Zeckendorf arithmetic
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
This task is a total immersion zeckendorf task; using decimal numbers will attract serious disapprobation.
The task is to implement addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using Zeckendorf number representation. Optionally provide decrement, increment and comparitive operation functions.
- Addition
Like binary 1 + 1 = 10, note carry 1 left. There the similarity ends. 10 + 10 = 101, note carry 1 left and 1 right. 100 + 100 = 1001, note carry 1 left and 2 right, this is the general case.
Occurrences of 11 must be changed to 100. Occurrences of 111 may be changed from the right by replacing 11 with 100, or from the left converting 111 to 100 + 100;
- Subtraction
10 - 1 = 1. The general rule is borrow 1 right carry 1 left. eg:
abcde
10100 -
1000
_____
100 borrow 1 from a leaves 100
+ 100 add the carry
_____
1001
A larger example:
abcdef
100100 -
1000
______
1*0100 borrow 1 from b
+ 100 add the carry
______
1*1001
Sadly we borrowed 1 from b which didn't have it to lend. So now b borrows from a:
1001
+ 1000 add the carry
____
10100
- Multiplication
Here you teach your computer its zeckendorf tables. eg. 101 * 1001:
a = 1 * 101 = 101 b = 10 * 101 = a + a = 10000 c = 100 * 101 = b + a = 10101 d = 1000 * 101 = c + b = 101010 1001 = d + a therefore 101 * 1001 = 101010 + 101 ______ 1000100
- Division
Lets try 1000101 divided by 101, so we can use the same table used for multiplication.
1000101 -
101010 subtract d (1000 * 101)
_______
1000 -
101 b and c are too large to subtract, so subtract a
____
1 so 1000101 divided by 101 is d + a (1001) remainder 1
Efficient algorithms for Zeckendorf arithmetic is interesting. The sections on addition and subtraction are particularly relevant for this task.
C
<lang c>#include <stdbool.h>
- include <stdio.h>
- include <string.h>
int inv(int a) {
return a ^ -1;
}
struct Zeckendorf {
int dVal, dLen;
};
void a(struct Zeckendorf *self, int n) {
void b(struct Zeckendorf *, int); // forward declare
int i = n;
while (true) {
if (self->dLen < i) self->dLen = i;
int j = (self->dVal >> (i * 2)) & 3;
switch (j) {
case 0:
case 1:
return;
case 2:
if (((self->dVal >> ((i + 1) * 2)) & 1) != 1) return;
self->dVal += 1 << (i * 2 + 1);
return;
case 3:
self->dVal = self->dVal & inv(3 << (i * 2));
b(self, (i + 1) * 2);
break;
default:
break;
}
i++;
}
}
void b(struct Zeckendorf *self, int pos) {
void increment(struct Zeckendorf *); // forward declare
if (pos == 0) {
increment(self);
return;
}
if (((self->dVal >> pos) & 1) == 0) {
self->dVal += 1 << pos;
a(self, pos / 2);
if (pos > 1) a(self, pos / 2 - 1);
} else {
self->dVal = self->dVal & inv(1 << pos);
b(self, pos + 1);
b(self, pos - (pos > 1 ? 2 : 1));
}
}
void c(struct Zeckendorf *self, int pos) {
if (((self->dVal >> pos) & 1) == 1) {
self->dVal = self->dVal & inv(1 << pos);
return;
}
c(self, pos + 1);
if (pos > 0) {
b(self, pos - 1);
} else {
increment(self);
}
}
struct Zeckendorf makeZeckendorf(char *x) {
struct Zeckendorf z = { 0, 0 };
int i = strlen(x) - 1;
int q = 1;
z.dLen = i / 2;
while (i >= 0) {
z.dVal += (x[i] - '0') * q;
q *= 2;
i--;
}
return z;
}
void increment(struct Zeckendorf *self) {
self->dVal++; a(self, 0);
}
void addAssign(struct Zeckendorf *self, struct Zeckendorf rhs) {
int gn;
for (gn = 0; gn < (rhs.dLen + 1) * 2; gn++) {
if (((rhs.dVal >> gn) & 1) == 1) {
b(self, gn);
}
}
}
void subAssign(struct Zeckendorf *self, struct Zeckendorf rhs) {
int gn;
for (gn = 0; gn < (rhs.dLen + 1) * 2; gn++) {
if (((rhs.dVal >> gn) & 1) == 1) {
c(self, gn);
}
}
while ((((self->dVal >> self->dLen * 2) & 3) == 0) || (self->dLen == 0)) {
self->dLen--;
}
}
void mulAssign(struct Zeckendorf *self, struct Zeckendorf rhs) {
struct Zeckendorf na = rhs;
struct Zeckendorf nb = rhs;
struct Zeckendorf nr = makeZeckendorf("0");
struct Zeckendorf nt;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < (self->dLen + 1) * 2; i++) {
if (((self->dVal >> i) & 1) > 0) addAssign(&nr, nb);
nt = nb;
addAssign(&nb, na);
na = nt;
}
*self = nr;
}
void printZeckendorf(struct Zeckendorf z) {
static const char *const dig[3] = { "00", "01", "10" };
static const char *const dig1[3] = { "", "1", "10" };
if (z.dVal == 0) {
printf("0");
return;
} else {
int idx = (z.dVal >> (z.dLen * 2)) & 3;
int i;
printf(dig1[idx]);
for (i = z.dLen - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
idx = (z.dVal >> (i * 2)) & 3;
printf(dig[idx]);
}
}
}
int main() {
struct Zeckendorf g;
printf("Addition:\n");
g = makeZeckendorf("10");
addAssign(&g, makeZeckendorf("10"));
printZeckendorf(g);
printf("\n");
addAssign(&g, makeZeckendorf("10"));
printZeckendorf(g);
printf("\n");
addAssign(&g, makeZeckendorf("1001"));
printZeckendorf(g);
printf("\n");
addAssign(&g, makeZeckendorf("1000"));
printZeckendorf(g);
printf("\n");
addAssign(&g, makeZeckendorf("10101"));
printZeckendorf(g);
printf("\n\n");
printf("Subtraction:\n");
g = makeZeckendorf("1000");
subAssign(&g, makeZeckendorf("101"));
printZeckendorf(g);
printf("\n");
g = makeZeckendorf("10101010");
subAssign(&g, makeZeckendorf("1010101"));
printZeckendorf(g);
printf("\n\n");
printf("Multiplication:\n");
g = makeZeckendorf("1001");
mulAssign(&g, makeZeckendorf("101"));
printZeckendorf(g);
printf("\n");
g = makeZeckendorf("101010");
addAssign(&g, makeZeckendorf("101"));
printZeckendorf(g);
printf("\n");
return 0;
}</lang>
- Output:
Addition: 101 1001 10101 100101 1010000 Subtraction: 1 1000000 Multiplication: 1000100 1000100
C#
<lang csharp>using System; using System.Text;
namespace ZeckendorfArithmetic {
class Zeckendorf : IComparable<Zeckendorf> {
private static readonly string[] dig = { "00", "01", "10" };
private static readonly string[] dig1 = { "", "1", "10" };
private int dVal = 0;
private int dLen = 0;
public Zeckendorf() : this("0") {
// empty
}
public Zeckendorf(string x) {
int q = 1;
int i = x.Length - 1;
dLen = i / 2;
while (i >= 0) {
dVal += (x[i] - '0') * q;
q *= 2;
i--;
}
}
private void A(int n) {
int i = n;
while (true) {
if (dLen < i) dLen = i;
int j = (dVal >> (i * 2)) & 3;
switch (j) {
case 0:
case 1:
return;
case 2:
if (((dVal >> ((i + 1) * 2)) & 1) != 1) return;
dVal += 1 << (i * 2 + 1);
return;
case 3:
int temp = 3 << (i * 2);
temp ^= -1;
dVal = dVal & temp;
B((i + 1) * 2);
break;
}
i++;
}
}
private void B(int pos) {
if (pos == 0) {
Inc();
return;
}
if (((dVal >> pos) & 1) == 0) {
dVal += 1 << pos;
A(pos / 2);
if (pos > 1) A(pos / 2 - 1);
}
else {
int temp = 1 << pos;
temp ^= -1;
dVal = dVal & temp;
B(pos + 1);
B(pos - (pos > 1 ? 2 : 1));
}
}
private void C(int pos) {
if (((dVal >> pos) & 1) == 1) {
int temp = 1 << pos;
temp ^= -1;
dVal = dVal & temp;
return;
}
C(pos + 1);
if (pos > 0) {
B(pos - 1);
}
else {
Inc();
}
}
public Zeckendorf Inc() {
dVal++;
A(0);
return this;
}
public Zeckendorf Copy() {
Zeckendorf z = new Zeckendorf {
dVal = dVal,
dLen = dLen
};
return z;
}
public void PlusAssign(Zeckendorf other) {
for (int gn = 0; gn < (other.dLen + 1) * 2; gn++) {
if (((other.dVal >> gn) & 1) == 1) {
B(gn);
}
}
}
public void MinusAssign(Zeckendorf other) {
for (int gn = 0; gn < (other.dLen + 1) * 2; gn++) {
if (((other.dVal >> gn) & 1) == 1) {
C(gn);
}
}
while ((((dVal >> dLen * 2) & 3) == 0) || (dLen == 0)) {
dLen--;
}
}
public void TimesAssign(Zeckendorf other) {
Zeckendorf na = other.Copy();
Zeckendorf nb = other.Copy();
Zeckendorf nt;
Zeckendorf nr = new Zeckendorf();
for (int i = 0; i < (dLen + 1) * 2; i++) {
if (((dVal >> i) & 1) > 0) {
nr.PlusAssign(nb);
}
nt = nb.Copy();
nb.PlusAssign(na);
na = nt.Copy();
}
dVal = nr.dVal;
dLen = nr.dLen;
}
public int CompareTo(Zeckendorf other) {
return dVal.CompareTo(other.dVal);
}
public override string ToString() {
if (dVal == 0) {
return "0";
}
int idx = (dVal >> (dLen * 2)) & 3;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(dig1[idx]);
for (int i = dLen - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
idx = (dVal >> (i * 2)) & 3;
sb.Append(dig[idx]);
}
return sb.ToString();
}
}
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
Console.WriteLine("Addition:");
Zeckendorf g = new Zeckendorf("10");
g.PlusAssign(new Zeckendorf("10"));
Console.WriteLine(g);
g.PlusAssign(new Zeckendorf("10"));
Console.WriteLine(g);
g.PlusAssign(new Zeckendorf("1001"));
Console.WriteLine(g);
g.PlusAssign(new Zeckendorf("1000"));
Console.WriteLine(g);
g.PlusAssign(new Zeckendorf("10101"));
Console.WriteLine(g);
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Subtraction:");
g = new Zeckendorf("1000");
g.MinusAssign(new Zeckendorf("101"));
Console.WriteLine(g);
g = new Zeckendorf("10101010");
g.MinusAssign(new Zeckendorf("1010101"));
Console.WriteLine(g);
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Multiplication:");
g = new Zeckendorf("1001");
g.TimesAssign(new Zeckendorf("101"));
Console.WriteLine(g);
g = new Zeckendorf("101010");
g.PlusAssign(new Zeckendorf("101"));
Console.WriteLine(g);
}
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Addition: 101 1001 10101 100101 1010000 Subtraction: 1 1000000 Multiplication: 1000100 1000100
C++
<lang cpp>// For a class N which implements Zeckendorf numbers: // I define an increment operation ++() // I define a comparison operation <=(other N) // I define an addition operation +=(other N) // I define a subtraction operation -=(other N) // Nigel Galloway October 28th., 2012
- include <iostream>
enum class zd {N00,N01,N10,N11}; class N { private:
int dVal = 0, dLen;
void _a(int i) {
for (;; i++) {
if (dLen < i) dLen = i;
switch ((zd)((dVal >> (i*2)) & 3)) {
case zd::N00: case zd::N01: return;
case zd::N10: if (((dVal >> ((i+1)*2)) & 1) != 1) return;
dVal += (1 << (i*2+1)); return;
case zd::N11: dVal &= ~(3 << (i*2)); _b((i+1)*2);
}}}
void _b(int pos) {
if (pos == 0) {++*this; return;}
if (((dVal >> pos) & 1) == 0) {
dVal += 1 << pos;
_a(pos/2);
if (pos > 1) _a((pos/2)-1);
} else {
dVal &= ~(1 << pos);
_b(pos + 1);
_b(pos - ((pos > 1)? 2:1));
}}
void _c(int pos) {
if (((dVal >> pos) & 1) == 1) {dVal &= ~(1 << pos); return;}
_c(pos + 1);
if (pos > 0) _b(pos - 1); else ++*this;
return;
}
public:
N(char const* x = "0") {
int i = 0, q = 1;
for (; x[i] > 0; i++);
for (dLen = --i/2; i >= 0; i--) {dVal+=(x[i]-48)*q; q*=2;
}}
const N& operator++() {dVal += 1; _a(0); return *this;}
const N& operator+=(const N& other) {
for (int GN = 0; GN < (other.dLen + 1) * 2; GN++) if ((other.dVal >> GN) & 1 == 1) _b(GN);
return *this;
}
const N& operator-=(const N& other) {
for (int GN = 0; GN < (other.dLen + 1) * 2; GN++) if ((other.dVal >> GN) & 1 == 1) _c(GN);
for (;((dVal >> dLen*2) & 3) == 0 or dLen == 0; dLen--);
return *this;
}
const N& operator*=(const N& other) {
N Na = other, Nb = other, Nt, Nr;
for (int i = 0; i <= (dLen + 1) * 2; i++) {
if (((dVal >> i) & 1) > 0) Nr += Nb;
Nt = Nb; Nb += Na; Na = Nt;
}
return *this = Nr;
}
const bool operator<=(const N& other) const {return dVal <= other.dVal;}
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const N&);
}; N operator "" N(char const* x) {return N(x);} std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const N &G) {
const static std::string dig[] {"00","01","10"}, dig1[] {"","1","10"};
if (G.dVal == 0) return os << "0";
os << dig1[(G.dVal >> (G.dLen*2)) & 3];
for (int i = G.dLen-1; i >= 0; i--) os << dig[(G.dVal >> (i*2)) & 3];
return os;
} </lang>
Testing
The following tests addtition: <lang cpp>int main(void) {
N G; G = 10N; G += 10N; std::cout << G << std::endl; G += 10N; std::cout << G << std::endl; G += 1001N; std::cout << G << std::endl; G += 1000N; std::cout << G << std::endl; G += 10101N; std::cout << G << std::endl; return 0;
}</lang>
- Output:
101 1001 10101 100101 1010000
The following tests subtraction: <lang cpp>int main(void) {
N G; G = 1000N; G -= 101N; std::cout << G << std::endl; G = 10101010N; G -= 1010101N; std::cout << G << std::endl; return 0;
}</lang>
- Output:
1 1000000
The following tests multiplication: <lang cpp> int main(void) {
N G = 1001N; G *= 101N; std::cout << G << std::endl;
G = 101010N; G += 101N; std::cout << G << std::endl; return 0;
}</lang>
- Output:
1000100 1000100
D
<lang D>import std.stdio;
int inv(int a) {
return a ^ -1;
}
class Zeckendorf {
private int dVal; private int dLen;
private void a(int n) {
auto i = n;
while (true) {
if (dLen < i) dLen = i;
auto j = (dVal >> (i * 2)) & 3;
switch(j) {
case 0:
case 1:
return;
case 2:
if (((dVal >> ((i + 1) * 2)) & 1) != 1) return;
dVal += 1 << (i * 2 + 1);
return;
case 3:
dVal = dVal & (3 << (i * 2)).inv();
b((i + 1) * 2);
break;
default:
assert(false);
}
i++;
}
}
private void b(int pos) {
if (pos == 0) {
this++;
return;
}
if (((dVal >> pos) & 1) == 0) {
dVal += 1 << pos;
a(pos / 2);
if (pos > 1) a(pos / 2 - 1);
} else {
dVal = dVal & (1 << pos).inv();
b(pos + 1);
b(pos - (pos > 1 ? 2 : 1));
}
}
private void c(int pos) {
if (((dVal >> pos) & 1) == 1) {
dVal = dVal & (1 << pos).inv();
return;
}
c(pos + 1);
if (pos > 0) {
b(pos - 1);
} else {
++this;
}
}
this(string x = "0") {
int q = 1;
int i = x.length - 1;
dLen = i / 2;
while (i >= 0) {
dVal += (x[i] - '0') * q;
q *= 2;
i--;
}
}
auto opUnary(string op : "++")() {
dVal += 1;
a(0);
return this;
}
void opOpAssign(string op : "+")(Zeckendorf rhs) {
foreach (gn; 0..(rhs.dLen + 1) * 2) {
if (((rhs.dVal >> gn) & 1) == 1) {
b(gn);
}
}
}
void opOpAssign(string op : "-")(Zeckendorf rhs) {
foreach (gn; 0..(rhs.dLen + 1) * 2) {
if (((rhs.dVal >> gn) & 1) == 1) {
c(gn);
}
}
while ((((dVal >> dLen * 2) & 3) == 0) || (dLen == 0)) {
dLen--;
}
}
void opOpAssign(string op : "*")(Zeckendorf rhs) {
auto na = rhs.dup;
auto nb = rhs.dup;
Zeckendorf nt;
auto nr = "0".Z;
foreach (i; 0..(dLen + 1) * 2) {
if (((dVal >> i) & 1) > 0) nr += nb;
nt = nb.dup;
nb += na;
na = nt.dup;
}
dVal = nr.dVal;
dLen = nr.dLen;
}
void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink) const {
if (dVal == 0) {
sink("0");
return;
}
sink(dig1[(dVal >> (dLen * 2)) & 3]);
foreach_reverse (i; 0..dLen) {
sink(dig[(dVal >> (i * 2)) & 3]);
}
}
Zeckendorf dup() {
auto z = "0".Z;
z.dVal = dVal;
z.dLen = dLen;
return z;
}
enum dig = ["00", "01", "10"]; enum dig1 = ["", "1", "10"];
}
auto Z(string val) {
return new Zeckendorf(val);
}
void main() {
writeln("Addition:");
auto g = "10".Z;
g += "10".Z;
writeln(g);
g += "10".Z;
writeln(g);
g += "1001".Z;
writeln(g);
g += "1000".Z;
writeln(g);
g += "10101".Z;
writeln(g);
writeln();
writeln("Subtraction:");
g = "1000".Z;
g -= "101".Z;
writeln(g);
g = "10101010".Z;
g -= "1010101".Z;
writeln(g);
writeln();
writeln("Multiplication:");
g = "1001".Z;
g *= "101".Z;
writeln(g);
g = "101010".Z;
g += "101".Z;
writeln(g);
}</lang>
- Output:
Addition: 101 1001 10101 100101 1010000 Subtraction: 1 1000000 Multiplication: 1000100 1000100
Elena
ELENA 5.0 : <lang elena>import extensions;
const dig = new string[]{"00","01","10"}; const dig1 = new string[]{"","1","10"};
sealed struct ZeckendorfNumber {
int dVal;
int dLen;
clone()
= ZeckendorfNumber.newInternal(dVal,dLen);
cast n(string s)
{
int i := s.Length - 1;
int q := 1;
dLen := i / 2;
dVal := 0;
while (i >= 0)
{
dVal += ((intConvertor.convert(s[i]) - 48) * q);
q *= 2;
i -= 1
}
}
internal readContent(ref int val, ref int len)
{
val := dVal;
len := dLen;
}
private a(int n)
{
int i := n;
while (true)
{
if (dLen < i)
{
dLen := i
};
int v := (dVal $shr (i * 2)) && 3;
v =>
0 { ^ self }
1 { ^ self }
2 {
ifnot ((dVal $shr ((i + 1) * 2)).allMask:1)
{
^ self
};
dVal += (1 $shl (i*2 + 1));
^ self
}
3 {
int tmp := 3 $shl (i * 2);
tmp := tmp.xor(-1);
dVal := dVal && tmp;
self.b((i+1)*2)
};
i += 1
}
}
inc()
{
dVal += 1;
self.a(0)
}
private b(int pos)
{
if (pos == 0) { ^ self.inc() };
ifnot((dVal $shr pos).allMask:1)
{
dVal += (1 $shl pos);
self.a(pos / 2);
if (pos > 1) { self.a((pos / 2) - 1) }
}
else
{
dVal := dVal && (1 $shl pos).Inverted;
self.b(pos + 1);
int arg := pos - ((pos > 1) ? 2 : 1);
self.b(/*pos - ((pos > 1) ? 2 : 1)*/arg)
}
}
private c(int pos)
{
if ((dVal $shr pos).allMask:1)
{
int tmp := 1 $shl pos;
tmp := tmp.xor(-1);
dVal := dVal && tmp;
^ self
};
self.c(pos + 1);
if (pos > 0)
{
self.b(pos - 1)
}
else
{
self.inc()
}
}
internal constructor sum(ZeckendorfNumber n, ZeckendorfNumber m)
{
int mVal := 0;
int mLen := 0;
n.readContent(ref dVal, ref dLen);
m.readContent(ref mVal, ref mLen);
for(int GN := 0, GN < (mLen + 1) * 2, GN += 1)
{
if ((mVal $shr GN).allMask:1)
{
self.b(GN)
}
}
}
internal constructor difference(ZeckendorfNumber n, ZeckendorfNumber m)
{
int mVal := 0;
int mLen := 0;
n.readContent(ref dVal, ref dLen);
m.readContent(ref mVal, ref mLen);
for(int GN := 0, GN < (mLen + 1) * 2, GN += 1)
{
if ((mVal $shr GN).allMask:1)
{
self.c(GN)
}
};
while (((dVal $shr (dLen*2)) && 3) == 0 || dLen == 0)
{
dLen -= 1
}
}
internal constructor product(ZeckendorfNumber n, ZeckendorfNumber m)
{
n.readContent(ref dVal, ref dLen);
ZeckendorfNumber Na := m;
ZeckendorfNumber Nb := m;
ZeckendorfNumber Nr := 0n;
ZeckendorfNumber Nt := 0n;
for(int i := 0, i < (dLen + 1) * 2, i += 1)
{
if (((dVal $shr i) && 1) > 0)
{
Nr += Nb
};
Nt := Nb;
Nb += Na;
Na := Nt
};
Nr.readContent(ref dVal, ref dLen);
}
internal constructor newInternal(int v, int l)
{
dVal := v;
dLen := l
}
string toPrintable()
{
if (dVal == 0)
{ ^ "0" };
string s := dig1[(dVal $shr (dLen * 2)) && 3];
int i := dLen - 1;
while (i >= 0)
{
s := s + dig[(dVal $shr (i * 2)) && 3];
i-=1
};
^ s
}
add(ZeckendorfNumber n)
= ZeckendorfNumber.sum(self, n);
subtract(ZeckendorfNumber n)
= ZeckendorfNumber.difference(self, n);
multiply(ZeckendorfNumber n)
= ZeckendorfNumber.product(self, n);
}
public program() {
console.printLine("Addition:");
var n := 10n;
n += 10n;
console.printLine(n);
n += 10n;
console.printLine(n);
n += 1001n;
console.printLine(n);
n += 1000n;
console.printLine(n);
n += 10101n;
console.printLine(n);
console.printLine("Subtraction:");
n := 1000n;
n -= 101n;
console.printLine(n);
n := 10101010n;
n -= 1010101n;
console.printLine(n);
console.printLine("Multiplication:");
n := 1001n;
n *= 101n;
console.printLine(n);
n := 101010n;
n += 101n;
console.printLine(n)
}</lang>
- Output:
Addition: 101 1001 10101 100101 1010000 Subtraction: 1 1000000 Multiplication: 1000100 1000100
Go
<lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "strings"
)
var (
dig = [3]string{"00", "01", "10"}
dig1 = [3]string{"", "1", "10"}
)
type Zeckendorf struct{ dVal, dLen int }
func NewZeck(x string) *Zeckendorf {
z := new(Zeckendorf)
if x == "" {
x = "0"
}
q := 1
i := len(x) - 1
z.dLen = i / 2
for ; i >= 0; i-- {
z.dVal += int(x[i]-'0') * q
q *= 2
}
return z
}
func (z *Zeckendorf) a(i int) {
for ; ; i++ {
if z.dLen < i {
z.dLen = i
}
j := (z.dVal >> uint(i*2)) & 3
switch j {
case 0, 1:
return
case 2:
if ((z.dVal >> (uint(i+1) * 2)) & 1) != 1 {
return
}
z.dVal += 1 << uint(i*2+1)
return
case 3:
z.dVal &= ^(3 << uint(i*2))
z.b((i + 1) * 2)
}
}
}
func (z *Zeckendorf) b(pos int) {
if pos == 0 {
z.Inc()
return
}
if ((z.dVal >> uint(pos)) & 1) == 0 {
z.dVal += 1 << uint(pos)
z.a(pos / 2)
if pos > 1 {
z.a(pos/2 - 1)
}
} else {
z.dVal &= ^(1 << uint(pos))
z.b(pos + 1)
temp := 1
if pos > 1 {
temp = 2
}
z.b(pos - temp)
}
}
func (z *Zeckendorf) c(pos int) {
if ((z.dVal >> uint(pos)) & 1) == 1 {
z.dVal &= ^(1 << uint(pos))
return
}
z.c(pos + 1)
if pos > 0 {
z.b(pos - 1)
} else {
z.Inc()
}
}
func (z *Zeckendorf) Inc() {
z.dVal++ z.a(0)
}
func (z1 *Zeckendorf) PlusAssign(z2 *Zeckendorf) {
for gn := 0; gn < (z2.dLen+1)*2; gn++ {
if ((z2.dVal >> uint(gn)) & 1) == 1 {
z1.b(gn)
}
}
}
func (z1 *Zeckendorf) MinusAssign(z2 *Zeckendorf) {
for gn := 0; gn < (z2.dLen+1)*2; gn++ {
if ((z2.dVal >> uint(gn)) & 1) == 1 {
z1.c(gn)
}
}
for z1.dLen > 0 && ((z1.dVal>>uint(z1.dLen*2))&3) == 0 {
z1.dLen--
}
}
func (z1 *Zeckendorf) TimesAssign(z2 *Zeckendorf) {
na := z2.Copy()
nb := z2.Copy()
nr := new(Zeckendorf)
for i := 0; i <= (z1.dLen+1)*2; i++ {
if ((z1.dVal >> uint(i)) & 1) > 0 {
nr.PlusAssign(nb)
}
nt := nb.Copy()
nb.PlusAssign(na)
na = nt.Copy()
}
z1.dVal = nr.dVal
z1.dLen = nr.dLen
}
func (z *Zeckendorf) Copy() *Zeckendorf {
return &Zeckendorf{z.dVal, z.dLen}
}
func (z1 *Zeckendorf) Compare(z2 *Zeckendorf) int {
switch {
case z1.dVal < z2.dVal:
return -1
case z1.dVal > z2.dVal:
return 1
default:
return 0
}
}
func (z *Zeckendorf) String() string {
if z.dVal == 0 {
return "0"
}
var sb strings.Builder
sb.WriteString(dig1[(z.dVal>>uint(z.dLen*2))&3])
for i := z.dLen - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
sb.WriteString(dig[(z.dVal>>uint(i*2))&3])
}
return sb.String()
}
func main() {
fmt.Println("Addition:")
g := NewZeck("10")
g.PlusAssign(NewZeck("10"))
fmt.Println(g)
g.PlusAssign(NewZeck("10"))
fmt.Println(g)
g.PlusAssign(NewZeck("1001"))
fmt.Println(g)
g.PlusAssign(NewZeck("1000"))
fmt.Println(g)
g.PlusAssign(NewZeck("10101"))
fmt.Println(g)
fmt.Println("\nSubtraction:")
g = NewZeck("1000")
g.MinusAssign(NewZeck("101"))
fmt.Println(g)
g = NewZeck("10101010")
g.MinusAssign(NewZeck("1010101"))
fmt.Println(g)
fmt.Println("\nMultiplication:")
g = NewZeck("1001")
g.TimesAssign(NewZeck("101"))
fmt.Println(g)
g = NewZeck("101010")
g.PlusAssign(NewZeck("101"))
fmt.Println(g)
}</lang>
- Output:
Addition: 101 1001 10101 100101 1010000 Subtraction: 1 1000000 Multiplication: 1000100 1000100
Java
<lang Java>import java.util.List;
public class Zeckendorf implements Comparable<Zeckendorf> {
private static List<String> dig = List.of("00", "01", "10");
private static List<String> dig1 = List.of("", "1", "10");
private String x; private int dVal = 0; private int dLen = 0;
public Zeckendorf() {
this("0");
}
public Zeckendorf(String x) {
this.x = x;
int q = 1;
int i = x.length() - 1;
dLen = i / 2;
while (i >= 0) {
dVal += (x.charAt(i) - '0') * q;
q *= 2;
i--;
}
}
private void a(int n) {
int i = n;
while (true) {
if (dLen < i) dLen = i;
int j = (dVal >> (i * 2)) & 3;
switch (j) {
case 0:
case 1:
return;
case 2:
if (((dVal >> ((i + 1) * 2)) & 1) != 1) return;
dVal += 1 << (i * 2 + 1);
return;
case 3:
int temp = 3 << (i * 2);
temp ^= -1;
dVal = dVal & temp;
b((i + 1) * 2);
break;
}
i++;
}
}
private void b(int pos) {
if (pos == 0) {
Zeckendorf thiz = this;
thiz.inc();
return;
}
if (((dVal >> pos) & 1) == 0) {
dVal += 1 << pos;
a(pos / 2);
if (pos > 1) a(pos / 2 - 1);
} else {
int temp = 1 << pos;
temp ^= -1;
dVal = dVal & temp;
b(pos + 1);
b(pos - (pos > 1 ? 2 : 1));
}
}
private void c(int pos) {
if (((dVal >> pos) & 1) == 1) {
int temp = 1 << pos;
temp ^= -1;
dVal = dVal & temp;
return;
}
c(pos + 1);
if (pos > 0) {
b(pos - 1);
} else {
Zeckendorf thiz = this;
thiz.inc();
}
}
public Zeckendorf inc() {
dVal++;
a(0);
return this;
}
public void plusAssign(Zeckendorf other) {
for (int gn = 0; gn < (other.dLen + 1) * 2; gn++) {
if (((other.dVal >> gn) & 1) == 1) {
b(gn);
}
}
}
public void minusAssign(Zeckendorf other) {
for (int gn = 0; gn < (other.dLen + 1) * 2; gn++) {
if (((other.dVal >> gn) & 1) == 1) {
c(gn);
}
}
while ((((dVal >> dLen * 2) & 3) == 0) || (dLen == 0)) {
dLen--;
}
}
public void timesAssign(Zeckendorf other) {
Zeckendorf na = other.copy();
Zeckendorf nb = other.copy();
Zeckendorf nt;
Zeckendorf nr = new Zeckendorf();
for (int i = 0; i < (dLen + 1) * 2; i++) {
if (((dVal >> i) & 1) > 0) {
nr.plusAssign(nb);
}
nt = nb.copy();
nb.plusAssign(na);
na = nt.copy();
}
dVal = nr.dVal;
dLen = nr.dLen;
}
private Zeckendorf copy() {
Zeckendorf z = new Zeckendorf();
z.dVal = dVal;
z.dLen = dLen;
return z;
}
@Override
public int compareTo(Zeckendorf other) {
return ((Integer) dVal).compareTo(other.dVal);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
if (dVal == 0) {
return "0";
}
int idx = (dVal >> (dLen * 2)) & 3;
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(dig1.get(idx));
for (int i = dLen - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
idx = (dVal >> (i * 2)) & 3;
stringBuilder.append(dig.get(idx));
}
return stringBuilder.toString();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Addition:");
Zeckendorf g = new Zeckendorf("10");
g.plusAssign(new Zeckendorf("10"));
System.out.println(g);
g.plusAssign(new Zeckendorf("10"));
System.out.println(g);
g.plusAssign(new Zeckendorf("1001"));
System.out.println(g);
g.plusAssign(new Zeckendorf("1000"));
System.out.println(g);
g.plusAssign(new Zeckendorf("10101"));
System.out.println(g);
System.out.println("\nSubtraction:");
g = new Zeckendorf("1000");
g.minusAssign(new Zeckendorf("101"));
System.out.println(g);
g = new Zeckendorf("10101010");
g.minusAssign(new Zeckendorf("1010101"));
System.out.println(g);
System.out.println("\nMultiplication:");
g = new Zeckendorf("1001");
g.timesAssign(new Zeckendorf("101"));
System.out.println(g);
g = new Zeckendorf("101010");
g.plusAssign(new Zeckendorf("101"));
System.out.println(g);
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Addition: 101 1001 10101 100101 1010000 Subtraction: 1 1000000 Multiplication: 1000100 1000100
Julia
Influenced by the format of the Tcl and Perl 6 versions, but added other functionality. <lang julia>import Base.*, Base.+, Base.-, Base./, Base.show, Base.!=, Base.==, Base.<=, Base.<, Base.>, Base.>=, Base.divrem
const z0 = "0" const z1 = "1" const flipordered = (z1 < z0)
mutable struct Z s::String end Z() = Z(z0) Z(z::Z) = Z(z.s)
pairlen(x::Z, y::Z) = max(length(x.s), length(y.s)) tolen(x::Z, n::Int) = (s = x.s; while length(s) < n s = z0 * s end; s)
<(x::Z, y::Z) = (l = pairlen(x, y); flipordered ? tolen(x, l) > tolen(y, l) : tolen(x, l) < tolen(y, l)) >(x::Z, y::Z) = (l = pairlen(x, y); flipordered ? tolen(x, l) < tolen(y, l) : tolen(x, l) > tolen(y, l)) ==(x::Z, y::Z) = (l = pairlen(x, y); tolen(x, l) == tolen(y, l)) <=(x::Z, y::Z) = (l = pairlen(x, y); flipordered ? tolen(x, l) >= tolen(y, l) : tolen(x, l) <= tolen(y, l)) >=(x::Z, y::Z) = (l = pairlen(x, y); flipordered ? tolen(x, l) <= tolen(y, l) : tolen(x, l) >= tolen(y, l)) !=(x::Z, y::Z) = (l = pairlen(x, y); tolen(x, l) != tolen(y, l))
function tocanonical(z::Z)
while occursin(z0 * z1 * z1, z.s)
z.s = replace(z.s, z0 * z1 * z1 => z1 * z0 * z0)
end
len = length(z.s)
if len > 1 && z.s[1:2] == z1 * z1
z.s = z1 * z0 * z0 * ((len > 2) ? z.s[3:end] : "")
end
while (len = length(z.s)) > 1 && string(z.s[1]) == z0
if len == 2
if z.s == z0 * z0
z.s = z0
elseif z.s == z0 * z1
z.s = z1
end
else
z.s = z.s[2:end]
end
end
z
end
function inc(z)
if z.s[end] == z0[1]
z.s = z.s[1:end-1] * z1[1]
elseif z.s[end] == z1[1]
if length(z.s) > 1
if z.s[end-1:end] == z0 * z1
z.s = z.s[1:end-2] * z1 * z0
end
else
z.s = z1 * z0
end
end
tocanonical(z)
end
function dec(z)
if z.s[end] == z1[1]
z.s = z.s[1:end-1] * z0
else
if (m = match(Regex(z1 * z0 * '+' * '$'), z.s)) != nothing
len = length(m.match)
if iseven(len)
z.s = z.s[1:end-len] * (z0 * z1) ^ div(len, 2)
else
z.s = z.s[1:end-len] * (z0 * z1) ^ div(len, 2) * z0
end
end
end
tocanonical(z)
z
end
function +(x::Z, y::Z)
a = Z(x.s)
b = Z(y.s)
while b.s != z0
inc(a)
dec(b)
end
a
end
function -(x::Z, y::Z)
a = Z(x.s)
b = Z(y.s)
while b.s != z0
dec(a)
dec(b)
end
a
end
function *(x::Z, y::Z)
if (x.s == z0) || (y.s == z0)
return Z(z0)
elseif x.s == z1
return Z(y.s)
elseif y.s == z1
return Z(x.s)
end
a = Z(x.s)
b = Z(z1)
while b != y
c = Z(z0)
while c != x
inc(a)
inc(c)
end
inc(b)
end
a
end
function divrem(x::Z, y::Z)
if y.s == z0
throw("Zeckendorf division by 0")
elseif (y.s == z1) || (x.s == z0)
return Z(x.s)
end
a = Z(x.s)
b = Z(y.s)
c = Z(z0)
while a > b
a = a - b
inc(c)
end
tocanonical(c), tocanonical(a)
end
function /(x::Z, y::Z)
a, _ = divrem(x, y) a
end
show(io::IO, z::Z) = show(io, parse(BigInt, tocanonical(z).s))
function zeckendorftest()
a = Z("10")
b = Z("1001")
c = Z("1000")
d = Z("10101")
println("Addition:")
x = a
println(x += a)
println(x += a)
println(x += b)
println(x += c)
println(x += d)
println("\nSubtraction:")
x = Z("1000")
println(x - Z("101"))
x = Z("10101010")
println(x - Z("1010101"))
println("\nMultiplication:")
x = Z("1001")
y = Z("101")
println(x * y)
println(Z("101010") * y)
println("\nDivision:")
x = Z("1000101")
y = Z("101")
println(x / y)
println(divrem(x, y))
end
zeckendorftest()
</lang>
- Output:
Addition: 101 1001 10101 100101 1010000 Subtraction: 1 1000000 Multiplication: 1000100 101000101 Division: 1001 (1001, 1)
Kotlin
<lang scala>// version 1.1.51
class Zeckendorf(x: String = "0") : Comparable<Zeckendorf> {
var dVal = 0 var dLen = 0
private fun a(n: Int) {
var i = n
while (true) {
if (dLen < i) dLen = i
val j = (dVal shr (i * 2)) and 3
when (j) {
0, 1 -> return
2 -> {
if (((dVal shr ((i + 1) * 2)) and 1) != 1) return
dVal += 1 shl (i * 2 + 1)
return
}
3 -> {
dVal = dVal and (3 shl (i * 2)).inv()
b((i + 1) * 2)
}
}
i++
}
}
private fun b(pos: Int) {
if (pos == 0) {
var thiz = this
++thiz
return
}
if (((dVal shr pos) and 1) == 0) {
dVal += 1 shl pos
a(pos / 2)
if (pos > 1) a(pos / 2 - 1)
}
else {
dVal = dVal and (1 shl pos).inv()
b(pos + 1)
b(pos - (if (pos > 1) 2 else 1))
}
}
private fun c(pos: Int) {
if (((dVal shr pos) and 1) == 1) {
dVal = dVal and (1 shl pos).inv()
return
}
c(pos + 1)
if (pos > 0) b(pos - 1) else { var thiz = this; ++thiz }
}
init {
var q = 1
var i = x.length - 1
dLen = i / 2
while (i >= 0) {
dVal += (x[i] - '0').toInt() * q
q *= 2
i--
}
}
operator fun inc(): Zeckendorf {
dVal += 1
a(0)
return this
}
operator fun plusAssign(other: Zeckendorf) {
for (gn in 0 until (other.dLen + 1) * 2) {
if (((other.dVal shr gn) and 1) == 1) b(gn)
}
}
operator fun minusAssign(other: Zeckendorf) {
for (gn in 0 until (other.dLen + 1) * 2) {
if (((other.dVal shr gn) and 1) == 1) c(gn)
}
while ((((dVal shr dLen * 2) and 3) == 0) || (dLen == 0)) dLen--
}
operator fun timesAssign(other: Zeckendorf) {
var na = other.copy()
var nb = other.copy()
var nt: Zeckendorf
var nr = "0".Z
for (i in 0..(dLen + 1) * 2) {
if (((dVal shr i) and 1) > 0) nr += nb
nt = nb.copy()
nb += na
na = nt.copy()
}
dVal = nr.dVal
dLen = nr.dLen
}
override operator fun compareTo(other: Zeckendorf) = dVal.compareTo(other.dVal)
override fun toString(): String {
if (dVal == 0) return "0"
val sb = StringBuilder(dig1[(dVal shr (dLen * 2)) and 3])
for (i in dLen - 1 downTo 0) {
sb.append(dig[(dVal shr (i * 2)) and 3])
}
return sb.toString()
}
fun copy(): Zeckendorf {
val z = "0".Z
z.dVal = dVal
z.dLen = dLen
return z
}
companion object {
val dig = listOf("00", "01", "10")
val dig1 = listOf("", "1", "10")
}
}
val String.Z get() = Zeckendorf(this)
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
println("Addition:")
var g = "10".Z
g += "10".Z
println(g)
g += "10".Z
println(g)
g += "1001".Z
println(g)
g += "1000".Z
println(g)
g += "10101".Z
println(g)
println("\nSubtraction:")
g = "1000".Z
g -= "101".Z
println(g)
g = "10101010".Z
g -= "1010101".Z
println(g)
println("\nMultiplication:")
g = "1001".Z
g *= "101".Z
println(g)
g = "101010".Z
g += "101".Z
println(g)
}</lang>
- Output:
Addition: 101 1001 10101 100101 1010000 Subtraction: 1 1000000 Multiplication: 1000100 1000100
Phix
Uses a binary representation of Zeckendorf numbers, eg decimal 11 is stored as 0b10100, ie meaning 8+3, but actually 20 in decimal.
As such, they can be directly compared using the standard comparison operators, and printed quite trivially just by using the %b format.
They are however (and not all that surprisingly) pulled apart into individual bits for addition/subtraction, etc.
Does not handle negative numbers or anything >139583862445 (-ve probably doable but messy, >1.4e12 requires a total rewrite, probably using string representation).
<lang Phix>sequence fib = {1,1}
function zeckendorf(atom n) -- Same as Zeckendorf_number_representation#Phix atom r = 0
while fib[$]<n do
fib &= fib[$] + fib[$-1]
end while
integer k = length(fib)
while k>2 and n<fib[k] do
k -= 1
end while
for i=k to 2 by -1 do
integer c = n>=fib[i]
r += r+c
n -= c*fib[i]
end for
return r
end function
function decimal(object z) -- Convert Zeckendorf number(s) to decimal atom dec = 0, bit = 2
if sequence(z) then
for i=1 to length(z) do
z[i] = decimal(z[i])
end for
return z
end if
while z do
if and_bits(z,1) then
dec += fib[bit]
end if
bit += 1
if bit>length(fib) then
fib &= fib[$] + fib[$-1]
end if
z = floor(z/2)
end while
return dec
end function
function to_bits(integer x) -- Simplified copy of int_to_bits(), but in reverse order, -- and +ve only but (also only) as many bits as needed, and -- ensures there are *two* trailing 0 (most significant)
sequence bits = {}
if x<0 then ?9/0 end if -- sanity/avoid infinite loop
while 1 do
bits &= remainder(x,2)
if x=0 then exit end if
x = floor(x/2)
end while
bits &= 0 -- (since eg 101+101 -> 10000)
return bits
end function
function to_bits2(integer a,b) -- Apply to_bits() to a and b, and pad to the same length
sequence sa = to_bits(a), sb = to_bits(b)
integer diff = length(sa)-length(sb)
if diff!=0 then
if diff<0 then sa &= repeat(0,-diff)
else sb &= repeat(0,+diff)
end if
end if
return {sa,sb}
end function
function to_int(sequence bits) -- Copy of bits_to_int(), but in reverse order (lsb last)
atom val = 0, p = 1
for i=length(bits) to 1 by -1 do
if bits[i] then
val += p
end if
p += p
end for
return val
end function
function zstr(object z)
if sequence(z) then
for i=1 to length(z) do
z[i] = zstr(z[i])
end for
return z
end if
return sprintf("%b",z)
end function
function rep(sequence res, integer ds, sequence was, wth) -- helper for cleanup, validates replacements
integer de = ds+length(was)-1 if res[ds..de]!=was then ?9/0 end if if length(was)!=length(wth) then ?9/0 end if res[ds..de] = wth return res
end function
function zcleanup(sequence res) -- (shared by zadd and zsub)
integer l = length(res)
-- first stage, left to right, {020x -> 100x', 030x -> 110x', 021x->110x, 012x->101x}
for i=1 to l-3 do
switch res[i..i+2]
case {0,2,0}: res[i..i+2] = {1,0,0} res[i+3] += 1
case {0,3,0}: res[i..i+2] = {1,1,0} res[i+3] += 1
case {0,2,1}: res[i..i+2] = {1,1,0}
case {0,1,2}: res[i..i+2] = {1,0,1}
end switch
end for
-- first stage cleanup
if l>1 then
if res[l-1]=3 then res = rep(res,l-2,{0,3,0},{1,1,1}) -- 030 -> 111
elsif res[l-1]=2 then
if res[l-2]=0 then res = rep(res,l-2,{0,2,0},{1,0,1}) -- 020 -> 101
else res = rep(res,l-3,{0,1,2,0},{1,0,1,0}) -- 0120 -> 1010
end if
end if
end if
if res[l]=3 then res = rep(res,l-1,{0,3},{1,1}) -- 03 -> 11
elsif res[l]=2 then
if res[l-1]=0 then res = rep(res,l-1,{0,2},{1,0}) -- 02 -> 10
else res = rep(res,l-2,{0,1,2},{1,0,1}) -- 012 -> 101
end if
end if
-- second stage, pass 1, right to left, 011 -> 100
for i=length(res)-2 to 1 by -1 do
if res[i..i+2]={0,1,1} then res[i..i+2] = {1,0,0} end if
end for
-- second stage, pass 2, left to right, 011 -> 100
for i=1 to length(res)-2 do
if res[i..i+2]={0,1,1} then res[i..i+2] = {1,0,0} end if
end for
return to_int(res)
end function
function zadd(integer a, b)
sequence {sa,sb} = to_bits2(a,b)
return zcleanup(reverse(sq_add(sa,sb)))
end function
function zinc(integer a)
return zadd(a,0b1)
end function
function zsub(integer a, b)
sequence {sa,sb} = to_bits2(a,b)
sequence res = reverse(sq_sub(sa,sb))
-- (/not/ combined with the first pass of the add routine!)
for i=1 to length(res)-2 do
switch res[i..i+2] do
case {1, 0, 0}: res[i..i+2] = {0,1,1}
case {1,-1, 0}: res[i..i+2] = {0,0,1}
case {1,-1, 1}: res[i..i+2] = {0,0,2}
case {1, 0,-1}: res[i..i+2] = {0,1,0}
case {2, 0, 0}: res[i..i+2] = {1,1,1}
case {2,-1, 0}: res[i..i+2] = {1,0,1}
case {2,-1, 1}: res[i..i+2] = {1,0,2}
case {2, 0,-1}: res[i..i+2] = {1,1,0}
end switch
end for
-- copied from PicoLisp: {1,-1} -> {0,1} and {2,-1} -> {1,1}
for i=1 to length(res)-1 do
switch res[i..i+1] do
case {1,-1}: res[i..i+1] = {0,1}
case {2,-1}: res[i..i+1] = {1,1}
end switch
end for
if find(-1,res) then ?9/0 end if -- sanity check
return zcleanup(res)
end function
function zdec(integer a)
return zsub(a,0b1)
end function
function zmul(integer a, b) integer res = 0
sequence mult = {a,zadd(a,a)} -- (as per task desc)
integer bits = 2
while bits<b do
mult = append(mult,zadd(mult[$],mult[$-1]))
bits *= 2
end while
integer bit = 1
while b do
if and_bits(b,1) then
res = zadd(res,mult[bit])
end if
b = floor(b/2)
bit += 1
end while
return res
end function
function zdiv(integer a, b) integer res = 0
sequence mult = {b,zadd(b,b)}
integer bits = 2
while mult[$]<a do
mult = append(mult,zadd(mult[$],mult[$-1]))
bits *= 2
end while
for i=length(mult) to 1 by -1 do
integer mi = mult[i]
if mi<=a then
res = zadd(res,bits)
a = zsub(a,mi)
if a=0 then exit end if
end if
bits = floor(bits/2)
end for
return {res,a} -- (a is the remainder)
end function
for i=0 to 20 do
integer zi = zeckendorf(i)
atom d = decimal(zi)
printf(1,"%2d: %7b (%d)\n",{i,zi,d})
end for
procedure test(atom a, string op, atom b, object res, string expected)
string zres = iff(atom(res)?zstr(res):join(zstr(res)," rem ")),
dres = sprintf(iff(atom(res)?"%d":"%d rem %d"),decimal(res)),
aka = sprintf("aka %d %s %d = %s",{decimal(a),op,decimal(b),dres}),
ok = iff(zres=expected?"":" *** ERROR ***!!")
printf(1,"%s %s %s = %s, %s %s\n",{zstr(a),op,zstr(b),zres,aka,ok})
end procedure
test(0b0,"+",0b0,zadd(0b0,0b0),"0") test(0b101,"+",0b101,zadd(0b101,0b101),"10000") test(0b10100,"-",0b1000,zsub(0b10100,0b1000),"1001") test(0b100100,"-",0b1000,zsub(0b100100,0b1000),"10100") test(0b1001,"*",0b101,zmul(0b1001,0b101),"1000100") test(0b1000101,"/",0b101,zdiv(0b1000101,0b101),"1001 rem 1")
test(0b10,"+",0b10,zadd(0b10,0b10),"101") test(0b101,"+",0b10,zadd(0b101,0b10),"1001") test(0b1001,"+",0b1001,zadd(0b1001,0b1001),"10101") test(0b10101,"+",0b1000,zadd(0b10101,0b1000),"100101") test(0b100101,"+",0b10101,zadd(0b100101,0b10101),"1010000") test(0b1000,"-",0b101,zsub(0b1000,0b101),"1") test(0b10101010,"-",0b1010101,zsub(0b10101010,0b1010101),"1000000") test(0b1001,"*",0b101,zmul(0b1001,0b101),"1000100") test(0b101010,"+",0b101,zadd(0b101010,0b101),"1000100")
test(0b10100,"+",0b1010,zadd(0b10100,0b1010),"101000") test(0b101000,"-",0b1010,zsub(0b101000,0b1010),"10100")
test(0b100010,"*",0b100101,zmul(0b100010,0b100101),"100001000001") test(0b100001000001,"/",0b100,zdiv(0b100001000001,0b100),"101010001 rem 0") test(0b101000101,"*",0b101001,zmul(0b101000101,0b101001),"101010000010101") test(0b101010000010101,"/",0b100,zdiv(0b101010000010101,0b100),"1001010001001 rem 10")
test(0b10100010010100,"+",0b1001000001,zadd(0b10100010010100,0b1001000001),"100000000010101") test(0b10100010010100,"-",0b1001000001,zsub(0b10100010010100,0b1001000001),"10010001000010") test(0b10000,"*",0b1001000001,zmul(0b10000,0b1001000001),"10100010010100") test(0b1010001010000001001,"/",0b100000000100000,zdiv(0b1010001010000001001,0b100000000100000),"10001 rem 10100001010101")
test(0b10100,"+",0b1010,zadd(0b10100,0b1010),"101000") test(0b10100,"-",0b1010,zsub(0b10100,0b1010),"101") test(0b10100,"*",0b1010,zmul(0b10100,0b1010),"101000001") test(0b10100,"/",0b1010,zdiv(0b10100,0b1010),"1 rem 101") integer m = zmul(0b10100,0b1010) test(m,"/",0b1010,zdiv(m,0b1010),"10100 rem 0")</lang>
- Output:
0: 0 (0) 1: 1 (1) 2: 10 (2) 3: 100 (3) 4: 101 (4) 5: 1000 (5) 6: 1001 (6) 7: 1010 (7) 8: 10000 (8) 9: 10001 (9) 10: 10010 (10) 11: 10100 (11) 12: 10101 (12) 13: 100000 (13) 14: 100001 (14) 15: 100010 (15) 16: 100100 (16) 17: 100101 (17) 18: 101000 (18) 19: 101001 (19) 20: 101010 (20) 0 + 0 = 0, aka 0 + 0 = 0 101 + 101 = 10000, aka 4 + 4 = 8 10100 - 1000 = 1001, aka 11 - 5 = 6 100100 - 1000 = 10100, aka 16 - 5 = 11 1001 * 101 = 1000100, aka 6 * 4 = 24 1000101 / 101 = 1001 rem 1, aka 25 / 4 = 6 rem 1 10 + 10 = 101, aka 2 + 2 = 4 101 + 10 = 1001, aka 4 + 2 = 6 1001 + 1001 = 10101, aka 6 + 6 = 12 10101 + 1000 = 100101, aka 12 + 5 = 17 100101 + 10101 = 1010000, aka 17 + 12 = 29 1000 - 101 = 1, aka 5 - 4 = 1 10101010 - 1010101 = 1000000, aka 54 - 33 = 21 1001 * 101 = 1000100, aka 6 * 4 = 24 101010 + 101 = 1000100, aka 20 + 4 = 24 10100 + 1010 = 101000, aka 11 + 7 = 18 101000 - 1010 = 10100, aka 18 - 7 = 11 100010 * 100101 = 100001000001, aka 15 * 17 = 255 100001000001 / 100 = 101010001 rem 0, aka 255 / 3 = 85 rem 0 101000101 * 101001 = 101010000010101, aka 80 * 19 = 1520 101010000010101 / 100 = 1001010001001 rem 10, aka 1520 / 3 = 506 rem 2 10100010010100 + 1001000001 = 100000000010101, aka 888 + 111 = 999 10100010010100 - 1001000001 = 10010001000010, aka 888 - 111 = 777 10000 * 1001000001 = 10100010010100, aka 8 * 111 = 888 1010001010000001001 / 100000000100000 = 10001 rem 10100001010101, aka 9876 / 1000 = 9 rem 876 10100 + 1010 = 101000, aka 11 + 7 = 18 10100 - 1010 = 101, aka 11 - 7 = 4 10100 * 1010 = 101000001, aka 11 * 7 = 77 10100 / 1010 = 1 rem 101, aka 11 / 7 = 1 rem 4 101000001 / 1010 = 10100 rem 0, aka 77 / 7 = 11 rem 0
PicoLisp
<lang>(seed (in "/dev/urandom" (rd 8)))
(de unpad (Lst)
(while (=0 (car Lst))
(pop 'Lst) )
Lst )
(de numz (N)
(let Fibs (1 1)
(while (>= N (+ (car Fibs) (cadr Fibs)))
(push 'Fibs (+ (car Fibs) (cadr Fibs))) )
(make
(for I (uniq Fibs)
(if (> I N)
(link 0)
(link 1)
(dec 'N I) ) ) ) ) )
(de znum (Lst)
(let Fibs (1 1)
(do (dec (length Lst))
(push 'Fibs (+ (car Fibs) (cadr Fibs))) )
(sum
'((X Y) (unless (=0 X) Y))
Lst
(uniq Fibs) ) ) )
(de incz (Lst)
(addz Lst (1)) )
(de decz (Lst)
(subz Lst (1)) )
(de addz (Lst1 Lst2)
(let Max (max (length Lst1) (length Lst2))
(reorg
(mapcar + (need Max Lst1 0) (need Max Lst2 0)) ) ) )
(de subz (Lst1 Lst2)
(use (@A @B)
(let
(Max (max (length Lst1) (length Lst2))
Lst (mapcar - (need Max Lst1 0) (need Max Lst2 0)) )
(loop
(while (match '(@A 1 0 0 @B) Lst)
(setq Lst (append @A (0 1 1) @B)) )
(while (match '(@A 1 -1 0 @B) Lst)
(setq Lst (append @A (0 0 1) @B)) )
(while (match '(@A 1 -1 1 @B) Lst)
(setq Lst (append @A (0 0 2) @B)) )
(while (match '(@A 1 0 -1 @B) Lst)
(setq Lst (append @A (0 1 0) @B)) )
(while (match '(@A 2 0 0 @B) Lst)
(setq Lst (append @A (1 1 1) @B)) )
(while (match '(@A 2 -1 0 @B) Lst)
(setq Lst (append @A (1 0 1) @B)) )
(while (match '(@A 2 -1 1 @B) Lst)
(setq Lst (append @A (1 0 2) @B)) )
(while (match '(@A 2 0 -1 @B) Lst)
(setq Lst (append @A (1 1 0) @B)) )
(while (match '(@A 1 -1) Lst)
(setq Lst (append @A (0 1))) )
(while (match '(@A 2 -1) Lst)
(setq Lst (append @A (1 1))) )
(NIL (match '(@A -1 @B) Lst)) )
(reorg (unpad Lst)) ) ) )
(de mulz (Lst1 Lst2)
(let (Sums (list Lst1) Mulz (0))
(mapc
'((X)
(when (= 1 (car X))
(setq Mulz (addz (cdr X) Mulz)) )
Mulz )
(mapcar
'((X)
(cons
X
(push 'Sums (addz (car Sums) (cadr Sums))) ) )
(reverse Lst2) ) ) ) )
(de divz (Lst1 Lst2)
(let Q 0
(while (lez Lst2 Lst1)
(setq Lst1 (subz Lst1 Lst2))
(setq Q (incz Q)) )
(list Q (or Lst1 (0))) ) )
(de reorg (Lst)
(use (@A @B)
(let Lst (reverse Lst)
(loop
(while (match '(@A 1 1 @B) Lst)
(if @B
(inc (nth @B 1))
(setq @B (1)) )
(setq Lst (append @A (0 0) @B) ) )
(while (match '(@A 2 @B) Lst)
(inc
(if (cdr @A)
(tail 2 @A)
@A ) )
(if @B
(inc (nth @B 1))
(setq @B (1)) )
(setq Lst (append @A (0) @B)) )
(NIL
(or
(match '(@A 1 1 @B) Lst)
(match '(@A 2 @B) Lst) ) ) )
(reverse Lst) ) ) )
(de lez (Lst1 Lst2)
(let Max (max (length Lst1) (length Lst2))
(<= (need Max Lst1 0) (need Max Lst2 0)) ) )
(let (X 0 Y 0)
(do 1024
(setq X (rand 1 1024))
(setq Y (rand 1 1024))
(test (numz (+ X Y)) (addz (numz X) (numz Y)))
(test (numz (* X Y)) (mulz (numz X) (numz Y)))
(test (numz (+ X 1)) (incz (numz X))) )
(do 1024
(setq X (rand 129 1024))
(setq Y (rand 1 128))
(test (numz (- X Y)) (subz (numz X) (numz Y)))
(test (numz (/ X Y)) (car (divz (numz X) (numz Y))))
(test (numz (% X Y)) (cadr (divz (numz X) (numz Y))))
(test (numz (- X 1)) (decz (numz X))) ) )
(bye)</lang>
Python
<lang python>import copy
class Zeckendorf:
def __init__(self, x='0'):
q = 1
i = len(x) - 1
self.dLen = int(i / 2)
self.dVal = 0
while i >= 0:
self.dVal = self.dVal + (ord(x[i]) - ord('0')) * q
q = q * 2
i = i -1
def a(self, n):
i = n
while True:
if self.dLen < i:
self.dLen = i
j = (self.dVal >> (i * 2)) & 3
if j == 0 or j == 1:
return
if j == 2:
if (self.dVal >> ((i + 1) * 2) & 1) != 1:
return
self.dVal = self.dVal + (1 << (i * 2 + 1))
return
if j == 3:
temp = 3 << (i * 2)
temp = temp ^ -1
self.dVal = self.dVal & temp
self.b((i + 1) * 2)
i = i + 1
def b(self, pos):
if pos == 0:
self.inc()
return
if (self.dVal >> pos) & 1 == 0:
self.dVal = self.dVal + (1 << pos)
self.a(int(pos / 2))
if pos > 1:
self.a(int(pos / 2) - 1)
else:
temp = 1 << pos
temp = temp ^ -1
self.dVal = self.dVal & temp
self.b(pos + 1)
self.b(pos - (2 if pos > 1 else 1))
def c(self, pos):
if (self.dVal >> pos) & 1 == 1:
temp = 1 << pos
temp = temp ^ -1
self.dVal = self.dVal & temp
return
self.c(pos + 1)
if pos > 0:
self.b(pos - 1)
else:
self.inc()
def inc(self):
self.dVal = self.dVal + 1
self.a(0)
def __add__(self, rhs):
copy = self
rhs_dVal = rhs.dVal
limit = (rhs.dLen + 1) * 2
for gn in range(0, limit):
if ((rhs_dVal >> gn) & 1) == 1:
copy.b(gn)
return copy
def __sub__(self, rhs):
copy = self
rhs_dVal = rhs.dVal
limit = (rhs.dLen + 1) * 2
for gn in range(0, limit):
if (rhs_dVal >> gn) & 1 == 1:
copy.c(gn)
while (((copy.dVal >> ((copy.dLen * 2) & 31)) & 3) == 0) or (copy.dLen == 0):
copy.dLen = copy.dLen - 1
return copy
def __mul__(self, rhs):
na = copy.deepcopy(rhs)
nb = copy.deepcopy(rhs)
nr = Zeckendorf()
dVal = self.dVal
for i in range(0, (self.dLen + 1) * 2):
if ((dVal >> i) & 1) > 0:
nr = nr + nb
nt = copy.deepcopy(nb)
nb = nb + na
na = copy.deepcopy(nt)
return nr
def __str__(self):
dig = ["00", "01", "10"]
dig1 = ["", "1", "10"]
if self.dVal == 0:
return '0'
idx = (self.dVal >> ((self.dLen * 2) & 31)) & 3
sb = dig1[idx]
i = self.dLen - 1
while i >= 0:
idx = (self.dVal >> (i * 2)) & 3
sb = sb + dig[idx]
i = i - 1
return sb
- main
print "Addition:" g = Zeckendorf("10") g = g + Zeckendorf("10") print g g = g + Zeckendorf("10") print g g = g + Zeckendorf("1001") print g g = g + Zeckendorf("1000") print g g = g + Zeckendorf("10101") print g print
print "Subtraction:" g = Zeckendorf("1000") g = g - Zeckendorf("101") print g g = Zeckendorf("10101010") g = g - Zeckendorf("1010101") print g print
print "Multiplication:" g = Zeckendorf("1001") g = g * Zeckendorf("101") print g g = Zeckendorf("101010") g = g + Zeckendorf("101") print g</lang>
- Output:
Addition: 101 1001 10101 100101 1010000 Subtraction: 1 1000000 Multiplication: 1000100 1000100
Racket
This implementation only handles natural (non-negative numbers). The algorithms for addition and subtraction use the techniques explained in the paper "Efficient algorithms for Zeckendorf arithmetic" (http://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.4497.pdf).
<lang racket>#lang racket (require math)
(define sqrt5 (sqrt 5)) (define phi (* 0.5 (+ 1 sqrt5)))
- What is the nth fibonnaci number, shifted by 2 so that
- F(0) = 1, F(1) = 2, ...?
(define (F n)
(fibonacci (+ n 2)))
- What is the largest n such that F(n) <= m?
(define (F* m)
(let ([n (- (inexact->exact (round (/ (log (* m sqrt5)) (log phi)))) 2)]) (if (<= (F n) m) n (sub1 n))))
(define (zeck->natural z)
(for/sum ([i (reverse z)]
[j (in-naturals)])
(* i (F j))))
(define (natural->zeck n)
(if (zero? n)
null
(for/list ([i (in-range (F* n) -1 -1)])
(let ([f (F i)])
(cond [(>= n f) (set! n (- n f))
1]
[else 0])))))
- Extend list to the right to a length of len with repeated padding elements
(define (pad lst len [padding 0])
(append lst (make-list (- len (length lst)) padding)))
- Strip padding elements from the left of the list
(define (unpad lst [padding 0])
(cond [(null? lst) lst]
[(equal? (first lst) padding) (unpad (rest lst) padding)]
[else lst]))
- Run a filter function across a window in a list from left to right
(define (left->right width fn)
(λ (lst)
(let F ([a lst])
(if (< (length a) width)
a
(let ([f (fn (take a width))])
(cons (first f) (F (append (rest f) (drop a width)))))))))
- Run a function fn across a window in a list from right to left
(define (right->left width fn)
(λ (lst)
(let F ([a lst])
(if (< (length a) width)
a
(let ([f (fn (take-right a width))])
(append (F (append (drop-right a width) (drop-right f 1)))
(list (last f))))))))
- (a0 a1 a2 ... an) -> (a0 a1 a2 ... (fn ... an))
(define (replace-tail width fn)
(λ (lst) (append (drop-right lst width) (fn (take-right lst width)))))
(define (rule-a lst)
(match lst [(list 0 2 0 x) (list 1 0 0 (add1 x))] [(list 0 3 0 x) (list 1 1 0 (add1 x))] [(list 0 2 1 x) (list 1 1 0 x)] [(list 0 1 2 x) (list 1 0 1 x)] [else lst]))
(define (rule-a-tail lst)
(match lst [(list x 0 3 0) (list x 1 1 1)] [(list x 0 2 0) (list x 1 0 1)] [(list 0 1 2 0) (list 1 0 1 0)] [(list x y 0 3) (list x y 1 1)] [(list x y 0 2) (list x y 1 0)] [(list x 0 1 2) (list x 1 0 0)] [else lst]))
(define (rule-b lst)
(match lst [(list 0 1 1) (list 1 0 0)] [else lst]))
(define (rule-c lst)
(match lst [(list 1 0 0) (list 0 1 1)] [(list 1 -1 0) (list 0 0 1)] [(list 1 -1 1) (list 0 0 2)] [(list 1 0 -1) (list 0 1 0)] [(list 2 0 0) (list 1 1 1)] [(list 2 -1 0) (list 1 0 1)] [(list 2 -1 1) (list 1 0 2)] [(list 2 0 -1) (list 1 1 0)] [else lst]))
(define (zeck-combine op y z [f identity])
(let* ([bits (max (add1 (length y)) (add1 (length z)) 4)]
[f0 (λ (x) (pad (reverse x) bits))]
[f1 (left->right 4 rule-a)]
[f2 (replace-tail 4 rule-a-tail)]
[f3 (right->left 3 rule-b)]
[f4 (left->right 3 rule-b)])
((compose1 unpad f4 f3 f2 f1 f reverse) (map op (f0 y) (f0 z)))))
(define (zeck+ y z)
(zeck-combine + y z))
(define (zeck- y z)
(when (zeck< y z) (error (format "~a" `(zeck-: cannot subtract since ,y < ,z)))) (zeck-combine - y z (left->right 3 rule-c)))
(define (zeck* y z)
(define (M ry Zn Zn_1 [acc null])
(if (null? ry)
acc
(M (rest ry) (zeck+ Zn Zn_1) Zn
(if (zero? (first ry)) acc (zeck+ acc Zn)))))
(cond [(zeck< z y) (zeck* z y)]
[(null? y) null] ; 0 * z -> 0
[else (M (reverse y) z z)]))
(define (zeck-quotient/remainder y z)
(define (M Zn acc)
(if (zeck< y Zn)
(drop-right acc 1)
(M (zeck+ Zn (first acc)) (cons Zn acc))))
(define (D x m [acc null])
(if (null? m)
(values (reverse acc) x)
(let* ([v (first m)]
[smaller (zeck< v x)]
[bit (if smaller 1 0)]
[x_ (if smaller (zeck- x v) x)])
(D x_ (rest m) (cons bit acc)))))
(D y (M z (list z))))
(define (zeck-quotient y z)
(let-values ([(quotient _) (zeck-quotient/remainder y z)]) quotient))
(define (zeck-remainder y z)
(let-values ([(_ remainder) (zeck-quotient/remainder y z)]) remainder))
(define (zeck-add1 z)
(zeck+ z '(1)))
(define (zeck= y z)
(equal? (unpad y) (unpad z)))
(define (zeck< y z)
; Compare equal-length unpadded zecks
(define (LT a b)
(if (null? a)
#f
(let ([a0 (first a)] [b0 (first b)])
(if (= a0 b0)
(LT (rest a) (rest b))
(= a0 0)))))
(let* ([a (unpad y)] [len-a (length a)]
[b (unpad z)] [len-b (length b)])
(cond [(< len-a len-b) #t]
[(> len-a len-b) #f]
[else (LT a b)])))
(define (zeck> y z)
(not (or (zeck= y z) (zeck< y z))))
- Examples
(define (example op-name op a b)
(let* ([y (natural->zeck a)]
[z (natural->zeck b)]
[x (op y z)]
[c (zeck->natural x)])
(printf "~a ~a ~a = ~a ~a ~a = ~a = ~a\n"
a op-name b y op-name z x c)))
(example '+ zeck+ 888 111) (example '- zeck- 888 111) (example '* zeck* 8 111) (example '/ zeck-quotient 9876 1000) (example '% zeck-remainder 9876 1000) </lang>
- Output:
888 + 111 = (1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0) + (1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1) = (1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1) = 999 888 - 111 = (1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0) - (1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1) = (1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0) = 777 8 * 111 = (1 0 0 0 0) * (1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1) = (1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0) = 888 9876 / 1000 = (1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1) / (1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0) = (1 0 0 0 1) = 9 9876 % 1000 = (1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1) % (1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0) = (1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1) = 876
Raku
(formerly Perl 6) This is a somewhat limited implementation of Zeckendorf arithmetic operators. They only handle positive integer values. There are no actual calculations, everything is done with string manipulations, so it doesn't matter what glyphs you use for 1 and 0.
Implemented arithmetic operators:
addition: +z subtraction: -z multiplication: *z division: /z (more of a divmod really) post increment: ++z post decrement: --z
Comparison operators:
equal eqz not equal nez greater than gtz less than ltz
<lang perl6>my $z1 = '1'; # glyph to use for a '1' my $z0 = '0'; # glyph to use for a '0'
sub zorder($a) { ($z0 lt $z1) ?? $a !! $a.trans([$z0, $z1] => [$z1, $z0]) };
- Zeckendorf comparison operators #########
- less than
sub infix:<ltz>($a, $b) { $a.&zorder lt $b.&zorder };
- greater than
sub infix:<gtz>($a, $b) { $a.&zorder gt $b.&zorder };
- equal
sub infix:<eqz>($a, $b) { $a eq $b };
- not equal
sub infix:<nez>($a, $b) { $a ne $b };
- Operators for Zeckendorf arithmetic ########
- post increment
sub postfix:<++z>($a is rw) {
$a = ("$z0$z0"~$a).subst(/("$z0$z0")($z1+ %% $z0)?$/,
-> $/ { "$z0$z1" ~ ($1 ?? $z0 x $1.chars !! ) });
$a ~~ s/^$z0+//;
$a
}
- post decrement
sub postfix:<--z>($a is rw) {
$a.=subst(/$z1($z0*)$/,
-> $/ {$z0 ~ "$z1$z0" x $0.chars div 2 ~ $z1 x $0.chars mod 2});
$a ~~ s/^$z0+(.+)$/$0/;
$a
}
- addition
sub infix:<+z>($a is copy, $b is copy) { $a++z; $a++z while $b--z nez $z0; $a };
- subtraction
sub infix:<-z>($a is copy, $b is copy) { $a--z; $a--z while $b--z nez $z0; $a };
- multiplication
sub infix:<*z>($a, $b) {
return $z0 if $a eqz $z0 or $b eqz $z0;
return $a if $b eqz $z1;
return $b if $a eqz $z1;
my $c = $a;
my $d = $z1;
repeat {
my $e = $z0;
repeat { $c++z; $e++z } until $e eqz $a;
$d++z;
} until $d eqz $b;
$c
};
- division (really more of a div mod)
sub infix:</z>($a is copy, $b is copy) {
fail "Divide by zero" if $b eqz $z0;
return $a if $a eqz $z0 or $b eqz $z1;
my $c = $z0;
repeat {
my $d = $b +z ($z1 ~ $z0);
$c++z;
$a++z;
$a--z while $d--z nez $z0
} until $a ltz $b;
$c ~= " remainder $a" if $a nez $z0;
$c
};
- Testing ######################
- helper sub to translate constants into the particular glyphs you used
sub z($a) { $a.trans([<1 0>] => [$z1, $z0]) };
say "Using the glyph '$z1' for 1 and '$z0' for 0\n";
my $fmt = "%-22s = %15s %s\n";
my $zeck = $z1;
printf( $fmt, "$zeck++z", $zeck++z, '# increment' ) for 1 .. 10;
printf $fmt, "$zeck +z {z('1010')}", $zeck +z= z('1010'), '# addition';
printf $fmt, "$zeck -z {z('100')}", $zeck -z= z('100'), '# subtraction';
printf $fmt, "$zeck *z {z('100101')}", $zeck *z= z('100101'), '# multiplication';
printf $fmt, "$zeck /z {z('100')}", $zeck /z= z('100'), '# division';
printf( $fmt, "$zeck--z", $zeck--z, '# decrement' ) for 1 .. 5;
printf $fmt, "$zeck *z {z('101001')}", $zeck *z= z('101001'), '# multiplication';
printf $fmt, "$zeck /z {z('100')}", $zeck /z= z('100'), '# division';</lang>
Testing Output
Using the glyph '1' for 1 and '0' for 0 1++z = 10 # increment 10++z = 100 # increment 100++z = 101 # increment 101++z = 1000 # increment 1000++z = 1001 # increment 1001++z = 1010 # increment 1010++z = 10000 # increment 10000++z = 10001 # increment 10001++z = 10010 # increment 10010++z = 10100 # increment 10100 +z 1010 = 101000 # addition 101000 -z 100 = 100010 # subtraction 100010 *z 100101 = 100001000001 # multiplication 100001000001 /z 100 = 101010001 # division 101010001--z = 101010000 # decrement 101010000--z = 101001010 # decrement 101001010--z = 101001001 # decrement 101001001--z = 101001000 # decrement 101001000--z = 101000101 # decrement 101000101 *z 101001 = 101010000010101 # multiplication 101010000010101 /z 100 = 1001010001001 remainder 10 # division
Output using 'X' for 1 and 'O' for 0:
Using the glyph 'X' for 1 and 'O' for 0 X++z = XO # increment XO++z = XOO # increment XOO++z = XOX # increment XOX++z = XOOO # increment XOOO++z = XOOX # increment XOOX++z = XOXO # increment XOXO++z = XOOOO # increment XOOOO++z = XOOOX # increment XOOOX++z = XOOXO # increment XOOXO++z = XOXOO # increment XOXOO +z XOXO = XOXOOO # addition XOXOOO -z XOO = XOOOXO # subtraction XOOOXO *z XOOXOX = XOOOOXOOOOOX # multiplication XOOOOXOOOOOX /z XOO = XOXOXOOOX # division XOXOXOOOX--z = XOXOXOOOO # decrement XOXOXOOOO--z = XOXOOXOXO # decrement XOXOOXOXO--z = XOXOOXOOX # decrement XOXOOXOOX--z = XOXOOXOOO # decrement XOXOOXOOO--z = XOXOOOXOX # decrement XOXOOOXOX *z XOXOOX = XOXOXOOOOOXOXOX # multiplication XOXOXOOOOOXOXOX /z XOO = XOOXOXOOOXOOX remainder XO # division
Scala
The addition is an implementation of an algorithm suggested in http[:]//arxiv.org/pdf/1207.4497.pdf: Efficient Algorithms for Zeckendorf Arithmetic. <lang Scala> import scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer
object ZeckendorfArithmetic extends App {
val elapsed: (=> Unit) => Long = f => {
val s = System.currentTimeMillis
f
(System.currentTimeMillis - s) / 1000
}
val add: (Z, Z) => Z = (z1, z2) => z1 + z2
val subtract: (Z, Z) => Z = (z1, z2) => z1 - z2
val multiply: (Z, Z) => Z = (z1, z2) => z1 * z2
val divide: (Z, Z) => Option[Z] = (z1, z2) => z1 / z2
val modulo: (Z, Z) => Option[Z] = (z1, z2) => z1 % z2
val ops = Map(("+", add), ("-", subtract), ("*", multiply), ("/", divide), ("%", modulo))
val calcs = List(
(Z("101"), "+", Z("10100"))
, (Z("101"), "-", Z("10100"))
, (Z("101"), "*", Z("10100"))
, (Z("101"), "/", Z("10100"))
, (Z("-1010101"), "+", Z("10100"))
, (Z("-1010101"), "-", Z("10100"))
, (Z("-1010101"), "*", Z("10100"))
, (Z("-1010101"), "/", Z("10100"))
, (Z("1000101010"), "+", Z("10101010"))
, (Z("1000101010"), "-", Z("10101010"))
, (Z("1000101010"), "*", Z("10101010"))
, (Z("1000101010"), "/", Z("10101010"))
, (Z("10100"), "+", Z("1010"))
, (Z("100101"), "-", Z("100"))
, (Z("1010101010101010101"), "+", Z("-1010101010101"))
, (Z("1010101010101010101"), "-", Z("-1010101010101"))
, (Z("1010101010101010101"), "*", Z("-1010101010101"))
, (Z("1010101010101010101"), "/", Z("-1010101010101"))
, (Z("1010101010101010101"), "%", Z("-1010101010101"))
, (Z("1010101010101010101"), "+", Z("101010101010101"))
, (Z("1010101010101010101"), "-", Z("101010101010101"))
, (Z("1010101010101010101"), "*", Z("101010101010101"))
, (Z("1010101010101010101"), "/", Z("101010101010101"))
, (Z("1010101010101010101"), "%", Z("101010101010101"))
, (Z("10101010101010101010"), "+", Z("1010101010101010"))
, (Z("10101010101010101010"), "-", Z("1010101010101010"))
, (Z("10101010101010101010"), "*", Z("1010101010101010"))
, (Z("10101010101010101010"), "/", Z("1010101010101010"))
, (Z("10101010101010101010"), "%", Z("1010101010101010"))
, (Z("1010"), "%", Z("10"))
, (Z("1010"), "%", Z("-10"))
, (Z("-1010"), "%", Z("10"))
, (Z("-1010"), "%", Z("-10"))
, (Z("100"), "/", Z("0"))
, (Z("100"), "%", Z("0"))
)
val iadd: (BigInt, BigInt) => BigInt = (a, b) => a + b
val isub: (BigInt, BigInt) => BigInt = (a, b) => a - b
// just for result checking:
import Z._
val imul: (BigInt, BigInt) => BigInt = (a, b) => a * b
val idiv: (BigInt, BigInt) => Option[BigInt] = (a, b) => if (b == 0) None else Some(a / b)
val imod: (BigInt, BigInt) => Option[BigInt] = (a, b) => if (b == 0) None else Some(a % b)
val iops = Map(("+", iadd), ("-", isub), ("*", imul), ("/", idiv), ("%", imod))
case class Z(var zs: String) {
import Z._
require((zs.toSet -- Set('-', '0', '1') == Set()) && (!zs.contains("11")))
//--- fa(summand1.z,summand2.z) --------------------------
val fa: (BigInt, BigInt) => BigInt = (z1, z2) => {
val v = z1.toString.toCharArray.map(_.asDigit).reverse.padTo(5, 0).zipAll(z2.toString.toCharArray.map(_.asDigit).reverse, 0, 0)
val arr1 = (v.map(p => p._1 + p._2) :+ 0).reverse
(0 to arr1.length - 4) foreach { i => //stage1
val a = arr1.slice(i, i + 4).toList
val b = a.foldRight("")("" + _ + _) dropRight 1
val a1 = b match {
case "020" => List(1, 0, 0, a(3) + 1)
case "030" => List(1, 1, 0, a(3) + 1)
case "021" => List(1, 1, 0, a(3))
case "012" => List(1, 0, 1, a(3))
case _ => a
}
0 to 3 foreach { j => arr1(j + i) = a1(j) }
}
val arr2 = arr1.foldRight("")("" + _ + _)
.replace("0120", "1010").replace("030", "111").replace("003", "100").replace("020", "101")
.replace("003", "100").replace("012", "101").replace("021", "110")
.replace("02", "10").replace("03", "11")
.reverse.toArray
(0 to arr2.length - 3) foreach { i => //stage2, step1
val a = arr2.slice(i, i + 3).toList
val b = a.foldRight("")("" + _ + _)
val a1 = b match {
case "110" => List('0', '0', '1')
case _ => a
}
0 to 2 foreach { j => arr2(j + i) = a1(j) }
}
val arr3 = arr2.foldRight("")("" + _ + _).concat("0").reverse.toArray
(0 to arr3.length - 3) foreach { i => //stage2, step2
val a = arr3.slice(i, i + 3).toList
val b = a.foldRight("")("" + _ + _)
val a1 = b match {
case "011" => List('1', '0', '0')
case _ => a
}
0 to 2 foreach { j => arr3(j + i) = a1(j) }
}
BigInt(arr3.foldRight("")("" + _ + _))
}
//--- fs(minuend.z,subtrahend.z) -------------------------
val fs: (BigInt, BigInt) => BigInt = (min, sub) => {
val zmvr = min.toString.toCharArray.map(_.asDigit).reverse
val zsvr = sub.toString.toCharArray.map(_.asDigit).reverse.padTo(zmvr.length, 0)
val v = zmvr.zipAll(zsvr, 0, 0).reverse
val last = v.length - 1
val zma = zmvr.reverse.toArray
val zsa = zsvr.reverse.toArray
for (i <- (0 to last).reverse) {
val e = zma(i) - zsa(i)
if (e < 0) {
zma(i - 1) = zma(i - 1) - 1
zma(i) = 0
val part = Z(((i to last).map(zma(_))).foldRight("")("" + _ + _))
val carry = Z("1".padTo(last - i, "0").foldRight("")("" + _ + _))
val sum = part + carry
val sums = sum.z.toString
(1 to sum.size) foreach { j => zma(last - sum.size + j) = sums(j - 1).asDigit }
if (zma(i - 1) < 0) {
for (j <- (0 until i).reverse) {
if (zma(j) < 0) {
zma(j - 1) = zma(j - 1) - 1
zma(j) = 0
val part = Z(((j to last).map(zma(_))).foldRight("")("" + _ + _))
val carry = Z("1".padTo(last - j, "0").foldRight("")("" + _ + _))
val sum = part + carry
val sums = sum.z.toString
(1 to sum.size) foreach { k => zma(last - sum.size + k) = sums(k - 1).asDigit }
}
}
}
}
else zma(i) = e
zsa(i) = 0
}
BigInt(zma.foldRight("")("" + _ + _))
}
//--- fm(multiplicand.z,multplier.z) ---------------------
val fm: (BigInt, BigInt) => BigInt = (mc, mp) => {
val mct = mt(Z(mc.toString))
val mpxi = mp.toString.reverse.toCharArray.map(_.asDigit).zipWithIndex.filter(_._1 != 0).map(_._2)
mpxi.foldRight(Z("0"))((fi, sum) => sum + mct(fi)).z
}
//--- fd(dividend.z,divisor.z) ---------------------------
val fd: (BigInt, BigInt) => BigInt = (dd, ds) => {
val dst = dt(Z(dd.toString), Z(ds.toString)).reverse
var diff = Z(dd.toString)
val zd = ListBuffer[String]()
0 until dst.length foreach { i =>
if (dst(i) > diff) zd += "0" else {
diff = diff - dst(i)
zd += "1"
}
}
BigInt(zd.mkString)
}
val fasig: (Z, Z) => Int = (z1, z2) => if (z1.z.abs > z2.z.abs) z1.z.signum else z2.z.signum
val fssig: (Z, Z) => Int = (z1, z2) =>
if ((z1.z.abs > z2.z.abs && z1.z.signum > 0) || (z1.z.abs < z2.z.abs && z1.z.signum < 0)) 1 else -1
var z: BigInt = BigInt(zs)
override def toString: String = "" + z + "Z(i:" + z2i(this) + ")"
def size: Int = z.abs.toString.length
def ++ : Z = {
val za = this + Z("1")
this.zs = za.zs
this.z = za.z
this }
def +(that: Z): Z =
if (this == Z("0")) that
else if (that == Z("0")) this
else if (this.z.signum == that.z.signum) Z((fa(this.z.abs.max(that.z.abs), this.z.abs.min(that.z.abs)) * this.z.signum).toString)
else if (this.z.abs == that.z.abs) Z("0")
else Z((fs(this.z.abs.max(that.z.abs), this.z.abs.min(that.z.abs)) * fasig(this, that)).toString)
def -- : Z = {
val zs = this - Z("1")
this.zs = zs.zs
this.z = zs.z
this }
def -(that: Z): Z =
if (this == Z("0")) Z((that.z * (-1)).toString)
else if (that == Z("0")) this
else if (this.z.signum != that.z.signum) Z((fa(this.z.abs.max(that.z.abs), this.z.abs.min(that.z.abs)) * this.z.signum).toString)
else if (this.z.abs == that.z.abs) Z("0")
else Z((fs(this.z.abs.max(that.z.abs), this.z.abs.min(that.z.abs)) * fssig(this, that)).toString)
def %(that: Z): Option[Z] =
if (that == Z("0")) None
else if (this == Z("0")) Some(Z("0"))
else if (that == Z("1")) Some(Z("0"))
else if (this.z.abs < that.z.abs) Some(this)
else if (this.z == that.z) Some(Z("0"))
else this / that match {
case None => None
case Some(z) => Some(this - z * that)
}
def *(that: Z): Z =
if (this == Z("0") || that == Z("0")) Z("0")
else if (this == Z("1")) that
else if (that == Z("1")) this
else Z((fm(this.z.abs.max(that.z.abs), this.z.abs.min(that.z.abs)) * this.z.signum * that.z.signum).toString)
def /(that: Z): Option[Z] =
if (that == Z("0")) None
else if (this == Z("0")) Some(Z("0"))
else if (that == Z("1")) Some(Z("1"))
else if (this.z.abs < that.z.abs) Some(Z("0"))
else if (this.z == that.z) Some(Z("1"))
else Some(Z((fd(this.z.abs.max(that.z.abs), this.z.abs.min(that.z.abs)) * this.z.signum * that.z.signum).toString))
def <(that: Z): Boolean = this.z < that.z
def <=(that: Z): Boolean = this.z <= that.z
def >(that: Z): Boolean = this.z > that.z
def >=(that: Z): Boolean = this.z >= that.z
}
object Z {
// only for comfort and result checking:
val fibs: LazyList[BigInt] = {
def series(i: BigInt, j: BigInt): LazyList[BigInt] = i #:: series(j, i + j)
series(1, 0).tail.tail.tail
}
val z2i: Z => BigInt = z => z.z.abs.toString.toCharArray.map(_.asDigit).reverse.zipWithIndex.map { case (v, i) => v * fibs(i) }.foldRight(BigInt(0))(_ + _) * z.z.signum
var fmts: Map[Z, List[Z]] = Map(Z("0") -> List[Z](Z("0"))) //map of Fibonacci multiples table of divisors
// get division table (division weight vector)
def dt(dd: Z, ds: Z): List[Z] = {
val wv = new ListBuffer[Z]
wv ++= mt(ds)
var zs = ds.z.abs.toString
val upper = dd.z.abs.toString
while ((zs.length < upper.length)) {
wv += (wv.toList.last + wv.toList.reverse.tail.head)
zs = "1" + zs
}
wv.toList
}
// get multiply table from fmts
def mt(z: Z): List[Z] = {
fmts.getOrElse(z, Nil) match {
case Nil =>
val e = mwv(z)
fmts = fmts + (z -> e)
e
case l => l
}
}
// multiply weight vector
def mwv(z: Z): List[Z] = {
val wv = new ListBuffer[Z]
wv += z
wv += (z + z)
var zs = "11"
val upper = z.z.abs.toString
while ((zs.length < upper.length)) {
wv += (wv.toList.last + wv.toList.reverse.tail.head)
zs = "1" + zs
}
wv.toList
}
}
println("elapsed time: " + elapsed {
calcs foreach { case (op1, op, op2) => println("" + op1 + " " + op + " " + op2 + " = "
+ {
(ops(op)) (op1, op2) match {
case None => None
case Some(z) => z
case z => z
}
}
.ensuring { x =>
(iops(op)) (z2i(op1), z2i(op2)) match {
case None => None == x
case Some(i) => i == z2i(x.asInstanceOf[Z])
case i => i == z2i(x.asInstanceOf[Z])
}
})
}
} + " sec"
)
} </lang> Output:
101Z(i:4) + 10100Z(i:11) = 100010Z(i:15) 101Z(i:4) - 10100Z(i:11) = -1010Z(i:-7) 101Z(i:4) * 10100Z(i:11) = 10010010Z(i:44) 101Z(i:4) / 10100Z(i:11) = 0Z(i:0) -1010101Z(i:-33) + 10100Z(i:11) = -1000001Z(i:-22) -1010101Z(i:-33) - 10100Z(i:11) = -10010010Z(i:-44) -1010101Z(i:-33) * 10100Z(i:11) = -101010001010Z(i:-363) -1010101Z(i:-33) / 10100Z(i:11) = -100Z(i:-3) 1000101010Z(i:109) + 10101010Z(i:54) = 10000101001Z(i:163) 1000101010Z(i:109) - 10101010Z(i:54) = 100000000Z(i:55) 1000101010Z(i:109) * 10101010Z(i:54) = 101000001000101001Z(i:5886) 1000101010Z(i:109) / 10101010Z(i:54) = 10Z(i:2) 10100Z(i:11) + 1010Z(i:7) = 101000Z(i:18) 100101Z(i:17) - 100Z(i:3) = 100001Z(i:14) 1010101010101010101Z(i:10945) + -1010101010101Z(i:-609) = 1010100000000000000Z(i:10336) 1010101010101010101Z(i:10945) - -1010101010101Z(i:-609) = 10000001010101010100Z(i:11554) 1010101010101010101Z(i:10945) * -1010101010101Z(i:-609) = -100010001000001001010010100100001Z(i:-6665505) 1010101010101010101Z(i:10945) / -1010101010101Z(i:-609) = -100101Z(i:-17) 1010101010101010101Z(i:10945) % -1010101010101Z(i:-609) = 1010100100100Z(i:592) 1010101010101010101Z(i:10945) + 101010101010101Z(i:1596) = 10000101010101010100Z(i:12541) 1010101010101010101Z(i:10945) - 101010101010101Z(i:1596) = 1010000000000000000Z(i:9349) 1010101010101010101Z(i:10945) * 101010101010101Z(i:1596) = 10001000100001010001001010001001001Z(i:17468220) 1010101010101010101Z(i:10945) / 101010101010101Z(i:1596) = 1001Z(i:6) 1010101010101010101Z(i:10945) % 101010101010101Z(i:1596) = 101000000001000Z(i:1369) 10101010101010101010Z(i:17710) + 1010101010101010Z(i:2583) = 100001010101010101001Z(i:20293) 10101010101010101010Z(i:17710) - 1010101010101010Z(i:2583) = 10100000000000000000Z(i:15127) 10101010101010101010Z(i:17710) * 1010101010101010Z(i:2583) = 1000100010001000000000001000100010001Z(i:45744930) 10101010101010101010Z(i:17710) / 1010101010101010Z(i:2583) = 1001Z(i:6) 10101010101010101010Z(i:17710) % 1010101010101010Z(i:2583) = 1010000000001000Z(i:2212) 1010Z(i:7) % 10Z(i:2) = 1Z(i:1) 1010Z(i:7) % -10Z(i:-2) = 1Z(i:1) -1010Z(i:-7) % 10Z(i:2) = -1Z(i:-1) -1010Z(i:-7) % -10Z(i:-2) = -1Z(i:-1) 100Z(i:3) / 0Z(i:0) = None 100Z(i:3) % 0Z(i:0) = None elapsed time: 1 sec
Tcl
<lang tcl>namespace eval zeckendorf {
# Want to use alternate symbols? Change these variable zero "0" variable one "1"
# Base operations: increment and decrement
proc zincr var {
upvar 1 $var a namespace upvar [namespace current] zero 0 one 1 if {![regsub "$0$" $a $1$0 a]} {append a $1} while {[regsub "$0$1$1" $a "$1$0$0" a] || [regsub "^$1$1" $a "$1$0$0" a]} {} regsub ".$" $a "" a return $a
}
proc zdecr var {
upvar 1 $var a namespace upvar [namespace current] zero 0 one 1 regsub "^$0+(.+)$" [subst [regsub "${1}($0*)$" $a "$0\[ string repeat {$1$0} \[regsub -all .. {\\1} {} x]]\[ string repeat {$1} \[expr {\$x ne {}}]]"] ] {\1} a return $a
}
# Exported operations
proc eq {a b} {
expr {$a eq $b}
}
proc add {a b} {
variable zero while {![eq $b $zero]} { zincr a zdecr b } return $a
}
proc sub {a b} {
variable zero while {![eq $b $zero]} { zdecr a zdecr b } return $a
}
proc mul {a b} {
variable zero variable one if {[eq $a $zero] || [eq $b $zero]} {return $zero} if {[eq $a $one]} {return $b} if {[eq $b $one]} {return $a} set c $a while {![eq [zdecr b] $zero]} { set c [add $c $a] } return $c
}
proc div {a b} {
variable zero variable one if {[eq $b $zero]} {error "div zero"} if {[eq $a $zero] || [eq $b $one]} {return $a} set r $zero while {![eq $a $zero]} { if {![eq $a [add [set a [sub $a $b]] $b]]} break zincr r } return $r
} # Note that there aren't any ordering operations in this version
# Assemble into a coherent API namespace export \[a-y\]* namespace ensemble create
}</lang> Demonstrating: <lang tcl>puts [zeckendorf add "10100" "1010"] puts [zeckendorf sub "10100" "1010"] puts [zeckendorf mul "10100" "1010"] puts [zeckendorf div "10100" "1010"] puts [zeckendorf div [zeckendorf mul "10100" "1010"] "1010"]</lang>
- Output:
101000 101 101000001 1 10100
Visual Basic .NET
<lang vbnet>Imports System.Text
Module Module1
Class Zeckendorf
Implements IComparable(Of Zeckendorf)
Private Shared ReadOnly dig As String() = {"00", "01", "10"}
Private Shared ReadOnly dig1 As String() = {"", "1", "10"}
Private dVal As Integer = 0
Private dLen As Integer = 0
Public Sub New(Optional x As String = "0")
Dim q = 1
Dim i = x.Length - 1
dLen = i \ 2
Dim z = Asc("0")
While i >= 0
Dim a = Asc(x(i))
dVal += (a - z) * q
q *= 2
i -= 1
End While
End Sub
Private Sub A(n As Integer)
Dim i = n
While True
If dLen < i Then
dLen = i
End If
Dim j = (dVal >> (i * 2)) And 3
If j = 0 OrElse j = 1 Then
Return
ElseIf j = 2 Then
If ((dVal >> ((i + 1) * 2)) And 1) <> 1 Then
Return
End If
dVal += 1 << (i * 2 + 1)
Return
ElseIf j = 3 Then
Dim temp = 3 << (i * 2)
temp = temp Xor -1
dVal = dVal And temp
B((i + 1) * 2)
End If
i += 1
End While
End Sub
Private Sub B(pos As Integer)
If pos = 0 Then
Inc()
Return
End If
If ((dVal >> pos) And 1) = 0 Then
dVal += 1 << pos
A(pos \ 2)
If pos > 1 Then
A(pos \ 2 - 1)
End If
Else
Dim temp = 1 << pos
temp = temp Xor -1
dVal = dVal And temp
B(pos + 1)
B(pos - If(pos > 1, 2, 1))
End If
End Sub
Private Sub C(pos As Integer)
If ((dVal >> pos) And 1) = 1 Then
Dim temp = 1 << pos
temp = temp Xor -1
dVal = dVal And temp
Return
End If
C(pos + 1)
If pos > 0 Then
B(pos - 1)
Else
Inc()
End If
End Sub
Public Function Inc() As Zeckendorf
dVal += 1
A(0)
Return Me
End Function
Public Function Copy() As Zeckendorf
Dim z As New Zeckendorf With {
.dVal = dVal,
.dLen = dLen
}
Return z
End Function
Public Sub PlusAssign(other As Zeckendorf)
Dim gn = 0
While gn < (other.dLen + 1) * 2
If ((other.dVal >> gn) And 1) = 1 Then
B(gn)
End If
gn += 1
End While
End Sub
Public Sub MinusAssign(other As Zeckendorf)
Dim gn = 0
While gn < (other.dLen + 1) * 2
If ((other.dVal >> gn) And 1) = 1 Then
C(gn)
End If
gn += 1
End While
While (((dVal >> dLen * 2) And 3) = 0) OrElse dLen = 0
dLen -= 1
End While
End Sub
Public Sub TimesAssign(other As Zeckendorf)
Dim na = other.Copy
Dim nb = other.Copy
Dim nt As Zeckendorf
Dim nr As New Zeckendorf
Dim i = 0
While i < (dLen + 1) * 2
If ((dVal >> i) And 1) > 0 Then
nr.PlusAssign(nb)
End If
nt = nb.Copy
nb.PlusAssign(na)
na = nt.Copy
i += 1
End While
dVal = nr.dVal
dLen = nr.dLen
End Sub
Public Function CompareTo(other As Zeckendorf) As Integer Implements IComparable(Of Zeckendorf).CompareTo
Return dVal.CompareTo(other.dVal)
End Function
Public Overrides Function ToString() As String
If dVal = 0 Then
Return "0"
End If
Dim idx = (dVal >> (dLen * 2)) And 3
Dim sb As New StringBuilder(dig1(idx))
Dim i = dLen - 1
While i >= 0
idx = (dVal >> (i * 2)) And 3
sb.Append(dig(idx))
i -= 1
End While
Return sb.ToString
End Function
End Class
Sub Main()
Console.WriteLine("Addition:")
Dim g As New Zeckendorf("10")
g.PlusAssign(New Zeckendorf("10"))
Console.WriteLine(g)
g.PlusAssign(New Zeckendorf("10"))
Console.WriteLine(g)
g.PlusAssign(New Zeckendorf("1001"))
Console.WriteLine(g)
g.PlusAssign(New Zeckendorf("1000"))
Console.WriteLine(g)
g.PlusAssign(New Zeckendorf("10101"))
Console.WriteLine(g)
Console.WriteLine()
Console.WriteLine("Subtraction:")
g = New Zeckendorf("1000")
g.MinusAssign(New Zeckendorf("101"))
Console.WriteLine(g)
g = New Zeckendorf("10101010")
g.MinusAssign(New Zeckendorf("1010101"))
Console.WriteLine(g)
Console.WriteLine()
Console.WriteLine("Multiplication:")
g = New Zeckendorf("1001")
g.TimesAssign(New Zeckendorf("101"))
Console.WriteLine(g)
g = New Zeckendorf("101010")
g.PlusAssign(New Zeckendorf("101"))
Console.WriteLine(g)
End Sub
End Module</lang>
- Output:
Addition: 101 1001 10101 100101 1010000 Subtraction: 1 1000000 Multiplication: 1000100 1000100