Singly-linked list/Traversal
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Traverse from the beginning of a singly-linked list to the end.
ActionScript
See Singly-Linked List (element) in ActionScript <lang ActionScript>var A:Node; //... for(var i:Node = A; i != null; i = i.link) { doStuff(i); } </lang>
Ada
The Ada standard container library provides a doubly-linked list. List traversal is demonstrated for the forward links.
<lang ada>with Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists; with Ada.Text_Io; use Ada.Text_Io;
procedure Traversal_Example is
package Int_List is new Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists(Integer);
use Int_List;
procedure Print(Position : Cursor) is
begin
Put_Line(Integer'Image(Element(Position)));
end Print;
The_List : List;
begin
for I in 1..10 loop
The_List.Append(I);
end loop;
-- Traverse the list, calling Print for each value
The_List.Iterate(Print'access);
end traversal_example;</lang>
ALGOL 68
Linked lists are not built into ALGOL 68 per se, nor any available standard library. However Linked lists are presented in standard text book examples. Or can be manually constructed, eg: <lang algol68>MODE STRINGLIST = STRUCT(STRING value, REF STRINGLIST next);
STRINGLIST list := ("Big",
LOC STRINGLIST := ("fjords",
LOC STRINGLIST := ("vex",
LOC STRINGLIST := ("quick",
LOC STRINGLIST := ("waltz",
LOC STRINGLIST := ("nymph",NIL))))));
REF STRINGLIST node := list; WHILE node ISNT REF STRINGLIST(NIL) DO
print((value OF node, space)); node := next OF node
OD; print(newline)</lang> Output:
Big fjords vex quick waltz nymph
AutoHotkey
<lang AutoHotkey>a = 1 a_next = b b = 2 b_next = c c = 3
traverse("a") return
traverse(element) {
MsgBox % element . "= " . %element%
name := element . "_next"
while, %name%
{
element := %name%
msgbox % %name% . "= " . %element%
name := %name% . "_next"
}
}</lang>
C
See Singly-Linked List (element) in C. <lang c>struct link *first; // ... struct link *iter; for(iter = first; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
// access data, e.g. with iter->data
}</lang>
C#
Simple iteration with a while loop. <lang csharp>//current is the first Link in the list while(current != null){
System.Console.WriteLine(current.item); current = current.next;
}</lang>
Clojure
<lang lisp>(doseq [x xs] (println x)</lang>
Common Lisp
<lang lisp>(dolist (x list)
(print x))</lang>
Not using builtin list iteration:
<lang lisp>(loop for ref = list then (rest ref)
until (null ref)
do (print (first ref)))</lang>
D
Traversal using list defined in Singly-Linked list element - D. <lang D>// a is a beginning of a list); while (a) {
Stdout(a.data) (" -> ");
a = a.next;
}</lang>
Or using tango's collections (written by Doug Lea, ported to D)
<lang D>import tango.io.Stdout; import tango.util.collection.LinkSeq;
void main() {
auto m = new LinkSeq!(char[]);
m.append("alpha");
m.append("bravo");
m.append("charlie");
foreach (val; m)
Stdout (val).newline;
}</lang>
E
Using a list made from tuples:
<lang e>var linkedList := [1, [2, [3, [4, [5, [6, [7, null]]]]]]]
while (linkedList =~ [value, next]) {
println(value) linkedList := next
}</lang>
Using a list made from the structure defined at Singly-Linked List (element):
<lang e>var linkedList := makeLink(1, makeLink(2, makeLink(3, empty)))
while (!(linkedList.null())) {
println(linkedList.value()) linkedList := linkedList.next()
}</lang>
Ela
<lang ela>let traverse [] = []
traverse (x::xs) = x :: traverse xs</lang>
This function traverses a list and constructs a new list at the same time. For a list in Ela it is the same as identity function, e.g. traverse [1,2,3] == [1,2,3]. However it can be useful in some cases. For example, to enforce a lazy list:
<lang ela>let xs = [& x \\ x <- [1..1000]]//lazy list
traverse xs</lang>
Factor
<lang factor>: list-each ( linked-list quot: ( data -- ) -- )
[ [ data>> ] dip call ] [ [ next>> ] dip over [ list-each ] [ 2drop ] if ] 2bi ; inline recursive
SYMBOLS: A B C ;
A <linked-list> [ C <linked-list> list-insert ] keep [ B <linked-list> list-insert ] keep
[ . ] list-each</lang> Output:
A B C
Fantom
Using the definitions from Singly-Linked_List_(element_insertion):
<lang fantom>
// traverse the linked list
Node? current := a
while (current != null)
{
echo (current.value)
current = current.successor
}
</lang>
Forth
<lang forth>: last ( list -- end )
begin dup @ while @ repeat ;</lang>
And here is a function to walk a list, calling an XT on each data cell: <lang forth>: walk ( a xt -- )
>r begin ?dup while
dup cell+ @ r@ execute
@ repeat r> drop ;</lang>
Testing code:
A ' emit walk ABC ok
Go
See Singly-Linked List (element) in Go. <lang go>start := &Ele{"tacos", nil} end := start.Append("burritos") end = end.Append("fajitas") end = end.Append("enchilatas") for iter := start; iter != nil; iter = iter.Next {
fmt.Println(iter)
} </lang>
Haskell
Lists are ubiquitous in Haskell, simply use Haskell's map library function: <lang haskell>map (>5) [1..10] -- [False,False,False,False,False,True,True,True,True,True]
map (++ "s") ["Apple", "Orange", "Mango", "Pear"] -- ["Apples","Oranges","Mangos","Pears"]
foldr (+) 0 [1..10] -- prints 55
traverse :: [a] -> [a] traverse list = map func list where func a = -- ...do something with a</lang>
Note that the traverse function is polymorphic; denoted by traverse :: [a] -> [a] where a can be of any type.
Icon and Unicon
Using either the record or class-based definitions from Singly-Linked List (element) in Icon and Unicon:
<lang Icon> procedure main ()
ns := Node(1, Node(2, Node (3)))
until /ns do { # repeat until ns is null
write (ns.value)
ns := ns.successor
}
end </lang>
Prints the numbers 1, 2, 3 in turn.
J
Using the implementation mentioned at Singly-Linked List (element) in J, we can apply a function foo to each node the following way:
<lang J>foo"0 {:"1 list</lang>
Java
For Java.util.LinkedList<T>, use a for each loop (from Loop Structures): <lang java>LinkedList<Type> list = new LinkedList<Type>();
for(Type i: list){
//each element will be in variable "i" System.out.println(i);
}</lang>
Note that Java.util.LinkedList can also perform as a stack, queue, or doubly-linked list.
JavaScript
Extending Singly-Linked_List_(element)#JavaScript <lang javascript>LinkedList.prototype.traverse = function(func) {
func(this);
if (this.next() != null)
this.next().traverse(func);
}
LinkedList.prototype.print = function() {
this.traverse( function(node) {print(node.value())} );
}
var head = createLinkedListFromArray([10,20,30,40]);
head.print();</lang>
Uses the print() function from Rhino
Logo
LAST is already a Logo built-in, but it could be defined this way: <lang logo>to last :list
if empty? bf :list [output first :list] output last bf :list
end</lang>
Objective-C
(See Singly-Linked List (element))
<lang objc>RCListElement *current; for(current=first_of_the_list; current != nil; current = [current next] ) {
// to get the "datum": // id dat_obj = [current datum];
}</lang>
OCaml
<lang ocaml># let li = ["big"; "fjords"; "vex"; "quick"; "waltz"; "nymph"] in
List.iter print_endline li ;;
big fjords vex quick waltz nymph - : unit = ()</lang>
Perl 6
Built-in list processing in Perl is not specifically based on singly-linked lists, but works at a higher abstraction level that encapsulates such implementation choices. Nonetheless, it's trivial to use the Pair type to build what is essentially a Lisp-style cons list, and in fact, the => pair constructor is right associative for precisely that reason. We traverse such a list here using a 3-part loop:
<lang perl6>my $list = 1 => 2 => 3 => 4 => 5 => 6 => Mu;
loop (my $l = $list; $l; $l = $l.value) {
say $l.key;
}</lang> Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6
It would be pretty easy to make such lists iterable as normal Perl lists, if anyone really cared to...
Well, shoot, let's just go ahead and do it. We'll pretend the Pair type is really a list type. (And we show how you turn an ordinary list into a cons list using a reduction. Note how the [=>] reduction is also right associative, just like the base operator.) <lang perl6>use MONKEY_TYPING; augment class Pair {
method traverse () {
gather loop (my $l = self; $l; $l = $l.value) {
take $l.key;
}
}
}
my $list = [=>] 'Ⅰ' .. 'Ⅻ', Mu; say ~$list.traverse;</lang>
Output:
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ Ⅺ Ⅻ
PicoLisp
We might use map functions <lang PicoLisp>(mapc println '(a "cde" (X Y Z) 999))</lang> or flow control functions <lang PicoLisp>(for X '(a "cde" (X Y Z) 999)
(println X) )</lang>
Output in both cases:
a "cde" (X Y Z) 999
Protium
This makes a list of the Chinese Public Holiday and lists them first till last and then last till first.
<lang html><@ LETCNSLSTLIT>public holidays|開國紀念日^和平紀念日^婦女節、兒童節合併假期^清明節^國慶日^春節^端午節^中秋節^農曆除夕</@> <@ OMT>From First to Last</@> <@ ITEFORSZELSTLIT>public holidays| <@ SAYLST>...</@><@ ACTMOVFWDLST>...</@> </@> <@ OMT>From Last to First (pointer is still at end of list)</@> <@ ITEFORSZELSTLIT>public holidays| <@ SAYLST>...</@><@ ACTMOVBKWLST>...</@> </@> </lang>
This variable length Simplified Chinese rendition of the same code is
<lang html><# 指定构造列表字串>public holidays|開國紀念日^和平紀念日^婦女節、兒童節合併假期^清明節^國慶日^春節^端午節^中秋節^農曆除夕</#> <# 忽略>From First to Last</#> <# 迭代迭代次数结构大小列表字串>public holidays| <# 显示列表>...</#><# 运行移位指针向前列表>...</#> </#> <# 忽略>From Last to First (pointer is still at end of list)</#> <# 迭代迭代次数结构大小列表字串>public holidays| <# 显示列表>...</#><# 运行移位指针向后列表>...</#> </#></lang>
PureBasic
<lang PureBasic>Procedure traverse(*node.MyData)
While *node ;access data, i.e. PrintN(Str(*node\Value)) *node = *node\next Wend
EndProcedure
- called using
traverse(*firstnode.MyData)</lang>
Python
<lang python>for node in lst:
print node.value</lang>
Any Python class can define next() and __iter__() methods so that it can be used with the normal for iteration syntax. In this example the "lst" could be an instance of any Python list, tuple, dictionary, or any sort of object which defines an iterator. It could also be a generator (a type of function which yields results upon each successive invocation). The notion of a "singly linked list" is somewhat more primitive than normal Python built-in objects. <lang python>class LinkedList(object):
"""USELESS academic/classroom example of a linked list implemented in Python.
Don't ever consider using something this crude! Use the built-in list() type!
"""
def __init__(self, value, next):
self.value = value;
self.next = next
def __iter__(self):
node = self
while node != None:
yield node.value
node = node.next;
lst = LinkedList("big", next=
LinkedList(value="fjords",next=
LinkedList(value="vex", next=
LinkedList(value="quick", next=
LinkedList(value="waltz", next=
LinkedList(value="nymph", next=None))))));
for value in lst:
print value,;
print</lang> Output:
big fjords vex quick waltz nymph
Retro
<lang Retro>: traverse ( l- ) repeat @ 0; again ;</lang>
Or, using combinators:
<lang Retro>last [ drop ] ^types'LIST each@</lang>
With combinators you can also perform an operation on each element in a linked list:
<lang Retro>last [ @d->name puts space ] ^types'LIST each@</lang>
Ruby
referring to Singly-Linked List (element)#Ruby and Singly-Linked List (element insertion)#Ruby <lang ruby>head = ListNode.new("a", ListNode.new("b", ListNode.new("c"))) head.insertAfter("b", "b+")
- then:
head.each {|node| print node.value, ","} puts
- or
current = head begin
print current.value, ","
end while current = current.succ puts</lang>
a,b,b+,c, a,b,b+,c,
Scala
Scala has a Seq (for sequence) trait that is more general than singly-linked lists. These two examples are equivalent for SLL, but the second would be faster for other sequence types.
<lang scala> def traverse1[T](xs: Seq[T]): Unit = xs match {
case s if s.isEmpty => ()
case _ => { Console.println(xs.head);
traverse1(xs.tail)
}
} </lang>
<lang scala> def traverse2[T](xs: Seq[T]) = for (x <- xs) Console.println(x) </lang>
Scheme
<lang scheme>(define (traverse seq func)
(if (null? seq)
'()
(begin
(func (car seq))
(traverse (cdr seq) func))))</lang>
Tcl
Using the class definition from Singly-Linked List (element) (and bearing in mind the general notes on lists given there) we'll modify that class so that lists have an iteration method...
<lang tcl>oo::define List {
method for {varName script} {
upvar 1 $varName var
set elem [self]
while {$elem ne ""} {
set var [$elem value]
uplevel 1 $script
set elem [$elem next]
}
}
}</lang> Now, a demonstration... <lang tcl>set list {} foreach n {1 3 5 7 2 4 6 8} {
set list [List new $n $list]
} $list for x {
puts "we have a $x in the list"
}</lang>
Trith
<lang trith>[1 2 3 4 5] [print] each</lang>
Visual Basic .NET
<lang vbnet>Private Sub Iterate(ByVal list As LinkedList(Of Integer))
Dim node = list.First
Do Until node Is Nothing
node = node.Next
Loop
End Sub</lang>