Keyboard macros

Show how to link user defined methods to user defined keys. An example of this is the facility provided by emacs for key bindings. These key bindings may be application-specific or system-wide; state which you have done.

AutoHotkey

<lang AutoHotkey>Loop, 200 ; loop 200 times while not paused {

 TrayTip, counting, %A_Index% press alt-p to pause
 Sleep, 1000

}

!p:: ; links alt-p key combination to the method pauseme() (system wide)

 pauseMe()

Return

!r:: ; links alt-r key combination to the method resume() (system wide)

 resume()

Return

pauseMe() {

 MsgBox, pausing`, press alt-r to resume
 Pause

}

resume() {

 TrayTip, resume, resuming, 2
 Pause, off

}</lang> See ahk-viper-mode for a context sensitive vi key bindings example.

BBC BASIC

Native

<lang bbcbasic> *KEY 1 |!|A

     *KEY 2 |!|B
     REPEAT
       key% = INKEY(1)
       CASE key% OF
         WHEN &81: PROCmethod1
         WHEN &82: PROCmethod2
       ENDCASE
     UNTIL FALSE
     END
     
     DEF PROCmethod1
     PRINT "You pressed F1"
     ENDPROC
     
     DEF PROCmethod2
     PRINT "You pressed F2"
     ENDPROC</lang>

Windows

Works with: BBC BASIC for Windows

<lang bbcbasic> FVIRTKEY = 1

     VK_F1 = &70
     VK_F2 = &71
     
     nsc% = 2
     DIM accel{(nsc%-1) fVirt&, pad&, key{l&,h&}, cmd{l&,h&}}
     accel{(0)}.fVirt& = FVIRTKEY : accel{(1)}.fVirt& = FVIRTKEY
     accel{(0)}.key.l& = VK_F1 : accel{(0)}.cmd.l& = &81
     accel{(1)}.key.l& = VK_F2 : accel{(1)}.cmd.l& = &82
     SYS "CreateAcceleratorTable", accel{(0)}, nsc% TO haccel%
     @haccel% = haccel%
     @hwacc% = @hwnd%
     
     ON SYS PROCsys(@wparam%) : RETURN
     REPEAT
       WAIT 1
     UNTIL FALSE
     END
     
     DEF PROCsys(W%)
     CASE W% AND &FFFF OF
       WHEN &81: PROCmethod1
       WHEN &82: PROCmethod2
     ENDCASE
     ENDPROC
     
     DEF PROCmethod1
     PRINT "You pressed F1"
     ENDPROC
     
     DEF PROCmethod2
     PRINT "You pressed F2"
     ENDPROC</lang>

C

Library: Xlib

The following example grabs Alt+F6 and Alt+F7 system-wide on a X server. <lang c>#include <stdio.h>

include <stdlib.h>
include <X11/Xlib.h>
include <X11/keysym.h>

int main() {

 Display *d;
 XEvent event;
 
 d = XOpenDisplay(NULL);
 if ( d != NULL ) {
               /* or simply XK_F7 should work too */
   XGrabKey(d, XKeysymToKeycode(d, XStringToKeysym("F7")),

Mod1Mask, /* normally it's Alt */ DefaultRootWindow(d), True, GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync);

   XGrabKey(d, XKeysymToKeycode(d, XStringToKeysym("F6")),

Mod1Mask, DefaultRootWindow(d), True, GrabModeAsync, GrabModeAsync);

   for(;;)
   {
     XNextEvent(d, &event);
     if ( event.type == KeyPress ) {

KeySym s = XLookupKeysym(&event.xkey, 0); if ( s == XK_F7 ) { printf("something's happened\n"); } else if ( s == XK_F6 ) { break; }

     }
   }

   XUngrabKey(d, XKeysymToKeycode(d, XStringToKeysym("F7")), Mod1Mask, DefaultRootWindow(d));
   XUngrabKey(d, XKeysymToKeycode(d, XStringToKeysym("F6")), Mod1Mask, DefaultRootWindow(d));
 }
 return EXIT_SUCCESS;

}</lang>

Clojure

Library: seesaw

The following example is at application level, printing out what key was pressed: <lang clojure> (ns hello-seesaw.core

 (:use seesaw.core))

(defn -main [& args]

 (invoke-later
   (-> (frame
          :listen [:key-pressed (fn [e] (println (.getKeyChar e) " key pressed"))]
          :on-close :exit)
    pack!
    show!)))

</lang>

EchoLisp

The (meta-key "key-value" "bound-string") function binds a modifier+key keypress to a string or function call. <lang lisp>

see initial bindings

GREEK DICTIONARY

(meta-keys) → (("0" "❌") ("1" "❗️") ("2" "❓") ("3" "✔️") ("4" "⛔️") ("5" "✅") ("6" "🚩") ("7" "⌚️") ("8" "🏁") ("9" "😜") ("a" "α") ("b" "β") ("g" "γ") ("d" "δ") ("e" "ε") ("z" "ζ") ("h" "η") ("t" "τ") ("i" "ι") ("k" "κ") ("l" "λ") ("m" "μ") ("n" "ν") ("x" "ξ") ("q" "ο") ("p" "π") ("r" "ρ") ("w" "ς") ("s" "σ") ("u" "υ") ("f" "φ") ("c" "χ") ("y" "ψ") ("o" "ω") ("A" "Α") ("B" "Β") ("G" "Γ") ("D" "Δ") ("E" "Ε") ("Z" "Ζ") ("H" "Η") ("T" "Τ") ("I" "Ι") ("K" "Κ") ("L" "Λ") ("M" "Μ") ("N" "Ν") ("X" "Ξ") ("Q" "Ο") ("P" "Π") ("R" "Ρ") ("S" "Σ") ("U" "Υ") ("F" "Φ") ("C" "Χ") ("Y" "Ψ") ("O" "Ω"))

define modifier to use

Control key

(define-modifier-key "ctrl")

type

ctrl-R, ctrl-O, ...

 - ΡΩΣΕΤΤΑ

custom bindings

(meta-key "A" "Antoinette") ; string (meta-key "H" "(begin (writeln 'HELLO) (date 'today))") ; function call </lang>

HicEst

<lang hicest>! bound to application

  CALL F2
  ! ...
END

SUBROUTINE F2 ! this text shows as tooltip text. F2 ... F9 are possible

  !  synchronous call:     CALL F2
  ! asynchronous calls:    F2 key
  !                        mouse click on the F2 toolbar tool
  !                        ALARM( delay_seconds, 2 )

  ! check if a modifier key is pressed, or a lock key is activated to control program flow:
  KEY(SHift=shft, Control=cntl, ALt=alt, CApital=caps, Numlock=num, SCRoll=scrl)
  WRITE(ClipBoard, Name) shft, cntl, alt, caps, num, scrl
  ! shft=1; cntl=2; alt=4; caps=8; num=16; scrl=32;
  ! is copied to clipboard if all 6 keys are activated and the F2 tool is clicked

  ! Alarm methods F2 ... F9 suspend program flow, which is resumed when finished
  ! If Fn is running and Fm is called:
  !       Fn is suspended if m > n AND n <= 5, else Fm is queued
  ! ...

END</lang>

Icon and Unicon

This is application-specific and works in both languages: <lang unicon> global kMap

procedure main()

   kMap := table()
   kMap["1"] := italicsOn
   kMap["2"] := italicsOff
   kMap["\x4"] := exit    # ^D terminates
   while writes(exec(getch()))

end

procedure exec(c)

   return (\kMap[c])() | c

end

procedure italicsOn()

   return ""

end
procedure italicsOff()
return "<\\i>"
end</lang>
Sample run:
->km this is <i>italics<\i>. ->
Java
<lang java> package keybord.macro.demo;
import javax.swing.JFrame; import javax.swing.JLabel; import java.awt.event.KeyAdapter; import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
class KeyboardMacroDemo {
public static void main( String [] args ) { final JFrame frame = new JFrame(); String directions = "<html>Ctrl-S to show frame title
" +"Ctrl-H to hide it</html>"; frame.add( new JLabel(directions)); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); frame.addKeyListener( new KeyAdapter(){ public void keyReleased( KeyEvent e ) { if( e.isControlDown() && e.getKeyCode() == KeyEvent.VK_S){ frame.setTitle("Hello there"); }else if( e.isControlDown() && e.getKeyCode() == KeyEvent.VK_H){ frame.setTitle(""); } } }); frame.pack(); frame.setVisible(true); }
} </lang>
JavaScript
The example below captures the F7 key when pressed, if the document (that is, the web page) has focus. If the function returns false, the event processing is halted. If it returns any other value, including undefined, the event continues up the DOM tree ('bubbling').
<lang javascript>document.onkeydown = function(evt) {
if (evt.keyCode === 118) { alert("You pressed F7!"); return false; }
}</lang>
See quirksmode for more information about key detection in JavaScript.
Kotlin
Translation of: Java
<lang scala>// version 1.2.31
import javax.swing.JFrame import javax.swing.JLabel import java.awt.event.KeyAdapter import java.awt.event.KeyEvent
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val directions = "<html>Ctrl-S to show frame title
" + "Ctrl-H to hide it</html>" with (JFrame()) { add(JLabel(directions)) defaultCloseOperation = JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE addKeyListener(object : KeyAdapter() { override fun keyReleased(e: KeyEvent) { if (e.isControlDown() && e.keyCode == KeyEvent.VK_S) title = "Hello there" else if( e.isControlDown() && e.keyCode == KeyEvent.VK_H) title = "" } }) pack() isVisible = true }
}</lang>
Mathematica
Map the keystroke t to a simple script <lang Mathematica>SetOptions[EvaluationNotebook[], NotebookEventActions -> {{"KeyDown", "t"} :> Print["You pressed \"t\""]}]</lang>
Oz
Window-specific key bindings: <lang oz>declare
[QTk] = {Module.link ['x-oz://system/wp/QTk.ozf']} Label Window = {QTk.build td(label(text:"Hello" handle:Label))}
in
{Window bind(event:"<Control-x><Control-s>"
action:proc {$} {Label set(text:"This is not Emacs.")} end )}
{Window bind(event:"<Control-x><Control-c>"
action:toplevel#close )}
{Window show}</lang>
Perl 6
<lang perl6>my $TTY = open("/dev/tty"); my @INPUT;
sub log($mess) { print "$mess\r\n" }
INIT { shell "stty raw -echo min 1 time 1"; log "(raw mode)"; } END { shell "stty sane"; log "(sane mode)"; }
loop {
push @INPUT, $TTY.getc unless @INPUT; given @INPUT.shift { when "q" | "\c4" { log "QUIT"; last; }
when "\r" { log "CR" }
when "j" { log "down" } when "k" { log "up" } when "h" { log "left" } when "l" { log "right" }
when "J" { log "DOWN" } when "K" { log "UP" } when "H" { log "LEFT" } when "L" { log "RIGHT" }
when "\e" { my $esc = ; repeat until my $x ~~ /^<alpha>$/ { push @INPUT, $TTY.getc unless @INPUT; $x = @INPUT.shift; $esc ~= $x; } given $esc { when "[A" { log "up" } when "[B" { log "down" } when "[C" { log "right" } when "[D" { log "left" } when "[1;2A" { log "UP" } when "[1;2B" { log "DOWN" } when "[1;2C" { log "RIGHT" } when "[1;2D" { log "LEFT" } default { log "Unrecognized escape: $esc"; } } } default { log "Unrecognized key: $_"; } }
}</lang>
Phix
application
Shows how to link a specific key (C) to a specific function, and a general key handler. Obviously K_C and K_F2 could be swapped without any problem. <lang Phix>include pGUI.e
function C_Keyed(Ihandle /*ih*/, atom /*c*/) -- (Note without K_c below this does not respond to 'c', just 'C')
?"you pressed C" return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
procedure F2_keyed()
?"you pressed F2"
end procedure
function key_cb(Ihandle /*ih*/, atom c)
if c=K_F2 then F2_keyed() elsif c=K_ESC then return IUP_CLOSE end if return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
IupOpen() Ihandle dlg = IupDialog(IupLabel("hello"),"TITLE=\"Press F2\"") IupSetCallback(dlg, "K_C", Icallback("C_Keyed")) --IupSetCallback(dlg, "K_c", Icallback("C_Keyed")) IupSetCallback(dlg, "K_ANY", Icallback("key_cb")) IupShow(dlg) IupMainLoop() IupClose()</lang>
system
A low-level (windows 32-bit only) demo for system-wide keyboard macros, that has been used to simplify some repetitive tasks in InstallShield, and could equally be used on any third-party application. As it stands, the key selection is a bit overkill, it always sends {delete,down}, and perhaps not precisely what the task asked for, but fits my interpretation of "keyboard macros" - and of course you could replace that SendInput call with any routine of your choosing. <lang Phix>-- -- demo\arwendemo\hotkey.exw -- ========================= -- -- Author: Pete Lomax, credit to Aku Saya for HotKey -- and Thomas Parslow for sendkeys -- -- http://phix.x10.mx -- --/**/with gui include arwen.ew
constant
MOD_ALT = #1, MOD_CONTROL = #2, MOD_SHIFT = #4, MOD_WIN = #8
integer Modifier, vKeyCode
constant Main = create(Window, "Hotkey", 0, 0, 36, 99, 294, 201, 0) constant MainHwnd = getHwnd(Main) constant mFile = create(Menu,"File",0,Main,190,63,0,0,0) constant mExit = create(MenuItem,"Exit",0,mFile,194,53,0,0,0) constant mHelp = create(Menu,"Help",0,Main,182,57,0,0,0) constant mAbout = create(MenuItem,"About",0,mHelp,184,45,0,0,0) constant AltKey = create(CheckBox, "Alt", 0, Main, 8, 5, 62, 20, 0) constant ShiftKey = create(CheckBox, "Shift", 0, Main, 8, 28, 56, 20, 0) constant CtrlKey = create(CheckBox, "Ctrl", 0, Main, 8, 52, 70, 20, 0) constant WinKey = create(CheckBox, "Windows", 0, Main, 8, 76, 72, 20, 0) constant KeyList = create(ComboDropDown, "KeyList", 0, Main, 89, 11, 100, 652, 0) constant KeyInfoText = create(Label, "", 0, Main, 90, 72, 186, 20, SS_LEFTNOWORDWRAP) constant SetButton = create(Button, "setHotKey", 0, Main, 8, 99, 176, 40, BS_DEFPUSHBUTTON) constant KillButton = create(Button, "killHotKey", 0, Main, 195, 99, 80, 40, 0)
sequence KeyCodes
procedure initialise() string text
for f=1 to 11 do -- F1 to F11 (F12 is reserved) text = sprintf("F%d",f) void = insertItem(KeyList,text,0) end for KeyCodes = {VK_F1, VK_F2, VK_F3, VK_F4, VK_F5, VK_F6, VK_F7, VK_F8, VK_F9, VK_F10, VK_F11} for ch='A' to 'Z' do text = sprintf("%s",ch) void = insertItem(KeyList,text,0) KeyCodes &= ch -- (as char, not string) end for for i=1 to 9 do text = sprintf("%d",i) void = insertItem(KeyList,text,0) KeyCodes &= i -- (as char, not string) end for
end procedure initialise()
constant INPUT_KEYBOARD=1
procedure pokeKey(atom pKey, integer key) -- see http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms646270(v=vs.85).aspx -- and http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms646271(v=vs.85).aspx integer ScanCode
ScanCode = c_func(xVkKeyScan,{key}) poke4(pKey+KEYBDINPUT_type,INPUT_KEYBOARD) poke2(pKey+KEYBDINPUT_wVk,key) poke4(pKey+KEYBDINPUT_dwFlags,0) poke4(pKey+KEYBDINPUT_wScan,ScanCode) poke4(pKey+KEYBDINPUT_time,0) poke4(pKey+KEYBDINPUT_dwExtraInfo,0)
end procedure
function MainHandler(integer id, integer msg, atom wParam, object lParam) string text atom pKeys, pKey integer nRes
if msg=WM_SETFOCUS then if id=SetButton then if not getIndex(KeyList) then setFocus(KeyList) void = messageBox("HotKey","Select a key from the drop-down",MB_OK) else Modifier = isChecked(AltKey) * MOD_ALT + isChecked(ShiftKey) * MOD_SHIFT + isChecked(CtrlKey) * MOD_CONTROL + isChecked(WinKey) * MOD_WIN vKeyCode = KeyCodes[getIndex(KeyList)] text = sprintf("setHotKey(Main, #%02x, #%02x) [%s]",{Modifier,vKeyCode,getText(KeyList)}) setText(KeyInfoText, text) end if elsif id=KillButton then text = sprintf("killHotKey(Main) [%s]",{getText(KeyList)}) setText(KeyInfoText, text) end if elsif msg=WM_COMMAND then if id=mExit then closeWindow(Main) elsif id=mAbout then text = "Simple hotkey/sendinput wrapper.\n\n"&
"Author Pete Lomax.\n"& "Written in phix (http://phix.x10.mx) but could easily be ported\n"& "to any language (that can invoke RegisterHotKey and SendInput).\n\n"&
"First, use the checkboxes and dropdown to select a hotkey (eg F7).\n"& "Currently always sends {delete,down}, but that could easily be changed.\n"& "Used on build02 to perform the GUID stripping.\n\n"&
"Note that Windows Server 2008 requires this to be run in admin mode, \n"& "as otherwise something called UIPI will block it and not say why.\n" void = messageBox("HotKey",text,MB_OK) elsif id=SetButton then -- see http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms646309(v=vs.85).aspx if c_func(xRegisterHotKey,{MainHwnd, 0, Modifier, vKeyCode})=0 then void = messageBox("HotKey","Register Hotkey failed",MB_OK) end if elsif id=KillButton then if c_func(xUnregisterHotKey,{MainHwnd, 0})=0 then void = messageBox("HotKey","UnRegister Hotkey failed",MB_OK) end if end if elsif msg=WM_HOTKEY then setText(Main,sprintf("%g",time())) pKeys = allocate(sizeofstruct(KEYBDINPUT)*2) pKey = pKeys pokeKey(pKey,VK_DELETE) pKey += sizeofstruct(KEYBDINPUT) pokeKey(pKey,VK_DOWN)
-- see http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms646310(v=vs.85).aspx nRes = c_func(xSendInput,{2,pKeys,sizeofstruct(KEYBDINPUT)}) if nRes!=2 then nRes = c_func(xGetLastError,{}) text = sprintf("SendInput failed[%d]",nRes) void = messageBox("HotKey",text,MB_OK) end if end if if wParam or object(lParam) then end if -- suppress warnings return 0
end function setHandler({Main,SetButton,KillButton,mExit,mAbout},routine_id("MainHandler"))
WinMain(Main,SW_NORMAL)</lang>
PicoLisp
The 'fkey' function associates a key with an executable body. Some common key codes are predefined in "lib/term.l". Here we use 'F1' to store the value 1 in a global variable, 'Up' and 'Down' arrows to increment or decrement that value, and 'Home' to print the current value to the console. <lang PicoLisp>(load "@lib/term.l")
(fkey *XtF1
(prinl "Initialized value to " (setq *Number 1)) )
(fkey *XtUp
(prinl "Incremented to " (inc '*Number)) )
(fkey *XtDown
(prinl "Decremented to " (dec '*Number)) )
(fkey *XtHome
(prinl "Current value is " *Number) )</lang>
Output when hitting 'F1', 'Down', 'Up', 'Up' and 'Home':
Initialized value to 1 Decremented to 0 Incremented to 1 Incremented to 2 Current value is 2
PureBasic
PureBasic has support for shortcut/macro creation in any window that supports events. This allows for creation of both single and combinations as shown in the code below. For full set of combinations on PC, Mac & Linux please see the official manual, here. <lang PureBasic>#Win = 0
Demo1 = 0

Demo2 = 1
If OpenWindow(#Win,50,50,200,60,"PureBasic",#PB_Window_SystemMenu)
; AddKeyboardShortcut(#Win,#PB_Shortcut_F1, #Demo1) AddKeyboardShortcut(#Win,#PB_Shortcut_F|#PB_Shortcut_Alt, #Demo2) ; Repeat WEvent = WaitWindowEvent() Select WEvent Case #PB_Event_Menu Select EventMenu() Case #Demo1 MessageRequester("Info", "You Pressed F1")
Case #Demo2 MessageRequester("Info", "You Pressed Alt-F")
EndSelect Case #PB_Event_CloseWindow Break EndSelect ForEver
EndIf</lang>
Python
Works on Unix platforms.
<lang python>#!/usr/bin/env python import curses
def print_message():
stdscr.addstr('This is the message.\n')
stdscr = curses.initscr() curses.noecho() curses.cbreak() stdscr.keypad(1)
stdscr.addstr('CTRL+P for message or q to quit.\n') while True:
c = stdscr.getch() if c == 16: print_message() elif c == ord('q'): break
curses.nocbreak() stdscr.keypad(0) curses.echo() curses.endwin() </lang>
Racket
<lang racket>
lang racket
(define-syntax-rule (with-raw body ...)
(let ([saved #f]) (define (stty x) (system (~a "stty " x)) (void)) (dynamic-wind (λ() (set! saved (with-output-to-string (λ() (stty "-g")))) (stty "raw -echo opost")) (λ() body ...) (λ() (stty saved)))))
(define (->bytes x)
(cond [(bytes? x) x] [(string? x) (string->bytes/utf-8 x)] [(not (list? x)) (error '->bytes "don't know how to convert: ~e" x)] [(andmap byte? x) (list->bytes x)] [(andmap char? x) (->bytes (list->string x))]))
(define (open x)
(open-input-bytes (->bytes x)))
(define macros (make-vector 256 #f)) (define (macro-set! seq expansion)
(let loop ([bs (bytes->list (->bytes seq))] [v (vector macros)] [i 0]) (if (null? bs) (vector-set! v i expansion) (begin (unless (vector-ref v i) (vector-set! v i (make-vector 256 #f))) (loop (cdr bs) (vector-ref v i) (car bs))))))
Some examples
(macro-set! "\3" exit) (macro-set! "ME" "Random J. Hacker") (macro-set! "EMAIL" (λ() (open "ME <me@example.com>"))) (macro-set! "\r" "\r\n") (macro-set! "\n" "\r\n") (for ([c "ABCD"]) (macro-set! (~a "\eO" c) (~a "\e[" c)))
(with-raw
(printf "Type away, `C-c' to exit...\n") (let loop ([inps (list (current-input-port))] [v macros] [pending '()]) (define b (read-byte (car inps))) (if (eq? b eof) (loop (cdr inps) v pending) (let mloop ([m (vector-ref v b)]) (cond [(vector? m) (loop inps m (cons b pending))] [(input-port? m) (loop (cons m inps) macros '())] [(or (bytes? m) (string? m)) (display m) (flush-output) (loop inps macros '())] [(procedure? m) (mloop (m))] [(and m (not (void? m))) (error "bad macro mapping!")] [(pair? pending) (define rp (reverse (cons b pending))) (write-byte (car rp)) (flush-output) (loop (if (null? (cdr rp)) inps (cons (open (list->bytes (cdr rp))) inps)) macros '())] [else (write-byte b) (flush-output) (loop inps v '())])))))
</lang>
REBOL
<lang REBOL>REBOL [
Title: "Keyboard Macros" URL: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Keyboard_macros
]
Application specific keyboard bindings using REBOL VID

dialect. Implementation of the "Averageman" calculator --

See http://www.atariarchives.org/bcc2/showpage.php?page=63 for details.
view layout [ style btn button coal 46 across
display: h1 100 red maroon right "" return
Key shortcuts are specified as character arguments to widget

descriptions in the layout.
btn "1" #"1" [set-face display "1"] btn "+" #"+" [set-face display ""] return
pad 54 btn "=" #"=" [set-face display "3"]
pad 1x100 return text "(c) 1977 G. Beker" ]</lang>
Retro
There is a global key handler which we can hook into to capture keys. As a fairly trivial example, remap the ~ key to clear the display.
<lang Retro>[ default: getc
[ '~ = ] [ drop clear 0 ] when
] is getc</lang>
Additional when conditions could be added to handle other keys. Clearing the key handler to restore its default functionality is done by doing:
<lang Retro>devector getc</lang>
REXX
Works with: PC/REXX and Personal REXX
This REXX program only works with PC/REXX or Personal REXX under "DOS" or under "DOS" in Microsoft Windows 1, 2, 3, 95, 98, or 2000.
It won't work for the Microsoft Windows/NT family (Windows/NT/XP/Vista/7/8 ···).

If under Microsoft Windows, the change is only for the current "DOS" session (i.e., that DOS window).
If under a native DOS, the change is system wide.

Almost every keyboard key (including the F (function) keys, numeric keypad, can be re-defined.

REXX programs not included are $T which is only used when specific options are used (used when TOPS is specified),
the $ERR program which issues errors, and $H which shows help and other documentation. <lang rexx>♀/*REXX program can re-define most keys (including F keys) on a PC keyboard.*/ trace off parse arg ! if !all(arg()) then exit if !cms then address
signal on halt signal on noValue signal on syntax
/*if not DOS, issue error. */
if \!dos then call er 23,', DOS[environment]'
/*if not PC/REXX, issue err*/
if \!pcrexx then call er 23,', PC/REXX[interpreter]'
/*if Windows/NT, issue err.*/
if !nt then call er 23,!fn 'Windows/95/98/2000 REXX-program'
/* This program requires ANSI.SYS if any keys are set or (re─)defined.*/ /* ANSI.SYS won't function correctly under Windows/NT (XP, Vista, 7, 8).*/
call homeDrive /*get the homeDrive envVar.*/
$home=p(!var('$HOME') homeDrive) /*get homeDrive of \$\ dir.*/ $home=appenda($home,':') /*make the drive ──► drive:*/ $path=p(!var('$PATH') '\$') /*get path name of \$ dir.*/ $path=prefixa($PATH,'\') /*make the path ──► \dir */ $path=appenda($path,'\') /*make the path ──► dir\ */
if \hasCol($path) then $path=$home || $path /*prefix with $HOME ? */
@DOSKEY = 'DOSKEY' /*point to the DOSKEY cmd*/ @ECHO = 'ECHO' /*point to the ECHO cmd*/ @TYPE = 'TYPE' /*point to the TYPE cmd*/ defFid = #path'LOGS\'!fn".LOG" oldFid = #path'LOGS\'!fn".OLD" tops = '.BOX= .C=blue .H=darkcyan .E=1' fops = '.EF='defFid functionKey= 0 autoEnter = useAuto = 0 @offon = 'OFF ON ,' @warns = 'WARNIFOFF WARNIFON ,' sepLine = copies('═',5) copies('═',73) y = space(!!)
do forever /*process any & all options*/ parse var y k1 2 1 k y uk=k; upper uk
if uk=='[ENTER]' then do useAuto=1 autoEnter=13 iterate end
if uk=='[NOENTER]' then do useAuto=1 autoEnter= iterate end
if k1\=='.' then leave tops=tops k fops=fops k end /*forever*/
tops=space(tops) fops=space(fops) origk=space(k) upper k
if k=='??' |,
k=="???" |, k=="????" then do !cls if y== then y=defFid @type y say sepLine if k=="???" then call $defkey "ALLLOCKS , WARNIFON"
if k=="????" then do call $t ".P=1 .C=blue" centre('DOSKEY macros',79,"─") @doskey '/macro' call $t ".C=blue" copies('─',79) end exit rc end
if k=='CLEARLOG' then do
lFID=defFid
if lFID==defFid then do call dosdel oldFid call dosrename defFid,oldFid end else call dosdel lFID
call whenstamp lFID,'log file was cleared by' !fn"." _='ECHO' sepLine">>"lFID _ 'ECHO key new value>>'lFID _ exit end
shiftkeys='NUMLOCK CAPSLOCK SCROLLLOCK ALLLOCKS'
if abbrev('BLINKLOCKKEYS',k,5) then
do parse var o . k times secs _ if _\== then call er 59 if k== | k=="," then k="ALLLOCKS" if wordpos(k,shiftkeys)==0 then call er 50,'shiftlock-key' origk if times== | times==',' then times="ANYKEY" if times\=='ANYKEY' & \isint(times) then call er 53,times 'times' if secs== | secs==',' then secs=.1 if \isNum(secs) then call er 53,times "seconds-delay-time" secs=secs/1 if secs<.1 | secs>99 then call er 81,.1 99 secs 'seconds-delay-time' dids=0
do forever
do j=1 for 3
do jo=2 to 1 by -1 dakey=word(shiftkeys,j) if k=='ALLLOCKS' | k==dakey then call "$DEFKEY" dakey word(@offon,jo) if secs\==0 then call delay secs end /*jo*/
end /*j*/
dids=dids+1 if times\=='ANYKEY' & dids>=times then exit else if inkey("NOWAIT")\== then exit end /*forever*/ end
if wordpos(k,shiftkeys)\==0 then
do _=words(y) if _>2 then call er 59 onoff= warnif=0 iswas='is' if y==',' then y=
if y\== then do
if _==2 then do _=word(y,2) warnif=wordpos(translate(_),@warns) if warnif==0 then call er 55,_ k 'WARN' if warnif==3 then warnif=0 y=subword(y,1,1) end
onoff=wordpos(translate(y),@offon) if onoff==0 then call er 50,'ON-or-OFF' y if onoff\==3 then iswas='was' end
if y==',' then y=
do j=1 for 3 dakey=word(shiftkeys,j) if warnif\==0 then if shiftstate(dakey)+1==warnif then call $t ".J=r" tops dakey iswas'('word(@offon,warnif)")"
if k=="ALLLOCKS" | k==dakey then do if y\== &, onoff\==3 then call shiftstate dakey,onoff-1 else if warnif==0 then call $t ".I=25" tops dakey 'is ('word(@offon,shiftstate(dakey)+1)")" end
end /*j*/
exit end
if y== then call er 54 cod= codz='Z'
if pos('-',k)\==0 then do
parse var k cod '-' k _='S SHIFT C CTRL CONTROL A ALT ALTERNATE' if cod== | wordpos(cod,_)==0 then call er 50,"key" origk cod=left(cod,1) codl=lower(cod) codz=cod if k== then call er 50,"key" origk end
if abbrev('APOSTROPHE',k,5) then k = "'" if k=='ASTERISKKEYPAD' | k=='STARKEYPAD' then k = "*KEYPAD" if k=='BACKSLASH' then k = "\" if k=='COMMA' then k = "," if k=='DEL' then k = "DELETE" if k=='DELKEYPAD' then k = "DELETEKEYPAD" if k=='ENT' then k = "ENTER" if k=='ENTKEYPAD' then k = "ENTERKEYPAD" if k=='EQUAL' then k = "=" if k=='FIVEKEYPAD' then k = "5KEYPAD" if k=="GRAVEACCENT" | k=='GRAVE' then k = "`" if k=='INSKEYPAD' then k = "INSKEYPAD" if k=='LEFTBRACKET' then k = "[" if k=='MINUS' then k = "-" if k=='MINUSKEYPAD' then k = "-KEYPAD" if k=="PAUSE" | k=='BREAK' then k = "PAUSEBREAK" if k=='PGDN' then k = "PAGEDOWN" if k=='PGDNKEYPAD' then k = "PAGEDOWNKEYPAD" if k=='PGUP' then k = "PAGEUP" if k=='PGUPKEYPAD' then k = "PAGEUPKEYPAD" if k=='PLUSKEYPAD' then k = "+KEYPAD" if k=='PRINTSCRN' then k = "PRINTSCREEN" if k=='RIGHTBRACKET' then k = "]" if k=='SEMICOLON' then k = ";" if k=='SPACE' | k=="SPACEBAR" then k = 'BLANK'
if wordpos(k,'PERIOD DOT DECIMAL DECIMALPOINT')\==0 then k="." if wordpos(k,'SLASH SOLIDUS VIRGULE OBELUS')\==0 then k="/" if wordpos(k,'SLASHKEYPAD SOLIDUSKEYPAD VIRGULEKEYPAD OBELUSKEYPAD')\==0 then k="/KEYPAD" base=
do 1 /*the "1" enables the use of the LEAVE instruction.*/ len1=(length(k)==1) uppc=isUpp(k) numb=isint(k)
if len1 then do dkey=c2d(k) if uppc then do if cod=='A' then do _='30 48 46 32 18 33 34 35 23 36 37 38 50 49 24 25 16 19 31 20 22 47 17 45 21 44' base='0;'word(_,dkey-96) end d.z=21 d.s=0 d.c=-64 base=d.codz+dkey end
if numb then do dakey=dkey-47 if cod= then base=dkey if cod=='S' then base=word("41 33 64 35 36 37 94 38 42 49",dakey)
if cod=='A' then if k<3 then base="0;"word(129 120,dakey) else base="0;"119+dakey
if cod=='C' then do if k==2 then base=0 if k==6 then base=30 end end
if base\== then leave call er 50,'key' origk end
ik=wordpos(k,'DELETE DOWNARROW END HOME INSERT LEFTARROW PAGEDOWN PAGEUP RIGHTARROW UPARROW')
select when left(k,1)=='F' then do functionKey=1 fn=substr(k,2) if \isint(fn) | fn<1 | fn>12 then call er 81,1 12 k "FunctionKey" d.z=58 d.s=83 d.c=93 d.a=103 if fn<11 then base='0;' || (d.codz+fn) else do d.z=133-11 d.s=135-11 d.c=137-11 d.a=139-11 base='0;' || (d.codz+fn) end end
when ik\==0 then do d.z='83 80 79 71 82 75 81 73 77 72' d.s=d.z d.c='147 145 117 119 146 115 118 132 116 141' d.a='163 154 159 151 162 155 161 153 157 152' base='224;'word(d.codz,ik) end
when k=='PRINTSCREEN' & cod="C" then base='0;114' when k=='PAUSEBREAK' & cod="C" then base='0;0' when k=='NULL' & cod== then base="0;3"
when k=='BACKSPACE' then do d.z=8 d.s=8 d.c=127 d.a=0 base=d.codz end
when k=='TAB' then do d.z=9 d.s='0;15' d.c='0;148' d.z='0;165' base=d.codz end
when k=='BLANK' then do d.z=92 d.s=124 d.c=28 d.a='0;43' base=d.codz end
when k=='ENTER' then do d.z=13 d.s= d.c=10 d.a='0;28' base=d.codz end
when k=='-' then do d.z=45 d.s=95 d.c=31 d.a='0;130' base=d.codz end
when k=='=' then do d.z=61 d.s=43 d.c= d.a='0;131' base=d.codz end
when k=='[' then do d.z=91 d.s=123 d.c=27 d.a='0;26' base=d.codz end
when k==']' then do d.z=93 d.s=125 d.c=29 d.a='0;27' base=d.codz end
when k=='\' then do d.z=92 d.s=124 d.c=28 d.a='0;43' base=d.codz end
when k==';' then do d.z=59 d.s=58 d.c= d.a='0;39' base=d.codz end
when k=="'" then do d.z=39 d.s=34 d.c= d.a='0;40' base=d.codz end
when k==',' then do d.z=44 d.s=60 d.c= d.a='0;51' base=d.codz end
when k=='.' then do d.z=46 d.s=62 d.c= d.a='0;52' base=d.codz end
when k=='/' then do d.z=47 d.s=63 d.c= d.a='0;53' base=d.codz end
when k=='`' then do d.z=96 d.s=126 d.c= d.a='0;41' base=d.codz end
when k=='HOMEKEYPAD' then do d.z='0;71' d.s=55 d.c='0;119' base=d.codz end
when k=='UPARROWKEYPAD' then do d.z='0;72' d.s=55 d.c='0;141' base=d.codz end
when k=='PAGEUPKEYPAD' then do d.z='0;73' d.s=57 d.c='0;132' base=d.codz end
when k=='LEFTARROWKEYPAD' then do d.z='0;75' d.s=52 d.c='0;115' base=d.codz end
when k=='5KEYPAD' then do d.z='0;76' d.s=53 d.c='0;143' base=d.codz end
when k=='RIGHTARROWKEYPAD' then do d.z='0;77' d.s=54 d.c='0;116' base=d.codz end
when k=='ENDKEYPAD' then do d.z='0;79' d.s=49 d.c='0;117' base=d.codz end
when k=='DOWNARROWKEYPAD' then do d.z='0;80' d.s=50 d.c='0;145' base=d.codz end
when k=='PAGEDOWNKEYPAD' then do d.z='0;81' d.s=51 d.c='0;118' base=d.codz end
when k=='INSERTKEYPAD' then do d.z='0;82' d.s=48 d.c='0;146' base=d.codz end
when k=='DELETEKEYPAD' then do d.z='0;83' d.s=46 d.c='0;147' base=d.codz end
when k=='ENTERKEYPAD' then do d.z=13 d.c=10 d.a='0;166' base=d.codz end
when k=='/KEYPAD' then do d.z=47 d.s=d.z d.c='0;142' d.a='0;74' base=d.codz end
when k=='*KEYPAD' then do d.z=42 d.s='o;144' d.c='0;78' base=d.codz end
when k=='-KEYPAD' then do d.z=45 d.s=d.z d.c='0;149' d.a='0;164' base=d.codz end
when k=='+KEYPAD' then do d.z=43 d.s=d.z d.c='0;150' d.a='0;55' base=d.codz end otherwise nop end /*select*/
if base\== then leave call er 50,'key' origk end /*do 1*/
jy=words(y) yy=
do j=1 for jy w=word(y,j) lw=length(w) lc=left(w,1) rc2=right(w,2); upper rc2
if ((lc=='"' & rc2=='"X') | (lc=="'" & rc2=="'X")) & lw>3 then do if (lw-3)//2\==0 then call er 56,w 'hexdigits for the hexstring' w wm=substr(w,2,lw-3) if \isHex(wm) then call er 40,w w=x2c(wm) end
yy=yy w end /*j*/ /*if useAuto=1, then use AUTOENTER as is.*/ /*if useAuto=0 & funcKey, then use ENTER.*/
if \useAuto & functionKey then autoEnter=13 yy=substr(yy,2) !!='1b'x"[" /* ESC[s ───► save cursor position. */
/* ESC[u ───► restore cursor position. */ /* ESC[1A ───► move cursor up 1 line.*/
@echo !!"s"!! || base';"'yy'";'autoEnter'p'!!"u"!!'1A' /*issue the define.*/ nk=k if cod\== then nk=codl"-"k
call $t '.Q=1' fops right(nk,max(length(nk),5)) "──►" yy exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*═════════════════════════════one─liner subroutines══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════*/ !all: !!=!;!=space(!);upper !;call !FID;!nt=right(!var('OS'),2)=="NT";!cls=word('CLS VMFCLEAR CLRSCREEN',1+!cms+!tso*2);if arg(1)\==1 then return 0;if wordpos(!,"? ?SAMPLES ?AUTHOR ?FLOW")==0 then return 0;!call=']$H';call '$H' !fn !;!call=;return 1 !cal: if symbol('!CALL')\=="VAR" then !call=; return !call !env: !env='ENVIRONMENT'; if !sys=='MSDOS' | !brexx | !r4 | !roo then !env='SYSTEM'; if !os2 then !env='OS2'!env; !ebcdic=1=='f0'x; return !FID: parse upper source !sys !fun !FID . 1 . . !fn !ft !fm .; call !sys; if !dos then do; _=lastpos('\',!fn); !fm=left(!fn,_); !fn=substr(!fn,_+1); parse var !fn !fn '.' !ft; end; return word(0 !fn !ft !fm,1+("0"arg(1))) !rex: parse upper version !ver !vernum !verdate .; !brexx='BY'==!vernum; !kexx='KEXX'==!ver; !pcrexx='REXX/PERSONAL'==!ver | 'REXX/PC'==!ver; !r4='REXX-R4'==!ver; !regina='REXX-REGINA'==left(!ver,11); !roo='REXX-ROO'==!ver; call !env; return !sys: !cms=!sys=='CMS'; !os2=!sys=="OS2"; !tso=!sys=='TSO' | !sys=="MVS"; !vse=!sys=='VSE'; !dos=pos("DOS",!sys)\==0 | pos('WIN',!sys)\==0 | !sys=="CMD"; call !rex; return !var: call !FID; if !kexx then return space(dosenv(arg(1))); return space(value(arg(1),,!env))
$defkey: !call=']$DEFKEY'; call "$DEFKEY" arg(1); !call=; return result $t: !call=']$T'; call "$T" arg(1); !call=; return result appenda: procedure; parse arg x,_; if right(x,length(_))\==_ then x=x || _; return x er: parse arg _1,_2; call '$ERR' "14"p(_1) p(word(_1,2) !FID(1)) _2; if _1<0 then return _1; exit result halt: call er .1 hasCol: return pos(':',arg(1))\==0 homeDrive: if symbol('HOMEDRIVE')\=="VAR" then homeDrive=p(!var('HOMEDRIVE') 'C:'); return homeDrive isHex: return datatype(arg(1),'X') isint: return datatype(arg(1),'W') isNum: return datatype(arg(1),'N') isUpp: return datatype(arg(1),'U') it: "ARG"(1);if rc==0 then return; call er 68,rc arg(1) noValue: !sigl=sigl; call er 17,!FID(2) !FID(3) !sigl condition('D') sourceline(!sigl) p: return word(arg(1),1) prefixa: procedure; parse arg x,_; if left(x,length(_))\==_ then x=_ || x; return x squish: return space(translate(arg(1),,word(arg(2) ',',1)),0) syntax: !sigl=sigl; call er 13,!FID(2) !FID(3) !sigl !cal() condition('D') sourceline(!sigl) whenstamp: arg whenFID; call lineout whenFID,strip(left(date('U'),6)left(date("S"),4) time() arg(2)); call lineout whenFID,' '; call lineout whenFID; return </lang>
Ring
<lang ring> load "guilib.ring"
app = new qApp {
win = new qWidget() { setWindowTitle("Don't accept Spaces") move(100,100) resize(400,400) new qLineedit(win) { myfilter = new qAllEvents(win) { setkeypressevent("keypress()") } installeventfilter(myfilter) } show() } exec() }
func keypress
nKey = myfilter.getkeycode() switch nKey on 16777264 see "You pressed F1 " + nl on 16777265 see "You pressed F2 " + nl off
</lang> Output:
You pressed F1 You pressed F2
Ruby
Library: Shoes
Here's a sample from the Shoes manual showing how to capture key sequences. This is application specific.
<lang ruby>Shoes.app do
@info = para "NO KEY is PRESSED." keypress do |k| @info.replace "#{k.inspect} was PRESSED." end
end</lang>
A more specific example, using some emacs bindings
<lang ruby>Shoes.app do
keypress do |key| case key when "\x04" # control-d delete_char when :backspace delete_previous_char when "\x14" # control-t transpose_chars when :alt_t transpose_words when "\x18" # control-x @ctrl_x = true when "\x13" # control-s if @ctrl_x save_text @ctrl_x = false end when "\x11" # control-q exit if @ctrl_x end end
end</lang>
Scala
Java Swing Interoperability
<lang Scala>import java.awt.event.{KeyAdapter, KeyEvent}
import javax.swing.{JFrame, JLabel, WindowConstants}

object KeyboardMacroDemo extends App {
val directions = "<html>Ctrl-S to show frame title
" + "Ctrl-H to hide it</html>"
new JFrame { add(new JLabel(directions))
addKeyListener(new KeyAdapter() { override def keyReleased(e: KeyEvent): Unit = { if (e.isControlDown && e.getKeyCode == KeyEvent.VK_S) setTitle("Hello there") else if (e.isControlDown && e.getKeyCode == KeyEvent.VK_H) setTitle("") } })
pack() setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE) setVisible(true) }
}</lang>
Tcl
Library: Tk
All Tk bindings are bound to a context that is no wider than a particular application and is frequently smaller (e.g., a single dialog box or an individual widget). <lang tcl>package require Tk
Show off some emacs-like bindings...
pack [label .l -text "C-x C-s to save, C-x C-c to quit"] focus . bind . <Control-x><Control-s> {
tk_messageBox -message "We would save here"
} bind . <Control-x><Control-c> {exit}</lang>
Key-to-key mapping macros
A more direct macro-like facility (substituting one key sequence for another) would be: <lang tcl>bind . <F1> {
foreach c [split "Macro demo!" {}] { event generate %W $c }
}</lang> This can then be wrapped up like this: <lang tcl>package require Tk proc sendMacro {w string} {
foreach c [split $string {}] { # Will not work for “<” character... event generate $w $c }
} proc macro {key translation} {
bind . <$key> [list sendMacro %W [string map {% %%} $translation]]
}
Some demonstration macros
macro F1 "Help me!" macro F2 "You pressed the F2 key" macro F3 "I'm getting bored here..." pack [text .t]; # A place for you to test the macros</lang>
Vedit macro language
<lang vedit>// Configure a key to access menu item. // The menu item may then contain the commands directly, or it may call a macro from disk. // This has the advantage that the key binding is shown in the menu.
Key_Add("Shft-F6","[MENU]TV", OK)
// Configure a key to perform visual mode edit operations (similar to recorded key macro):
Key_Add("Numpad.Enter", "[CURSOR LEFT][LINE END][RETURN]", OK)
// Configure a key to execute macro language commands:
Key_Add("Numpad+", '[VISUAL EXIT] if(BB!=-1) { RCB(10,BB,BE) BB(-1) S("|@(10)",SET+CONFIRM) } else { S("",CONFIRM) }', OK)
// Configure a key to call a macro from disk. The old key assignment is not removed.
Key_Add("Ctrl-Shft-N",'[VISUAL EXIT] Call_File(100,"aspell.vdm","NEXT_ERROR")',INSERT+OK)
// Configure a two-key sequence (C-x C-c to save file).
Key_Add("^X C","[MENU]FS", OK)
// Remove a key assignment. If INSERT option was used when the key was assigned, the old assignment will come in effect again.
Key_Delete("Ctrl-Shft-N")</lang>