Semaphore
Semaphore is a synchronization object proposed by Edsger Dijkstra. A semaphore is characterized by a natural number k. A task may atomically increase or decrease k. When k reaches 0 the tasks attempting to decrease it are blocked. These are released in an unspecified order when other tasks increase k, one per increment.
The natural number k works like a count of available slots for resources. When you (a task) want to use something (an object, a file, any resource) that can only be used by a limited number of tasks (usually one, but possibly more), you see if there are available slots (check the value of k). If there are slots available (k > 0), you take one (decrement k). When you're done with the resource, you free your slot up (increment k). If there were no slots available when you checked (k = 0), you wait until one becomes available.
A semaphore is considered a low-level synchronization primitive. They are exposed to deadlocking, like in the problem of dining philosophers.
See also mutex, a variant of semaphore.
Sample implementations / APIs
Ada
Here is an implementation of a semaphore based on protected objects. The implementation provides operations P (seize) and V (release), these names are usually used with semaphores. <lang ada> protected type Semaphore (K : Positive) is
entry P; procedure V;
private
Count : Natural := K;
end Mutex; </lang> The implementation of: <lang ada> protected body Semaphore is
entry P when Count > 0 is begin Count := Count - 1; end P; procedure V is begin Count := Count + 1; end V;
end Semaphore; </lang> Use: <lang ada> declare
S : Semaphore (5);
begin
S.P; -- Acquire the semaphore ... S.V; -- Release it ... select S.P; -- Wait no longer than 0.5s or delay 0.5; raise Timed_Out; end select; ... S.V; -- Release it
end; </lang> It is also possible to implement semaphore as a monitor task.
C
Here is an example of counting semaphores in C, using the "pthread" library. To make the code more readable, no error checks are made. A productive version of this implementation should check all the return values from the various function calls!
The example is divided into two parts: the "Interface" (usually the content of a *.h file)... <lang c> // // Interface // typedef struct Sema *Sema;
Sema Sema_New (int init); void Sema_P (Sema s); void Sema_V (Sema s); </lang> ... and the "Implementation" (the *.c file): <lang c> // // Implementation //
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <pthread.h>
struct Sema {
int value; pthread_mutex_t *mutex; pthread_cond_t *cond;
};
Sema Sema_New (int init) {
Sema s;
s = malloc (sizeof (*s)); s->value = init; s->mutex = malloc (sizeof (*(s->mutex))); s->cond = malloc (sizeof (*(s->cond))); pthread_mutex_init (s->mutex, NULL); pthread_cond_init (s->cond, NULL);
return s;
}
void Sema_P (Sema s) {
pthread_mutex_lock (s->mutex); while (s->value == 0) { pthread_cond_wait (s->cond, s->mutex); } s->value--; pthread_mutex_unlock (s->mutex);
}
void Sema_V (Sema s) {
pthread_mutex_lock (s->mutex); s->value++; if (s->value == 1) { pthread_cond_signal (s->cond); } pthread_mutex_unlock (s->mutex);
} </lang>