Sine wave
- Task
Generate a sine wave:
- you choose the frequency of the wave
- generate a sine wave for 5 seconds
- play sound
AmigaBASIC
<lang basic>SOUND 440,77</lang> The maximum allowed sound duration parameter in AmigaBASIC is 77 units. Since a second equals 18.2 sound units, this tone will only play for 4.23 seconds.
BASIC256
<lang BASIC256>sound 440, 5000</lang>
C
<lang c>#include <stdio.h>
- include <math.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
// AU header (CD-quality audio) int header[] = {46, 115, 110, 100, 0, 0, 0, 24,
255, 255, 255, 255, 0, 0, 0, 3,
0, 0, 172, 68, 0, 0, 0, 1};
int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
float freq, dur;
long i, v;
if (argc < 3) {
printf("Usage:\n");
printf(" csine <frequency> <duration>\n");
exit(1);
}
freq = atof(argv[1]);
dur = atof(argv[2]);
for (i = 0; i < 24; i++)
putchar(header[i]);
for (i = 0; i < dur * 44100; i++) {
v = (long) round(32000. * sin(2. * M_PI * freq * i / 44100.));
v = v % 65536;
putchar(v >> 8);
putchar(v % 256);
}
}</lang> Test: <lang bash>gcc -o csine csine.c -lm ./csine 440 5 | play - # Now either pipe output into SoX to play ./csine 440 5 > test.au # or redirect output to a file.</lang>
Delphi
Copy of Andreas Rejbrand example found here [1]. <lang Delphi> program Sine_wave;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses
System.SysUtils, Winapi.Windows, Winapi.MMSystem;
type
TWaveformSample = integer; // signed 32-bit; -2147483648..2147483647
TWaveformSamples = packed array of TWaveformSample; // one channel
var
Samples: TWaveformSamples; fmt: TWaveFormatEx;
procedure InitAudioSys; begin
with fmt do begin wFormatTag := WAVE_FORMAT_PCM; nChannels := 1; nSamplesPerSec := 44100; wBitsPerSample := 32; nAvgBytesPerSec := nChannels * nSamplesPerSec * wBitsPerSample div 8; nBlockAlign := nChannels * wBitsPerSample div 8; cbSize := 0; end;
end;
// Hz // msec
procedure CreatePureSineTone(const AFreq: integer; const ADuration: integer;
const AVolume: double { in [0, 1] });
var
i: Integer; omega, dt, t: double; vol: double;
begin
omega := 2 * Pi * AFreq; dt := 1 / fmt.nSamplesPerSec; t := 0; vol := MaxInt * AVolume; SetLength(Samples, Round((ADuration / 1000) * fmt.nSamplesPerSec)); for i := 0 to high(Samples) do begin Samples[i] := round(vol * sin(omega * t)); t := t + dt; end;
end;
procedure PlaySound; var
wo: integer; hdr: TWaveHdr;
begin
if Length(samples) = 0 then
begin
Writeln('Error: No audio has been created yet.');
Exit;
end;
if waveOutOpen(@wo, WAVE_MAPPER, @fmt, 0, 0, CALLBACK_NULL) = MMSYSERR_NOERROR then try
ZeroMemory(@hdr, sizeof(hdr));
with hdr do
begin
lpData := @samples[0];
dwBufferLength := fmt.nChannels * Length(Samples) * sizeof(TWaveformSample);
dwFlags := 0;
end;
waveOutPrepareHeader(wo, @hdr, sizeof(hdr)); waveOutWrite(wo, @hdr, sizeof(hdr)); sleep(500);
while waveOutUnprepareHeader(wo, @hdr, sizeof(hdr)) = WAVERR_STILLPLAYING do
sleep(100);
finally waveOutClose(wo); end;
end;
begin
try
InitAudioSys;
CreatePureSineTone(440, 5000, 0.7);
PlaySound;
except
on E: Exception do
begin
Writeln(E.Classname, ': ', E.Message);
Readln;
end;
end;
end.</lang>
Emacs Lisp
Note that this code does not work on Windows because playing sound from Emacs Lisp data variables is not supported there.
8-bit samples
<lang lisp>(defun play-sine (freq dur)
"Play a sine wave for dur seconds."
(setq header (unibyte-string ; AU header:
46 115 110 100 ; ".snd" magic number
0 0 0 24 ; start of data bytes
255 255 255 255 ; file size is unknown
0 0 0 3 ; 16 bit PCM samples
0 0 172 68 ; 44,100 samples/s
0 0 0 1)) ; mono
(setq s (apply #'concat header (mapcar (lambda (x) (unibyte-string
(mod (round (* 127 (sin (* 2 pi freq x (/ 44100.0))))) 256) 0))
(number-sequence 0 (* dur 44100)))))
(play-sound `(sound :data ,s)))
(play-sine 440 5)</lang> While the generated AU sound file is 16 bit, the samples themselves are 8 bit because only their high byte is set by the sine function. Therefore you will hear some faint hiss in the background due to the higher noise floor of 8-bit audio.
16-bit samples
This (slightly slower) version of the function creates proper 16-bit samples by setting both high and low bytes, resulting in less playback noise. <lang lisp>(defun play-sine16 (freq dur)
"Play a sine wave for dur seconds."
(setq header (unibyte-string ; AU header:
46 115 110 100 ; ".snd" magic number
0 0 0 24 ; start of data bytes
255 255 255 255 ; file size is unknown
0 0 0 3 ; 16 bit PCM samples
0 0 172 68 ; 44,100 samples/s
0 0 0 1)) ; mono
(setq v (mapcar (lambda (x)
(mod (round (* 32000 (sin (* 2 pi freq x (/ 44100.0))))) 65536))
(number-sequence 0 (* dur 44100))))
(setq s (apply #'concat header (flatten-list (mapcar (lambda (x)
(list (unibyte-string (ash x -8))
(unibyte-string (mod x 256))))
v))))
(play-sound `(sound :data ,s)))
(play-sine16 440 5)</lang>
FreeBASIC
This subroutine is able to generate complex sounds using only Windows API.
Original code programmed by Angelo Rosina [2] <lang freebasic>Enum FLAGS
_ASYNC = &h000001 _NODEFAULT = &h000002 _MEMORY = &h000004 _LOOP = &h000008 _NOSTOP = &h000010 _PURGE = &h000040 _APPLICATION = &h000080 _NOWAIT = &h002000 _ALIAS = &h010000 _FILENAME = &h020000 _RESOURCE = &h040000 Or _MEMORY _ALIAS_ID = &h100000 Or _ALIAS
End Enum
- define PLAYFLAG _NOWAIT Or _NOSTOP Or _MEMORY Or _ASYNC
- define SNDPLAYFLAG _NOSTOP Or _MEMORY Or _ASYNC
- define FCC(c) *(cptr(Uinteger Ptr,@##c))
Declare Function PlayMemory Alias "PlaySoundA" (Byval As Any Ptr, Byval hModule As Any Ptr = 0, Byval flag As Integer = PLAYFLAG) As Integer Declare Function sndPlayMemory Alias "sndPlaySoundA" (Byval As Any Ptr, Byval flag As Uinteger = SNDPLAYFLAG) As Integer
- inclib "winmm"
Sub PrepareBuffer(Byval lpBuffer As Any Ptr, _
Byval nSamples As Uinteger, _
Byval nRate As Uinteger = 44100, _
Byval nBits As Uinteger = 16, _
Byval nChannels As Uinteger = 2)
Dim As Uinteger Ptr h = lpBuffer
Dim As Uinteger BlkAlign = (nBits\8) * nChannels
Dim As Uinteger DataSize = BlkAlign * nSamples
h[ 0]=FCC("RIFF") ' RIFF chunk
h[ 1]=36 + DataSize ' size of WAVE chunk + data size
h[ 2]=FCC("WAVE") ' WAVE chunk
h[ 3]=FCC("fmt ") ' fmt chunk
h[ 4]=16 ' size of fmt chunk
h[ 5]=(nChannels Shl 16) Or 1 ' channels + PCM_FORMAT flag
h[ 6]=nRate ' playback rate
h[ 7]=BlkAlign*nRate ' bytes per sec.
h[ 8]=(nBits Shl 16) Or BlkAlign ' bits per sample + blockalign
h[ 9]=FCC("data") ' data chunk
h[10]=DataSize ' size of data chunk
End Sub
Type PCM_SAMPLE Field = 2
As Short l, r ' left and right channel
End Type
Sub Sound (Frequency As Double, Duration As Single, MaxVol As Integer = 128,_
ca As Single = 0, cd As Single = 0, csl As Single = 1, cr As Single = 0,_
MFrequency As Double = 0, ModStart As Double = 0, MaxModulator As Double = 0,_
ma As Single = 0, md As Single = 0, msl As Single = 1, mr As Single = 0)
Const nBuffers = 2
Var nSamples = 44100*Int(Duration/18.2) ' seconds
Var CS = 1 - CA - CD - CR
Var MS = 1 - MA - MD - MR
Dim As Double CEnvelopeInc, CEnvelopeDecD, CEnvelopeDecR
CEnvelopeInc = 100 * MaxVol / (nSamples * CA + 1)
CEnvelopeDecD = 100 * MaxVol * (1 - CSL) / (nSamples * CD + 1)
CEnvelopeDecR = 100 * MaxVol * CSL / (nSamples * CR + 1)
CD = CD + CA : CS = CS + CD : CR = CR + CS
Dim As Double MEnvelopeInc, MEnvelopeDecD, MEnvelopeDecR
MEnvelopeInc = MaxModulator / (nSamples * MA + 1)
MEnvelopeDecD = MaxModulator * (1 - MSL) / (nSamples * MD + 1)
MEnvelopeDecR = MaxModulator * MSL / (nSamples * MR + 1)
MD = MD + MA : MS = MS + MD : MR = MR + MS
Dim As PCM_SAMPLE PlayBuffers(nBuffers-1, -22 To nSamples-1)
For i As Integer = 0 To nBuffers-1
PrepareBuffer(@PlayBuffers(i,-22), nSamples)
Next
Dim Waveform As Single
Dim Modulator As Single
Dim As Integer buffer,ret
Dim Volume As Double = 0
Dim MAmp As Double = 0
' fill the first buffer with sine wave
For i As Integer = 0 To nSamples-1
If i <= CA * nSamples Then
Volume = Volume + CEnvelopeInc
Elseif i < CD * nSamples Then
Volume = Volume - CEnvelopeDecD
Elseif i < CS * nSamples Then
Elseif i < CR * nSamples Then
Volume = Volume - CEnvelopeDecR
End If
If i <= MA * nSamples Then
Mamp = Mamp + MEnvelopeInc
Elseif i < MD * nSamples Then
Mamp = Mamp - MEnvelopeDecD
Elseif i < MS * nSamples Then
Elseif i < MR * nSamples Then
Mamp = Mamp - MEnvelopeDecR
End If
Modulator = Cos(6.28/44100 * i * MFrequency + ModStart) * MAmp
Waveform = Sin(6.28/44100 * i * Frequency + Modulator) * Volume
PlayBuffers(buffer,i).l = Waveform
PlayBuffers(buffer,i).r = Waveform
Next
ret = PlayMemory(@PlayBuffers(buffer, -22))
End Sub
Sound 440, 5000
'This is the base syntax, works exactly like in QB
'Sound Frequency, Duration , Volume, A, D, S, R, ModFreq, ModStart, ModAmplitude, MA, MD, MS, MR
</lang>
Go
Go lacks audio support in its standard library and, whilst there are third party packages that could be used, an easier approach is to invoke the SoX utility's 'play' command as was done in the second Kotlin example.
<lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "os/exec"
)
func main() {
synthType := "sine"
duration := "5"
frequency := "440"
cmd := exec.Command("play", "-n", "synth", duration, synthType, frequency)
err := cmd.Run()
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
}</lang>
J
Approximately 1751 Hz (slightly flat A, two octaves above middle C): <lang J>require'media/wav'
4 wavplay wavmake <.1e3*1 o.i.55e3
</lang>
JavaScript
<lang javascript>let ctx = new (window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext)(); let osc = ctx.createOscillator(); osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(440, ctx.currentTime); osc.connect(ctx.destination); osc.start(); osc.stop(ctx.currentTime + 5);</lang>
Julia
PortAudio library version. <lang julia>using PortAudio
function paudio()
devs = PortAudio.devices()
devnum = findfirst(x -> x.maxoutchans > 0, devs)
(devnum == nothing) && error("No output device for audio found")
return ostream = PortAudioStream(devs[devnum].name, 0, 2)
end
function play(ostream, pitch, durationseconds)
sinewave(t) = 0.6sin(t) + 0.2sin(2t) + .05sin(8t) timesamples = 0:(1 / 44100):(durationseconds * 0.98) v = Float64[sinewave(2π * pitch * t) for t in timesamples] write(ostream, v) sleep(durationseconds * 0.9)
end
play(paudio(), 440.0, 5.0) </lang>
Kotlin
Using Java Sound API
<lang scala>// Version 1.2.41
import javax.sound.sampled.AudioFormat import javax.sound.sampled.AudioSystem import kotlin.math.sin import kotlin.math.PI
fun sineWave(frequency: Int, seconds: Int, sampleRate: Int): ByteArray {
val samples = seconds * sampleRate
val result = ByteArray(samples)
val interval = sampleRate.toDouble() / frequency
for (i in 0 until samples) {
val angle = 2.0 * PI * i / interval
result[i] = (sin(angle) * 127).toByte()
}
return result
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val sampleRate = 44000
val buffer = sineWave(440, 5, sampleRate)
val format = AudioFormat(sampleRate.toFloat(), 8, 1, true, true)
val line = AudioSystem.getSourceDataLine(format)
with (line) {
open(format)
start()
write(buffer, 0, buffer.size)
drain()
close()
}
}</lang>
Invoking SoX
An easier approach invoking the SoX utility's 'play' command which has this stuff built-in. The following was tested on Ubuntu 16.04. <lang scala>// Version 1.2.41
fun main(args:Array<String>) {
val synthType = "sine"
val duration = "5"
val frequency = "440"
val pb = ProcessBuilder("play", "-n", "synth", duration, synthType, frequency)
pb.directory(null)
val proc = pb.start()
proc.waitFor()
}</lang>
Mathematica/Wolfram Language
<lang Mathematica>EmitSound[Play[Sin[440 2 Pi t], {t, 0, 5}]]</lang>
Nim
Using Sox external player. <lang Nim>import osproc, strutils
proc getIntValue(msg: string; minval, maxval: int): int =
while true:
stdout.write msg
stdout.flushFile()
try:
result = stdin.readLine.strip().parseInt()
if result notin minval..maxval:
echo "Invalid value"
else:
return
except ValueError:
echo "Error: invalid value."
except EOFError:
echo()
quit "Quitting.", QuitFailure
let freq = getIntValue("Enter frequency in Hz (40 to 10000): ", 40, 10_000) let duration = 5 let kind = "sine" let args = ["-n", "synth", $duration, $kind, $freq] echo execProcess("play", args = args, options = {poStdErrToStdOut, poUsePath})</lang>
OCaml
<lang ocaml>module BA = Bigarray module BA1 = Bigarray.Array1
let () =
let samples = 44100 in let sample_rate = 44100 in let amplitude = 30000. in let raw = BA1.create BA.int16_signed BA.c_layout samples in
let two_pi = 6.28318 in let increment = 440.0 /. 44100.0 in let x = ref 0.0 in
for i = 0 to samples - 1 do
raw.{i} <- truncate (amplitude *. sin (!x *. two_pi));
x := !x +. increment;
done;
let buffer = SFSoundBuffer.loadFromSamples raw 1 sample_rate in
let snd = SFSound.create () in SFSound.setBuffer snd buffer; SFSound.setLoop snd true; SFSound.play snd; while true do SFTime.sleep (SFTime.of_milliseconds 100_l); done</lang>
To run this code in script mode you can add this at the beginning of the file:
<lang ocaml>#directory "+sfml"
- load "bigarray.cma"
- load "sfml_system.cma"
- load "sfml_audio.cma"</lang>
Then run:
ocaml sine_wave.ml
Or to compile to native code:
ocamlopt -I +sfml bigarray.cmxa sfml_system.cmxa sfml_audio.cmxa sine_wave.ml -o sine_wave.exe
Perl
<lang perl>use Audio::NoiseGen qw(play sine);
Audio::NoiseGen::init() || die 'No access to sound hardware?';
alarm 5; play( gen => sine( freq => 440 ) );</lang>
Phix
without js -- (dll/c_proc, system, prompt_number) atom k32=NULL, xBeep procedure beep(integer frequency, duration=5000) if platform()=WINDOWS then if k32=NULL then k32 = open_dll("kernel32.dll") xBeep = define_c_proc(k32, "Beep", {C_INT,C_INT}) end if c_proc(xBeep,{frequency,duration}) elsif platform()=LINUX then system(sprintf("play -n synth %f sine %d", {duration/1000, frequency})) end if end procedure beep(prompt_number("Enter Frequency (100..10000 recommended):",{0x25,0x7FFF}))
Python
<lang python>#!/usr/bin/env python
import os from math import pi, sin
- AU file header
au_header = bytearray(
[46, 115, 110, 100, # ".snd" magic number
0, 0, 0, 24, # start of data bytes
255, 255, 255, 255, # file size is unknown
0, 0, 0, 3, # 16 bit PCM samples
0, 0, 172, 68, # 44,100 samples/s
0, 0, 0, 1]) # mono
def f(x, freq):
"Compute sine wave as 16-bit integer" return round(32000 * sin(2 * pi * freq * x / 44100)) % 65536
def play_sine(freq=440, duration=5, oname="pysine.au"):
"Play a sine wave for `duration` seconds"
out = open(oname, 'wb')
out.write(au_header)
v = [f(x, freq) for x in range(duration * 44100 + 1)]
s = []
for i in v:
s.append(i >> 8)
s.append(i % 256)
out.write(bytearray(s))
out.close()
os.system("vlc " + oname) # starts an external media player to play file
play_sine()</lang> Creates an AU file with the sine wave and plays it with VLC.
Racket
See https://docs.racket-lang.org/rsound/index.html <lang Racket>
- lang racket
(require rsound)
- 440 Hz, 50% volume, 5 seconds
(play (make-tone 440 0.50 (* 5 FRAME-RATE))) </lang>
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
What a horribly underspecified task. Ah well, gives me lots of wiggle room to cheat in various ways.
<lang perl6>my ($rows,$cols) = qx/stty size/.words; my $v = floor $rows / 2; print "\e[H\e[J", 'Generating sine wave of zero amplitude and zero frequency for 5 seconds...',
"\e[$v;0H", '_' x $cols;
sleep 5; say "\e[H\e[J", 'No?, ok how about this:';
use SVG; my $filename = 'sine.svg'; my $out = open($filename, :w) orelse .die; $out.say: SVG.serialize(
svg => [
width => 400, height => 150, style => 'stroke:rgb(0,0,255)',
:rect[:width<100%>, :height<100%>, :fill<white>],
:path[ :fill<none>, :d('M0,25 C36.42,25,63.58,125,100,125 M100,125 C136.42,125,163.58,25,200,25 M200,25 C236.42,25,263.58,125,300,125 M300,125 C336.42,125,363.58,25,400,25') ],
],
); close $out; say "Sine wave generated to {$filename.IO.absolute}, better open it quickly..."; sleep 5; unlink $filename; say 'Oops, too late.'; say 'Still no? Ok how about:'; shell 'play -n -c1 synth 5.0 sin %-12';</lang>
REXX
Note: This REXX program will only work for PC/REXX or Personal REXX.
<lang REXX>/*REXX program produces a sine wave (of a specified frequency) for N seconds. */
parse arg freq time . /*obtain optional arguments from the CL*/
if freq== | freq=="," then freq= 880 /*Not specified? Then use the default.*/
if time== | time=="," then time= 5 /* " " " " " " */
call sound freq, time /*invoke a BIF to generate a sine wave.*/
exit 0 /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */</lang>
<br<
Scala
<lang Scala>import javax.sound.sampled.{AudioFormat, AudioSystem, SourceDataLine}
import scala.math.{Pi, sin}
object SineWave extends App {
val sampleRate = 44000 val buffer = beep(440, 5, sampleRate) val line: SourceDataLine = AudioSystem.getSourceDataLine(format)
def format = new AudioFormat(sampleRate.toFloat, 8, 1, true, false)
def beep(frequency: Int, seconds: Int, sampleRate: Int) = {
val samples = seconds * sampleRate
val interval = sampleRate / frequency
val angle = 2.0 * Pi / interval
(0 until samples).map(i => (sin(angle * i) * 127).toByte).toArray
}
line.open() line.start() line.write(buffer, 0, buffer.length) line.drain() line.close()
}</lang>
Wren
As Wren-cli doesn't have any built-in audio support, we instead build a .wav file which can then be played using a utility such as rhythmbox or SoX, <lang ecmascript>import "/sound" for Wav
var sineWave = Fn.new { |frequency, seconds, sampleRate|
var samples = seconds * sampleRate
var result = List.filled(samples, 0)
var interval = sampleRate / frequency
for (i in 0...samples) {
var angle = 2 * Num.pi * i / interval
var b = (angle.sin * 127).truncate
result[i] = (b >= 0) ? b : 256 + b
}
return result
}
var sampleRate = 44000 var buffer = sineWave.call(440, 5, sampleRate) Wav.create("sinewave.wav", buffer, sampleRate)</lang>
Yabasic
<lang Yabasic>// Rosetta Code problem: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sine_wave // by Galileo, 05/2022
sub MyBeep(frequency, duration)
local n
if duration = 0 duration = 5000
if peek$("os") = "unix" then
system("play -n synth " + str$(duration/1000) + " sine " + str$(frequency))
else
n = foreign_function_call("kernel32.dll", "uint8","Beep","uint32",frequency,"uint32",duration)
end if
end sub
MyBeep(440)</lang>
zkl
Running on Mint Linux <lang zkl>fcn sineWave(durationInSec=5, frequency=440){
synthType:="sine"; cmd:="play -n synth %d %s %d".fmt(durationInSec,synthType,frequency); s:=System.cmd(cmd);
// if(s!=0) play issued error }
sineWave();</lang>