Musical scale
Output the 8 notes of the C major diatonic scale to the default musical sound device on the system. Specifically, pitch must be tuned to 12-tone equal temperament (12TET) with the modern standard A=440Hz.
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
- Task
These are the notes "C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C(1 octave higher)", or "Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si/Ti, Do(1 octave higher)" on Fixed do Solfège.
For the purpose of this task, Middle C (in the case of the above tuning, around 261.63 Hz) should be used as the starting note, and any note duration is allowed.
For languages that cannot utilize a sound device, it is permissible to output to a musical score sheet (or midi file), or the task can be omitted.
Action!
<lang Action!>DEFINE PTR="CARD"
PROC Wait(BYTE frames)
BYTE RTCLOK=$14 frames==+RTCLOK WHILE frames#RTCLOK DO OD
RETURN
PROC Main()
BYTE AUDCTL=$D208,AUDF1=$D200,AUDC1=$D201,AUDF2=$D202,AUDC2=$D203 PTR ARRAY notes(8) BYTE ARRAY pitch8=[60 53 47 45 40 35 31 30] CARD ARRAY pitch16=[1703 1517 1350 1274 1134 1010 899 848] BYTE i CARD p
notes(0)="Do" notes(1)="Re" notes(2)="Mi" notes(3)="Fa" notes(4)="Sol" notes(5)="La" notes(6)="Si" notes(7)="Do"
PrintE("8-bit precision pitch values:")
FOR i=0 TO 7
DO
PrintF("%S-%B ",notes(i),pitch8(i))
Sound(0,pitch8(i),10,10)
Wait(20)
OD
SndRst()
Wait(20)
PutE() PutE()
AUDCTL=$50 ;join channel 1 and 2 to get 16-bit
AUDC1=$A0 ;turn off channel 1
AUDC2=$AA ;turn on channel 2
PrintE("16-bit precision pitch values:")
FOR i=0 TO 7
DO
PrintF("%S-%U ",notes(i),pitch16(i))
p=pitch16(i)
AUDF2=p RSH 8
AUDF1=p&$FF
Wait(20)
OD
SndRst()
AUDCTL=$00 ;restore default configuration
Wait(20)
RETURN</lang>
- Output:
Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer
8-bit precision pitch values: Do-60 Re-53 Mi-47 Fa-45 Sol-40 La-35 Si-31 Do-30 16-bit precision pitch values: Do-1703 Re-1517 Mi-1350 Fa-1274 Sol-1134 La-1010 Si-899 Do-848
AmigaBASIC
<lang amigabasic>FOR i=1 to 8
READ f SOUND f,10
NEXT
DATA 261.63, 293.66, 329.63, 349.23, 392.00, 440.00, 493.88, 523.25</lang>
AutoHotkey
<lang AutoHotkey>for key, val in [261.63, 293.66, 329.63, 349.23, 392.00, 440.00, 493.88, 523.25] SoundBeep, % val, 500</lang>
BASIC256
<lang BASIC256>sound {261.63, 500, 293.66, 500, 329.63, 500, 349.23, 500, 392, 500, 440, 500, 493.88, 500, 523.25, 500}</lang>
Befunge
Befunge has no sound support, so this example generates a MIDI file that plays the sequence of notes. The file is written to stdout, so requires an interpreter that can cleanly redirect its output to a file (for example the bef reference implementation requires the -q option to suppress its version banner).
The tune to be played is specified on the first line of the code. The notes are specified as MIDI note numbers in reverse order in a Befunge string (for example, Middle C is note number 60, which is the character "<"). This is followed by the count of notes in the string - 8 in this example.
<lang befunge>> "HGECA@><"8: v v0*73"MThd"0006010101"MTrk"000< >>#1-#,:#\_$8*74++,0,28*"'"039v v,:,\,*2,1"Hd":\<,,,,,,*3"U"*9< >"@1",2*,\,,1-:#^_"/3d",5*,,, @</lang>
C
Although C provides low level access to devices, there is no standardized way. Here are illustrated two approaches.
Borland's Turbo C
Borland's Turbo C system has the dos.h header file which contains the functions sound() and nosound(). sound() takes an argument which is the frequency of the note to be played through the device speaker. delay(), also part of dos.h tells the code how long to suspend execution. The sound will however still be playing. It is therefore essential to call nosound() at the end which ends the speaker output, otherwise the Turbo C (DOS) session will have to be ended.
<lang c>
- include<stdio.h>
- include<conio.h>
- include<math.h>
- include<dos.h>
typedef struct{ char str[3]; int key; }note;
note sequence[] = {{"Do",0},{"Re",2},{"Mi",4},{"Fa",5},{"So",7},{"La",9},{"Ti",11},{"Do",12}};
int main(void) { int i=0;
while(!kbhit()) { printf("\t%s",sequence[i].str); sound(261.63*pow(2,sequence[i].key/12.0)); delay(sequence[i].key%12==0?500:1000); i = (i+1)%8; i==0?printf("\n"):printf(""); } nosound(); return 0; }</lang>
Windows C
I named it Windows C for want of a better name. This is actually more constrained than the above example, since although it will run on any Windows machine, Beep() can only play integer frequencies and thus the tones are noticeably lower than the ones played by sound() above.
<lang c>
- include<windows.h>
- include<stdio.h>
- include<math.h>
typedef struct{ char str[3]; int key; }note;
note sequence[] = {{"Do",0},{"Re",2},{"Mi",4},{"Fa",5},{"So",7},{"La",9},{"Ti",11},{"Do",12}};
int main(void) { int i=0;
while(1) { printf("\t%s",sequence[i].str); Beep(261.63*pow(2,sequence[i].key/12.0),sequence[i].key%12==0?500:1000); i = (i+1)%8; i==0?printf("\n"):printf(""); } return 0; }</lang>
C++
Uses Windows MIDI device <lang cpp>
- include <iostream>
- include <windows.h>
- include <mmsystem.h>
- pragma comment ( lib, "winmm.lib" )
typedef unsigned char byte;
typedef union {
unsigned long word; unsigned char data[4];
} midi_msg;
class midi { public:
midi()
{
if( midiOutOpen( &device, 0, 0, 0, CALLBACK_NULL) != MMSYSERR_NOERROR ) { std::cout << "Error opening MIDI Output..." << std::endl; device = 0; }
}
~midi()
{
midiOutReset( device ); midiOutClose( device );
}
bool isOpen() { return device != 0; }
void setInstrument( byte i )
{
message.data[0] = 0xc0; message.data[1] = i; message.data[2] = 0; message.data[3] = 0; midiOutShortMsg( device, message.word );
}
void playNote( byte n, unsigned i )
{
playNote( n ); Sleep( i ); stopNote( n );
}
private:
void playNote( byte n )
{
message.data[0] = 0x90; message.data[1] = n; message.data[2] = 127; message.data[3] = 0; midiOutShortMsg( device, message.word );
}
void stopNote( byte n )
{
message.data[0] = 0x90; message.data[1] = n; message.data[2] = 0; message.data[3] = 0; midiOutShortMsg( device, message.word );
} HMIDIOUT device; midi_msg message;
};
int main( int argc, char* argv[] ) {
midi m;
if( m.isOpen() )
{
byte notes[] = { 60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72 }; m.setInstrument( 42 ); for( int x = 0; x < 8; x++ ) m.playNote( notes[x], rand() % 100 + 158 ); Sleep( 1000 );
} return 0;
} </lang>
Clojure
<lang clojure>(use 'overtone.live)
- Define your desired instrument
- Using saw-wave from
- https://github.com/overtone/overtone/wiki/Chords-and-scales
(definst saw-wave [freq 440 attack 0.01 sustain 0.4 release 0.1 vol 0.4]
(* (env-gen (env-lin attack sustain release) 1 1 0 1 FREE)
(saw freq)
vol))
(defn play [note ms]
(saw-wave (midi->hz note)) (Thread/sleep ms))
(doseq [note (scale :c4 :major)] (play note 500))</lang>
Commodore BASIC
The Commodore 128 has available the PLAY command to make quick work of this task. The Commodore 64 lacks this command, so work must be done to initialize the SID chip and play the appropriate frequencies. The DATA statements in the Commodore 64 version are provided in hertz to show direct correlation to the appropriate musical notes (C4 through C5), and are converted to a 16-bit integer in lines 60-65 for output.
Commodore 64 <lang commodorebasic>10 rem musical scale 15 rem rosetta code 20 print chr$(147) 25 s=54272 30 for l=s to s+23:poke l,0:next 35 poke s+5,9:poke s+6,0 40 poke s+24,15 45 for i=1 to 8 50 read fq 60 ff=int(fq/.06097) 65 fh=int(ff/256):fl=ff-(256*fh) 70 poke s+1,fh:poke s,fl 75 poke s+4,17 80 for d=1 to 350:next 85 poke s+4,16 90 for d=1 to 25:next 95 next i 500 data 261.63,293.66,329.63,349.23,392,440,493.88,523.25</lang>
Commodore 128 <lang commodorebasic>10 print chr$(147) 20 play "o4 cdefgab o5 c"</lang>
Delphi
<lang Delphi> program Musical_scale;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses
Winapi.Windows;
var
notes: TArray<Double> = [261.63, 293.66, 329.63, 349.23, 392.00, 440.00, 493.88, 523.25];
begin
for var note in notes do Beep(Round(note), 500); readln;
end.</lang>
EasyLang
<lang>n[] = [ 262 294 330 349 392 440 494 523 ] for i range len n[]
sound [ n[i] 0.5 ] sleep 0.6
.</lang>
Forth
As a low level stack language Forth programming methodology prefers short simple definitions that extend the language in the direction that allows you to solve the problem. The creation of application specific language is common in Forth. This demonstration code uses the PC speaker to generate musical tones. A simple device driver is created for hardware control via PORT I/O. A set of primitive operations are created to control the on:off times of the sounds. Then a small MUSIC language is created to create notes of different types. Finally 2 scales are created using "crotcheted notes" as they are called. We chose 1/8 notes. For fun we added the ability to change the expression of the notes using Italian musical terms. <lang>HEX \ PC speaker hardware control (requires giveio or DOSBOX for windows operation)
042 constant fctrl 061 constant sctrl 0FC constant smask 043 constant tctrl 0B6 constant spkr
- sing ( -- ) sctrl pc@ 03 or sctrl pc! ;
- silence ( -- ) sctrl pc@ smask and 01 or sctrl pc! ;
- tone ( divisor -- )
?dup \ check for non-zero input
if spkr tctrl pc! \ enable PC speaker
dup fctrl pc! \ load low byte
8 rshift fctrl pc! \ load high byte
sing
else silence
then ;
DECIMAL 1193181. 2constant clock \ internal oscillator freq. MHz x 10
- Hz ( freq -- divisor) clock rot um/mod nip ; \ convert Freq to osc. divisor
\ duration control variables and values variable on_time variable off_time variable feel \ controls the on/off time ratio
60 value tempo
4000 tempo um* 2constant timebase \ 1 whole note=4000 ms @ 60 Beats/min
- bpm>ms ( bpm -- ms) timebase rot um/mod nip ; \ convert beats per minute to milliseconds
- wholenote ( -- ms ) tempo bpm>ms ; \ using tempo set the BPM
- play ( divisor -- )
tone on_time @ ms silence off_time @ ms ;
- expression ( ms n --) \ adjust the on:off ratio using n
over swap - tuck - ( -- on-mS off-mS )
off_time ! on_time ! ; \ store times in variables
- note ( -- ms ) on_time @ off_time @ + ; \ returns duration of current note
- duration! ( ms -- ) feel @ expression ;
- 50% ( n -- n/2) 2/ ;
- % ( n n2 -- n%) 100 */ ; \ calculate n2% of n
- 50%+ ( n -- n+50%) dup 50% + ; \ dotted notes have 50% more time
VOCABULARY MUSIC
MUSIC DEFINITIONS
- BPM ( bpm -- ) \ set tempo in beats per minute
to tempo
wholenote duration! ;
- legato 0 feel ! ;
- staccatto note 8 % feel ! ;
- Marcato note 3 % feel ! ;
- 1/1 wholenote duration! ;
- 1/2 wholenote 50% duration! ;
- 1/2. 1/2 note 50%+ duration! ;
- 1/4 1/2 note 50% duration! ;
- 1/4. 1/4 note 50%+ duration! ;
- 1/8 1/4 note 50% duration! ;
- 1/8. 1/8 note 50%+ duration! ;
- 1/16 1/8 note 50% duration! ;
- 1/32 1/16 note 50% duration! ;
- rest note ms ;
\ note object creator
- note: create hz , \ compile time: compile divisor into the note
does> @ play ; \ run time: fetch the value and play the tone
\ freq Natural Freq Accidental En-harmonic \ ------------- ---------------- ----------------
131 note: C3 139 note: C#3 synonym Db3 C#3 147 note: D3 156 note: D#3 synonym Eb3 D#3 165 note: E3 175 note: F3 185 note: F#3 synonym Gb3 F#3 196 note: G3 208 note: G#3 synonym Ab3 G#3 220 note: A3 233 note: A#3 synonym Bb3 A#3 247 note: B3 262 note: C4 277 note: C#4 synonym Db4 C#4
- Cmajor 1/8 C3 D3 E3 F3 G3 A3 B3 C4 ;
- Chromatic 1/8 C3 C#3 D3 D#3 E3 F3 F#3 G3 G#3 A3 A#3 B3 C4 ;
</lang> Interactive test at the Console
music ok 120 bpm legato cmajor ok 200 bpm marcato chromatic ok 72 bpm legato c3 eb3 g3 c4 ok
FreeBASIC
<lang freebasic>REM FreeBASIC no tiene la capacidad de emitir sonido de forma nativa. REM La función Sound no es mía, incluyo los créditos correspondientes. ' Sound Function v0.3 For DOS/Linux/Win by yetifoot ' Credits: ' http://www.frontiernet.net/~fys/snd.htm ' http://delphi.about.com/cs/adptips2003/a/bltip0303_3.htm
- ifdef __FB_WIN32__
- include Once "windows.bi"
- endif
Sub Sound_DOS_LIN(Byval freq As Uinteger, dur As Uinteger)
Dim t As Double
Dim As Ushort fixed_freq = 1193181 \ freq
Asm
mov dx, &H61 ' turn speaker on
in al, dx
or al, &H03
out dx, al
mov dx, &H43 ' get the timer ready
mov al, &HB6
out dx, al
mov ax, word Ptr [fixed_freq] ' move freq to ax
mov dx, &H42 ' port to out
out dx, al ' out low order
xchg ah, al
out dx, al ' out high order
End Asm
t = Timer
While ((Timer - t) * 1000) < dur ' wait for out specified duration
Sleep(1)
Wend
Asm
mov dx, &H61 ' turn speaker off
in al, dx
and al, &HFC
out dx, al
End Asm
End Sub
Sub Sound(Byval freq As Uinteger, dur As Uinteger)
#ifndef __fb_win32__
' If not windows Then call the asm version.
Sound_DOS_LIN(freq, dur)
#Else
' If Windows
Dim osv As OSVERSIONINFO
osv.dwOSVersionInfoSize = Sizeof(OSVERSIONINFO)
GetVersionEx(@osv)
Select Case osv.dwPlatformId
Case VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT
' If NT then use Beep from API
Beep_(freq, dur)
Case Else
' If not on NT then use the same as DOS/Linux
Sound_DOS_LIN(freq, dur)
End Select
#endif
End Sub
'---------- Sound(262, 250) 'C4 Sound(294, 250) 'D4 Sound(330, 250) 'E4 Sound(349, 250) 'F4 Sound(392, 250) 'G4 Sound(440, 250) 'A4 Sound(494, 250) 'B4 Sound(523, 250) 'C5 Sleep</lang>
FreePascal
<lang pascal>{$mode objfpc} uses windows,math;{ windows only } var
Interval:Double = 1.0594630943592953; i:integer;
begin
for i:= 0 to 11 do beep(Round(440.0*interval**i),500);
end.</lang>
Go
As Go doesn't have any audio support in its standard library, we instead build a .wav file which can then be played using a utility such as SoX.
<lang go>package main
import (
"encoding/binary" "log" "math" "os" "strings"
)
func main() {
const (
sampleRate = 44100
duration = 8
dataLength = sampleRate * duration
hdrSize = 44
fileLen = dataLength + hdrSize - 8
)
// buffers buf1 := make([]byte, 1) buf2 := make([]byte, 2) buf4 := make([]byte, 4)
// WAV header
var sb strings.Builder
sb.WriteString("RIFF")
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(buf4, fileLen)
sb.Write(buf4) // file size - 8
sb.WriteString("WAVE")
sb.WriteString("fmt ")
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(buf4, 16)
sb.Write(buf4) // length of format data (= 16)
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(buf2, 1)
sb.Write(buf2) // type of format (= 1 (PCM))
sb.Write(buf2) // number of channels (= 1)
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(buf4, sampleRate)
sb.Write(buf4) // sample rate
sb.Write(buf4) // sample rate * bps(8) * channels(1) / 8 (= sample rate)
sb.Write(buf2) // bps(8) * channels(1) / 8 (= 1)
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(buf2, 8)
sb.Write(buf2) // bits per sample (bps) (= 8)
sb.WriteString("data")
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(buf4, dataLength)
sb.Write(buf4) // size of data section
wavhdr := []byte(sb.String())
// write WAV header
f, err := os.Create("notes.wav")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
defer f.Close()
f.Write(wavhdr)
// compute and write actual data
freqs := [8]float64{261.6, 293.6, 329.6, 349.2, 392.0, 440.0, 493.9, 523.3}
for j := 0; j < duration; j++ {
freq := freqs[j]
omega := 2 * math.Pi * freq
for i := 0; i < dataLength/duration; i++ {
y := 32 * math.Sin(omega*float64(i)/float64(sampleRate))
buf1[0] = byte(math.Round(y))
f.Write(buf1)
}
}
}</lang>
J
<lang J>require'media/wav' 0.25 wavnote 0 2 4 5 7 9 11 12</lang>
This assumes a version such as J6 which supports media/wav.
0=C, 1=C#, 2=D, ... of main octave
0.25 is the duration of each note (in seconds).
JavaScript
Using the Web Audio API <lang javascript><!doctype html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Sample Page</title> </head> <body> Upon loading the page you should hear the scale. <script type="text/javascript"> function musicalScale(freqArr){
// create web audio api context var AudioContext = window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext; var audioCtx = new AudioContext();
// create oscillator and gain node var oscillator = audioCtx.createOscillator(); var gainNode = audioCtx.createGain();
// connect oscillator to gain node to speakers
oscillator.connect(gainNode);
gainNode.connect(audioCtx.destination);
// set frequencies to play
duration = 0.5 // seconds
freqArr.forEach(function (freq, i){
oscillator.frequency.setValueAtTime(freq, audioCtx.currentTime + i * duration);
});
// start playing!
oscillator.start();
// stop playing!
oscillator.stop(audioCtx.currentTime + freqArr.length * duration);
}
musicalScale([261.63, 293.66, 329.63, 349.23, 392.00, 440.00, 493.88, 523.25]); </script> </body> </html></lang>
Julia
<lang julia>using PortAudio
function paudio()
devs = PortAudio.devices()
devnum = findfirst(x -> x.maxoutchans > 0, devs)
(devnum == nothing) && error("No output device for audio found")
return PortAudioStream(devs[devnum].name, 0, 2)
end
function play(ostream, pitch, durationseconds)
sinewave(t) = 0.6sin(t) + 0.2sin(2t) + .05sin(8t) timesamples = 0:(1 / 44100):(durationseconds * 0.98) v = Float64[sinewave(2π * pitch * t) for t in timesamples] write(ostream, v) sleep(durationseconds * 0.9)
end
- C major scale starting with middle C
- pitches from //pages.mtu.edu/~suits/notefreqs.html
const scale = [261.6, 293.7, 329.6, 349.2, 392, 440, 493.9, 523.3] const ostream = paudio() for pitch in scale
play(ostream, pitch, 0.5) sleep(0.4)
end </lang>
Kotlin
This uses the same frequencies and duration as the Python entry and works fine on Windows 10.
When building win32.klib from windows.h, one needs to make sure NOT to filter out utilapiset.h because this is where the Beep function now resides, not in winbase.h as stated in the MSDN documentation. <lang scala>// Kotlin Native v0.3
import kotlinx.cinterop.* import win32.*
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val freqs = intArrayOf(262, 294, 330, 349, 392, 440, 494, 523) // CDEFGABc
val dur = 500
repeat(5) { for (freq in freqs) Beep(freq, dur) }
}</lang>
Lilypond
The lilypond tool produces musical score sheets and midi files - if asked for - but does not output notes to the sound device directly. <lang lilypond>% Start at middle C \relative c' {
c d e f g a b c
}</lang>
Locomotive Basic
<lang locobasic>10 mode 1 20 print "Note","Freq. (Hz)","Period" 30 ' program loop: 40 if sq(1)<128 then gosub 70 ' play next note if channel is inactive 50 goto 40 60 ' play next note 70 read n 80 if n<0 then end 90 note=note+1 100 ' calculation from chapter 7, page 26 of the CPC manual: 110 f=440*(2^((n-10)/12)) 120 p=round(62500/f) 130 print mid$("cdefgabc",note,1),f,p 140 sound 1,p,100 150 return 160 data 1,3,5,6,8,10,12,13,-1</lang>
Lua
Lua has no native sound support.
Lua Portable
The most portable native solution that could actually play the scale (with some external help from a media player) would be to write a MIDI file.. <lang lua>c = string.char midi = "MThd" .. c(0,0,0,6,0,0,0,1,0,96) -- header midi = midi .. "MTrk" .. c(0,0,0,8*8+4) -- track for _,note in ipairs{60,62,64,65,67,69,71,72} do
midi = midi .. c(0, 0x90, note, 0x40, 0x60, 0x80, note, 0) -- notes
end midi = midi .. c(0, 0xFF, 0x2F, 0) -- end
file = io.open("scale.mid", "wb") file:write(midi) file:close()
-- (optional: hex dump to screen) midi:gsub(".", function(c) io.write(string.format("%02X ", string.byte(c))) end)</lang>
- Output:
4D 54 68 64 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 01 00 60 4D 54 72 6B 00 00 00 44 00 90 3C 40 60 80 3C 00 00 90 3E 40 60 80 3E 00 00 90 40 40 60 80 40 00 00 90 41 40 60 80 41 00 00 90 43 40 60 80 43 00 00 90 45 40 60 80 45 00 00 90 47 40 60 80 47 00 00 90 48 40 60 80 48 00 00 FF 2F 00
Lua ASCII
The task allows for score output, which could also be done natively.. <lang lua>staff = {
lines = { "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" },
nnotes = 0,
measure = function(self)
for i, line in ipairs(self.lines) do
self.lines[i] = line .. (i<#self.lines-1 and "|" or " ")
end
end,
play = function(self, note)
if self.nnotes%4==0 then self:measure() end
local n = #self.lines-note
for i, line in ipairs(self.lines) do
local linechar = (i%2==0) and " " or "-"
local fillchar = (i<#self.lines) and linechar or " "
self.lines[i] = line .. (i==n and linechar.."@"..linechar..fillchar or (i==n-1 or i==n-2) and string.rep(fillchar,2).."|"..fillchar or string.rep(fillchar,4))
end
self.nnotes = self.nnotes + 1
end,
dump = function(self)
for i, line in ipairs(self.lines) do print(line) end
end
} for note = 0,7 do
staff:play(note)
end staff:measure() staff:dump()</lang>
- Output:
|----------------|----------------| | | | | |----------------|----------|---|-| | | | | @ | |----------------|--|---|--@------| | | | | @ | |----------|---|-|-@--------------| | | | @ | | |--|---|--@------|----------------| | @ -@-
Lua Windows
Non-portable, O/S-specific, requires alien library..
<lang lua>beep = require"alien".kernel32.Beep
beep:types{ret='long', abi='stdcall', 'long', 'long'}
for _,step in ipairs{0,2,4,5,7,9,11,12} do
beep(math.floor(261.63 * 2^(step/12) + 0.5), 1000)
end</lang>
M2000 Interpreter
Score make an internal bank (replace a previous one), on a voice, (1 to 16), where 10 is for drum machine. Play assign a midi organ to a score and start play, in a "music" thread. We can can use Play 0 to stop all scores, or Play number, 0 to stop as specific score. Beat value 300 is in milliseconds, so play each not in Tune each 300 milliseconds, and the same for Score (scores may use @1 to @6 to play 300/1 to 300/32 for specific note, and can use V1 to V127 for volume control per note). Spaces in strings are pauses, and for scores we can use @1 to @6 to reduce pause value). We can use a thread to send a drum score every some seconds, to play a rhythm. Thread { score 10... : play 10,10 ....} as drums interval 1000 (second value for play 10 maybe 0 or any other 1 to 127 but always assign the drum machine. Midi
TUNE use kernel Beep which is synchronous and not leaving M2000 threads to process, until ends.
<lang> Module checkit {
\\ using internal speaker
TUNE 300, "C3DEFGABC4"
TUNE 300, "C3C#DD#EFF#GG#AA#BC4"
Thread {
score 10, 100, "CAC"
Play 10, 1
} as drums interval 1000
\\ Play in background (16 scores - no 10 for drum machine)
SCORE 1, 300, "C3DEFGABC4"
PLAY 1, 19 ' use score 1 with organ 19
Wait 2400
} checkit </lang>
Mathematica/Wolfram Language
<lang mathematica>EmitSound@Sound[SoundNote /@ {0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12}]</lang>
Nanoquery
<lang nanoquery>import tonegen
note_freqs = {261.63, 293.66, 329.63, 349.23, 392.00, 440.00, 493.88, 523.25}
tg = new(tonegen) for freq in note_freqs
tg.beep(freq)
end</lang>
Nim
<lang Nim>import endians, math
const
SampleRate = 44100 Duration = 8 DataLength = SampleRate * Duration HdrSize = 44 FileLen = DataLength + HdrSize - 8 Bps = 8 Channels = 1
proc writeUint16(f: File; x: uint16) =
var x = x var y: array[2, byte] littleEndian16(y.addr, x.addr) let n = f.writeBytes(y, 0, 2) doAssert n == 2
proc writeUint32(f: File; x: uint32) =
var x = x var y: array[4, byte] littleEndian32(y.addr, x.addr) let n = f.writeBytes(y, 0, 4) doAssert n == 4
let file = open("notes.wav", fmWrite)
- Wav header.
file.write "RIFF" file.writeUint32(FileLen) file.write "WAVE" file.write "fmt " file.writeUint32(16) # length of format data. file.writeUint16(1) # type of format(PCM). file.writeUint16(Channels) file.writeUint32(SampleRate) file.writeUint32(SampleRate * Bps * Channels div 8) file.writeUint16(Bps * Channels div 8) file.writeUint16(Bps) file.write "data" file.writeUint32(DataLength) # size of data section.
- Compute and write actual data.
const Freqs = [261.6, 293.6, 329.6, 349.2, 392.0, 440.0, 493.9, 523.3] for freq in Freqs:
let omega = 2 * Pi * freq for i in 0..<(DataLength div Duration): let y = (32 * sin(omega * i.toFloat / SampleRate.toFloat)).toInt file.write chr(y.byte) # Signed int to byte then to char as it’s easier this way.
file.close()</lang>
ooRexx
<lang ooRexx>/* REXX ---------------------------------------------------------------
- 24.02.2013 Walter Pachl derived from original REXX version
- Changes: sound(f,sec) --> beep(trunc(f),millisec)
- $ -> sc
- @. -> f.
- re > ra (in sc)
- --------------------------------------------------------------------*/
sc='do ra mi fa so la te do' dur=1250 /* milliseconds */ Do j=1 For words(sc) /* sound each "note" in the string*/ Call notes word(sc,j),dur /* invoke a subroutine for sounds.*/ End /* j */ Exit /* stick a fork in it, we're done.*/
notes: Procedure
Arg note,dur f.=0 /* define common names for sounds.*/ f.la=220 f.si=246.94 f.te=f.si f.ta=f.te f.ti=f.te f.do=261.6256 f.ut=f.do f.ra=293.66 f.re=f.ra /* re is to be a synonym for ra */ f.mi=329.63 f.ma=f.mi f.fa=349.23 f.so=392 f.sol=f.so Say note trunc(f.note) dur If f.note\==0 Then Call beep trunc(f.note),dur /* sound the "note". */ Return</lang>
Perl
<lang perl>use MIDI::Simple;
- setup, 1 quarter note is 0.5 seconds (500,000 microseconds)
set_tempo 500_000;
- C-major scale
n 60; n 62; n 64; n 65; n 67; n 69; n 71; n 72;
write_score 'scale.mid';</lang>
Phix
version 1
<lang Phix>atom xBeep = 0
procedure beep(integer fi)
if platform()=WINDOWS then
integer frequency = floor(261.63 * power(2, fi/12)),
duration = iff(fi == 12 ? 1000 : 500)
if xBeep=0 then
atom kernel32 = open_dll("kernel32.dll")
xBeep = define_c_proc(kernel32, "Beep", {C_INT,C_INT})
end if
c_proc(xBeep,{frequency,duration})
elsif platform()=LINUX then
string play = sprintf("play -n -c1 synth 0.2 sin %%%d",fi-9)
system(play)
end if
end procedure
printf(1,"Please don't shoot the piano player, he's doing the best that he can!\n") constant f = {0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12} for i=1 to length(f) do
beep(f[i])
end for printf(1,"That's all\n")</lang>
version 2
<lang Phix>constant sample_rate = 44100,
duration = 8,
dataLength = sample_rate * duration,
hdrSize = 44,
fileLen = dataLength + hdrSize - 8,
freqs = { 261.6, 293.6, 329.6, 349.2, 392.0, 440.0, 493.9, 523.3 },
wavhdr = "RIFF"&
int_to_bytes(fileLen,4)&
"WAVE"&
"fmt "&
int_to_bytes(16,4)& -- length of format data (= 16)
int_to_bytes(1,2)& -- type of format (= 1 (PCM))
int_to_bytes(1,2)& -- number of channels (= 1)
int_to_bytes(sample_rate,4)& -- sample rate
int_to_bytes(sample_rate,4)& -- sample rate * bps(8) * channels(1) / 8 (= sample rate)
int_to_bytes(1,2)& -- bps(8) * channels(1) / 8 (= 1)
int_to_bytes(8,2)& -- bits per sample (bps) (= 8)
"data"&
int_to_bytes(dataLength,4) -- size of data section
if length(wavhdr)!=hdrSize then ?9/0 end if -- sanity check
integer fn = open("notes.wav", "wb") puts(fn, wavhdr) for j=1 to duration do
atom omega = 2 * PI * freqs[j]
for i=0 to dataLength/duration-1 do
atom y = 32 * sin(omega * i / sample_rate)
integer byte = and_bits(y,#FF)
puts(fn,byte)
end for
end for close(fn)
if platform()=WINDOWS then
system("notes.wav")
elsif platform()=LINUX then
system("aplay notes.wav")
end if</lang>
PowerShell
List of frequencies directly taken from the Python example. <lang powershell>$frequencies = 261.63, 293.66, 329.63, 349.23, 392.00, 440.00, 493.88, 523.25 foreach($tone in $frequencies){
[Console]::beep($tone, 500)
}</lang>
Pure Data
scale.pd
#N canvas 898 363 360 460 10; #X obj 63 21 bng 15 250 50 0 empty start start 17 7 0 10 -262144 -1 -1; #X floatatom 135 21 5 0 0 1 bpm bpm -; #X obj 135 40 expr 1000 / ($f1/60); #X obj 135 62 int; #X obj 117 123 + 1; #X obj 117 145 mod 9; #X obj 63 123 int 1; #X obj 63 176 hradio 15 1 0 9 empty empty empty 0 -8 0 10 -262144 -1 -1 0; #X obj 63 196 route 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; #X msg 15 248 0; #X msg 93 248 62; #X msg 123 248 64; #X msg 63 248 60; #X msg 153 248 65; #X msg 183 248 67; #X msg 213 248 69; #X msg 243 248 71; #X msg 273 248 72; #X obj 111 313 mtof; #X obj 84 357 osc~; #X obj 84 384 dac~; #X obj 237 323 loadbang; #X obj 63 101 metro; #X msg 237 345 \; pd dsp 1 \; bpm 136 \; start 1; #X connect 0 0 22 0; #X connect 1 0 2 0; #X connect 2 0 3 0; #X connect 3 0 22 1; #X connect 4 0 5 0; #X connect 5 0 6 1; #X connect 6 0 4 0; #X connect 6 0 7 0; #X connect 7 0 8 0; #X connect 8 0 9 0; #X connect 8 1 12 0; #X connect 8 2 10 0; #X connect 8 3 11 0; #X connect 8 4 13 0; #X connect 8 5 14 0; #X connect 8 6 15 0; #X connect 8 7 16 0; #X connect 8 8 17 0; #X connect 9 0 19 0; #X connect 9 0 22 0; #X connect 10 0 18 0; #X connect 11 0 18 0; #X connect 12 0 18 0; #X connect 13 0 18 0; #X connect 14 0 18 0; #X connect 15 0 18 0; #X connect 16 0 18 0; #X connect 17 0 18 0; #X connect 18 0 19 0; #X connect 19 0 20 0; #X connect 19 0 20 1; #X connect 21 0 23 0; #X connect 22 0 6 0;
Python
(Windows) <lang python>>>> import winsound >>> for note in [261.63, 293.66, 329.63, 349.23, 392.00, 440.00, 493.88, 523.25]: winsound.Beep(int(note+.5), 500) >>> </lang>
R
<lang R> install.packages("audio") library(audio) hz=c(1635,1835,2060,2183,2450,2750,3087,3270) for (i in 1:8){
play(audioSample(sin(1:1000), hz[i])) Sys.sleep(.7)
} </lang>
Racket
With a quick and dirty WinMM interface. <lang racket>
- lang racket
(require ffi/unsafe ffi/unsafe/define) (define-ffi-definer defmm (ffi-lib "Winmm")) (defmm midiOutOpen (_fun [h : (_ptr o _int32)] [_int = -1] [_pointer = #f]
[_pointer = #f] [_int32 = 0] -> _void -> h))
(defmm midiOutShortMsg (_fun _int32 _int32 -> _void)) (define M (midiOutOpen)) (define (midi x y z) (midiOutShortMsg M (+ x (* 256 y) (* 65536 z))))
(for ([i '(60 62 64 65 67 69 71 72)]) (midi #x90 i 127) (sleep 0.5)) (sleep 2) </lang>
Raku
(formerly Perl 6) <lang perl6>for 0,2,4,5,7,9,11,12 {
shell "play -n -c1 synth 0.2 sin %{$_ - 9}"
}</lang>
REXX
<lang rexx>/*REXX program sounds eight notes of the C major natural diatonic music scale.*/ parse arg ! /*obtain optional arguments from the CL*/
/* [↓] invoke boilerplate REXX code. */
if !all( arg() ) then exit /*determine which REXX is running, if */
/* any form of help requested, exit.*/
if \!regina & \!pcrexx then do
say "***error*** this program can't execute under:" !ver
exit 13
end
$ = 'do ra me fa so la te do' /*the words for music scale sounding. */ dur = 1/4 /*define duration as a quarter second. */
do j=1 for words($) /*sound each "note" in the string. */
call notes word($, j), dur /*invoke a subroutine for the sounds. */
end /*j*/ /* [↑] sound each of the words. */
exit 0 /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */ /*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ notes: procedure expose !regina !pcrexx; arg note,dur /*obtain the arguments from list. */
@.= 0 /*define common names for sounds. */
@.la= 220; @.si= 246.94; @.te= @.si; @.ta= @.te; @.ti= @.te
@.do= 261.6256; @.ut= @.do; @.re= 293.66; @.ra= @.re; @.mi= 329.63
@.ma= @.mi; @.fa= 349.23; @.so= 392; @.sol= @.so
if @.note==0 then return /*if frequency is zero, skip it. */
if !pcrexx then call sound @.note,dur /*sound the note using SOUND bif. */
if !regina then do /* [↓] reformat some numbers. */
ms= format(dur*1000, , 0) /*Regina requires DUR in millisec.*/
intN= format(@.note, , 0) /* " " NOTE is integer.*/
call beep intN, ms /*sound the note using BEEP BIF.*/
end
return
/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ !all: !!=!;!=space(!);upper !;call !fid;!nt=right(!var('OS'),2)=='NT';!cls=word('CLS VMFCLEAR CLRSCREEN',1+!cms+!tso*2);if arg(1)\==1 then return 0;if wordpos(!,'? ?SAMPLES ?AUTHOR ?FLOW')==0 then return 0;!call=']$H';call '$H' !fn !;!call=;return 1 !cal: if symbol('!CALL')\=="VAR" then !call=; return !call !env: !env= 'ENVIRONMENT'; if !sys=="MSDOS" | !brexx | !r4 | !roo then !env= 'SYSTEM'; if !os2 then !env= "OS2"!env; !ebcdic= 3=='f3'x; if !crx then !env="DOS"; return !fid: parse upper source !sys !fun !fid . 1 . . !fn !ft !fm .; call !sys; if !dos then do; _= lastpos('\',!fn); !fm= left(!fn,_); !fn= substr(!fn,_+1); parse var !fn !fn "." !ft; end; return word(0 !fn !ft !fm, 1 + ('0'arg(1) ) ) !rex: parse upper version !ver !vernum !verdate .; !brexx= 'BY'==!vernum; !kexx= "KEXX"==!ver; !pcrexx= 'REXX/PERSONAL'==!ver | "REXX/PC"==!ver; !r4= 'REXX-R4'==!ver; !regina= "REXX-REGINA"==left(!ver, 11); !roo= 'REXX-ROO'==!ver; call !env; return !sys: !cms= !sys=='CMS'; !os2= !sys=="OS2"; !tso= !sys=='TSO' | !sys=="MVS"; !vse= !sys=='VSE'; !dos= pos("DOS", !sys)\==0 | pos('WIN', !sys)\==0 | !sys=="CMD"; !crx= left(!sys, 6)=='DOSCRX'; call !rex; return !var: call !fid; if !kexx then return space( dosenv( arg(1) ) ); return space( value( arg(1), , !env) )</lang>
Programming note: The general 1-line subroutines at the end of the REXX program are boilerplate code which:
- check for invocation with a ? single argument to support general documentation (help).
- check for invocation with a ?SAMPLES single argument to support documentation for sample usages.
- check for invocation with a ?FLOW single argument to support documentation for program logic flow.
- check for invocation with a ?AUTHOR single argument to support showing the author of the REXX pgm.
- defines several !ααα variables indicating:
- name and version of the REXX interpreter being used.
- name of the program used to clear the terminal screen.
- name of the (host) operating system being used.
- name of the subsystem to issue commands (via address).
- name of the pool used to set environmental variables.
- name by which the REXX program was invoked.
- name by which the REXX program was loaded (executed).
- how the REXX program is being invoked:
- as a command
- as a function
- as a subroutine
Ring
<lang ring>
- Project : Musical scale
loadlib("C:\Ring\extensions\ringbeep\ringbeep.dll") freqs = [[262,"Do"], [294,"Ra"], [330,"Me"], [349,"Fa"], [392,"So"], [440,"La"], [494,"Te"], [523,"do"]] for f = 1 to len(freqs)
see freqs[f][2] + nl
beep(freqs[f][1],300)
next </lang> Output video:
Scala
Windows
<lang Scala>import net.java.dev.sna.SNA
object PlayMusicScale extends App with SNA {
snaLibrary = "Kernel32" val Beep = SNA[Int, Int, Unit]
println("Please don't shoot the piano player, he's doing the best that he can!")
List(0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12).
foreach(f => Beep((261.63 * math.pow(2, f / 12.0)).toInt, if (f == 12) 1000 else 500))
println("That's all")
}</lang>
Sparkling
The following Sparkling program generates a WAVE audio file named "notes.wav" that can be played in order to achieve the required effect: <lang Sparkling>var sampleRate = 44100.0; var duration = 8.0; var dataLength = round(sampleRate * duration); var dataLength_b0 = dataLength >> 0 & 0xff; var dataLength_b1 = dataLength >> 8 & 0xff; var dataLength_b2 = dataLength >> 16 & 0xff; var dataLength_b3 = dataLength >> 24 & 0xff;
const adjustedHdrSize = 36;
var len = dataLength - adjustedHdrSize; var len_b0 = len >> 0 & 0xff; var len_b1 = len >> 8 & 0xff; var len_b2 = len >> 16 & 0xff; var len_b3 = len >> 24 & 0xff;
// WAV header var wavhdr = "RIFF";
wavhdr ..= fmtstr("%c%c%c%c", len_b0, len_b1, len_b2, len_b3);
wavhdr ..= "WAVE";
wavhdr ..= "fmt ";
wavhdr ..= "\x10\x00\x00\x00";
wavhdr ..= "\x01\x00";
wavhdr ..= "\x01\x00";
wavhdr ..= "\x44\xac\x00\x00";
wavhdr ..= "\x44\xac\x00\x00";
wavhdr ..= "\x01\x00";
wavhdr ..= "\x08\x00";
wavhdr ..= "data";
wavhdr ..= fmtstr("%c%c%c%c", dataLength_b0, dataLength_b1, dataLength_b2, dataLength_b3);
// write wav header var f = fopen("notes.wav", "w"); fwrite(f, wavhdr);
// compute and write actual data
var frequs = { 261.6, 293.6, 329.6, 349.2, 392.0, 440.0, 493.9, 523.3 };
for var j = 0; j < duration; j++ { var frequ = frequs[j]; var omega = 2 * M_PI * frequ; for var i = 0; i < dataLength / 8; i++ { var y = 32 * sin(omega * i / sampleRate); var byte = fmtstr("%c", round(y)); fwrite(f, byte); } }
fclose(f);</lang>
Tcl
<lang tcl>package require sound
- Encapsulate the tone generation
set filter [snack::filter generator 1 20000 0.5 sine -1] set sound [snack::sound -rate 22050] proc play {frequency length} {
global filter sound
$filter configure $frequency $sound play -filter $filter
# Need to run event loop; Snack uses it internally
after $length {set donePlay 1}
vwait donePlay
$sound stop
}
- Major scale up, then down; extra delay at ends of scale
set tonicFrequency 261.63; # C4 foreach i {0 2 4 5 7 9 11 12 11 9 7 5 4 2 0} {
play [expr {$tonicFrequency*2**($i/12.0)}] [expr {$i%12?250:500}]
}</lang>
Ursa
<lang ursa>decl double<> notes append 261.63 293.66 329.63 349.23 392.00 440.00 493.88 523.25 notes
for (decl int i) (< i (size notes)) (inc i)
ursa.util.sound.beep notes 0.5
end for</lang>
VBA
<lang vb>Option Explicit
Declare Function Beep Lib "kernel32" (ByVal Freq As Long, ByVal Dur As Long) As Long
Sub Musical_Scale() Dim Fqs, i As Integer
Fqs = Array(264, 297, 330, 352, 396, 440, 495, 528)
For i = LBound(Fqs) To UBound(Fqs)
Beep Fqs(i), 500
Next
End Sub</lang>
Wren
As Wren-cli doesn't have any built-in audio support, we instead build a .wav file which can then be played using a utility such as rhythmbox or SoX. <lang ecmascript>import "/sound" for Wav
var sampleRate = 44100 var duration = 8 var data = List.filled(sampleRate * duration, 0) var freqs = [261.6, 293.6, 329.6, 349.2, 392.0, 440.0, 493.9, 523.3] for (j in 0...duration) {
var freq = freqs[j]
var omega = 2 * Num.pi * freq
for (i in 0...sampleRate) {
var y = (32 * (omega * i / sampleRate).sin).round & 255
data[i + j * sampleRate] = y
}
}
Wav.create("musical_scale.wav", data, sampleRate)</lang>
It's also possible to play .wav files which (preferably) have a sample rate of 44.1 kHz using DOME:
<lang ecmascript>import "audio" for AudioEngine
class Main {
construct new() {}
init() {
AudioEngine.load("doremi", "musical_scale.wav")
AudioEngine.play("doremi")
}
update() {}
draw(alpha) {}
}
var Game = Main.new()</lang>
XPL0
<lang XPL0>\Square waves on the beeper speaker: code Sound=39; real Period; int I; [Period:= 1190000.0/261.625565; \middle C for I:= 2 to 9 do
[Sound(1, 4, fix(Period)); \times 2^(-1/6) else 2^(-1/12) Period:= Period * (if I&3 then 0.890898719 else 0.943874313); ];
]
\MIDI grand piano (requires 32-bit Windows or Sound Blaster 16): code Sound=39; int Note, I; [port($331):= $3F; \set MPU-401 into UART mode Note:= 60; \start at middle C for I:= 2 to 9+1 do \(last note is not played)
[port($330):= $90; port($330):= Note; port($330):= $7F; Sound(0, 4, 1); \This "Sound" is off, but convenient 0.22 sec delay Note:= Note + (if I&3 then 2 else 1); ];
]</lang>
ZX Spectrum Basic
<lang zxbasic>10 REM Musical scale 20 LET n=0: REM Start at middle C 30 LET d=0.2: REM Make each note 0.2 seconds in duration 40 FOR l=1 TO 8 50 BEEP d,n 60 READ i: REM Number of semitones to increment 70 LET n=n+i 80 NEXT l 90 STOP 9000 DATA 2,2,1,2,2,2,1,2:REM WWHWWWH</lang>