannot contain newlines. String literals are concatenated when compiled: <lang algol68>STRING linexyz := "line X;" +

"line Y;" + 
"line Z;";</lang>

ALGOL 68 uses FORMATs for doing more advanced manipulations. For example given: <lang algol68>FILE linef; STRING line; associate(linef, line);</lang> Instead of using preprocessor macros ALGOL 68 can do FORMAT variable replacement within FORMATs at run time. <lang algol68>FORMAT my_symbol = $"SYMBOL"$; FORMAT foo = $"prefix_"f(my_symbol)"_suffix"$; putf(linef ,foo);</lang> In standard ALGOL 68 a "book" is a file. A book is composed of pages and lines and therefore a FORMAT be used for inserting backspaces, space, newlines and newpages into books. <lang algol68>INT pages=100, lines=25, characters=80; FILE bookf; FLEX[pages]FLEX[lines]FLEX[characters]CHAR book; associate(bookf, book);

following putf inserts the string " Line 4 indented 5" on page 3 #

putf(bookf, $3p"Page 3"4l5x"Line 4 indented 5"$)</lang> Note: ALGOL 68G does not implement newpage and backspace.

AutoHotkey

unicode <lang AutoHotkey>"c" ; character "text" ; string hereString = ; with interpolation of %variables% ( "<>" the time is %A_Now% \! )

hereString2 = ; with same line comments allowed, without interpolation of variables (Comments % literal %A_Now% ; no interpolation here )</lang>

AWK

Characters are just strings of length 1 in awk, denoted by double quotes. <lang awk>c="x" str="hello"</lang> Concatenation: <lang awk>$ awk 'BEGIN{c="x";s="hello";s=s c;print s}' hellox</lang>

BASIC

Most modern BASIC implementations don't differentiate between characters and strings -- a character is just a string of length 1. Few (if any) BASIC implementations support variables inside strings; instead, they must be handled outside the quotes. Most BASICs don't support escaping inside the string, with the possible exception of the VB-style "" for a single quotation mark (not supported by most BASICs). To insert otherwise-unprintable characters requires the use of CHR$. (One notable exception is FreeBASIC, which supports C-style escaping with OPTION ESCAPE.)

Strings can optionally be declared as being a certain length, much like C strings.

<lang qbasic>DIM c AS STRING * 1, s AS STRING

c = "char" 'everything after the first character is silently discarded s = "string" PRINT CHR$(34); s; " data "; c; CHR$(34)</lang>

Output:

"string data c"

Befunge

The double quote character (") enters a string literal mode, where ASCII values of characters encountered in the current instruction pointer direction up to the next quote are pushed onto the stack. Thus, any character may be used in a string except for a quote (ascii 34), which may be pushed using 57*1-. Note: since you are pushing the string onto a stack, you usually want to define the string in reverse order so that the first character is on top. <lang befunge>"gnirts">:#,_@</lang>

C

In C, single characters are contained in single quotes.

Strings are contained in double quotes.

This means that 'z' and "z" are different. The former is a character while the latter is a string, an array of two characters: the letter 'z' and the string-terminator null '\0'.

C has no raw string feature (please define). C also has no built-in mechanism for expanding variables within strings.

A string can span lines. Newlines can be added via backslash escapes, and string literals are concatenated when compiled: <lang c>char lines[] = "line 1\n"

"line 2\n"
"line 3\n";</lang>

C can use library functions such as sprintf for doing formatted replacement within strings at run time, or preprocessor concatenation to build string literals at compile time: <lang c>#define FOO "prefix_"##MY_SYMBOL##"_suffix"</lang>

C#

C# uses single quotes for characters and double quotes for strings just like C.

C# supports verbatim strings. These begin with @" and end with ". Verbatim quotes may contain line breaks and so verbatim strings and here-strings overlap.

<lang csharp>string path = @"C:\Windows\System32"; string multiline = @"Line 1. Line 2. Line 3.";</lang>

C++

Quoting is essentially the same in C and C++. However, C++ adds the ability to prefix an L to an opening quote indicate that a character is a wide character or that a string is an array of wide characters.

Clojure

Character literals are prefixed by a backslash: <lang lisp>[\h \e \l \l \o] ; a vector of characters \uXXXX ; where XXXX is some hex Unicode code point \\ ; the backslash character literal</lang> There are also identifiers for special characters: <lang lisp>\space \newline \tab \formfeed \return \backspace</lang> Clojure strings are Java Strings, and literals are written in the same manner: <lang lisp>"hello world\r\n"</lang>

Common Lisp

Character literals are referenced using a hash-backslash notation. Strings are arrays or sequences of characters and can be declared using double-quotes or constructed using other sequence commands. <lang lisp>(let ((colon #\:)

     (str "http://www.rosettacode.com/"))
  (format t "colon found at position ~d~%" (position colon str)))</lang>

D

Character literals:

Regular strings support C-style escape sequences.

<lang d>auto str = "hello"; // UTF-8 auto str2 = "hello"c; // UTF-8 auto str3 = "hello"w; // UTF-16 auto str4 = "hello"d; // UTF-32</lang>

Literal string (escape sequences are not interpreted):

<lang d>auto str = `"Hello," he said.`; auto str2 = r"\n is slash-n";</lang>

Specified delimiter string:

<lang d>// Any character is allowed after the first quote; // the string ends with that same character followed // by a quote. auto str = q"$"Hello?" he enquired.$";</lang>

<lang d>// If you include a newline, you get a heredoc string: auto otherStr = q"EOS This is part of the string.

   So is this.

EOS";</lang>

Token string:

<lang d>// The contents of a token string must be valid code fragments. auto str = q{int i = 5;}; // The contents here isn't a legal token in D, so it's an error: auto illegal = q{@?};</lang>

Hex string:

<lang d>// assigns value 'hello' to str auto str = x"68 65 6c 6c 6f";</lang>

E

E has three sorts of quotes: strings, characters, and quasiliterals.

<lang e>'T' # character "The quick brown fox" # string `The $kind brown fox` # "simple" quasiliteral term`the($adjectives*, fox)` # "term" quasiliteral</lang>

Strings and characters use syntax similar to Java; double and single quotes, respectively, and common backslash escapes.

Quasiliterals are a user-extensible mechanism for writing any type of object "literally" in source, with "holes" for interpolation or pattern-matching. The fourth example above represents a Term object (terms are a tree language like XML or JSON), with the items from the variable adjectives spliced in.

Quasiliterals can be used for strings as well. The third example above is the built-in simple interpolator, which also supports pattern matching. There is also a regular-expression quasi-pattern:

<lang e>? if ("<abc,def>" =~ `<@a,@b>`) { [a, b] } else { null }

value: ["abc", "def"]

? if (" >abc, def< " =~ rx`\W*(@a\w+)\W+(@b\w+)\W*`) { [a, b] } else { null }

value: ["abc", "def"]</lang>

Forth

In the interpreter: <lang forth>char c emit s" string" type</lang> In the compiler: <lang forth>: main

 [char] c   emit
 s" string"   type ;</lang>

Strings may contain any printable character except a double quote, and may not span multiple lines. Strings are done via the word S" which parses ahead for a terminal quote. The space directly after S" is thus not included in the string.

Works with: GNU Forth

GNU Forth has a prefix syntax for character literals, and another string literal word S\" which allows escaped characters, similar to C. <lang forth>'c emit s\" hello\nthere!"</lang>

Go

In Go, single characters are contained in single quotes. <lang go>ch := 'z'</lang>

Strings are contained in double quotes. <lang go>str := "z"</lang>

This means that 'z' and "z" are different. The former is a character while the latter is a string.

Unicode may be included in the string literals. They will be encoded in UTF-8. <lang go>str := "日本語"</lang>

Verbatim (a.k.a. "raw") strings are contained within backquotes, to indicate that backslash characters should NOT be treated as "escape sequences." <lang go>`\n` == "\\n"</lang>

Raw string literals, unlike regular string literals, may also span multiple lines. The newline is included in the string: <lang go>`abc def` == "abc\ndef"</lang>

Haskell

Characters use single quotes, strings use double quotes. Both allow Unicode. Escape sequences start with a backslash. There are no verbatim strings, no here-strings, and no expansion of variables in strings.

Strings may be split across lines, even indented, using the 'gap' syntax:

<lang haskell>"abcdef" == "abc\

           \def"

"abc\ndef" == "abc\n\

             \def"</lang>

The Haskell 98 Report section Character and String Literals has more information.

HicEst

HicEst makes no distinction between single characters and strings. One can use single quotes, or double quotes, or most non-standard characters. <lang hicest>CHARACTER c1='A', c2="B", c3=&C& CHARACTER str1='single quotes', str2="double quotes", str3*100

str3 = % delimit "Nested 'strings' " if needed % </lang> A null character CHAR(0) is printed as " ", displayed as "." in dialogs, but ends the string in Windows controls such as StatusBar or ClipBoard <lang hicest>str3 = 'a string' // CHAR(0) // "may contain" // $CRLF // ~ any character ~ </lang> Named literal constants in HicEst: <lang hicest>$TAB == CHAR(9) ! evaluates to 1 (true) $LF == CHAR(10) $CR == CHAR(13) $CRLF == CHAR(13) // CHAR(10) ! concatenation</lang>

Icon and Unicon

Below is a little program to demonstrate string literals.

Icon

<lang Icon>procedure main()

  # strings are variable length are not NUL terminated
  # at this time there is no support for unicode or multi-byte charactersets

  c1 := 'aaab'                                          # not a string - cset
  s1 := "aaab"                                          # string
  s2 := "\"aaab\b\d\e\f\n\l\n\r\t\v\'\"\\\000\x00\^c"   # with escapes and imbedded zero

  # no native variable substitution, a printf library function is available in the IPL

  every x := c1|s1|s2 do                                # show them
     write(" size=",*x,", type=", type(x),", value=", image(x))

end</lang>

Output

  size=2, type=cset, value='ab'
  size=4, type=string, value="aaab"
  size=21, type=string, value="\"aaab\b\d\e\f\n\n\n\r\t\v'\"\\\x00\x00\x03"

Unicon

This Icon solution works in Unicon.

IDL

The single and double quotes are fairly interchangeable allowing one to use whichever isn't to be quoted (though single-quotes seem more well-behaved around integers in strings). Thus the following are both valid character-constant assignments:

<lang idl>a = " that's a string " b = ' a "string" is this '</lang>

In a pinch, a character constant doesn't absolutely have to be terminated, rendering the following valid:

<lang idl>a = " that's a string</lang>

Duplicating either of them quotes them. Thus the following contains three single quotes and no double-quotes:

<lang idl>a = ' that''s a string print,a

==> that's a string</lang>

Things in quotes are not expanded. To get to the content of a variable, leave it unquoted:

<lang idl>b = 'hello' a = b+' world print,a

==> hello world</lang>

Single-quoted strings of valid hex or octal digits will be expanded if followed by "x" or "o":

<lang idl>print,'777'x

==> 1911

print,'777'o

==> 511

print,'777'

==> 777</lang>

so will be unterminated double-quoted strings if they represent valid octal numbers:

<lang idl>print,"777

==> 511

print,"877

==> 877</lang>

Note that this renders the following false (common trip-up for IDL newbies):

<lang idl>a = "0"

==> Syntax error.</lang>

...because the number zero indicates that an octal number follows, but the second double-quote is not a valid octal digit.

Byte-arrays that are converted into strings are converted to the ascii-characters represented by the bytes. E.g.

<lang idl>crlf = string([13b,10b])</lang>

J

Like C, J treats strings as lists of characters. Character literals are enclosed in single quotes, and there is no interpolation. Therefore, the only "escape" character neccessary is the single-quote itself, and within a character literal is represented by a pair of adjacent single quotes (much like in C, where within a character literal, a slash is represented by a pair of adjacent slashes).

Examples:

<lang j>'x' NB. Scalar character 'string' NB. List of characters, i.e. a string 'cant get simpler' NB. Embedded single-quote</lang>

Like VB, J can include newlines and other special characters in literals with concatentation. Also like VB, J comes with certain constants predefined for some characters:

<lang j>'Here is line 1',LF,'and line two'

'On a mac, you need',CR,'a carriage return'

'And on windows, ',CRLF,'you need both'

TAB,TAB,TAB,'Everyone loves tabs!'</lang>

These constants are simply names assigned to selections from the ASCII alphabet. That is, the standard library executes lines like this:

Since these constants are nothing special, it can be seen that any variable can be similarly included in a literal:

<lang j>NAME =: 'John Q. Public' 'Hello, ',NAME,' you may have already won $1,000,000'</lang>

For multiline literals, you may define an explicit noun, which is terminated by a lone )

<lang j>template =: noun define Hello, NAME.

My name is SHYSTER, and I'm here to tell you that you my have already won $AMOUNT!!

To collect your winnings, please send $PAYMENT to ADDRESS. )</lang>

Simple substitution is most easily effected by using loading a standard script:

<lang j>load 'strings'

name =: 'John Q. Public' shyster =: 'Ed McMahon' amount =: 1e6 payment =: 2 * amount address =: 'Publishers Clearing House'

targets =: ;: 'NAME SHYSTER AMOUNT PAYMENT ADDRESS' sources =: ":&.> name;shyster;amount;payment;address

message =: template rplc targets,.sources</lang>

While C-like interpolation can be effected with another:

<lang j> load 'printf'

  'This should look %d%% familiar \nto programmers of %s.' sprintf 99;'C'

This should look 99% familiar to programmers of C.</lang>

Java

<lang java>char a = 'a'; //prints as: a String b = "abc"; //prints as: abc char doubleQuote = '"'; //prints as: " char singleQuote = '\''; //prints as: ' String singleQuotes = "''"; //prints as: '' String doubleQuotes = "\"\""; //prints as: ""</lang> Null characters ('\0') are printed as spaces in Java. They will not terminate a String as they would in C or C++. So, the String "this \0is \0a \0test" will print like this:

this  is  a  test

JavaScript

A JavaScript string is a sequence of zero or more characters enclosed in either 'single quotes' or "double quotes". Neither form prevents escape sequences: "\n" and '\n' are both strings of length 1. There is no variable interpolation.

$L a T e X$

Since LaTeX is a markup language rather than a programming language, quotes are displayed rather than interpreted. However, quotes do deserve special mention in LaTeX. Opening (left) quotes are denoted with backquotes and closing (right) quotes are denoted with quotes. Single quotes use a single symbol and double quotes use double symbols. For example, to typeset 'a' is for "apple" in LaTeX, one would type

<lang latex>`a' is for ``apple''</lang>

One common mistake is to use the same symbol for opening and closing quotes, which results in the one of the quotes being backward in the output. Another common mistake is to use a double quote symbol in the input file rather than two single quotes in order to produce a double quote in the output.

Lisaac

Characters: <lang Lisaac>c1 := 'a'; c2 := '\n'; // newline c3 := '\; // quote c4 := '\101o'; // octal c5 := '\10\'; // decimal c6 := '\0Ah\'; // hexadecimal c7 := '\10010110b\'; // binary</lang> Strings: <lang Lisaac>s1 := "this is a\nsample"; // newline s2 := "\""; // double quote s3 := "abc\

     \xyz"; // "abcxyz", cut the gap</lang>

Logo

Logo does not have a string or character type that is separate from its symbol type ("word"). A literal word is specified by prefixing a double-quote character. Reserved and delimiting characters, ()[];~+-*/\=<>| and newline, may be used if preceded by a backslash. Alternatively, the string may be wrapped in vertical bars, in which case only backslash and vertical bar need be escaped. <lang logo>print "Hello\,\ world print "|Hello, world|</lang>

Lua

<lang lua> singlequotestring = 'can contain "double quotes"' doublequotestring = "can contain 'single quotes'" longstring = [[can contain

              newlines]]

longstring2 = [==[ can contain [[ other ]=] longstring " and ' string [===[ qualifiers]==] </lang>

M4

The quoting characters are ` and ', but can be changed by the changequote macro: <lang m4>`this is quoted string'</lang> <lang m4>changequote(`[',`]')dnl [this is a quoted string]</lang>

Metafont

In Metafont there's no difference between a single character string and a single character. Moreover, the double quotes (which delimites a string) cannot be inserted directly into a string; for this reason, the basic Metafont macro set defines

<lang metafont>string ditto; ditto = char 34;</lang>

i.e. a string which is the single character having ASCII code 34 ("). Macro or variables expansion inside a string block is inhibited.

<lang metafont>message "You've said: " & ditto & "Good bye!" & ditto & ".";</lang>

Modula-3

Characters in Modula-3 use single quotes. <lang modula3>VAR char: CHAR := 'a';</lang> Strings in Modula-3 use double quotes. <lang modula3>VAR str: TEXT := "foo";</lang> TEXT is the string type in Modula-3. Characters can be stored in an array and then converted to type TEXT using the function Text.FromChars in the Text module.

Strings (of type TEXT) can be converted into an array of characters using the function Text.SetChars. <lang modula3>VAR str: TEXT := "Foo"; VAR chrarray: ARRAY [1..3] OF CHAR;

Text.SetChars(chrarray, str); (* chrarray now has the value ['F', 'o', 'o'] *)</lang>

MUMPS

All strings are delimited by the double quotes character. But you can escape the double quotes to add a double quotes character to a string.

USER>SET S1="ABC"
 
USER>SET S2="""DEF"""
 
USER>SET S3="""GHI"
 
USER>W S1
ABC
USER>W S2
"DEF"
USER>W S3
"GHI

Objective-C

The same as C, with the addition of the new string literal <lang objc>@"Hello, world!"</lang> which represents a pointer to a statically allocated string object, of type NSString *, similar to string literals in Java. You can use this literal like other object pointers, e.g. call methods on it [@"Hello, world!" uppercaseString].

Objeck

Objeck string support is similar to Java except that string elements are 1-byte in length. In addition, string literals may terminated using a NULL character or the string's length calculation.

OCaml

Characters are contained in single quotes: <lang ocaml># 'a';; - : char = 'a'</lang>

Strings are contained in double quotes: <lang ocaml># "Hello world";; - : string = "Hello world"</lang>

Strings may be split across lines and concatenated using the following syntax: (the newline and any blanks at the beginning of the second line is ignored) <lang ocaml># "abc\

   def";;

- : string = "abcdef"</lang>

If the above syntax is not used then any newlines and whitespace are included in the string: <lang ocaml># "abc

  def";;

- : string = "abc\n def"</lang>

Oz

<lang oz>declare Digit0 = &0 %% the character '0' NewLine = &\n %% a character with special representation NewLine = &\012 %% characters can also be specified with octals

%% Strings are lists of characters, but can also be written in double quotes: [&H &e &l &l &o] = "Hello"

AnAtom = 'Hello' %% single quotes are used for atoms Atom2 = hello = 'hello' %% for atoms starting with a lower case letter, they are optional

%% To build strings out of other values, so-called virtual strings are used: MyName = "Peter" MyAge = 8 {System.showInfo MyName # " is " # MyAge # " years old."}</lang>

Perl

Perl makes no distinction between single characters and strings. One can use single or double quotes, but they are different. Double-quotes allows you to interpolate variables and escape sequences, while single-quotes do not.

<lang perl>'c'; # character 'hello'; # these two strings are the same "hello"; 'Hi $name. How are you?'; # result: "Hi $name. How are you?" "Hi $name. How are you?"; # result: "Hi Bob. How are you?" '\n'; # 2-character string with a backslash and "n" "\n"; # newline character `ls`; # runs a command in the shell and returns the output as a string q/hello/; # same as 'hello', but allows custom delimiters, eg: q(hi) and q!hi! qq/hello/; # same as "hello", but allows custom delimiters, eg: qq{$hi} and qq#hi# qw/one two three/; # same as ('one', 'two', 'three'); constructs a list of the words qx/ls/; # quoted execution, same as `ls` qr/regex/; # creates a regular expression <<END; # Here-Document Hi, whatever goes here gets put into the string, including newlines and $variables, until the label we put above END <<'END'; # Here-Document like single-quoted Same as above, but no interpolation of $variables. END</lang>

PHP

PHP makes no distinction between single characters and strings. One can use single or double quotes, but they are different. Double-quotes allows you to interpolate variables and escape sequences, while single-quotes do not.

<lang php>'c'; # character 'hello'; # these two strings are the same "hello"; 'Hi $name. How are you?'; # result: "Hi $name. How are you?" "Hi $name. How are you?"; # result: "Hi Bob. How are you?" '\n'; # 2-character string with a backslash and "n" "\n"; # newline character `ls`; # runs a command in the shell and returns the output as a string <<END # Here-Document Hi, whatever goes here gets put into the string, including newlines and $variables, until the label we put above END; <<'END' # Here-Document like single-quoted Same as above, but no interpolation of $variables. END;</lang>

PicoLisp

PicoLisp doesn't have a string data type. Instead, symbols are used. Certain uninterned symbols, called "transient symbols", however, look and behave like strings on other languages.

Syntactically, transient symbols (called "strings" in the following) are surrounded by double quotes. When printed, they are usually represented as underlined text to emphasize their symbolic nature. This behavior can be controlled with the global variable '*Tsm' (transient symbol markup): <lang PicoLisp>: (off *Tsm)

"ab\"cd" # Double quotes are displayed

-> "ab\"cd"</lang> Double quotes in strings are escaped with a backslash.

ASCII control characters can be written using the hat ('^') character: <lang PicoLisp>: "ab^Icd^Jef" # Tab, linefeed</lang> There is no special character type or representation. Individual characters are handled as single-character strings: <lang PicoLisp>: (chop "abc") -> ("a" "b" "c")

(pack (reverse @))

-> "cba"</lang> A limited handling of here-strings is available with the 'here' function.

Pike

<lang pike> 'c'; # Character code (ASCII) (result: 99) "c"; # String (result: "c") "\n"; # String (result: newline character) "hi " + world # String (result: "hi " and the contents of the variable world) </lang>

PL/I

<lang PL/I> 'this is a string' /* an empty string literal */ 'Johns cat' /* a literal containing an embedded apostrophe. */

                    /* stored are <<John's cat>>  */

</lang>

Plain $T e X$

The same as LaTeX case, even though one should say the opposite. The `` and '' in TeX (plainTeX, LaTeX and many more) are just examples of ligatures.

Pop11

In Pop11 charaters literals are written in inverted quotes (backticks)

`a` ;;; charater a

String are written in quotes

<lang pop11>'a' ;;; string consisting of single character</lang>

Backslash is used to insert special charaters into strings:

<lang pop11>'\'\n' ;;; string consisting of quote and newline</lang>

PureBasic

PureBasic supports char in ASCII and UNICODE as well as both dynamic and fixed length strings. <lang PureBasic>; Characters (*.c), can be ASCII or UNICODE depending on compiler setting Define.c AChar='A'

defines as *.a it will be ASCII and *.u is always UNICODE

Define.a A='b' Define.u U='水'

Strings is defined as **.s or ending with '$'

Define.s AStrion ="String #1" Define BStrion.s ="String #2" Define CString$ ="String #3"

Fixed length stings can be defined if needed

Define XString.s{100} ="I am 100 char long!"

'"' can be included via CHR() or its predefined constant

Define AStringQuotes$=Chr(34)+"Buu"+Chr(34)+" said the ghost!" Define BStringQuotes$=#DOUBLEQUOTE$+"Buu"+#DOUBLEQUOTE$+" said yet a ghost!"</lang> To dynamically detect the current sizes of a character, e.g. ASCI or UNICODE mode, StringByteLength() can be used. <lang PureBasic>Select StringByteLength("X")

 Case 1
   Print("ASCII-mode;  Soo, Hello world!")
 Case 2
   Print("UNICODE-mode; Soo, 您好世界!")

EndSelect</lang>

Python

Python makes no distinction between single characters and strings. One can use single or double quotes.

'c' == "c" # character
'text' == "text"
' " '
" ' "
'\x20' == ' '
u'unicode string'
u'\u05d0' # unicode literal

As shown in the last examples Unicode strings are single or double quoted with a "u" or "U" prepended thereto.

Verbatim (a.k.a. "raw") strings are contained within either single or double quotes, but have an "r" or "R" prepended to indicate that backslash characters should NOT be treated as "escape sequences." This is useful when defining regular expressions as it avoids the need to use sequences like \\\\ (a sequence of four backslashes) in order to get one literal backslash into a regular expression string.

r'\x20' == '\\x20'

The Unicode and raw string modifiers can be combined to prefix a raw Unicode string. This must be done as "ur" or "UR" (not with the letters reversed as it: "ru").

Here-strings are denoted with triple quotes.

<lang python> single triple quote """ double triple quote """</lang>

The "u" and "r" prefixes can also be used with triple quoted strings.

Triple quoted strings can contain any mixture of double and single quotes as well as embedded newlines, etc. They are terminated by unescaped triple quotes of the same type that initiated the expression. They are generally used for "doc strings" and other multi-line string expressions --- and are useful for "commenting out" blocks of code.

PowerShell

PowerShell makes no distinction between characters and strings. Single quoted strings do not interpolate variable contents but double quoted strings do. Also, escape sequences are quoted literally as separate characters within single quotes.

PowerShell here-strings begin with @' (or @") followed immediately by a line break and end with a line break followed by '@ (or "@). Escape sequences and variables are interpolated in @" quotes but not in @' quotes.

R

R makes no distinction between characters and strings, and uses single and double quotes interchangeably, though double quotes are considered to be preferred. Verbatim strings are not supported. See ?Quotes for more information. <lang R>str1 <- "the quick brown fox, etc." str2 <- 'the quick brown fox, etc.' identical(str1, str2) #TRUE</lang> R also uses backticks, for creating non-standard variable names (amongst other things). <lang R>`a b` <- 4 `a b` # 4 a b # Error: unexpected symbol in "a b"</lang> R will print different styles of single and double quote using sQuote and dQuote <lang R>options(useFancyQuotes=FALSE) cat("plain quotes: ", dQuote("double"), "and", sQuote("single"), "\n")</lang>

plain quotes:  "double" and 'single'

<lang R>options(useFancyQuotes=TRUE) cat("fancy quotes: ", dQuote("double"), "and", sQuote("single"), "\n")</lang>

fancy quotes:  “double” and ‘single’

<lang R>options(useFancyQuotes="TeX") cat("fancy quotes: ", dQuote("double"), "and", sQuote("single"), "\n")</lang>

TeX quotes:  ``double and `single'

Retro

Strings are enclosed in double quotes, and can contain anything other than a double quote.

ASCII characters are prefixed by a single quote.

<lang Retro>'c "hello, world!"</lang>

REXX

There are two types of quotes: " and '. There is no difference between them. Double them to escape. <lang rexx>char1 = "A" char2 = 'A' str = "this is a string" another = 'this is also a string' escape1 = "that's it!" escape2 = 'thats it!'</lang> Variable expansion is not possible. Simply concatenate the string with the variable: <lang rexx>amount = 100 result = "You got" amount "points." say result</lang> Output:

You got 100 points.

It is also possible to chars in hexadecimal notation in a string: <lang rexx>lf = '0A'x cr = '0D'x lang = '52455858'x /* gives REXX on ASCII-computer */</lang>

Ruby

Quotes that do not interpolate: <lang ruby>'single quotes with \'embedded quote\' and \\backslash' %q(not interpolating with (nested) parentheses and newline)</lang> Quotes that interpolate: <lang ruby>a = 42 "double quotes with \"embedded quote\"\nnewline and variable interpolation: #{a} % 10 = #{a % 10}" %Q(same as above) %|same as above|</lang> Heredocs <lang ruby>print <<HERE With an unquoted delimiter, this interpolates: a = #{a} HERE print <<-INDENTED

  This delimiter can have whitespace before it
  INDENTED

print <<'NON_INTERPOLATING' This will not interpolate: #{a} NON_INTERPOLATING</lang>

Scala

Character literals use single quotes marks:

However, symbols are denoted with a single quote, so care must be taken not to confuse the two:

<lang scala>val sym = 'symbol</lang>

Strings can use either double quotes, or three successive double quotes. The first allows special characters, the second doesn't:

<lang scala>scala> "newline and slash: \n and \\" res5: java.lang.String = newline and slash:

and \

scala> """newline and slash: \n and \\""" res6: java.lang.String = newline and slash: \n and \\</lang>

However, Unicode characters are expanded wherever they happen, even inside comments. So, for instance:

<lang scala>scala> val uniquote = \u0022normal string" uniquote: java.lang.String = normal string

scala> val insidequote = """an inside \u0022 quote""" insidequote: java.lang.String = an inside " quote</lang>

Finally, on version 2.7, the triple-double-quoted string ends at the third consecutive quote, on version 2.8 it ends on the last quote of a series of at least three double-quotes.

Scala 2.7 <lang scala>scala> val error = """can't finish with a quote: """" <console>:1: error: unterminated string

      val error = """can't finish with a quote: """"
                                                   ^</lang>

Scala 2.8 <lang scala>scala> val success = """but it can on 2.8: """" success: java.lang.String = but it can on 2.8: "</lang>

Scheme

Characters are specified using the "#\" syntax: <lang scheme>#\a

\A
\?
\space
\newline</lang>

Strings are contained in double quotes: <lang scheme>"Hello world"</lang>

Literal symbols, lists, pairs, etc. can be quoted using the quote syntax: <lang scheme>'apple '(1 2 3) ; same as (list 1 2 3) '() ; empty list '(a . b) ; same as (cons 'a 'b)</lang>

Seed7

In Seed7, single characters are contained in single quotes.

Strings are contained in double quotes.

<lang seed7>var string: stri is "hello";</lang>

This means that 'z' and "z" are different. The former is a character while the latter is a string. Seed7 strings are not null terminated (they do not end with \0). They can contain any sequence of UNICODE (UCS-32) characters (including a \0). In the source code the UNICODE characters are written with the UTF-8 coding. Empty strings are also allowed. The backslash is used to allow double quotes and control characters in strings. There is also a possibility to break a string into several lines.

<lang seed7>var string: example is "this is a string\

                      \ which continues in the next line\n\
                      \and contains a line break";</lang>

There is no built-in mechanism for expanding variables within strings.

Slate

Characters are specified using the $ syntax:

Strings are contained in single quotes, with backslash for escaping: <lang slate>'Hello\'s the word.'</lang>

Standard ML

Characters are contained in the #"" syntax: <lang sml>- #"a"; val it = #"a" : char</lang>

Strings are contained in double quotes: <lang sml>- "Hello world"; val it = "Hello world" : string</lang>

Strings may be split across lines and concatenated by having two backslashes around the newline and whitespace: <lang sml>- "abc\

   \def";

val it = "abcdef" : string</lang>

Tcl

Tcl makes no distinction between single characters and strings.

Double quotes allow command and variable interpolation: <lang tcl>set str "This is Tcl $::tcl_version\tIt is [clock format [clock seconds]]" puts $str ;# ==> This is Tcl 8.5 It is Mon Apr 06 16:49:46 EDT 2009</lang>

Braces prevent interpolation <lang tcl>set str {This is Tcl $::tcl_version\tIt is [clock format [clock seconds]]} puts $str ;# ==> This is Tcl $::tcl_version\tIt is [clock format [clock seconds]]</lang>

TI-89 BASIC

This example may be incorrect.

This has been determined by experiment; no reference documentation was found to use.

Please verify it and remove this message. If the example does not match the requirements or does not work, replace this message with Template:incorrect or fix the code yourself.

Double quotes enclose strings, e.g. "Hello Rosetta Code". There are no escape characters. Quotes in strings are doubled: "This > "" < is one double-quote."

Ursala

Single characters are denoted with a back quote. <lang Ursala>a = `x</lang> Unprintable character constants can be expressed like this. <lang Ursala>cr = 13%cOi&</lang> Strings are enclosed in single forward quotes. <lang Ursala>b = 'a string'</lang> A single quote in a string is escaped by another single quote. <lang Ursala>c = 'Hobsons choice'</lang> Multi-line strings are enclosed in dash-brackets. <lang Ursala>d =

-[this is a list of strings]-</lang> Dash-bracket enclosed text can have arbitrary nested unquoted expressions, provided they evaluate to lists of character strings. <lang Ursala>e = -[the front matter -[ d ]- the rest of it]-

f = -[text -[ d ]- more -[ e ]- text ]-</lang> This notation can also be used for defining functions. <lang Ursala>g "x" = -[ Dear -[ "x" ]- bla bla ]-</lang> The double quotes aren't for character strings but dummy variables.

V

A simple quoted string is of the form 'string' e.g <lang v>'hello world' puts</lang>

Visual Basic .NET

Visual Basic only supports single-line strings. The only escape sequence supported is the double double-quote (""), which is translated into a single double-quote.

<lang vbnet>Dim s = "Tom said, ""The fox ran away.""" Result: Tom said, "The fox ran away."</lang>

XSLT

XSLT is based on XML, and so can use either " or ' to delimit strings. Since XML attribute values are defined using double-quotes, one must use single-quotes for string literals within attributes. <lang xml><xsl:if test="starts-with(@name, 'Mr.')">Mister</xsl:if></lang>

Double and single quote characters may also be escaped with XML entities: " and ' respectively.