Bell numbers: Difference between revisions

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</pre>
</pre>



=={{header|Java}}==
{{trans|Kotlin}}
<lang java>import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class Bell {
private static class BellTriangle {
private List<Integer> arr;

BellTriangle(int n) {
int length = n * (n + 1) / 2;
arr = new ArrayList<>(length);
for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
arr.add(0);
}

set(1, 0, 1);
for (int i = 2; i <= n; ++i) {
set(i, 0, get(i - 1, i - 2));
for (int j = 1; j < i; ++j) {
int value = get(i, j - 1) + get(i - 1, j - 1);
set(i, j, value);
}
}
}

private int index(int row, int col) {
if (row > 0 && col >= 0 && col < row) {
return row * (row - 1) / 2 + col;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
}

public int get(int row, int col) {
int i = index(row, col);
return arr.get(i);
}

public void set(int row, int col, int value) {
int i = index(row, col);
arr.set(i, value);
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
final int rows = 15;
BellTriangle bt = new BellTriangle(rows);

System.out.println("First fifteen Bell numbers:");
for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
System.out.printf("%2d: %d\n", i + 1, bt.get(i + 1, 0));
}

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) {
System.out.print(bt.get(i, 0));
for (int j = 1; j < i; ++j) {
System.out.printf(", %d", bt.get(i, j));
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}</lang>
{{out}}
<pre>First fifteen Bell numbers:
1: 1
2: 1
3: 2
4: 5
5: 15
6: 52
7: 203
8: 877
9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
1
1, 2
2, 3, 5
5, 7, 10, 15
15, 20, 27, 37, 52
52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203
203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877
877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140
4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147
21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975</pre>


=={{header|Julia}}==
=={{header|Julia}}==

Revision as of 18:18, 21 December 2019

Bell numbers is a draft programming task. It is not yet considered ready to be promoted as a complete task, for reasons that should be found in its talk page.

Bell or exponential numbers are enumerations of the number of different ways to partition a set that has exactly n elements. Each element of the sequence Bn is the number of partitions of a set of size n where order of the elements and order of the partitions are non-significant. E.G.: {a b} is the same as {b a} and {a} {b} is the same as {b} {a}.


So
B0 = 1 trivially. There is only one way to partition a set with zero elements. { }
B1 = 1 There is only one way to partition a set with one element. {a}
B2 = 2 Two elements may be partitioned in two ways. {a} {b}, {a b}
B3 = 5 Three elements may be partitioned in five ways {a} {b} {c}, {a b} {c}, {a} {b c}, {a c} {b}, {a b c}
and so on.


A simple way to find the Bell numbers is construct a Bell triangle, also known as an Aitken's array or Peirce triangle, and read off the numbers in the first column of each row. There are other generating algorithms though, and you are free to choose the best / most appropriate for your case.


Task

Write a routine (function, generator, whatever) to generate the Bell number sequence and call the routine to show here, on this page at least the first 15 and (if your language supports big Integers) 50th elements of the sequence.

If you do use the Bell triangle method to generate the numbers, also show the first ten rows of the Bell triangle.


See also


C

Translation of: D

<lang c>#include <stdio.h>

  1. include <stdlib.h>

// row starts with 1; col < row size_t bellIndex(int row, int col) { 

   return row * (row - 1) / 2 + col;

}

int getBell(int *bellTri, int row, int col) { 

   size_t index = bellIndex(row, col);
   return bellTri[index];

}

void setBell(int *bellTri, int row, int col, int value) { 

   size_t index = bellIndex(row, col);
   bellTri[index] = value;

}

int *bellTriangle(int n) { 

   size_t length = n * (n + 1) / 2;
   int *tri = calloc(length, sizeof(int));
   int i, j;

   setBell(tri, 1, 0, 1);
   for (i = 2; i <= n; ++i) {
       setBell(tri, i, 0, getBell(tri, i - 1, i - 2));
       for (j = 1; j < i; ++j) {
           int value = getBell(tri, i, j - 1) + getBell(tri, i - 1, j - 1);
           setBell(tri, i, j, value);
       }
   }

   return tri;

}

int main() { 

   const int rows = 15;
   int *bt = bellTriangle(rows);
   int i, j;

   printf("First fifteen Bell numbers:\n");
   for (i = 1; i <= rows; ++i) {
       printf("%2d: %d\n", i, getBell(bt, i, 0));
   }

   printf("\nThe first ten rows of Bell's triangle:\n");
   for (i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) {
       printf("%d", getBell(bt, i, 0));
       for (j = 1; j < i; ++j) {
           printf(", %d", getBell(bt, i, j));
       }
       printf("\n");
   }

   free(bt);
   return 0;

}</lang>

Output:
First fifteen Bell numbers:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322

The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:
1
1, 2
2, 3, 5
5, 7, 10, 15
15, 20, 27, 37, 52
52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203
203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877
877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140
4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147
21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975

C#

Translation of: D

<lang csharp>using System; using System.Numerics;

namespace BellNumbers { 

   public static class Utility {
       public static void Init<T>(this T[] array, T value) {
           if (null == array) return;
           for (int i = 0; i < array.Length; ++i) {
               array[i] = value;
           }
       }
   }

   class Program {
       static BigInteger[][] BellTriangle(int n) {
           BigInteger[][] tri = new BigInteger[n][];
           for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
               tri[i] = new BigInteger[i];
               tri[i].Init(BigInteger.Zero);
           }
           tri[1][0] = 1;
           for (int i = 2; i < n; ++i) {
               tri[i][0] = tri[i - 1][i - 2];
               for (int j = 1; j < i; ++j) {
                   tri[i][j] = tri[i][j - 1] + tri[i - 1][j - 1];
               }
           }
           return tri;
       }

       static void Main(string[] args) {
           var bt = BellTriangle(51);
           Console.WriteLine("First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:");
           for (int i = 1; i < 16; ++i) {
               Console.WriteLine("{0,2}: {1}", i, bt[i][0]);
           }
           Console.WriteLine("50: {0}", bt[50][0]);
           Console.WriteLine();
           Console.WriteLine("The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:");
           for (int i = 1; i < 11; ++i) {
               //Console.WriteLine(bt[i]);
               var it = bt[i].GetEnumerator();
               Console.Write("[");
               if (it.MoveNext()) {
                   Console.Write(it.Current);
               }
               while (it.MoveNext()) {
                   Console.Write(", ");
                   Console.Write(it.Current);
               }
               Console.WriteLine("]");
           }
       }
   }

}</lang>

Output:
First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
50: 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:
[1]
[1, 2]
[2, 3, 5]
[5, 7, 10, 15]
[15, 20, 27, 37, 52]
[52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203]
[203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877]
[877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140]
[4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147]
[21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975]

D

Translation of: Go

<lang d>import std.array : uninitializedArray; import std.bigint; import std.stdio : writeln, writefln;

auto bellTriangle(int n) { 

   auto tri = uninitializedArray!(BigInt[][])(n);
   foreach (i; 0..n) {
       tri[i] = uninitializedArray!(BigInt[])(i);
       tri[i][] = BigInt(0);
   }
   tri[1][0] = 1;
   foreach (i; 2..n) {
       tri[i][0] = tri[i - 1][i - 2];
       foreach (j; 1..i) {
           tri[i][j] = tri[i][j - 1] + tri[i - 1][j - 1];
       }
   }
   return tri;

}

void main() { 

   auto bt = bellTriangle(51);
   writeln("First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:");
   foreach (i; 1..16) {
       writefln("%2d: %d", i, bt[i][0]);
   }
   writeln("50: ", bt[50][0]);
   writeln;
   writeln("The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:");
   foreach (i; 1..11) {
       writeln(bt[i]);
   }

}</lang>

Output:
First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
50: 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:
[1]
[1, 2]
[2, 3, 5]
[5, 7, 10, 15]
[15, 20, 27, 37, 52]
[52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203]
[203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877]
[877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140]
[4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147]
[21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975]

F#

The function

<lang fsharp> // Generate bell triangle. Nigel Galloway: July 6th., 2019 let bell=Seq.unfold(fun g->Some(g,List.scan(+) (List.last g) g))[1I] </lang>

The Task

<lang fsharp> bell|>Seq.take 10|>Seq.iter(printfn "%A") </lang>

Output:
[1]
[1; 2]
[2; 3; 5]
[5; 7; 10; 15]
[15; 20; 27; 37; 52]
[52; 67; 87; 114; 151; 203]
[203; 255; 322; 409; 523; 674; 877]
[877; 1080; 1335; 1657; 2066; 2589; 3263; 4140]
[4140; 5017; 6097; 7432; 9089; 11155; 13744; 17007; 21147]
[21147; 25287; 30304; 36401; 43833; 52922; 64077; 77821; 94828; 115975]

<lang fsharp> bell|>Seq.take 15|>Seq.iter(fun n->printf "%A " (List.head n));printfn "" </lang>

Output:
1 1 2 5 15 52 203 877 4140 21147 115975 678570 4213597 27644437 190899322

<lang fsharp> printfn "%A" (Seq.head (Seq.item 49 bell)) </lang>

Output:
10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

Factor

via Aitken's array

Works with: Factor version 0.98

<lang factor>USING: formatting io kernel math math.matrices sequences vectors ;

next-row ( prev -- next )
   [ 1 1vector ]
   [ dup last [ + ] accumulate swap suffix! ] if-empty ;
aitken ( n -- seq )
   V{ } clone swap [ next-row dup ] replicate nip ;

0 50 aitken col [ 15 head ] [ last ] bi "First 15 Bell numbers:\n%[%d, %]\n\n50th: %d\n\n" printf "First 10 rows of the Bell triangle:" print 10 aitken [ "%[%d, %]\n" printf ] each</lang>

Output:
First 15 Bell numbers:
{ 1, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, 877, 4140, 21147, 115975, 678570, 4213597, 27644437, 190899322 }

50th: 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

First 10 rows of the Bell triangle:
{ 1 }
{ 1, 2 }
{ 2, 3, 5 }
{ 5, 7, 10, 15 }
{ 15, 20, 27, 37, 52 }
{ 52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203 }
{ 203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877 }
{ 877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140 }
{ 4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147 }
{ 21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975 }

via recurrence relation

This solution makes use of a recurrence relation involving binomial coefficients.

Works with: Factor version 0.98

<lang factor>USING: formatting kernel math math.combinatorics sequences ;

next-bell ( seq -- n )
   dup length 1 - [ swap nCk * ] curry map-index sum ;
bells ( n -- seq )
   V{ 1 } clone swap 1 - [ dup next-bell suffix! ] times ;

50 bells [ 15 head ] [ last ] bi "First 15 Bell numbers:\n%[%d, %]\n\n50th: %d\n" printf</lang>

Output:
First 15 Bell numbers:
{ 1, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, 877, 4140, 21147, 115975, 678570, 4213597, 27644437, 190899322 }

50th: 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

via Stirling sums

This solution defines Bell numbers in terms of sums of Stirling numbers of the second kind.

Works with: Factor version 0.99 development release 2019-07-10

<lang factor>USING: formatting kernel math math.extras math.ranges sequences ;

bell ( m -- n )
   [ 1 ] [ dup [1,b] [ stirling ] with map-sum ] if-zero ;

50 [ bell ] { } map-integers [ 15 head ] [ last ] bi "First 15 Bell numbers:\n%[%d, %]\n\n50th: %d\n" printf</lang>

Output:

As above.

Go

<lang go>package main

import ( 

   "fmt"
   "math/big"

)

func bellTriangle(n int) [][]*big.Int { 

   tri := make([][]*big.Int, n)
   for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
       tri[i] = make([]*big.Int, i)
       for j := 0; j < i; j++ {
           tri[i][j] = new(big.Int)
       }
   }
   tri[1][0].SetUint64(1)
   for i := 2; i < n; i++ {
       tri[i][0].Set(tri[i-1][i-2])
       for j := 1; j < i; j++ {
           tri[i][j].Add(tri[i][j-1], tri[i-1][j-1])
       }
   }
   return tri

}

func main() { 

   bt := bellTriangle(51)
   fmt.Println("First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:")
   for i := 1; i <= 15; i++ {
       fmt.Printf("%2d: %d\n", i, bt[i][0])
   }
   fmt.Println("50:", bt[50][0])
   fmt.Println("\nThe first ten rows of Bell's triangle:")
   for i := 1; i <= 10; i++ {
       fmt.Println(bt[i])
   }

}</lang>

Output:
First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
50: 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

First ten rows of Bell's triangle:
[1]
[1 2]
[2 3 5]
[5 7 10 15]
[15 20 27 37 52]
[52 67 87 114 151 203]
[203 255 322 409 523 674 877]
[877 1080 1335 1657 2066 2589 3263 4140]
[4140 5017 6097 7432 9089 11155 13744 17007 21147]
[21147 25287 30304 36401 43833 52922 64077 77821 94828 115975]


Java

Translation of: Kotlin

<lang java>import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List;

public class Bell { 

   private static class BellTriangle {
       private List<Integer> arr;

       BellTriangle(int n) {
           int length = n * (n + 1) / 2;
           arr = new ArrayList<>(length);
           for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
               arr.add(0);
           }

           set(1, 0, 1);
           for (int i = 2; i <= n; ++i) {
               set(i, 0, get(i - 1, i - 2));
               for (int j = 1; j < i; ++j) {
                   int value = get(i, j - 1) + get(i - 1, j - 1);
                   set(i, j, value);
               }
           }
       }

       private int index(int row, int col) {
           if (row > 0 && col >= 0 && col < row) {
               return row * (row - 1) / 2 + col;
           } else {
               throw new IllegalArgumentException();
           }
       }

       public int get(int row, int col) {
           int i = index(row, col);
           return arr.get(i);
       }

       public void set(int row, int col, int value) {
           int i = index(row, col);
           arr.set(i, value);
       }
   }

   public static void main(String[] args) {
       final int rows = 15;
       BellTriangle bt = new BellTriangle(rows);

       System.out.println("First fifteen Bell numbers:");
       for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) {
           System.out.printf("%2d: %d\n", i + 1, bt.get(i + 1, 0));
       }

       for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) {
           System.out.print(bt.get(i, 0));
           for (int j = 1; j < i; ++j) {
               System.out.printf(", %d", bt.get(i, j));
           }
           System.out.println();
       }
   }

}</lang>

Output:
First fifteen Bell numbers:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
1
1, 2
2, 3, 5
5, 7, 10, 15
15, 20, 27, 37, 52
52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203
203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877
877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140
4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147
21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975

Julia

Source: Combinatorics at https://github.com/JuliaMath/Combinatorics.jl/blob/master/src/numbers.jl <lang julia>""" 

   bellnum(n)

Compute the ``n``th Bell number. """ function bellnum(n::Integer) 

   if n < 0
       throw(DomainError(n))
   elseif n < 2
       return 1
   end
   list = Vector{BigInt}(undef, n)
   list[1] = 1
   for i = 2:n
       for j = 1:i - 2
           list[i - j - 1] += list[i - j]
       end
       list[i] = list[1] + list[i - 1]
   end
   return list[n]

end

for i in 1:50 

   println(bellnum(i))

end

</lang>

Output:
1
2
5
15
52
203
877
4140
21147
115975
678570
4213597
27644437
190899322
1382958545
10480142147
82864869804
682076806159
5832742205057
51724158235372
474869816156751
4506715738447323
44152005855084346
445958869294805289
4638590332229999353
49631246523618756274
545717047936059989389
6160539404599934652455
71339801938860275191172
846749014511809332450147
10293358946226376485095653
128064670049908713818925644
1629595892846007606764728147
21195039388640360462388656799
281600203019560266563340426570
3819714729894818339975525681317
52868366208550447901945575624941
746289892095625330523099540639146
10738823330774692832768857986425209
157450588391204931289324344702531067
2351152507740617628200694077243788988
35742549198872617291353508656626642567
552950118797165484321714693280737767385
8701963427387055089023600531855797148876
139258505266263669602347053993654079693415
2265418219334494002928484444705392276158355
37450059502461511196505342096431510120174682
628919796303118415420210454071849537746015761
10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281
185724268771078270438257767181908917499221852770

Kotlin

Translation of: C

<lang scala>class BellTriangle(n: Int) { 

   private val arr: Array<Int>

   init {
       val length = n * (n + 1) / 2
       arr = Array(length) { 0 }

       set(1, 0, 1)
       for (i in 2..n) {
           set(i, 0, get(i - 1, i - 2))
           for (j in 1 until i) {
               val value = get(i, j - 1) + get(i - 1, j - 1)
               set(i, j, value)
           }
       }
   }

   private fun index(row: Int, col: Int): Int {
       require(row > 0)
       require(col >= 0)
       require(col < row)
       return row * (row - 1) / 2 + col
   }

   operator fun get(row: Int, col: Int): Int {
       val i = index(row, col)
       return arr[i]
   }

   private operator fun set(row: Int, col: Int, value: Int) {
       val i = index(row, col)
       arr[i] = value
   }

}

fun main() { 

   val rows = 15
   val bt = BellTriangle(rows)

   println("First fifteen Bell numbers:")
   for (i in 1..rows) {
       println("%2d: %d".format(i, bt[i, 0]))
   }

   for (i in 1..10) {
       print("${bt[i, 0]}")
       for (j in 1 until i) {
           print(", ${bt[i, j]}")
       }
       println()
   }

}</lang>

Output:
First fifteen Bell numbers:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
1
1, 2
2, 3, 5
5, 7, 10, 15
15, 20, 27, 37, 52
52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203
203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877
877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140
4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147
21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975

Lua

This example is in need of improvement:

there appears to be an extreme shortage of actual code here.

Translation of: D

The numbers in lua default to the system's double representation. A big number library is needed to get accurate results for the 50th row <lang lua></lang>

Output:
First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
50: 10726137154573358000000000000000000000000000000

The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:
[1]
[1, 2]
[2, 3, 5]
[5, 7, 10, 15]
[15, 20, 27, 37, 52]
[52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203]
[203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877]
[877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140]
[4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147]
[21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975]

Perl

Translation of: Perl 6

<lang perl>use strict 'vars'; use warnings; use feature 'say'; use bigint;

my @b = 1; my @Aitkens = [1];

push @Aitkens, do { 

   my @c = $b[-1];
   push @c, $b[$_] + $c[$_] for 0..$#b;
   @b = @c;
   [@c]

} until (@Aitkens == 50);

my @Bell_numbers = map { @$_[0] } @Aitkens;

say 'First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:'; printf "%2d: %s\n", 1+$_, $Bell_numbers[$_] for 0..14, 49;

say "\nFirst ten rows of Aitken's array:"; printf '%-7d'x@{$Aitkens[$_]}."\n", @{$Aitkens[$_]} for 0..9;</lang>

Output:
First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
50: 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

First ten rows of Aitken's array:
1
1      2
2      3      5
5      7      10     15
15     20     27     37     52
52     67     87     114    151    203
203    255    322    409    523    674    877
877    1080   1335   1657   2066   2589   3263   4140
4140   5017   6097   7432   9089   11155  13744  17007  21147
21147  25287  30304  36401  43833  52922  64077  77821  94828  115975

Perl 6

via Aitken's array

Works with: Rakudo version 2019.03

<lang perl6> my @Aitkens-array = lazy [1], -> @b { 

    my @c = @b.tail;
    @c.push: @b[$_] + @c[$_] for ^@b;
    @c
} ... *;

my @Bell-numbers = @Aitkens-array.map: { .head };

say "First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:"; printf "%2d: %s\n", 1+$_, @Bell-numbers[$_] for flat ^15, 49;

say "\nFirst ten rows of Aitken's array:"; .say for @Aitkens-array[^10];</lang>

Output:
First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
50: 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

First ten rows of Aitken's array:
[1]
[1 2]
[2 3 5]
[5 7 10 15]
[15 20 27 37 52]
[52 67 87 114 151 203]
[203 255 322 409 523 674 877]
[877 1080 1335 1657 2066 2589 3263 4140]
[4140 5017 6097 7432 9089 11155 13744 17007 21147]
[21147 25287 30304 36401 43833 52922 64077 77821 94828 115975]

via Recurrence relation

Works with: Rakudo version 2019.03

<lang perl6>sub binomial { [*] ($^n … 0) Z/ 1 .. $^p }

my @bell = 1, -> *@s { [+] @s »*« @s.keys.map: { binomial(@s-1, $_) } } … *;

.say for @bell[^15], @bell[50 - 1];</lang>

Output:
(1 1 2 5 15 52 203 877 4140 21147 115975 678570 4213597 27644437 190899322)
10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

via Stirling sums

Works with: Rakudo version 2019.03

<lang perl6>my @Stirling_numbers_of_the_second_kind = 

   (1,),
   { (0, |@^last) »+« (|(@^last »*« @^last.keys), 0) } … *

my @bell = @Stirling_numbers_of_the_second_kind.map: *.sum;

.say for @bell.head(15), @bell[50 - 1];</lang>

Output:
(1 1 2 5 15 52 203 877 4140 21147 115975 678570 4213597 27644437 190899322)
10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

Phix

Library: mpfr

Started out as a translation of Go, but the main routine has now been completely replaced. <lang Phix>function bellTriangle(integer n) -- nb: returns strings to simplify output 

   mpz z = mpz_init(1) 
   string sz = "1"
   sequence tri = {}, line = {}
   for i=1 to n do
       line = prepend(line,mpz_init_set(z))
       tri = append(tri,{sz})
       for j=2 to length(line) do
           mpz_add(z,z,line[j])
           mpz_set(line[j],z)
           sz = mpz_get_str(z)
           tri[$] = append(tri[$],sz)
       end for
   end for
   line = mpz_free(line)
   z = mpz_free(z)
   return tri

end function

sequence bt = bellTriangle(50) printf(1,"First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:\n%s\n50:%s\n\n", 

        {join(vslice(bt[1..15],1)),bt[50][1]})

printf(1,"The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:\n") for i=1 to 10 do 

   printf(1,"%s\n",{join(bt[i])})

end for</lang>

Output:
First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:
1 1 2 5 15 52 203 877 4140 21147 115975 678570 4213597 27644437 190899322
50:10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:
1
1 2
2 3 5
5 7 10 15
15 20 27 37 52
52 67 87 114 151 203
203 255 322 409 523 674 877
877 1080 1335 1657 2066 2589 3263 4140
4140 5017 6097 7432 9089 11155 13744 17007 21147
21147 25287 30304 36401 43833 52922 64077 77821 94828 115975

PicoLisp

<lang PicoLisp>(de bell (N) 

  (make
     (setq L (link (list 1)))
     (do N
        (setq L
           (link
              (make
                 (setq A (link (last L)))
                 (for B L
                    (setq A (link (+ A B))) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

(setq L (bell 51)) (for N 15 

  (tab (2 -2 -2) N ":" (get L N 1)) )

(prinl 50 ": " (get L 50 1)) (prinl) (prinl "First ten rows:") (for N 10 

  (println (get L N)) )</lang>
Output:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
50: 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

First ten rows:
(1)
(1 2)
(2 3 5)
(5 7 10 15)
(15 20 27 37 52)
(52 67 87 114 151 203)
(203 255 322 409 523 674 877)
(877 1080 1335 1657 2066 2589 3263 4140)
(4140 5017 6097 7432 9089 11155 13744 17007 21147)
(21147 25287 30304 36401 43833 52922 64077 77821 94828 115975)

Python

Translation of: D

<lang python>def bellTriangle(n): 

   tri = [None] * n
   for i in xrange(n):
       tri[i] = [0] * i
   tri[1][0] = 1
   for i in xrange(2, n):
       tri[i][0] = tri[i - 1][i - 2]
       for j in xrange(1, i):
           tri[i][j] = tri[i][j - 1] + tri[i - 1][j - 1]
   return tri

def main(): 

   bt = bellTriangle(51)
   print "First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:"
   for i in xrange(1, 16):
       print "%2d: %d" % (i, bt[i][0])
   print "50:", bt[50][0]
   print
   print "The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:"
   for i in xrange(1, 11):
       print bt[i]

main()</lang>

Output:
First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
50: 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:
[1]
[1, 2]
[2, 3, 5]
[5, 7, 10, 15]
[15, 20, 27, 37, 52]
[52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203]
[203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877]
[877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140]
[4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147]
[21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975]

REXX

Bell numbers are the number of ways of placing   n   labeled balls into   n   indistinguishable boxes.   Bell(0)   is defined as   1.

This REXX version uses an   index   of the Bell number   (which starts a zero).

A little optimization was added in calculating the factorial of a number by using memoization.

Also, see this task's   discussion   to view how the sizes of Bell numbers increase in relation to its index. <lang rexx>/*REXX program calculates and displays a range of Bell numbers (index starts at zero).*/ parse arg LO HI . /*obtain optional arguments from the CL*/ if LO== & HI=="" then do; LO=0; HI=14; end /*Not specified? Then use the default.*/ if LO== | LO=="," then LO= 0 /* " " " " " " */ if HI== | HI=="," then HI= 15 /* " " " " " " */ numeric digits max(9, HI*2) /*crudely calculate the # decimal digs.*/ !.=; @.= 1 /*the FACT function uses memoization.*/ 

    do j=0  for  HI+1;    $= (j==0);    jm= j-1 /*JM  is used for a shortcut  (below). */
           do k=0  for j;            _= jm-k    /* [↓]  calculate a Bell # the easy way*/
           $= $ + comb(jm,k) * @._              /*COMB≡combination or binomial function*/
           end   /*k*/
    @.j= $                                      /*assign the Jth Bell number to @ array*/
    if j>=LO  &  j<=HI  then say '    bell('right(j, length(HI) )") = "      $
    end   /*j*/

exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */ /*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ comb: procedure expose !.; parse arg x,y; if x==y then return 1; if y>x then return 0 

     if x-y<y  then y= x - y
     _= 1;          do j=x-y+1  to x;  _=_*j;  end;          return _ / fact(y)

/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ fact: procedure expose !.; parse arg x; if !.x\== then return !.x 

     !=1;  do f=2  to x;  != !*f;  end;    !.x=!;            return !</lang>
output   when using the internal default inputs of:     0   14 
    Bell( 0) =  1
    Bell( 1) =  1
    Bell( 2) =  2
    Bell( 3) =  5
    Bell( 4) =  15
    Bell( 5) =  52
    Bell( 6) =  203
    Bell( 7) =  877
    Bell( 8) =  4140
    Bell( 9) =  21147
    Bell(10) =  115975
    Bell(11) =  678570
    Bell(12) =  4213597
    Bell(13) =  27644437
    Bell(14) =  190899322
output   when using the inputs of:     49   49 
    Bell(49) =  10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

Sidef

Built-in: <lang ruby>say 15.of { .bell }</lang>

Formula as a sum of Stirling numbers of the second kind: <lang ruby>func bell(n) { sum(0..n, {|k| stirling2(n, k) }) }</lang>

Via Aitken's array (optimized for space): <lang ruby>func bell_numbers (n) { 

   var acc = []
   var bell = [1]

   (n-1).times {
       acc.unshift(bell[-1])
       acc.accumulate!
       bell.push(acc[-1])
   }

   bell

}

var B = bell_numbers(50) say "The first 15 Bell numbers: #{B.first(15).join(', ')}" say "The fiftieth Bell number : #{B[50-1]}"</lang>

Output:
The first 15 Bell numbers: 1, 1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 203, 877, 4140, 21147, 115975, 678570, 4213597, 27644437, 190899322
The fiftieth Bell number : 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

Aitken's array: <lang ruby>func aitken_array (n) { 

   var A = [1]

   1 + (n-1).of {
       A = [A[-1], A...].accumulate
   }

}

aitken_array(10).each { .say }</lang>

Output:
[1]
[1, 2]
[2, 3, 5]
[5, 7, 10, 15]
[15, 20, 27, 37, 52]
[52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203]
[203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877]
[877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140]
[4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147]
[21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975]

Aitken's array (recursive definition): <lang ruby>func A((0), (0)) { 1 } func A(n, (0)) { A(n-1, n-1) } func A(n, k) is cached { A(n, k-1) + A(n-1, k-1) }

for n in (^10) { 

   say (0..n -> map{|k| A(n, k) })

}</lang>

(same output as above)

Swift

Translation of: Kotlin

<lang swift>public struct BellTriangle<T: BinaryInteger> { 

 @usableFromInline
 var arr: [T]

 @inlinable
 public internal(set) subscript(row row: Int, col col: Int) -> T {
   get { arr[row * (row - 1) / 2 + col] }
   set { arr[row * (row - 1) / 2 + col] = newValue }
 }

 @inlinable
 public init(n: Int) {
   arr = Array(repeating: 0, count: n * (n + 1) / 2)

   self[row: 1, col: 0] = 1

   for i in 2...n {
     self[row: i, col: 0] = self[row: i - 1, col: i - 2]

     for j in 1..<i {
       self[row: i, col: j] = self[row: i, col: j - 1] + self[row: i - 1, col: j - 1]
     }
   }
 }

}

let tri = BellTriangle<Int>(n: 15)

print("First 15 Bell numbers:")

for i in 1...15 { 

 print("\(i): \(tri[row: i, col: 0])")

}

for i in 1...10 { 

 print(tri[row: i, col: 0], terminator: "")

 for j in 1..<i {
   print(", \(tri[row: i, col: j])", terminator: "")
 }

 print()

}</lang>

Output:
First 15 Bell numbers:
1: 1
2: 1
3: 2
4: 5
5: 15
6: 52
7: 203
8: 877
9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
1
1, 2
2, 3, 5
5, 7, 10, 15
15, 20, 27, 37, 52
52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203
203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877
877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140
4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147
21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975

Visual Basic .NET

Translation of: C#

<lang vbnet>Imports System.Numerics Imports System.Runtime.CompilerServices

Module Module1 

   <Extension()>
   Sub Init(Of T)(array As T(), value As T)
       If IsNothing(array) Then Return
       For i = 0 To array.Length - 1
           array(i) = value
       Next
   End Sub

   Function BellTriangle(n As Integer) As BigInteger()()
       Dim tri(n - 1)() As BigInteger
       For i = 0 To n - 1
           Dim temp(i - 1) As BigInteger
           tri(i) = temp
           tri(i).Init(0)
       Next
       tri(1)(0) = 1
       For i = 2 To n - 1
           tri(i)(0) = tri(i - 1)(i - 2)
           For j = 1 To i - 1
               tri(i)(j) = tri(i)(j - 1) + tri(i - 1)(j - 1)
           Next
       Next
       Return tri
   End Function

   Sub Main()
       Dim bt = BellTriangle(51)
       Console.WriteLine("First fifteen Bell numbers:")
       For i = 1 To 15
           Console.WriteLine("{0,2}: {1}", i, bt(i)(0))
       Next
       Console.WriteLine("50: {0}", bt(50)(0))
       Console.WriteLine()
       Console.WriteLine("The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:")
       For i = 1 To 10
           Dim it = bt(i).GetEnumerator()
           Console.Write("[")
           If it.MoveNext() Then
               Console.Write(it.Current)
           End If
           While it.MoveNext()
               Console.Write(", ")
               Console.Write(it.Current)
           End While
           Console.WriteLine("]")
       Next
   End Sub

End Module</lang>

Output:
First fifteen Bell numbers:
 1: 1
 2: 1
 3: 2
 4: 5
 5: 15
 6: 52
 7: 203
 8: 877
 9: 4140
10: 21147
11: 115975
12: 678570
13: 4213597
14: 27644437
15: 190899322
50: 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281

The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:
[1]
[1, 2]
[2, 3, 5]
[5, 7, 10, 15]
[15, 20, 27, 37, 52]
[52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203]
[203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877]
[877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140]
[4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147]
[21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975]

zkl

<lang zkl>fcn bellTriangleW(start=1,wantRow=False){ // --> iterator 

  Walker.zero().tweak('wrap(row){
     row.insert(0,row[-1]);
     foreach i in ([1..row.len()-1]){ row[i]+=row[i-1] }
     wantRow and row or row[-1]
  }.fp(List(start))).push(start,start);

}</lang> <lang zkl>println("First fifteen Bell numbers:"); bellTriangleW().walk(15).println();</lang>

Output:
First fifteen Bell numbers:
L(1,1,2,5,15,52,203,877,4140,21147,115975,678570,4213597,27644437,190899322)

<lang zkl>println("Rows of the Bell Triangle:"); bt:=bellTriangleW(1,True); do(11){ println(bt.next()) }</lang>

Output:
Rows of the Bell Triangle:
1
1
L(1,2)
L(2,3,5)
L(5,7,10,15)
L(15,20,27,37,52)
L(52,67,87,114,151,203)
L(203,255,322,409,523,674,877)
L(877,1080,1335,1657,2066,2589,3263,4140)
L(4140,5017,6097,7432,9089,11155,13744,17007,21147)
L(21147,25287,30304,36401,43833,52922,64077,77821,94828,115975)
Library: GMP

GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library

<lang zkl>print("The fiftieth Bell number: "); var [const] BI=Import("zklBigNum"); // libGMP bellTriangleW(BI(1)).drop(50).value.println();</lang>

Output:
The fiftieth Bell number: 10726137154573358400342215518590002633917247281
Retrieved from "https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bell_numbers?oldid=291582"