Imaginary base numbers
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Imaginary base numbers are a non-standard positional numeral system which uses an imaginary number as its radix. The most common is quater-imaginary with radix 2i.
The quater-imaginary numeral system was first proposed by Donald Knuth in 1955 as a submission for a high school science talent search. [Ref.]
Other imaginary bases are possible too but are not as widely discussed and aren't specifically named.
Task: Write a set of procedures (functions, subroutines, however they are referred to in your language) to convert base 10 numbers to an imaginary base and back.
At a minimum, support quater-imaginary (base 2i).
For extra kudos, support positive or negative bases 2i through 6i (or higher).
As a stretch goal, support converting non-integer numbers ( E.G. 227.65625+10.859375i ) to an imaginary base.
See Wikipedia: Quater-imaginary_base for more details.
For reference, here are some some decimal and complex numbers converted to quater-imaginary.
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C
<lang c>#include <math.h>
- include <stdio.h>
- include <string.h>
int find(char *s, char c) {
for (char *i = s; *i != 0; i++) {
if (*i == c) {
return i - s;
}
}
return -1;
}
void reverse(char *b, char *e) {
for (e--; b < e; b++, e--) {
char t = *b;
*b = *e;
*e = t;
}
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
struct Complex {
double rel, img;
};
void printComplex(struct Complex c) {
printf("(%3.0f + %3.0fi)", c.rel, c.img);
}
struct Complex makeComplex(double rel, double img) {
struct Complex c = { rel, img };
return c;
}
struct Complex addComplex(struct Complex a, struct Complex b) {
struct Complex c = { a.rel + b.rel, a.img + b.img };
return c;
}
struct Complex mulComplex(struct Complex a, struct Complex b) {
struct Complex c = { a.rel * b.rel - a.img * b.img, a.rel * b.img - a.img * b.rel };
return c;
}
struct Complex mulComplexD(struct Complex a, double b) {
struct Complex c = { a.rel * b, a.img * b };
return c;
}
struct Complex negComplex(struct Complex a) {
return mulComplexD(a, -1.0);
}
struct Complex divComplex(struct Complex a, struct Complex b) {
double re = a.rel * b.rel + a.img * b.img;
double im = a.img * b.rel - a.rel * b.img;
double d = b.rel * b.rel + b.img * b.img;
struct Complex c = { re / d, im / d };
return c;
}
struct Complex inv(struct Complex c) {
double d = c.rel * c.rel + c.img * c.img;
struct Complex i = { c.rel / d, -c.img / d };
return i;
}
const struct Complex TWO_I = { 0.0, 2.0 }; const struct Complex INV_TWO_I = { 0.0, -0.5 };
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
struct QuaterImaginary {
char *b2i; int valid;
};
struct QuaterImaginary makeQuaterImaginary(char *s) {
struct QuaterImaginary qi = { s, 0 }; // assume invalid until tested
size_t i, valid = 1, cnt = 0;
if (*s != 0) {
for (i = 0; s[i] != 0; i++) {
if (s[i] < '0' || '3' < s[i]) {
if (s[i] == '.') {
cnt++;
} else {
valid = 0;
break;
}
}
}
if (valid && cnt > 1) {
valid = 0;
}
}
qi.valid = valid; return qi;
}
void printQuaterImaginary(struct QuaterImaginary qi) {
if (qi.valid) {
printf("%8s", qi.b2i);
} else {
printf(" ERROR ");
}
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
struct Complex qi2c(struct QuaterImaginary qi) {
size_t len = strlen(qi.b2i); int pointPos = find(qi.b2i, '.'); size_t posLen = (pointPos > 0) ? pointPos : len; struct Complex sum = makeComplex(0.0, 0.0); struct Complex prod = makeComplex(1.0, 0.0); size_t j;
for (j = 0; j < posLen; j++) {
double k = qi.b2i[posLen - 1 - j] - '0';
if (k > 0.0) {
sum = addComplex(sum, mulComplexD(prod, k));
}
prod = mulComplex(prod, TWO_I);
}
if (pointPos != -1) {
prod = INV_TWO_I;
for (j = posLen + 1; j < len; j++) {
double k = qi.b2i[j] - '0';
if (k > 0.0) {
sum = addComplex(sum, mulComplexD(prod, k));
}
prod = mulComplex(prod, INV_TWO_I);
}
}
return sum;
}
// only works properly if the real and imaginary parts are integral struct QuaterImaginary c2qi(struct Complex c, char *out) {
char *p = out; int re, im, fi;
*p = 0;
if (c.rel == 0.0 && c.img == 0.0) {
return makeQuaterImaginary("0");
}
re = (int)c.rel;
im = (int)c.img;
fi = -1;
while (re != 0) {
int rem = re % -4;
re /= -4;
if (rem < 0) {
rem += 4;
re++;
}
*p++ = rem + '0';
*p++ = '0';
*p = 0;
}
if (im != 0) {
size_t index = 1;
struct Complex fc = divComplex((struct Complex) { 0.0, c.img }, (struct Complex) { 0.0, 2.0 });
double f = fc.rel;
im = (int)ceil(f);
f = -4.0 * (f - im);
while (im != 0) {
int rem = im % -4;
im /= -4;
if (rem < 0) {
rem += 4;
im++;
}
if (index < (p - out)) {
out[index] = rem + '0';
} else {
*p++ = '0';
*p++ = rem + '0';
*p = 0;
}
index += 2;
}
fi = (int)f;
}
reverse(out, p);
if (fi != -1) {
*p++ = '.';
*p++ = fi + '0';
*p = 0;
}
while (out[0] == '0' && out[1] != '.') {
size_t i;
for (i = 0; out[i] != 0; i++) {
out[i] = out[i + 1];
}
}
if (*out == '.') {
reverse(out, p);
*p++ = '0';
*p = 0;
reverse(out, p);
}
return makeQuaterImaginary(out);
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main() {
char buffer[16]; int i;
for (i = 1; i <= 16; i++) {
struct Complex c1 = { i, 0.0 };
struct QuaterImaginary qi = c2qi(c1, buffer);
struct Complex c2 = qi2c(qi);
printComplex(c1);
printf(" -> ");
printQuaterImaginary(qi);
printf(" -> ");
printComplex(c2);
printf(" ");
c1 = negComplex(c1);
qi = c2qi(c1, buffer);
c2 = qi2c(qi);
printComplex(c1);
printf(" -> ");
printQuaterImaginary(qi);
printf(" -> ");
printComplex(c2);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n");
for (i = 1; i <= 16; i++) {
struct Complex c1 = { 0.0, i };
struct QuaterImaginary qi = c2qi(c1, buffer);
struct Complex c2 = qi2c(qi);
printComplex(c1);
printf(" -> ");
printQuaterImaginary(qi);
printf(" -> ");
printComplex(c2);
printf(" ");
c1 = negComplex(c1);
qi = c2qi(c1, buffer);
c2 = qi2c(qi);
printComplex(c1);
printf(" -> ");
printQuaterImaginary(qi);
printf(" -> ");
printComplex(c2);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}</lang>
- Output:
( 1 + 0i) -> 1 -> ( 1 + 0i) ( -1 + -0i) -> 103 -> ( -1 + 0i) ( 2 + 0i) -> 2 -> ( 2 + 0i) ( -2 + -0i) -> 102 -> ( -2 + 0i) ( 3 + 0i) -> 3 -> ( 3 + 0i) ( -3 + -0i) -> 101 -> ( -3 + 0i) ( 4 + 0i) -> 10300 -> ( 4 + 0i) ( -4 + -0i) -> 100 -> ( -4 + 0i) ( 5 + 0i) -> 10301 -> ( 5 + 0i) ( -5 + -0i) -> 203 -> ( -5 + 0i) ( 6 + 0i) -> 10302 -> ( 6 + 0i) ( -6 + -0i) -> 202 -> ( -6 + 0i) ( 7 + 0i) -> 10303 -> ( 7 + 0i) ( -7 + -0i) -> 201 -> ( -7 + 0i) ( 8 + 0i) -> 10200 -> ( 8 + 0i) ( -8 + -0i) -> 200 -> ( -8 + 0i) ( 9 + 0i) -> 10201 -> ( 9 + 0i) ( -9 + -0i) -> 303 -> ( -9 + 0i) ( 10 + 0i) -> 10202 -> ( 10 + 0i) (-10 + -0i) -> 302 -> (-10 + 0i) ( 11 + 0i) -> 10203 -> ( 11 + 0i) (-11 + -0i) -> 301 -> (-11 + 0i) ( 12 + 0i) -> 10100 -> ( 12 + 0i) (-12 + -0i) -> 300 -> (-12 + 0i) ( 13 + 0i) -> 10101 -> ( 13 + 0i) (-13 + -0i) -> 1030003 -> (-13 + 0i) ( 14 + 0i) -> 10102 -> ( 14 + 0i) (-14 + -0i) -> 1030002 -> (-14 + 0i) ( 15 + 0i) -> 10103 -> ( 15 + 0i) (-15 + -0i) -> 1030001 -> (-15 + 0i) ( 16 + 0i) -> 10000 -> ( 16 + 0i) (-16 + -0i) -> 1030000 -> (-16 + 0i) ( 0 + 1i) -> 10.2 -> ( 0 + 1i) ( -0 + -1i) -> 0.2 -> ( 0 + -1i) ( 0 + 2i) -> 10.0 -> ( 0 + 2i) ( -0 + -2i) -> 1030.0 -> ( 0 + -2i) ( 0 + 3i) -> 20.2 -> ( 0 + 3i) ( -0 + -3i) -> 1030.2 -> ( 0 + -3i) ( 0 + 4i) -> 20.0 -> ( 0 + 4i) ( -0 + -4i) -> 1020.0 -> ( 0 + -4i) ( 0 + 5i) -> 30.2 -> ( 0 + 5i) ( -0 + -5i) -> 1020.2 -> ( 0 + -5i) ( 0 + 6i) -> 30.0 -> ( 0 + 6i) ( -0 + -6i) -> 1010.0 -> ( 0 + -6i) ( 0 + 7i) -> 103000.2 -> ( 0 + 7i) ( -0 + -7i) -> 1010.2 -> ( 0 + -7i) ( 0 + 8i) -> 103000.0 -> ( 0 + 8i) ( -0 + -8i) -> 1000.0 -> ( 0 + -8i) ( 0 + 9i) -> 103010.2 -> ( 0 + 9i) ( -0 + -9i) -> 1000.2 -> ( 0 + -9i) ( 0 + 10i) -> 103010.0 -> ( 0 + 10i) ( -0 + -10i) -> 2030.0 -> ( 0 + -10i) ( 0 + 11i) -> 103020.2 -> ( 0 + 11i) ( -0 + -11i) -> 2030.2 -> ( 0 + -11i) ( 0 + 12i) -> 103020.0 -> ( 0 + 12i) ( -0 + -12i) -> 2020.0 -> ( 0 + -12i) ( 0 + 13i) -> 103030.2 -> ( 0 + 13i) ( -0 + -13i) -> 2020.2 -> ( 0 + -13i) ( 0 + 14i) -> 103030.0 -> ( 0 + 14i) ( -0 + -14i) -> 2010.0 -> ( 0 + -14i) ( 0 + 15i) -> 102000.2 -> ( 0 + 15i) ( -0 + -15i) -> 2010.2 -> ( 0 + -15i) ( 0 + 16i) -> 102000.0 -> ( 0 + 16i) ( -0 + -16i) -> 2000.0 -> ( 0 + -16i)
C#
<lang csharp>using System; using System.Linq; using System.Text;
namespace ImaginaryBaseNumbers {
class Complex {
private double real, imag;
public Complex(int r, int i) {
real = r;
imag = i;
}
public Complex(double r, double i) {
real = r;
imag = i;
}
public static Complex operator -(Complex self) =>
new Complex(-self.real, -self.imag);
public static Complex operator +(Complex rhs, Complex lhs) =>
new Complex(rhs.real + lhs.real, rhs.imag + lhs.imag);
public static Complex operator -(Complex rhs, Complex lhs) =>
new Complex(rhs.real - lhs.real, rhs.imag - lhs.imag);
public static Complex operator *(Complex rhs, Complex lhs) =>
new Complex(
rhs.real * lhs.real - rhs.imag * lhs.imag,
rhs.real * lhs.imag + rhs.imag * lhs.real
);
public static Complex operator *(Complex rhs, double lhs) =>
new Complex(rhs.real * lhs, rhs.imag * lhs);
public static Complex operator /(Complex rhs, Complex lhs) =>
rhs * lhs.Inv();
public Complex Inv() {
double denom = real * real + imag * imag;
return new Complex(real / denom, -imag / denom);
}
public QuaterImaginary ToQuaterImaginary() {
if (real == 0.0 && imag == 0.0) return new QuaterImaginary("0");
int re = (int)real;
int im = (int)imag;
int fi = -1;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while (re != 0) {
int rem = re % -4;
re /= -4;
if (rem < 0) {
rem = 4 + rem;
re++;
}
sb.Append(rem);
sb.Append(0);
}
if (im != 0) {
double f = (new Complex(0.0, imag) / new Complex(0.0, 2.0)).real;
im = (int)Math.Ceiling(f);
f = -4.0 * (f - im);
int index = 1;
while (im != 0) {
int rem = im % -4;
im /= -4;
if (rem < 0) {
rem = 4 + rem;
im++;
}
if (index < sb.Length) {
sb[index] = (char)(rem + 48);
} else {
sb.Append(0);
sb.Append(rem);
}
index += 2;
}
fi = (int)f;
}
string reverse = new string(sb.ToString().Reverse().ToArray());
sb.Length = 0;
sb.Append(reverse);
if (fi != -1) sb.AppendFormat(".{0}", fi);
string s = sb.ToString().TrimStart('0');
if (s[0] == '.') s = "0" + s;
return new QuaterImaginary(s);
}
public override string ToString() {
double real2 = (real == -0.0) ? 0.0 : real; // get rid of negative zero
double imag2 = (imag == -0.0) ? 0.0 : imag; // ditto
if (imag2 == 0.0) {
return string.Format("{0}", real2);
}
if (real2 == 0.0) {
return string.Format("{0}i", imag2);
}
if (imag2 > 0.0) {
return string.Format("{0} + {1}i", real2, imag2);
}
return string.Format("{0} - {1}i", real2, -imag2);
}
}
class QuaterImaginary {
internal static Complex twoI = new Complex(0.0, 2.0);
internal static Complex invTwoI = twoI.Inv();
private string b2i;
public QuaterImaginary(string b2i) {
if (b2i == "" || !b2i.All(c => "0123.".IndexOf(c) > -1) || b2i.Count(c => c == '.') > 1) {
throw new Exception("Invalid Base 2i number");
}
this.b2i = b2i;
}
public Complex ToComplex() {
int pointPos = b2i.IndexOf(".");
int posLen = (pointPos != -1) ? pointPos : b2i.Length;
Complex sum = new Complex(0.0, 0.0);
Complex prod = new Complex(1.0, 0.0);
for (int j = 0; j < posLen; j++) {
double k = (b2i[posLen - 1 - j] - '0');
if (k > 0.0) {
sum += prod * k;
}
prod *= twoI;
}
if (pointPos != -1) {
prod = invTwoI;
for (int j = posLen + 1; j < b2i.Length; j++) {
double k = (b2i[j] - '0');
if (k > 0.0) {
sum += prod * k;
}
prod *= invTwoI;
}
}
return sum;
}
public override string ToString() {
return b2i;
}
}
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 16; i++) {
Complex c1 = new Complex(i, 0);
QuaterImaginary qi = c1.ToQuaterImaginary();
Complex c2 = qi.ToComplex();
Console.Write("{0,4} -> {1,8} -> {2,4} ", c1, qi, c2);
c1 = -c1;
qi = c1.ToQuaterImaginary();
c2 = qi.ToComplex();
Console.WriteLine("{0,4} -> {1,8} -> {2,4}", c1, qi, c2);
}
Console.WriteLine();
for (int i = 1; i <= 16; i++) {
Complex c1 = new Complex(0, i);
QuaterImaginary qi = c1.ToQuaterImaginary();
Complex c2 = qi.ToComplex();
Console.Write("{0,4} -> {1,8} -> {2,4} ", c1, qi, c2);
c1 = -c1;
qi = c1.ToQuaterImaginary();
c2 = qi.ToComplex();
Console.WriteLine("{0,4} -> {1,8} -> {2,4}", c1, qi, c2);
}
}
}
}</lang>
- Output:
1 -> 1 -> 1 -1 -> 103 -> -1 2 -> 2 -> 2 -2 -> 102 -> -2 3 -> 3 -> 3 -3 -> 101 -> -3 4 -> 10300 -> 4 -4 -> 100 -> -4 5 -> 10301 -> 5 -5 -> 203 -> -5 6 -> 10302 -> 6 -6 -> 202 -> -6 7 -> 10303 -> 7 -7 -> 201 -> -7 8 -> 10200 -> 8 -8 -> 200 -> -8 9 -> 10201 -> 9 -9 -> 303 -> -9 10 -> 10202 -> 10 -10 -> 302 -> -10 11 -> 10203 -> 11 -11 -> 301 -> -11 12 -> 10100 -> 12 -12 -> 300 -> -12 13 -> 10101 -> 13 -13 -> 1030003 -> -13 14 -> 10102 -> 14 -14 -> 1030002 -> -14 15 -> 10103 -> 15 -15 -> 1030001 -> -15 16 -> 10000 -> 16 -16 -> 1030000 -> -16 1i -> 10.2 -> 1i -1i -> 0.2 -> -1i 2i -> 10.0 -> 2i -2i -> 1030.0 -> -2i 3i -> 20.2 -> 3i -3i -> 1030.2 -> -3i 4i -> 20.0 -> 4i -4i -> 1020.0 -> -4i 5i -> 30.2 -> 5i -5i -> 1020.2 -> -5i 6i -> 30.0 -> 6i -6i -> 1010.0 -> -6i 7i -> 103000.2 -> 7i -7i -> 1010.2 -> -7i 8i -> 103000.0 -> 8i -8i -> 1000.0 -> -8i 9i -> 103010.2 -> 9i -9i -> 1000.2 -> -9i 10i -> 103010.0 -> 10i -10i -> 2030.0 -> -10i 11i -> 103020.2 -> 11i -11i -> 2030.2 -> -11i 12i -> 103020.0 -> 12i -12i -> 2020.0 -> -12i 13i -> 103030.2 -> 13i -13i -> 2020.2 -> -13i 14i -> 103030.0 -> 14i -14i -> 2010.0 -> -14i 15i -> 102000.2 -> 15i -15i -> 2010.2 -> -15i 16i -> 102000.0 -> 16i -16i -> 2000.0 -> -16i
C++
<lang cpp>#include <algorithm>
- include <complex>
- include <iomanip>
- include <iostream>
std::complex<double> inv(const std::complex<double>& c) {
double denom = c.real() * c.real() + c.imag() * c.imag(); return std::complex<double>(c.real() / denom, -c.imag() / denom);
}
class QuaterImaginary { public:
QuaterImaginary(const std::string& s) : b2i(s) {
static std::string base("0123.");
if (b2i.empty()
|| std::any_of(s.cbegin(), s.cend(), [](char c) { return base.find(c) == std::string::npos; })
|| std::count(s.cbegin(), s.cend(), '.') > 1) {
throw std::runtime_error("Invalid base 2i number");
}
}
QuaterImaginary& operator=(const QuaterImaginary& q) {
b2i = q.b2i;
return *this;
}
std::complex<double> toComplex() const {
int pointPos = b2i.find('.');
int posLen = (pointPos != std::string::npos) ? pointPos : b2i.length();
std::complex<double> sum(0.0, 0.0);
std::complex<double> prod(1.0, 0.0);
for (int j = 0; j < posLen; j++) {
double k = (b2i[posLen - 1 - j] - '0');
if (k > 0.0) {
sum += prod * k;
}
prod *= twoI;
}
if (pointPos != -1) {
prod = invTwoI;
for (size_t j = posLen + 1; j < b2i.length(); j++) {
double k = (b2i[j] - '0');
if (k > 0.0) {
sum += prod * k;
}
prod *= invTwoI;
}
}
return sum; }
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const QuaterImaginary&);
private:
const std::complex<double> twoI{ 0.0, 2.0 };
const std::complex<double> invTwoI = inv(twoI);
std::string b2i;
};
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const QuaterImaginary& q) {
return os << q.b2i;
}
// only works properly if 'real' and 'imag' are both integral QuaterImaginary toQuaterImaginary(const std::complex<double>& c) {
if (c.real() == 0.0 && c.imag() == 0.0) return QuaterImaginary("0");
int re = (int)c.real();
int im = (int)c.imag();
int fi = -1;
std::stringstream ss;
while (re != 0) {
int rem = re % -4;
re /= -4;
if (rem < 0) {
rem = 4 + rem;
re++;
}
ss << rem << 0;
}
if (im != 0) {
double f = (std::complex<double>(0.0, c.imag()) / std::complex<double>(0.0, 2.0)).real();
im = (int)ceil(f);
f = -4.0 * (f - im);
size_t index = 1;
while (im != 0) {
int rem = im % -4;
im /= -4;
if (rem < 0) {
rem = 4 + rem;
im++;
}
if (index < ss.str().length()) {
ss.str()[index] = (char)(rem + 48);
} else {
ss << 0 << rem;
}
index += 2;
}
fi = (int)f;
}
auto r = ss.str();
std::reverse(r.begin(), r.end());
ss.str("");
ss.clear();
ss << r;
if (fi != -1) ss << '.' << fi;
r = ss.str();
r.erase(r.begin(), std::find_if(r.begin(), r.end(), [](char c) { return c != '0'; }));
if (r[0] == '.')r = "0" + r;
return QuaterImaginary(r);
}
int main() {
using namespace std;
for (int i = 1; i <= 16; i++) {
complex<double> c1(i, 0);
QuaterImaginary qi = toQuaterImaginary(c1);
complex<double> c2 = qi.toComplex();
cout << setw(8) << c1 << " -> " << setw(8) << qi << " -> " << setw(8) << c2 << " ";
c1 = -c1;
qi = toQuaterImaginary(c1);
c2 = qi.toComplex();
cout << setw(8) << c1 << " -> " << setw(8) << qi << " -> " << setw(8) << c2 << endl;
}
cout << endl;
for (int i = 1; i <= 16; i++) {
complex<double> c1(0, i);
QuaterImaginary qi = toQuaterImaginary(c1);
complex<double> c2 = qi.toComplex();
cout << setw(8) << c1 << " -> " << setw(8) << qi << " -> " << setw(8) << c2 << " ";
c1 = -c1;
qi = toQuaterImaginary(c1);
c2 = qi.toComplex();
cout << setw(8) << c1 << " -> " << setw(8) << qi << " -> " << setw(8) << c2 << endl;
}
return 0;
}</lang>
- Output:
(1,0) -> 1 -> (1,0) (-1,-0) -> 103 -> (-1,0) (2,0) -> 2 -> (2,0) (-2,-0) -> 102 -> (-2,0) (3,0) -> 3 -> (3,0) (-3,-0) -> 101 -> (-3,0) (4,0) -> 10300 -> (4,0) (-4,-0) -> 100 -> (-4,0) (5,0) -> 10301 -> (5,0) (-5,-0) -> 203 -> (-5,0) (6,0) -> 10302 -> (6,0) (-6,-0) -> 202 -> (-6,0) (7,0) -> 10303 -> (7,0) (-7,-0) -> 201 -> (-7,0) (8,0) -> 10200 -> (8,0) (-8,-0) -> 200 -> (-8,0) (9,0) -> 10201 -> (9,0) (-9,-0) -> 303 -> (-9,0) (10,0) -> 10202 -> (10,0) (-10,-0) -> 302 -> (-10,0) (11,0) -> 10203 -> (11,0) (-11,-0) -> 301 -> (-11,0) (12,0) -> 10100 -> (12,0) (-12,-0) -> 300 -> (-12,0) (13,0) -> 10101 -> (13,0) (-13,-0) -> 1030003 -> (-13,0) (14,0) -> 10102 -> (14,0) (-14,-0) -> 1030002 -> (-14,0) (15,0) -> 10103 -> (15,0) (-15,-0) -> 1030001 -> (-15,0) (16,0) -> 10000 -> (16,0) (-16,-0) -> 1030000 -> (-16,0) (0,1) -> 10.2 -> (0,1) (-0,-1) -> 0.2 -> (0,-1) (0,2) -> 10.0 -> (0,2) (-0,-2) -> 1030.0 -> (0,-2) (0,3) -> 20.2 -> (0,3) (-0,-3) -> 1030.2 -> (0,-3) (0,4) -> 20.0 -> (0,4) (-0,-4) -> 1020.0 -> (0,-4) (0,5) -> 30.2 -> (0,5) (-0,-5) -> 1020.2 -> (0,-5) (0,6) -> 30.0 -> (0,6) (-0,-6) -> 1010.0 -> (0,-6) (0,7) -> 103000.2 -> (0,7) (-0,-7) -> 1010.2 -> (0,-7) (0,8) -> 103000.0 -> (0,8) (-0,-8) -> 1000.0 -> (0,-8) (0,9) -> 103010.2 -> (0,9) (-0,-9) -> 1000.2 -> (0,-9) (0,10) -> 103010.0 -> (0,10) (-0,-10) -> 2030.0 -> (0,-10) (0,11) -> 103020.2 -> (0,11) (-0,-11) -> 2030.2 -> (0,-11) (0,12) -> 103020.0 -> (0,12) (-0,-12) -> 2020.0 -> (0,-12) (0,13) -> 103030.2 -> (0,13) (-0,-13) -> 2020.2 -> (0,-13) (0,14) -> 103030.0 -> (0,14) (-0,-14) -> 2010.0 -> (0,-14) (0,15) -> 102000.2 -> (0,15) (-0,-15) -> 2010.2 -> (0,-15) (0,16) -> 102000.0 -> (0,16) (-0,-16) -> 2000.0 -> (0,-16)
D
<lang D>import std.algorithm; import std.array; import std.complex; import std.conv; import std.format; import std.math; import std.stdio; import std.string;
Complex!double inv(Complex!double v) {
auto denom = v.re*v.re + v.im*v.im; return v.conj / denom;
}
QuaterImaginary toQuaterImaginary(Complex!double v) {
if (v.re == 0.0 && v.im == 0.0) return QuaterImaginary("0");
auto re = v.re.to!int;
auto im = v.im.to!int;
auto fi = -1;
auto sb = appender!(char[]);
while (re != 0) {
auto rem = re % -4;
re /= -4;
if (rem < 0) {
rem = 4 + rem;
re++;
}
sb.formattedWrite("%d", rem);
sb.put("0");
}
if (im != 0) {
auto f = (complex(0.0, v.im) / complex(0.0, 2.0)).re;
im = f.ceil.to!int;
f = -4.0 * (f - im.to!double);
auto index = 1;
while (im != 0) {
auto rem = im % -4;
im /= -4;
if (rem < 0) {
rem = 4 + rem;
im++;
}
if (index < sb.data.length) {
sb.data[index] = cast(char)(rem + '0');
} else {
sb.put("0");
sb.formattedWrite("%d", rem);
}
index += 2;
}
fi = f.to!int;
}
sb.data.reverse;
if (fi != -1) sb.formattedWrite(".%d", fi);
int i;
while (i < sb.data.length && sb.data[i] == '0') {
i++;
}
auto s = sb.data[i..$].idup;
if (s[0] == '.') s = "0" ~ s;
return QuaterImaginary(s);
}
struct QuaterImaginary {
private string b2i;
this(string b2i) {
if (b2i == "" || b2i.count('.') > 1) {
throw new Exception("Invalid Base 2i number");
}
foreach (c; b2i) {
if (!canFind("0123.", c)) {
throw new Exception("Invalid Base 2i number");
}
}
this.b2i = b2i;
}
T opCast(T : Complex!double)() {
auto pointPos = b2i.indexOf('.');
size_t posLen;
if (pointPos != -1) {
posLen = pointPos;
} else {
posLen = b2i.length;
}
auto sum = complex(0.0, 0.0);
auto prod = complex(1.0, 0.0);
foreach (j; 0..posLen) {
auto k = (b2i[posLen - 1 - j] - '0').to!double;
if (k > 0.0) {
sum += prod * k;
}
prod *= twoI;
}
if (pointPos != -1) {
prod = invTwoI;
foreach (j; posLen+1..b2i.length) {
auto k = (b2i[j] - '0').to!double;
if (k > 0.0) {
sum += prod * k;
}
prod *= invTwoI;
}
}
return sum;
}
void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink, FormatSpec!char fmt) const {
if (fmt.spec == 's') {
for (int i=0; i<fmt.width-b2i.length; ++i) {
sink(" ");
}
}
sink(b2i);
}
enum twoI = complex(0.0, 2.0); enum invTwoI = twoI.inv;
}
unittest {
import std.exception;
assertThrown!Exception(QuaterImaginary(""));
assertThrown!Exception(QuaterImaginary("1.2.3"));
assertThrown!Exception(QuaterImaginary("a"));
assertThrown!Exception(QuaterImaginary("4"));
assertThrown!Exception(QuaterImaginary(" "));
}
void main() {
foreach (i; 1..17) {
auto c1 = complex(i, 0);
auto qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary;
auto c2 = cast(Complex!double) qi;
writef("%4s -> %8s -> %4s ", c1.re, qi, c2.re);
c1 = -c1;
qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary();
c2 = cast(Complex!double) qi;
writefln("%4s -> %8s -> %4s", c1.re, qi, c2.re);
}
writeln;
foreach (i; 1..17) {
auto c1 = complex(0, i);
auto qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary;
auto c2 = qi.to!(Complex!double);
writef("%4si -> %8s -> %4si ", c1.im, qi, c2.im);
c1 = -c1;
qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary();
c2 = cast(Complex!double) qi;
writefln("%4si -> %8s -> %4si", c1.im, qi, c2.im);
}
}</lang>
- Output:
1 -> 1 -> 1 -1 -> 103 -> -1 2 -> 2 -> 2 -2 -> 102 -> -2 3 -> 3 -> 3 -3 -> 101 -> -3 4 -> 10300 -> 4 -4 -> 100 -> -4 5 -> 10301 -> 5 -5 -> 203 -> -5 6 -> 10302 -> 6 -6 -> 202 -> -6 7 -> 10303 -> 7 -7 -> 201 -> -7 8 -> 10200 -> 8 -8 -> 200 -> -8 9 -> 10201 -> 9 -9 -> 303 -> -9 10 -> 10202 -> 10 -10 -> 302 -> -10 11 -> 10203 -> 11 -11 -> 301 -> -11 12 -> 10100 -> 12 -12 -> 300 -> -12 13 -> 10101 -> 13 -13 -> 1030003 -> -13 14 -> 10102 -> 14 -14 -> 1030002 -> -14 15 -> 10103 -> 15 -15 -> 1030001 -> -15 16 -> 10000 -> 16 -16 -> 1030000 -> -16 1i -> 10.2 -> 1i -1i -> 0.2 -> -1i 2i -> 10.0 -> 2i -2i -> 1030.0 -> -2i 3i -> 20.2 -> 3i -3i -> 1030.2 -> -3i 4i -> 20.0 -> 4i -4i -> 1020.0 -> -4i 5i -> 30.2 -> 5i -5i -> 1020.2 -> -5i 6i -> 30.0 -> 6i -6i -> 1010.0 -> -6i 7i -> 103000.2 -> 7i -7i -> 1010.2 -> -7i 8i -> 103000.0 -> 8i -8i -> 1000.0 -> -8i 9i -> 103010.2 -> 9i -9i -> 1000.2 -> -9i 10i -> 103010.0 -> 10i -10i -> 2030.0 -> -10i 11i -> 103020.2 -> 11i -11i -> 2030.2 -> -11i 12i -> 103020.0 -> 12i -12i -> 2020.0 -> -12i 13i -> 103030.2 -> 13i -13i -> 2020.2 -> -13i 14i -> 103030.0 -> 14i -14i -> 2010.0 -> -14i 15i -> 102000.2 -> 15i -15i -> 2010.2 -> -15i 16i -> 102000.0 -> 16i -16i -> 2000.0 -> -16i
Go
... though a bit shorter as Go has support for complex numbers built into the language. <lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "math" "strconv" "strings"
)
const (
twoI = 2.0i invTwoI = 1.0 / twoI
)
type quaterImaginary struct {
b2i string
}
func reverse(s string) string {
r := []rune(s)
for i, j := 0, len(r)-1; i < len(r)/2; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
r[i], r[j] = r[j], r[i]
}
return string(r)
}
func newQuaterImaginary(b2i string) quaterImaginary {
b2i = strings.TrimSpace(b2i)
_, err := strconv.ParseFloat(b2i, 64)
if err != nil {
panic("invalid Base 2i number")
}
return quaterImaginary{b2i}
}
func toComplex(q quaterImaginary) complex128 {
pointPos := strings.Index(q.b2i, ".")
var posLen int
if pointPos != -1 {
posLen = pointPos
} else {
posLen = len(q.b2i)
}
sum := 0.0i
prod := complex(1.0, 0.0)
for j := 0; j < posLen; j++ {
k := float64(q.b2i[posLen-1-j] - '0')
if k > 0.0 {
sum += prod * complex(k, 0.0)
}
prod *= twoI
}
if pointPos != -1 {
prod = invTwoI
for j := posLen + 1; j < len(q.b2i); j++ {
k := float64(q.b2i[j] - '0')
if k > 0.0 {
sum += prod * complex(k, 0.0)
}
prod *= invTwoI
}
}
return sum
}
func (q quaterImaginary) String() string {
return q.b2i
}
// only works properly if 'real' and 'imag' are both integral func toQuaterImaginary(c complex128) quaterImaginary {
if c == 0i {
return quaterImaginary{"0"}
}
re := int(real(c))
im := int(imag(c))
fi := -1
var sb strings.Builder
for re != 0 {
rem := re % -4
re /= -4
if rem < 0 {
rem += 4
re++
}
sb.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(rem))
sb.WriteString("0")
}
if im != 0 {
f := real(complex(0.0, imag(c)) / 2.0i)
im = int(math.Ceil(f))
f = -4.0 * (f - float64(im))
index := 1
for im != 0 {
rem := im % -4
im /= -4
if rem < 0 {
rem += 4
im++
}
if index < sb.Len() {
bs := []byte(sb.String())
bs[index] = byte(rem + 48)
sb.Reset()
sb.Write(bs)
} else {
sb.WriteString("0")
sb.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(rem))
}
index += 2
}
fi = int(f)
}
s := reverse(sb.String())
if fi != -1 {
s = fmt.Sprintf("%s.%d", s, fi)
}
s = strings.TrimLeft(s, "0")
if s[0] == '.' {
s = "0" + s
}
return newQuaterImaginary(s)
}
func main() {
for i := 1; i <= 16; i++ {
c1 := complex(float64(i), 0.0)
qi := toQuaterImaginary(c1)
c2 := toComplex(qi)
fmt.Printf("%4.0f -> %8s -> %4.0f ", real(c1), qi, real(c2))
c1 = -c1
qi = toQuaterImaginary(c1)
c2 = toComplex(qi)
fmt.Printf("%4.0f -> %8s -> %4.0f\n", real(c1), qi, real(c2))
}
fmt.Println()
for i := 1; i <= 16; i++ {
c1 := complex(0.0, float64(i))
qi := toQuaterImaginary(c1)
c2 := toComplex(qi)
fmt.Printf("%3.0fi -> %8s -> %3.0fi ", imag(c1), qi, imag(c2))
c1 = -c1
qi = toQuaterImaginary(c1)
c2 = toComplex(qi)
fmt.Printf("%3.0fi -> %8s -> %3.0fi\n", imag(c1), qi, imag(c2))
}
}</lang>
- Output:
1 -> 1 -> 1 -1 -> 103 -> -1 2 -> 2 -> 2 -2 -> 102 -> -2 3 -> 3 -> 3 -3 -> 101 -> -3 4 -> 10300 -> 4 -4 -> 100 -> -4 5 -> 10301 -> 5 -5 -> 203 -> -5 6 -> 10302 -> 6 -6 -> 202 -> -6 7 -> 10303 -> 7 -7 -> 201 -> -7 8 -> 10200 -> 8 -8 -> 200 -> -8 9 -> 10201 -> 9 -9 -> 303 -> -9 10 -> 10202 -> 10 -10 -> 302 -> -10 11 -> 10203 -> 11 -11 -> 301 -> -11 12 -> 10100 -> 12 -12 -> 300 -> -12 13 -> 10101 -> 13 -13 -> 1030003 -> -13 14 -> 10102 -> 14 -14 -> 1030002 -> -14 15 -> 10103 -> 15 -15 -> 1030001 -> -15 16 -> 10000 -> 16 -16 -> 1030000 -> -16 1i -> 10.2 -> 1i -1i -> 0.2 -> -1i 2i -> 10.0 -> 2i -2i -> 1030.0 -> -2i 3i -> 20.2 -> 3i -3i -> 1030.2 -> -3i 4i -> 20.0 -> 4i -4i -> 1020.0 -> -4i 5i -> 30.2 -> 5i -5i -> 1020.2 -> -5i 6i -> 30.0 -> 6i -6i -> 1010.0 -> -6i 7i -> 103000.2 -> 7i -7i -> 1010.2 -> -7i 8i -> 103000.0 -> 8i -8i -> 1000.0 -> -8i 9i -> 103010.2 -> 9i -9i -> 1000.2 -> -9i 10i -> 103010.0 -> 10i -10i -> 2030.0 -> -10i 11i -> 103020.2 -> 11i -11i -> 2030.2 -> -11i 12i -> 103020.0 -> 12i -12i -> 2020.0 -> -12i 13i -> 103030.2 -> 13i -13i -> 2020.2 -> -13i 14i -> 103030.0 -> 14i -14i -> 2010.0 -> -14i 15i -> 102000.2 -> 15i -15i -> 2010.2 -> -15i 16i -> 102000.0 -> 16i -16i -> 2000.0 -> -16i
Haskell
<lang Haskell>import Data.Char (chr, digitToInt, intToDigit, isDigit, ord) import Data.Complex (Complex(..), imagPart, realPart) import Data.List (elemIndex, delete) import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe)
base :: Complex Float
base = 0 :+ 2
quotRemPositive :: Int -> Int -> (Int, Int) quotRemPositive a b
| r < 0 = (1 + q, floor (realPart (-base ^^ 2)) + r) | otherwise = (q, r) where (q, r) = quotRem a b
digitToIntQI :: Char -> Int digitToIntQI c
| isDigit c = digitToInt c | otherwise = ord c - ord 'a' + 10
shiftRight :: String -> String shiftRight n
| l == '0' = h | otherwise = h ++ "." ++ [l] where (l, h) = (last n, init n)
intToDigitQI :: Int -> Char intToDigitQI i
| i `elem` [0 .. 9] = intToDigit i | otherwise = chr (i - 10 + ord 'a')
fromQItoComplex :: String -> Complex Float -> Complex Float fromQItoComplex num b =
let dot = fromMaybe (length num) (elemIndex '.' num)
in fst $
foldl
(\(a, indx) x ->
(a + fromIntegral (digitToIntQI x) * (b ^^ (dot - indx)), indx + 1))
(0, 1)
(delete '.' num)
euclidEr :: Int -> Int -> [Int] -> [Int] euclidEr a b l
| a == 0 = l | otherwise = let (q, r) = quotRemPositive a b in euclidEr q b (0 : r : l)
fromIntToQI :: Int -> [Int] fromIntToQI 0 = [0] fromIntToQI x = tail (euclidEr x (floor $ realPart (base ^^ 2)) [])
getCuid :: Complex Int -> Int getCuid c = imagPart c * floor (imagPart (-base))
qizip :: Complex Int -> [Int] qizip c =
let (r, i) = (fromIntToQI (realPart c) ++ [0], fromIntToQI (getCuid c))
in let m = min (length r) (length i)
in take (length r - m) r ++
take (length i - m) i ++
reverse (zipWith (+) (take m (reverse r)) (take m (reverse i)))
fromComplexToQI :: Complex Int -> String fromComplexToQI = shiftRight . fmap intToDigitQI . qizip
main :: IO () main = print (fromComplexToQI (35 :+ 23)) >> print (fromQItoComplex "10.2" base)</lang>
- Output:
"121003.2" 0.0 :+ 1.0
With base = 8i (you may choose any base):
"3z.8" 0.0 :+ 7.75
Java
<lang Java>public class ImaginaryBaseNumber {
private static class Complex {
private Double real, imag;
public Complex(double r, double i) {
this.real = r;
this.imag = i;
}
public Complex(int r, int i) {
this.real = (double) r;
this.imag = (double) i;
}
public Complex add(Complex rhs) {
return new Complex(
real + rhs.real,
imag + rhs.imag
);
}
public Complex times(Complex rhs) {
return new Complex(
real * rhs.real - imag * rhs.imag,
real * rhs.imag + imag * rhs.real
);
}
public Complex times(double rhs) {
return new Complex(
real * rhs,
imag * rhs
);
}
public Complex inv() {
double denom = real * real + imag * imag;
return new Complex(
real / denom,
-imag / denom
);
}
public Complex unaryMinus() {
return new Complex(-real, -imag);
}
public Complex divide(Complex rhs) {
return this.times(rhs.inv());
}
// only works properly if 'real' and 'imag' are both integral
public QuaterImaginary toQuaterImaginary() {
if (real == 0.0 && imag == 0.0) return new QuaterImaginary("0");
int re = real.intValue();
int im = imag.intValue();
int fi = -1;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while (re != 0) {
int rem = re % -4;
re /= -4;
if (rem < 0) {
rem += 4;
re++;
}
sb.append(rem);
sb.append(0);
}
if (im != 0) {
Double f = new Complex(0.0, imag).divide(new Complex(0.0, 2.0)).real;
im = ((Double) Math.ceil(f)).intValue();
f = -4.0 * (f - im);
int index = 1;
while (im != 0) {
int rem = im % -4;
im /= -4;
if (rem < 0) {
rem += 4;
im++;
}
if (index < sb.length()) {
sb.setCharAt(index, (char) (rem + 48));
} else {
sb.append(0);
sb.append(rem);
}
index += 2;
}
fi = f.intValue();
}
sb.reverse();
if (fi != -1) sb.append(".").append(fi);
while (sb.charAt(0) == '0') sb.deleteCharAt(0);
if (sb.charAt(0) == '.') sb.insert(0, '0');
return new QuaterImaginary(sb.toString());
}
@Override
public String toString() {
double real2 = real == -0.0 ? 0.0 : real; // get rid of negative zero
double imag2 = imag == -0.0 ? 0.0 : imag; // ditto
String result = imag2 >= 0.0 ? String.format("%.0f + %.0fi", real2, imag2) : String.format("%.0f - %.0fi", real2, -imag2);
result = result.replace(".0 ", " ").replace(".0i", "i").replace(" + 0i", "");
if (result.startsWith("0 + ")) result = result.substring(4);
if (result.startsWith("0 - ")) result = result.substring(4);
return result;
}
}
private static class QuaterImaginary {
private static final Complex TWOI = new Complex(0.0, 2.0);
private static final Complex INVTWOI = TWOI.inv();
private String b2i;
public QuaterImaginary(String b2i) {
if (b2i.equals("") || !b2i.chars().allMatch(c -> "0123.".indexOf(c) > -1) || b2i.chars().filter(c -> c == '.').count() > 1) {
throw new RuntimeException("Invalid Base 2i number");
}
this.b2i = b2i;
}
public Complex toComplex() {
int pointPos = b2i.indexOf(".");
int posLen = pointPos != -1 ? pointPos : b2i.length();
Complex sum = new Complex(0, 0);
Complex prod = new Complex(1, 0);
for (int j = 0; j < posLen; ++j) {
double k = b2i.charAt(posLen - 1 - j) - '0';
if (k > 0.0) sum = sum.add(prod.times(k));
prod = prod.times(TWOI);
}
if (pointPos != -1) {
prod = INVTWOI;
for (int j = posLen + 1; j < b2i.length(); ++j) {
double k = b2i.charAt(j) - '0';
if (k > 0.0) sum = sum.add(prod.times(k));
prod = prod.times(INVTWOI);
}
}
return sum;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return b2i;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String fmt = "%4s -> %8s -> %4s";
for (int i = 1; i <= 16; ++i) {
Complex c1 = new Complex(i, 0);
QuaterImaginary qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary();
Complex c2 = qi.toComplex();
System.out.printf(fmt + " ", c1, qi, c2);
c1 = c2.unaryMinus();
qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary();
c2 = qi.toComplex();
System.out.printf(fmt, c1, qi, c2);
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println();
for (int i = 1; i <= 16; ++i) {
Complex c1 = new Complex(0, i);
QuaterImaginary qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary();
Complex c2 = qi.toComplex();
System.out.printf(fmt + " ", c1, qi, c2);
c1 = c2.unaryMinus();
qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary();
c2 = qi.toComplex();
System.out.printf(fmt, c1, qi, c2);
System.out.println();
}
}
}</lang>
- Output:
1 -> 1 -> 1 -1 -> 103 -> -1 2 -> 2 -> 2 -2 -> 102 -> -2 3 -> 3 -> 3 -3 -> 101 -> -3 4 -> 10300 -> 4 -4 -> 100 -> -4 5 -> 10301 -> 5 -5 -> 203 -> -5 6 -> 10302 -> 6 -6 -> 202 -> -6 7 -> 10303 -> 7 -7 -> 201 -> -7 8 -> 10200 -> 8 -8 -> 200 -> -8 9 -> 10201 -> 9 -9 -> 303 -> -9 10 -> 10202 -> 10 -10 -> 302 -> -10 11 -> 10203 -> 11 -11 -> 301 -> -11 12 -> 10100 -> 12 -12 -> 300 -> -12 13 -> 10101 -> 13 -13 -> 1030003 -> -13 14 -> 10102 -> 14 -14 -> 1030002 -> -14 15 -> 10103 -> 15 -15 -> 1030001 -> -15 16 -> 10000 -> 16 -16 -> 1030000 -> -16 1i -> 10.2 -> 1i 1i -> 0.2 -> 1i 2i -> 10.0 -> 2i 2i -> 1030.0 -> 2i 3i -> 20.2 -> 3i 3i -> 1030.2 -> 3i 4i -> 20.0 -> 4i 4i -> 1020.0 -> 4i 5i -> 30.2 -> 5i 5i -> 1020.2 -> 5i 6i -> 30.0 -> 6i 6i -> 1010.0 -> 6i 7i -> 103000.2 -> 7i 7i -> 1010.2 -> 7i 8i -> 103000.0 -> 8i 8i -> 1000.0 -> 8i 9i -> 103010.2 -> 9i 9i -> 1000.2 -> 9i 10i -> 103010.0 -> 10i 10i -> 2030.0 -> 10i 11i -> 103020.2 -> 11i 11i -> 2030.2 -> 11i 12i -> 103020.0 -> 12i 12i -> 2020.0 -> 12i 13i -> 103030.2 -> 13i 13i -> 2020.2 -> 13i 14i -> 103030.0 -> 14i 14i -> 2010.0 -> 14i 15i -> 102000.2 -> 15i 15i -> 2010.2 -> 15i 16i -> 102000.0 -> 16i 16i -> 2000.0 -> 16i
Julia
<lang julia>import Base.show, Base.parse, Base.+, Base.-, Base.*, Base./, Base.^
function inbase4(charvec::Vector)
if (!all(x -> x in ['-', '0', '1', '2', '3', '.'], charvec)) ||
((x = findlast(x -> x == '-', charvec)) != nothing && x > findfirst(x -> x != '-', charvec)) ||
((x = findall(x -> x == '.', charvec)) != nothing && length(x) > 1)
return false
end
true
end inbase4(s::String) = inbase4(split(s, ""))
abstract type ImaginaryBaseNumber <: Number end
struct QuaterImaginary <: ImaginaryBaseNumber
cvector::Vector{Char}
isnegative::Bool
end
function QuaterImaginary(charvec::Vector{Char})
isneg = false
if !inbase4(charvec)
throw("Constructor vector for QuaterImaginary ($charvec) is not base 2i")
elseif (i = length(findall(x -> x == '-', charvec))) > 0
isneg = (-1) ^ i == -1
end
while length(charvec) > 1 && charvec[1] == '0' && charvec[2] != '.'
popfirst!(charvec)
end
if (i = findfirst(x -> x == '.', charvec)) != nothing
while length(charvec) > 3 && charvec[end] == '0' && charvec[end-1] != '.'
pop!(charvec)
end
end
if charvec[1] == '.'
pushfirst!(charvec, '0')
end
if charvec[end] == '.'
pop!(charvec)
end
QuaterImaginary(filter!(x -> x in ['0', '1', '2', '3', '.'], charvec), isneg)
end
function QuaterImaginary(s::String = "0")
if match(r"^-?[0123\.]+$", s) == nothing
throw("String constructor argument <$s> for QuaterImaginary is not base 2i")
end
QuaterImaginary([s[i] for i in 1:length(s)])
end
show(io::IO, qim::QuaterImaginary) = print(io, qim.isnegative ? "-" : "", join(qim.cvector, ""))
function parse(QuaterImaginary, x::Complex)
sb = Vector{Char}()
rea, ima = Int(floor(real(x))), Int(floor(imag(x)))
if floor(real(x)) != rea || floor(imag(x)) != ima
throw("Non-integer real and complex portions of complex numbers are not supported for QuaterImaginary")
elseif rea == 0 == ima
return QuaterImaginary(['0'])
else
fi = -1
while rea != 0
rea, rem = divrem(rea, -4)
if rem < 0
rem += 4
rea += 1
end
push!(sb, Char(rem + '0'), '0')
end
if ima != 0
f = real((ima * im)/(2im))
ima = Int(ceil(f))
f = -4.0 * (f - ima)
idx = 1
while ima != 0
ima, rem = divrem(ima, -4)
if rem < 0
rem += 4
ima += 1
end
if idx < length(sb)
sb[idx + 1] = Char(rem + '0')
else
push!(sb, '0', Char(rem + '0'))
end
idx += 2
end
fi = Int(floor(f))
end
sb = reverse(sb)
if fi != -1
push!(sb, '.')
append!(sb, map(x -> x[1], split(string(fi), "")))
end
end
QuaterImaginary(sb)
end
function parse(Complex, qim::QuaterImaginary)
pointpos = ((x = indexin('.', qim.cvector))[1] == nothing) ? -1 : x[1]
poslen = (pointpos != -1) ? pointpos : length(qim.cvector) + 1
qsum = 0.0 + 0.0im
prod = 1.0 + 0.0im
for j in 1:poslen-1
k = Float64(qim.cvector[poslen - j] - '0')
if k > 0.0
qsum += prod * k
end
prod *= 2im
end
if pointpos != -1
prod = inv(2im)
for j in poslen+1:length(qim.cvector)
k = Float64(qim.cvector[j] - '0')
if k > 0.0
qsum += prod * k
end
prod *= inv(2im)
end
end
qsum
end
function testquim()
function printcqc(c)
q = parse(QuaterImaginary, Complex(c))
c2 = parse(Complex, q)
if imag(c2) == 0
c2 = Int(c2)
end
print(lpad(c, 10), " -> ", lpad(q, 10), " -> ", lpad(c2, 12))
end
for i in 1:16
printcqc(i)
print(" ")
printcqc(-i)
println()
end
println()
for i in 1:16
c1 = Complex(0, i)
printcqc(c1)
print(" ")
printcqc(-c1)
println()
end
end
QuaterImaginary(c::Complex) = parse(QuaterImaginary, c) Complex(q::QuaterImaginary) = parse(Complex, q)
+(q1::QuaterImaginary, q2::QuaterImaginary) = QuaterImaginary(Complex(q1) + Complex(q2)) +(q1::Complex, q2::QuaterImaginary) = q1 + Complex(q2) +(q1::QuaterImaginary, q2::Complex) = Complex(q1) + q2 -(q1::QuaterImaginary, q2::QuaterImaginary) = QuaterImaginary(Complex(q1) - Complex(q2)) -(q1::Complex, q2::QuaterImaginary) = q1 - Complex(q2) -(q1::QuaterImaginary, q2::Complex) = Complex(q1) - q2
- (q1::QuaterImaginary, q2::QuaterImaginary) = QuaterImaginary(Complex(q1) * Complex(q2))
- (q1::Complex, q2::QuaterImaginary) = q1 * Complex(q2)
- (q1::QuaterImaginary, q2::Complex) = Complex(q1) * q2
/(q1::QuaterImaginary, q2::QuaterImaginary) = QuaterImaginary(Complex(q1) / Complex(q2)) /(q1::Complex, q2::QuaterImaginary) = q1 / Complex(q2) /(q1::QuaterImaginary, q2::Complex) = Complex(q1) / q2 ^(q1::QuaterImaginary, q2::QuaterImaginary) = QuaterImaginary(Complex(q1) ^ Complex(q2)) ^(q1::Complex, q2::QuaterImaginary) = q1 ^ Complex(q2) ^(q1::QuaterImaginary, q2::Complex) = Complex(q1) ^ q2
testquim()
</lang>
- Output:
1 -> 1 -> 1 -1 -> 103 -> -1 2 -> 2 -> 2 -2 -> 102 -> -2 3 -> 3 -> 3 -3 -> 101 -> -3 4 -> 10300 -> 4 -4 -> 100 -> -4 5 -> 10301 -> 5 -5 -> 203 -> -5 6 -> 10302 -> 6 -6 -> 202 -> -6 7 -> 10303 -> 7 -7 -> 201 -> -7 8 -> 10200 -> 8 -8 -> 200 -> -8 9 -> 10201 -> 9 -9 -> 303 -> -9 10 -> 10202 -> 10 -10 -> 302 -> -10 11 -> 10203 -> 11 -11 -> 301 -> -11 12 -> 10100 -> 12 -12 -> 300 -> -12 13 -> 10101 -> 13 -13 -> 1030003 -> -13 14 -> 10102 -> 14 -14 -> 1030002 -> -14 15 -> 10103 -> 15 -15 -> 1030001 -> -15 16 -> 10000 -> 16 -16 -> 1030000 -> -160 + 1im -> 10.2 -> 0.0 + 1.0im 0 - 1im -> 0.2 -> 0.0 - 1.0im 0 + 2im -> 10.0 -> 0.0 + 2.0im 0 - 2im -> 1030.0 -> 0.0 - 2.0im 0 + 3im -> 20.2 -> 0.0 + 3.0im 0 - 3im -> 1030.2 -> 0.0 - 3.0im 0 + 4im -> 20.0 -> 0.0 + 4.0im 0 - 4im -> 1020.0 -> 0.0 - 4.0im 0 + 5im -> 30.2 -> 0.0 + 5.0im 0 - 5im -> 1020.2 -> 0.0 - 5.0im 0 + 6im -> 30.0 -> 0.0 + 6.0im 0 - 6im -> 1010.0 -> 0.0 - 6.0im 0 + 7im -> 103000.2 -> 0.0 + 7.0im 0 - 7im -> 1010.2 -> 0.0 - 7.0im 0 + 8im -> 103000.0 -> 0.0 + 8.0im 0 - 8im -> 1000.0 -> 0.0 - 8.0im 0 + 9im -> 103010.2 -> 0.0 + 9.0im 0 - 9im -> 1000.2 -> 0.0 - 9.0im 0 + 10im -> 103010.0 -> 0.0 + 10.0im 0 - 10im -> 2030.0 -> 0.0 - 10.0im 0 + 11im -> 103020.2 -> 0.0 + 11.0im 0 - 11im -> 2030.2 -> 0.0 - 11.0im 0 + 12im -> 103020.0 -> 0.0 + 12.0im 0 - 12im -> 2020.0 -> 0.0 - 12.0im 0 + 13im -> 103030.2 -> 0.0 + 13.0im 0 - 13im -> 2020.2 -> 0.0 - 13.0im 0 + 14im -> 103030.0 -> 0.0 + 14.0im 0 - 14im -> 2010.0 -> 0.0 - 14.0im 0 + 15im -> 102000.2 -> 0.0 + 15.0im 0 - 15im -> 2010.2 -> 0.0 - 15.0im 0 + 16im -> 102000.0 -> 0.0 + 16.0im 0 - 16im -> 2000.0 -> 0.0 - 16.0im
Kotlin
The following deals with conversions to and from quater-imaginary only.
As the JDK lacks a complex number class, I've included a very basic one in the program. <lang scala>// version 1.2.10
import kotlin.math.ceil
class Complex(val real: Double, val imag: Double) {
constructor(r: Int, i: Int) : this(r.toDouble(), i.toDouble())
operator fun plus(other: Complex) = Complex(real + other.real, imag + other.imag)
operator fun times(other: Complex) = Complex(
real * other.real - imag * other.imag,
real * other.imag + imag * other.real
)
operator fun times(other: Double) = Complex(real * other, imag * other)
fun inv(): Complex {
val denom = real * real + imag * imag
return Complex(real / denom, -imag / denom)
}
operator fun unaryMinus() = Complex(-real, -imag)
operator fun minus(other: Complex) = this + (-other)
operator fun div(other: Complex) = this * other.inv()
// only works properly if 'real' and 'imag' are both integral
fun toQuaterImaginary(): QuaterImaginary {
if (real == 0.0 && imag == 0.0) return QuaterImaginary("0")
var re = real.toInt()
var im = imag.toInt()
var fi = -1
val sb = StringBuilder()
while (re != 0) {
var rem = re % -4
re /= -4
if (rem < 0) {
rem = 4 + rem
re++
}
sb.append(rem)
sb.append(0)
}
if (im != 0) {
var f = (Complex(0.0, imag) / Complex(0.0, 2.0)).real
im = ceil(f).toInt()
f = -4.0 * (f - im.toDouble())
var index = 1
while (im != 0) {
var rem = im % -4
im /= -4
if (rem < 0) {
rem = 4 + rem
im++
}
if (index < sb.length) {
sb[index] = (rem + 48).toChar()
}
else {
sb.append(0)
sb.append(rem)
}
index += 2
}
fi = f.toInt()
}
sb.reverse()
if (fi != -1) sb.append(".$fi")
var s = sb.toString().trimStart('0')
if (s.startsWith(".")) s = "0$s"
return QuaterImaginary(s)
}
override fun toString(): String {
val real2 = if (real == -0.0) 0.0 else real // get rid of negative zero
val imag2 = if (imag == -0.0) 0.0 else imag // ditto
var result = if (imag2 >= 0.0) "$real2 + ${imag2}i" else "$real2 - ${-imag2}i"
result = result.replace(".0 ", " ").replace(".0i", "i").replace(" + 0i", "")
if (result.startsWith("0 + ")) result = result.drop(4)
if (result.startsWith("0 - ")) result = "-" + result.drop(4)
return result
}
}
class QuaterImaginary(val b2i: String) {
init {
if (b2i == "" || !b2i.all { it in "0123." } || b2i.count { it == '.'} > 1 )
throw RuntimeException("Invalid Base 2i number")
}
fun toComplex(): Complex {
val pointPos = b2i.indexOf(".")
var posLen = if (pointPos != -1) pointPos else b2i.length
var sum = Complex(0.0, 0.0)
var prod = Complex(1.0, 0.0)
for (j in 0 until posLen) {
val k = (b2i[posLen - 1 - j] - '0').toDouble()
if (k > 0.0) sum += prod * k
prod *= twoI
}
if (pointPos != -1) {
prod = invTwoI
for (j in posLen + 1 until b2i.length) {
val k = (b2i[j] - '0').toDouble()
if (k > 0.0) sum += prod * k
prod *= invTwoI
}
}
return sum
}
override fun toString() = b2i
companion object {
val twoI = Complex(0.0, 2.0)
val invTwoI = twoI.inv()
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val fmt = "%4s -> %8s -> %4s"
for (i in 1..16) {
var c1 = Complex(i, 0)
var qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary()
var c2 = qi.toComplex()
print("$fmt ".format(c1, qi, c2))
c1 = -c1
qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary()
c2 = qi.toComplex()
println(fmt.format(c1, qi, c2))
}
println()
for (i in 1..16) {
var c1 = Complex(0, i)
var qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary()
var c2 = qi.toComplex()
print("$fmt ".format(c1, qi, c2))
c1 = -c1
qi = c1.toQuaterImaginary()
c2 = qi.toComplex()
println(fmt.format(c1, qi, c2))
}
}</lang>
- Output:
1 -> 1 -> 1 -1 -> 103 -> -1 2 -> 2 -> 2 -2 -> 102 -> -2 3 -> 3 -> 3 -3 -> 101 -> -3 4 -> 10300 -> 4 -4 -> 100 -> -4 5 -> 10301 -> 5 -5 -> 203 -> -5 6 -> 10302 -> 6 -6 -> 202 -> -6 7 -> 10303 -> 7 -7 -> 201 -> -7 8 -> 10200 -> 8 -8 -> 200 -> -8 9 -> 10201 -> 9 -9 -> 303 -> -9 10 -> 10202 -> 10 -10 -> 302 -> -10 11 -> 10203 -> 11 -11 -> 301 -> -11 12 -> 10100 -> 12 -12 -> 300 -> -12 13 -> 10101 -> 13 -13 -> 1030003 -> -13 14 -> 10102 -> 14 -14 -> 1030002 -> -14 15 -> 10103 -> 15 -15 -> 1030001 -> -15 16 -> 10000 -> 16 -16 -> 1030000 -> -16 1i -> 10.2 -> 1i -1i -> 0.2 -> -1i 2i -> 10.0 -> 2i -2i -> 1030.0 -> -2i 3i -> 20.2 -> 3i -3i -> 1030.2 -> -3i 4i -> 20.0 -> 4i -4i -> 1020.0 -> -4i 5i -> 30.2 -> 5i -5i -> 1020.2 -> -5i 6i -> 30.0 -> 6i -6i -> 1010.0 -> -6i 7i -> 103000.2 -> 7i -7i -> 1010.2 -> -7i 8i -> 103000.0 -> 8i -8i -> 1000.0 -> -8i 9i -> 103010.2 -> 9i -9i -> 1000.2 -> -9i 10i -> 103010.0 -> 10i -10i -> 2030.0 -> -10i 11i -> 103020.2 -> 11i -11i -> 2030.2 -> -11i 12i -> 103020.0 -> 12i -12i -> 2020.0 -> -12i 13i -> 103030.2 -> 13i -13i -> 2020.2 -> -13i 14i -> 103030.0 -> 14i -14i -> 2010.0 -> -14i 15i -> 102000.2 -> 15i -15i -> 2010.2 -> -15i 16i -> 102000.0 -> 16i -16i -> 2000.0 -> -16i
Modula-2
<lang modula2>MODULE ImaginaryBase; FROM FormatString IMPORT FormatString; FROM RealMath IMPORT round; FROM Terminal IMPORT WriteString,WriteLn,ReadChar;
(* Helper *) TYPE
String = ARRAY[0..10] OF CHAR;
StringBuilder = RECORD
buf : String;
ptr : CARDINAL;
END;
PROCEDURE ToChar(n : INTEGER) : CHAR; BEGIN
CASE n OF
0 : RETURN '0' |
1 : RETURN '1' |
2 : RETURN '2' |
3 : RETURN '3' |
4 : RETURN '4' |
5 : RETURN '5' |
6 : RETURN '6' |
7 : RETURN '7' |
8 : RETURN '8' |
9 : RETURN '9'
ELSE
RETURN '-'
END
END ToChar;
PROCEDURE AppendChar(VAR sb : StringBuilder; c : CHAR); BEGIN
sb.buf[sb.ptr] := c; INC(sb.ptr); sb.buf[sb.ptr] := 0C
END AppendChar;
PROCEDURE AppendInt(VAR sb : StringBuilder; n : INTEGER); BEGIN
sb.buf[sb.ptr] := ToChar(n); INC(sb.ptr); sb.buf[sb.ptr] := 0C
END AppendInt;
PROCEDURE Ceil(r : REAL) : REAL; VAR t : REAL; BEGIN
t := FLOAT(INT(r));
IF r - t > 0.0 THEN
t := t + 1.0
END;
RETURN t
END Ceil;
PROCEDURE Modulus(q,d : INTEGER) : INTEGER; VAR t : INTEGER; BEGIN
t := q / d; RETURN q - d * t
END Modulus;
PROCEDURE PrependInt(VAR sb : StringBuilder; n : INTEGER); VAR i : CARDINAL; BEGIN
i := sb.ptr;
INC(sb.ptr);
sb.buf[sb.ptr] := 0C;
WHILE i > 0 DO
sb.buf[i] := sb.buf[i-1];
DEC(i)
END;
sb.buf[0] := ToChar(n)
END PrependInt;
PROCEDURE Reverse(VAR str : String); VAR
i,j : CARDINAL; c : CHAR;
BEGIN
IF str[0] = 0C THEN RETURN END;
i := 0;
WHILE str[i] # 0C DO INC(i) END;
DEC(i);
j := 0;
WHILE i > j DO
c := str[i];
str[i] := str[j];
str[j] := c;
DEC(i);
INC(j)
END
END Reverse;
PROCEDURE TrimStart(VAR str : String; c : CHAR); VAR i : CARDINAL; BEGIN
WHILE str[0] = c DO
i := 0;
WHILE str[i] # 0C DO
str[i] := str[i+1];
INC(i)
END
END
END TrimStart;
PROCEDURE WriteInteger(n : INTEGER); VAR buf : ARRAY[0..15] OF CHAR; BEGIN
FormatString("%i", buf, n);
WriteString(buf)
END WriteInteger;
(* Imaginary *) TYPE
Complex = RECORD
real,imag : REAL;
END;
QuaterImaginary = RECORD
b2i : String;
END;
PROCEDURE ComplexMul(lhs,rhs : Complex) : Complex; BEGIN
RETURN Complex{
rhs.real * lhs.real - rhs.imag * lhs.imag,
rhs.real * lhs.imag + rhs.imag * lhs.real
}
END ComplexMul;
PROCEDURE ComplexMulR(lhs : Complex; rhs : REAL) : Complex; BEGIN
RETURN Complex{lhs.real * rhs, lhs.imag * rhs}
END ComplexMulR;
PROCEDURE ComplexInv(c : Complex) : Complex; VAR denom : REAL; BEGIN
denom := c.real * c.real + c.imag * c.imag;
RETURN Complex{c.real / denom, -c.imag / denom}
END ComplexInv;
PROCEDURE ComplexDiv(lhs,rhs : Complex) : Complex; BEGIN
RETURN ComplexMul(lhs, ComplexInv(rhs))
END ComplexDiv;
PROCEDURE ComplexNeg(c : Complex) : Complex; BEGIN
RETURN Complex{-c.real, -c.imag}
END ComplexNeg;
PROCEDURE ComplexSum(lhs,rhs : Complex) : Complex; BEGIN
RETURN Complex{lhs.real + rhs.real, lhs.imag + rhs.imag}
END ComplexSum;
PROCEDURE WriteComplex(c : Complex); VAR buf : ARRAY[0..15] OF CHAR; BEGIN
IF c.imag = 0.0 THEN
WriteInteger(INT(c.real))
ELSIF c.real = 0.0 THEN
WriteInteger(INT(c.imag));
WriteString("i")
ELSIF c.imag > 0.0 THEN
WriteInteger(INT(c.real));
WriteString(" + ");
WriteInteger(INT(c.imag));
WriteString("i")
ELSE
WriteInteger(INT(c.real));
WriteString(" - ");
WriteInteger(INT(-c.imag));
WriteString("i")
END
END WriteComplex;
PROCEDURE ToQuaterImaginary(c : Complex) : QuaterImaginary; VAR
re,im,fi,rem,index : INTEGER; f : REAL; t : Complex; sb : StringBuilder;
BEGIN
IF (c.real = 0.0) AND (c.imag = 0.0) THEN RETURN QuaterImaginary{"0"} END;
re := INT(c.real);
im := INT(c.imag);
fi := -1;
sb := StringBuilder{"", 0};
WHILE re # 0 DO
rem := Modulus(re, -4);
re := re / (-4);
IF rem < 0 THEN
rem := 4 + rem;
INC(re)
END;
AppendInt(sb, rem);
AppendInt(sb, 0)
END;
IF im # 0 THEN
t := ComplexDiv(Complex{0.0, c.imag}, Complex{0.0, 2.0});
f := t.real;
im := INT(Ceil(f));
f := -4.0 * (f - FLOAT(im));
index := 1;
WHILE im # 0 DO
rem := Modulus(im, -4);
im := im / (-4);
IF rem < 0 THEN
rem := 4 + rem;
INC(im)
END;
IF index < INT(sb.ptr) THEN
sb.buf[index] := ToChar(rem)
ELSE
AppendInt(sb, 0);
AppendInt(sb, rem)
END;
index := index + 2;
END;
fi := INT(f)
END;
Reverse(sb.buf);
IF fi # -1 THEN
AppendChar(sb, '.');
AppendInt(sb, fi)
END;
TrimStart(sb.buf, '0');
IF sb.buf[0] = '.' THEN
PrependInt(sb, 0)
END;
RETURN QuaterImaginary{sb.buf}
END ToQuaterImaginary;
PROCEDURE ToComplex(qi : QuaterImaginary) : Complex; VAR
j,pointPos,posLen,b2iLen : INTEGER; k : REAL; sum,prod : Complex;
BEGIN
pointPos := 0;
WHILE (qi.b2i[pointPos] # 0C) AND (qi.b2i[pointPos] # '.') DO
INC(pointPos)
END;
IF qi.b2i[pointPos] # '.' THEN
pointPos := -1;
posLen := 0;
WHILE qi.b2i[posLen] # 0C DO
INC(posLen)
END
ELSE
posLen := pointPos
END;
sum := Complex{0.0, 0.0};
prod := Complex{1.0, 0.0};
FOR j:=0 TO posLen - 1 DO
k := FLOAT(ORD(qi.b2i[posLen - 1 - j]) - ORD('0'));
IF k > 0.0 THEN
sum := ComplexSum(sum, ComplexMulR(prod, k))
END;
prod := ComplexMul(prod, Complex{0.0, 2.0})
END;
IF pointPos # -1 THEN
prod := ComplexInv(Complex{0.0, 2.0});
b2iLen := 0;
WHILE qi.b2i[b2iLen] # 0C DO INC(b2iLen) END;
FOR j:=posLen + 1 TO b2iLen - 1 DO
k := FLOAT(ORD(qi.b2i[j]) - ORD('0'));
IF k > 0.0 THEN
sum := ComplexSum(sum, ComplexMulR(prod, k))
END;
prod := ComplexMul(prod, ComplexInv(Complex{0.0, 2.0}))
END
END;
RETURN sum
END ToComplex;
(* Main *) VAR
c1,c2 : Complex; qi : QuaterImaginary; i : INTEGER;
BEGIN
FOR i:=1 TO 16 DO
c1 := Complex{FLOAT(i), 0.0};
WriteComplex(c1);
WriteString(" -> ");
qi := ToQuaterImaginary(c1);
WriteString(qi.b2i);
WriteString(" -> ");
c2 := ToComplex(qi);
WriteComplex(c2);
WriteString(" ");
c1 := ComplexNeg(c1);
WriteComplex(c1);
WriteString(" -> ");
qi := ToQuaterImaginary(c1);
WriteString(qi.b2i);
WriteString(" -> ");
c2 := ToComplex(qi);
WriteComplex(c2);
WriteLn
END;
WriteLn;
FOR i:=1 TO 16 DO
c1 := Complex{0.0, FLOAT(i)};
WriteComplex(c1);
WriteString(" -> ");
qi := ToQuaterImaginary(c1);
WriteString(qi.b2i);
WriteString(" -> ");
c2 := ToComplex(qi);
WriteComplex(c2);
WriteString(" ");
c1 := ComplexNeg(c1);
WriteComplex(c1);
WriteString(" -> ");
qi := ToQuaterImaginary(c1);
WriteString(qi.b2i);
WriteString(" -> ");
c2 := ToComplex(qi);
WriteComplex(c2);
WriteLn
END;
ReadChar
END ImaginaryBase.</lang>
- Output:
1 -> 1 -> 1 -1 -> 103 -> -1 2 -> 2 -> 2 -2 -> 102 -> -2 3 -> 3 -> 3 -3 -> 101 -> -3 4 -> 10300 -> 4 -4 -> 100 -> -4 5 -> 10301 -> 5 -5 -> 203 -> -5 6 -> 10302 -> 6 -6 -> 202 -> -6 7 -> 10303 -> 7 -7 -> 201 -> -7 8 -> 10200 -> 8 -8 -> 200 -> -8 9 -> 10201 -> 9 -9 -> 303 -> -9 10 -> 10202 -> 10 -10 -> 302 -> -10 11 -> 10203 -> 11 -11 -> 301 -> -11 12 -> 10100 -> 12 -12 -> 300 -> -12 13 -> 10101 -> 13 -13 -> 1030003 -> -13 14 -> 10102 -> 14 -14 -> 1030002 -> -14 15 -> 10103 -> 15 -15 -> 1030001 -> -15 16 -> 10000 -> 16 -16 -> 1030000 -> -16 1i -> 10.2 -> 1i -1i -> 0.2 -> -1i 2i -> 10.0 -> 2i -2i -> 1030.0 -> -2i 3i -> 20.2 -> 3i -3i -> 1030.2 -> -3i 4i -> 20.0 -> 4i -4i -> 1020.0 -> -4i 5i -> 30.2 -> 5i -5i -> 1020.2 -> -5i 6i -> 30.0 -> 6i -6i -> 1010.0 -> -6i 7i -> 103000.2 -> 7i -7i -> 1010.2 -> -7i 8i -> 103000.0 -> 8i -8i -> 1000.0 -> -8i 9i -> 103010.2 -> 9i -9i -> 1000.2 -> -9i 10i -> 103010.0 -> 10i -10i -> 2030.0 -> -10i 11i -> 103020.2 -> 11i -11i -> 2030.2 -> -11i 12i -> 103020.0 -> 12i -12i -> 2020.0 -> -12i 13i -> 103030.2 -> 13i -13i -> 2020.2 -> -13i 14i -> 103030.0 -> 14i -14i -> 2010.0 -> -14i 15i -> 102000.2 -> 15i -15i -> 2010.2 -> -15i 16i -> 102000.0 -> 16i -16i -> 2000.0 -> -16i
Perl
<lang perl>use strict; use warnings; use feature 'say';
use Math::Complex; use List::AllUtils qw(sum mesh); use ntheory qw<todigitstring fromdigits>;
sub zip {
my($a,$b) = @_;
my($la, $lb) = (length $a, length $b);
my $l = '0' x abs $la - $lb;
$a .= $l if $la < $lb;
$b .= $l if $lb < $la;
(join(, mesh(@{[split(,$a),]}, @{[split(,$b),]})) =~ s/0+$//r) or 0;
}
sub base_i {
my($num,$radix,$precision) = @_; die unless $radix > -37 and $radix < -1; return '0' unless $num; my $value = $num; my $result = ; my $place = 0; my $upper_bound = 1 / (-$radix + 1); my $lower_bound = $radix * $upper_bound;
$value = $num / $radix ** ++$place until $lower_bound <= $value and $value < $upper_bound;
while (($value or $place > 0) and $place > $precision) {
my $digit = int $radix * $value - $lower_bound;
$value = $radix * $value - $digit;
$result .= '.' unless $place or not index($result, '.');
$result .= $digit == -$radix ? todigitstring($digit-1, -$radix) . '0' : (todigitstring($digit, -$radix) or '0');
$place--;
}
$result
}
sub base_c {
my($num, $radix, $precision) = @_;
die "Base $radix out of range" unless
(-6 <= $radix->Im or $radix->Im <= -2) or (2 <= $radix->Im or $radix->Im <= 6);
my ($re,$im);
defined $num->Im ? ($re, $im) = ($num->Re, $num->Im) : $re = $num;
my ($re_wh, $re_fr) = split /\./, base_i( $re, -1 * int($radix->Im**2), $precision);
my ($im_wh, $im_fr) = split /\./, base_i( ($im/($radix->Im)), -1 * int($radix->Im**2), $precision);
$_ //= for $re_fr, $im_fr;
my $whole = join , reverse split , zip join(, reverse split , $re_wh), join(, reverse split , $im_wh); my $fraction = zip $im_fr, $re_fr; $fraction eq 0 ? "$whole" : "$whole.$fraction"
}
sub parse_base {
my($str, $radix) = @_;
return -1 * parse_base( substr($str,1), $radix) if substr($str,0,1) eq '-';
my($whole, $frac) = split /\./, $str;
my $fraction = 0;
my $k = 0;
$fraction = sum map { (fromdigits($_, int $radix->Im**2) || 0) * $radix ** -($k++ +1) } split , $frac
if $frac;
$k = 0;
$fraction + sum map { (fromdigits($_, int $radix->Im**2) || 0) * $radix ** $k++ } reverse split , $whole;
}
for (
[ 0*i, 2*i], [1+0*i, 2*i], [5+0*i, 2*i], [ -13+0*i, 2*i], [ 9*i, 2*i], [ -3*i, 2*i], [7.75-7.5*i, 2*i], [0.25+0*i, 2*i], [5+5*i, 2*i], [5+5*i, 3*i], [5+5*i, 4*i], [5+5*i, 5*i], [5+5*i, 6*i], [5+5*i, -2*i], [5+5*i, -3*i], [5+5*i, -4*i], [5+5*i, -5*i], [5+5*i, -6*i]
) {
my($v,$r) = @$_;
my $ibase = base_c($v, $r, -6);
my $rt = cplx parse_base($ibase, $r);
$rt->display_format('format' => '%.2f');
printf "base(%3s): %10s => %9s => %13s\n", $r, $v, $ibase, $rt;
}
say ; say 'base( 6i): 31432.6219135802-2898.5266203704*i => ' .
base_c(31432.6219135802-2898.5266203704*i, 0+6*i, -3);</lang>
- Output:
base( 2i): 0 => 0 => 0 base( 2i): 1 => 1 => 1.00 base( 2i): 5 => 10301 => 5.00-0.00i base( 2i): -13 => 1030003 => -13.00+0.00i base( 2i): 9i => 103010.2 => 0.00+9.00i base( 2i): -3i => 1030.2 => -0.00-3.00i base( 2i): 7.75-7.5i => 11210.31 => 7.75-7.50i base( 2i): 0.25 => 1.03 => 0.25-0.00i base( 2i): 5+5i => 10331.2 => 5.00+5.00i base( 3i): 5+5i => 25.3 => 5.00+5.00i base( 4i): 5+5i => 25.c => 5.00+5.00i base( 5i): 5+5i => 15 => 5.00+5.00i base( 6i): 5+5i => 15.6 => 5.00+5.00i base(-2i): 5+5i => 11321.2 => 5.00+5.00i base(-3i): 5+5i => 1085.6 => 5.00+5.00i base(-4i): 5+5i => 10f5.4 => 5.00+5.00i base(-5i): 5+5i => 10o5 => 5.00+5.00i base(-6i): 5+5i => 5.u => 5.00+5.00i base( 6i): 31432.6219135802-2898.5266203704*i => perl5.4ever
Phix
<lang Phix>include complex.e
function base2(atom num, integer radix, precision = -8)
if radix<-36 or radix>-2 then throw("radix out of range (-2..-36)") end if
sequence result
if num=0 then
result = {"0",""}
else
integer place = 0
result = ""
atom v = num
atom upper_bound = 1/(1-radix),
lower_bound = radix*upper_bound
while not(lower_bound <= v) or not(v < upper_bound) do
place += 1
v = num/power(radix,place)
end while
while (v or place > 0) and (place > precision) do
integer digit = floor(radix*v - lower_bound)
v = (radix*v - digit)
if place=0 and not find('.',result) then result &= '.' end if
result &= digit+iff(digit>9?'a'-10:'0')
place -= 1
end while
integer dot = find('.',result)
if dot then
result = trim_tail(result,'0')
result = {result[1..dot-1],result[dot+1..$]}
else
result = {result,""}
end if
end if
return result
end function
function zip(string a, string b)
integer ld = length(a)-length(b)
if ld!=0 then
if ld>0 then
b &= repeat('0',ld)
else
a &= repeat('0',abs(ld))
end if
end if
string res = ""
for i=1 to length(a) do
res &= a[i]&b[i]
end for
res = trim_tail(res,'0')
if res="" then res = "0" end if
return res
end function
function base(complexn num, integer radix, precision = -8)
integer absrad = abs(radix),
radix2 = -power(radix,2)
if absrad<2 or absrad>6 then throw("base radix out of range") end if
atom {re, im} = {complex_real(num), complex_imag(num)}
string {re_wh, re_fr} = base2(re, radix2, precision),
{im_wh, im_fr} = base2(im/radix, radix2, precision)
string whole = reverse(zip(reverse(re_wh), reverse(im_wh))),
fraction = zip(im_fr, re_fr)
if fraction!="0" then whole &= '.'&fraction end if
return whole
end function
function parse_base(string str, integer radix)
complexn fraction = 0
integer dot = find('.',str)
if dot then
string fr = str[dot+1..$]
for i=1 to length(fr) do
integer c = fr[i]
c -= iff(c>='a'?'a'-10:'0')
fraction = complex_add(fraction,complex_mul(c,complex_power({0,radix},-i)))
end for
str = str[1..dot-1]
end if
str = reverse(str)
for i=1 to length(str) do
integer c = str[i]
c -= iff(c>='a'?'a'-10:'0')
fraction = complex_add(fraction,complex_mul(c,complex_power({0,radix},(i-1))))
end for
return fraction
end function
constant tests = {{0,2},{1,2},{5,2},{-13,2},{{0,9},2},{{0,-3},2},{{7.75,-7.5}, 2},{.25, 2}, -- base 2i tests
{{5,5}, 2},{{5,5}, 3},{{5,5}, 4},{{5,5}, 5},{{5,5}, 6}, -- same value, positive imaginary bases
{{5,5},-2},{{5,5},-3},{{5,5},-4},{{5,5},-5},{{5,5},-6}, -- same value, negative imaginary bases
{{227.65625,10.859375},4}, -- larger test value
{{-579.8225308641975744,-5296.406378600824},6}} -- phix.rules
-- matches output of Sidef and Raku: for t=1 to length(tests) do
{complexn v, integer r} = tests[t]
string ibase = base(v,r),
strv = complex_sprint(v),
strb = complex_sprint(parse_base(ibase, r))
printf(1,"base(%20s, %2di) = %-10s : parse_base(%12s, %2di) = %s\n",
{strv, r, ibase, '"'&ibase&'"', r, strb})
end for
-- matches output of Kotlin, Java, Go, D, and C#: for ri=1 to 2 do -- real then imag
for i=1 to 16 do
complexn c = iff(ri=1?i:{0,i}),
nc = complex_neg(c)
string sc = complex_sprint(c),
snc = complex_sprint(nc),
ib = base(c,2),
inb = base(nc,2),
rc = complex_sprint(parse_base(ib,2)),
rnc = complex_sprint(parse_base(inb,2))
printf(1,"%4s -> %8s -> %4s %4s -> %8s -> %4s\n",
{sc, ib, rc, snc, inb, rnc })
end for
puts(1,"\n")
end for</lang>
- Output:
Matches the output of Sidef and Raku, except for the final line:
base( -579.823-5296.41i, 6i) = phix.rules : parse_base("phix.rules", 6i) = -579.823-5296.41i
Also matches the output of Kotlin, Java, Go, D, and C#, except the even entries in the second half, eg:
2i -> 10 -> 2i -2i -> 1030 -> -2i
instead of
2i -> 10.0 -> 2i -2i -> 1030.0 -> -2i
ie the unnecessary trailing ".0" are trimmed. (see talk page)
Python
<lang python>import math import re
def inv(c):
denom = c.real * c.real + c.imag * c.imag return complex(c.real / denom, -c.imag / denom)
class QuaterImaginary:
twoI = complex(0, 2) invTwoI = inv(twoI)
def __init__(self, str):
if not re.match("^[0123.]+$", str) or str.count('.') > 1:
raise Exception('Invalid base 2i number')
self.b2i = str
def toComplex(self):
pointPos = self.b2i.find('.')
posLen = len(self.b2i) if (pointPos < 0) else pointPos
sum = complex(0, 0)
prod = complex(1, 0)
for j in xrange(0, posLen):
k = int(self.b2i[posLen - 1 - j])
if k > 0:
sum += prod * k
prod *= QuaterImaginary.twoI
if pointPos != -1:
prod = QuaterImaginary.invTwoI
for j in xrange(posLen + 1, len(self.b2i)):
k = int(self.b2i[j])
if k > 0:
sum += prod * k
prod *= QuaterImaginary.invTwoI
return sum
def __str__(self):
return str(self.b2i)
def toQuaterImaginary(c):
if c.real == 0.0 and c.imag == 0.0:
return QuaterImaginary("0")
re = int(c.real)
im = int(c.imag)
fi = -1
ss = ""
while re != 0:
re, rem = divmod(re, -4)
if rem < 0:
rem += 4
re += 1
ss += str(rem) + '0'
if im != 0:
f = c.imag / 2
im = int(math.ceil(f))
f = -4 * (f - im)
index = 1
while im != 0:
im, rem = divmod(im, -4)
if rem < 0:
rem += 4
im += 1
if index < len(ss):
ss[index] = str(rem)
else:
ss += '0' + str(rem)
index = index + 2
fi = int(f)
ss = ss[::-1]
if fi != -1:
ss += '.' + str(fi)
ss = ss.lstrip('0')
if ss[0] == '.':
ss = '0' + ss
return QuaterImaginary(ss)
for i in xrange(1,17):
c1 = complex(i, 0)
qi = toQuaterImaginary(c1)
c2 = qi.toComplex()
print "{0:8} -> {1:>8} -> {2:8} ".format(c1, qi, c2),
c1 = -c1
qi = toQuaterImaginary(c1)
c2 = qi.toComplex()
print "{0:8} -> {1:>8} -> {2:8}".format(c1, qi, c2)
for i in xrange(1,17):
c1 = complex(0, i)
qi = toQuaterImaginary(c1)
c2 = qi.toComplex()
print "{0:8} -> {1:>8} -> {2:8} ".format(c1, qi, c2),
c1 = -c1
qi = toQuaterImaginary(c1)
c2 = qi.toComplex()
print "{0:8} -> {1:>8} -> {2:8}".format(c1, qi, c2)
print "done" </lang>
- Output:
(1+0j) -> 1 -> (1+0j) (-1-0j) -> 103 -> (-1+0j)
(2+0j) -> 2 -> (2+0j) (-2-0j) -> 102 -> (-2+0j)
(3+0j) -> 3 -> (3+0j) (-3-0j) -> 101 -> (-3+0j)
(4+0j) -> 10300 -> (4+0j) (-4-0j) -> 100 -> (-4+0j)
(5+0j) -> 10301 -> (5+0j) (-5-0j) -> 203 -> (-5+0j)
(6+0j) -> 10302 -> (6+0j) (-6-0j) -> 202 -> (-6+0j)
(7+0j) -> 10303 -> (7+0j) (-7-0j) -> 201 -> (-7+0j)
(8+0j) -> 10200 -> (8+0j) (-8-0j) -> 200 -> (-8+0j)
(9+0j) -> 10201 -> (9+0j) (-9-0j) -> 303 -> (-9+0j)
(10+0j) -> 10202 -> (10+0j) (-10-0j) -> 302 -> (-10+0j)
(11+0j) -> 10203 -> (11+0j) (-11-0j) -> 301 -> (-11+0j)
(12+0j) -> 10100 -> (12+0j) (-12-0j) -> 300 -> (-12+0j)
(13+0j) -> 10101 -> (13+0j) (-13-0j) -> 1030003 -> (-13+0j)
(14+0j) -> 10102 -> (14+0j) (-14-0j) -> 1030002 -> (-14+0j)
(15+0j) -> 10103 -> (15+0j) (-15-0j) -> 1030001 -> (-15+0j)
(16+0j) -> 10000 -> (16+0j) (-16-0j) -> 1030000 -> (-16+0j)
1j -> 10.2 -> 1j (-0-1j) -> 0.2 -> -1j
2j -> 10.0 -> 2j (-0-2j) -> 1030.0 -> -2j
3j -> 20.2 -> 3j (-0-3j) -> 1030.2 -> -3j
4j -> 20.0 -> 4j (-0-4j) -> 1020.0 -> -4j
5j -> 30.2 -> 5j (-0-5j) -> 1020.2 -> -5j
6j -> 30.0 -> 6j (-0-6j) -> 1010.0 -> -6j
7j -> 103000.2 -> 7j (-0-7j) -> 1010.2 -> -7j
8j -> 103000.0 -> 8j (-0-8j) -> 1000.0 -> -8j
9j -> 103010.2 -> 9j (-0-9j) -> 1000.2 -> -9j
10j -> 103010.0 -> 10j (-0-10j) -> 2030.0 -> -10j
11j -> 103020.2 -> 11j (-0-11j) -> 2030.2 -> -11j
12j -> 103020.0 -> 12j (-0-12j) -> 2020.0 -> -12j
13j -> 103030.2 -> 13j (-0-13j) -> 2020.2 -> -13j
14j -> 103030.0 -> 14j (-0-14j) -> 2010.0 -> -14j
15j -> 102000.2 -> 15j (-0-15j) -> 2010.2 -> -15j
16j -> 102000.0 -> 16j (-0-16j) -> 2000.0 -> -16j
done
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
Explicit
These are generalized imaginary-base conversion routines. They only work for imaginary bases, not complex. (Any real portion of the radix must be zero.) Theoretically they could be made to work for any imaginary base; in practice, they are limited to integer bases from -6i to -2i and 2i to 6i. Bases -1i and 1i exist but require special handling and are not supported. Bases larger than 6i (or -6i) require digits outside of base 36 to express them, so aren't as standardized, are implementation dependent and are not supported. Note that imaginary number coefficients are stored as floating point numbers in Raku so some rounding error may creep in during calculations. The precision these conversion routines use is configurable; we are using 6 decimal, um... radicimal(?) places of precision here.
Implements minimum, extra kudos and stretch goals.
<lang perl6>multi sub base ( Real $num, Int $radix where -37 < * < -1, :$precision = -15 ) {
return '0' unless $num; my $value = $num; my $result = ; my $place = 0; my $upper-bound = 1 / (-$radix + 1); my $lower-bound = $radix * $upper-bound;
$value = $num / $radix ** ++$place until $lower-bound <= $value < $upper-bound;
while ($value or $place > 0) and $place > $precision {
my $digit = ($radix * $value - $lower-bound).Int;
$value = $radix * $value - $digit;
$result ~= '.' unless $place or $result.contains: '.';
$result ~= $digit == -$radix ?? ($digit-1).base(-$radix)~'0' !! $digit.base(-$radix);
$place--
}
$result
}
multi sub base (Numeric $num, Complex $radix where *.re == 0, :$precision = -8 ) {
die "Base $radix out of range" unless -6 <= $radix.im <= -2 or 2 <= $radix.im <= 6; my ($re, $im) = $num.Complex.reals; my ($re-wh, $re-fr) = $re.&base( -$radix.im².Int, :precision($precision) ).split: '.'; my ($im-wh, $im-fr) = ($im/$radix.im).&base( -$radix.im².Int, :precision($precision) ).split: '.'; $_ //= for $re-fr, $im-fr;
sub zip (Str $a, Str $b) {
my $l = '0' x ($a.chars - $b.chars).abs;
([~] flat ($a~$l).comb Z flat ($b~$l).comb).subst(/ '0'+ $ /, ) || '0'
}
my $whole = flip zip $re-wh.flip, $im-wh.flip; my $fraction = zip $im-fr, $re-fr; $fraction eq 0 ?? "$whole" !! "$whole.$fraction"
}
multi sub parse-base (Str $str, Complex $radix where *.re == 0) {
return -1 * $str.substr(1).&parse-base($radix) if $str.substr(0,1) eq '-';
my ($whole, $frac) = $str.split: '.';
my $fraction = 0;
$fraction = [+] $frac.comb.kv.map: { $^v.parse-base($radix.im².Int) * $radix ** -($^k+1) } if $frac;
$fraction + [+] $whole.flip.comb.kv.map: { $^v.parse-base($radix.im².Int) * $radix ** $^k }
}
- TESTING
for 0, 2i, 1, 2i, 5, 2i, -13, 2i, 9i, 2i, -3i, 2i, 7.75-7.5i, 2i, .25, 2i, # base 2i tests
5+5i, 2i, 5+5i, 3i, 5+5i, 4i, 5+5i, 5i, 5+5i, 6i, # same value, positive imaginary bases
5+5i, -2i, 5+5i, -3i, 5+5i, -4i, 5+5i, -5i, 5+5i, -6i, # same value, negative imaginary bases
227.65625+10.859375i, 4i, # larger test value
31433.3487654321-2902.4480452675i, 6i # heh
-> $v, $r {
my $ibase = $v.&base($r, :precision(-6)); printf "%33s.&base\(%2si\) = %-11s : %13s.&parse-base\(%2si\) = %s\n",
$v, $r.im, $ibase, "'$ibase'", $r.im, $ibase.&parse-base($r).round(1e-10).narrow;
}</lang>
- Output:
0.&base( 2i) = 0 : '0'.&parse-base( 2i) = 0
1.&base( 2i) = 1 : '1'.&parse-base( 2i) = 1
5.&base( 2i) = 10301 : '10301'.&parse-base( 2i) = 5
-13.&base( 2i) = 1030003 : '1030003'.&parse-base( 2i) = -13
0+9i.&base( 2i) = 103010.2 : '103010.2'.&parse-base( 2i) = 0+9i
-0-3i.&base( 2i) = 1030.2 : '1030.2'.&parse-base( 2i) = 0-3i
7.75-7.5i.&base( 2i) = 11210.31 : '11210.31'.&parse-base( 2i) = 7.75-7.5i
0.25.&base( 2i) = 1.03 : '1.03'.&parse-base( 2i) = 0.25
5+5i.&base( 2i) = 10331.2 : '10331.2'.&parse-base( 2i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&base( 3i) = 25.3 : '25.3'.&parse-base( 3i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&base( 4i) = 25.C : '25.C'.&parse-base( 4i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&base( 5i) = 15 : '15'.&parse-base( 5i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&base( 6i) = 15.6 : '15.6'.&parse-base( 6i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&base(-2i) = 11321.2 : '11321.2'.&parse-base(-2i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&base(-3i) = 1085.6 : '1085.6'.&parse-base(-3i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&base(-4i) = 10F5.4 : '10F5.4'.&parse-base(-4i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&base(-5i) = 10O5 : '10O5'.&parse-base(-5i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&base(-6i) = 5.U : '5.U'.&parse-base(-6i) = 5+5i
227.65625+10.859375i.&base( 4i) = 10234.5678 : '10234.5678'.&parse-base( 4i) = 227.65625+10.859375i
31433.3487654321-2902.4480452675i.&base( 6i) = PERL6.ROCKS : 'PERL6.ROCKS'.&parse-base( 6i) = 31433.3487654321-2902.4480452675i
Module
Using the module Base::Any from the Raku ecosystem.
Does everything the explicit version does but also handles a much larger range of imaginary bases.
Doing pretty much the same tests as the explicit version.
<lang perl6>use Base::Any;
- TESTING
for 0, 2i, 1, 2i, 5, 2i, -13, 2i, 9i, 2i, -3i, 2i, 7.75-7.5i, 2i, .25, 2i, # base 2i tests
5+5i, 2i, 5+5i, 3i, 5+5i, 4i, 5+5i, 5i, 5+5i, 6i, # same value, positive imaginary bases
5+5i, -2i, 5+5i, -3i, 5+5i, -4i, 5+5i, -5i, 5+5i, -6i, # same value, negative imaginary bases
227.65625+10.859375i, 4i, # larger test value
31433.3487654321-2902.4480452675i, 6i, # heh
-3544.29+26541.468i, -10i
-> $v, $r {
my $ibase = $v.&to-base($r, :precision(-6));
printf "%33s.&to-base\(%3si\) = %-11s : %13s.&from-base\(%3si\) = %s\n",
$v, $r.im, $ibase, "'$ibase'", $r.im, $ibase.&from-base($r).round(1e-10).narrow;
}</lang>
- Output:
0.&to-base( 2i) = 0 : '0'.&from-base( 2i) = 0
1.&to-base( 2i) = 1 : '1'.&from-base( 2i) = 1
5.&to-base( 2i) = 10301 : '10301'.&from-base( 2i) = 5
-13.&to-base( 2i) = 1030003 : '1030003'.&from-base( 2i) = -13
0+9i.&to-base( 2i) = 103010.2 : '103010.2'.&from-base( 2i) = 0+9i
-0-3i.&to-base( 2i) = 1030.2 : '1030.2'.&from-base( 2i) = 0-3i
7.75-7.5i.&to-base( 2i) = 11210.31 : '11210.31'.&from-base( 2i) = 7.75-7.5i
0.25.&to-base( 2i) = 1.03 : '1.03'.&from-base( 2i) = 0.25
5+5i.&to-base( 2i) = 10331.2 : '10331.2'.&from-base( 2i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&to-base( 3i) = 25.3 : '25.3'.&from-base( 3i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&to-base( 4i) = 25.C : '25.C'.&from-base( 4i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&to-base( 5i) = 15 : '15'.&from-base( 5i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&to-base( 6i) = 15.6 : '15.6'.&from-base( 6i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&to-base( -2i) = 11321.2 : '11321.2'.&from-base( -2i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&to-base( -3i) = 1085.6 : '1085.6'.&from-base( -3i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&to-base( -4i) = 10F5.4 : '10F5.4'.&from-base( -4i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&to-base( -5i) = 10O5 : '10O5'.&from-base( -5i) = 5+5i
5+5i.&to-base( -6i) = 5.U : '5.U'.&from-base( -6i) = 5+5i
227.65625+10.859375i.&to-base( 4i) = 10234.5678 : '10234.5678'.&from-base( 4i) = 227.65625+10.859375i
31433.3487654321-2902.4480452675i.&to-base( 6i) = PERL6.ROCKS : 'PERL6.ROCKS'.&from-base( 6i) = 31433.3487654321-2902.4480452675i
-3544.29+26541.468i.&to-base(-10i) = Raku.FTW : 'Raku.FTW'.&from-base(-10i) = -3544.29+26541.468i
Sidef
<lang ruby>func base (Number num, Number radix { _ ~~ (-36 .. -2) }, precision = -15) -> String {
num || return '0'
var place = 0 var result = var value = num var upper_bound = 1/(-radix + 1) var lower_bound = radix*upper_bound
while (!(lower_bound <= value) || !(value < upper_bound)) {
value = num/(radix**++place)
}
while ((value || (place > 0)) && (place > precision)) {
var digit = (radix*value - lower_bound -> int)
value = (radix*value - digit)
result += '.' if (!place && !result.contains('.'))
result += ((digit == -radix) ? (digit-1 -> base(-radix) + '0') : digit.base(-radix))
place--
}
return result
}
func base (Number num, Number radix { .re == 0 }, precision = -8) -> String {
(radix.im.abs ~~ 2..6) || die "Base #{radix} out of range"
var (re, im) = (num.re, num.im)
var (re_wh, re_fr=) = base(re, -radix.im**2, precision).split('.')...
var (im_wh, im_fr=) = base(im/radix.im, -radix.im**2, precision).split('.')...
func zip (String a, String b) {
var l = ('0' * abs(a.len - b.len))
chars(a+l) ~Z chars(b+l) -> flat.join.sub(/0+\z/, ) || '0'
}
var whole = zip(re_wh.flip, im_wh.flip).flip
var fraction = zip(im_fr, re_fr)
fraction == '0' ? whole : "#{whole}.#{fraction}"
}
func parse_base (String str, Number radix { .re == 0 }) -> Number {
if (str.char(0) == '-') {
return (-1 * parse_base(str.substr(1), radix))
}
var (whole, frac=) = str.split('.')...
var fraction = frac.chars.map_kv {|k,v|
Number(v, radix.im**2) * radix**-(k+1)
}.sum
fraction += whole.flip.chars.map_kv {|k,v|
Number(v, radix.im**2) * radix**k
}.sum
return fraction
}
var tests = [0, 2i, 1, 2i, 5, 2i, -13, 2i, 9i, 2i, -3i, 2i, 7.75-7.5i, 2i, .25, 2i, # base 2i tests
5+5i, 2i, 5+5i, 3i, 5+5i, 4i, 5+5i, 5i, 5+5i, 6i, # same value, positive imaginary bases 5+5i, -2i, 5+5i, -3i, 5+5i, -4i, 5+5i, -5i, 5+5i, -6i, # same value, negative imaginary bases 227.65625+10.859375i, 4i] # larger test value
tests.each_slice(2, {|v,r|
var ibase = base(v, r)
printf("base(%20s, %2si) = %-10s : parse_base(%12s, %2si) = %s\n",
v, r.im, ibase, "'#{ibase}'", r.im, parse_base(ibase, r).round(-8))
})</lang>
- Output:
base( 0, 2i) = 0 : parse_base( '0', 2i) = 0
base( 1, 2i) = 1 : parse_base( '1', 2i) = 1
base( 5, 2i) = 10301 : parse_base( '10301', 2i) = 5
base( -13, 2i) = 1030003 : parse_base( '1030003', 2i) = -13
base( 9i, 2i) = 103010.2 : parse_base( '103010.2', 2i) = 9i
base( -3i, 2i) = 1030.2 : parse_base( '1030.2', 2i) = -3i
base( 7.75-7.5i, 2i) = 11210.31 : parse_base( '11210.31', 2i) = 7.75-7.5i
base( 0.25, 2i) = 1.03 : parse_base( '1.03', 2i) = 0.25
base( 5+5i, 2i) = 10331.2 : parse_base( '10331.2', 2i) = 5+5i
base( 5+5i, 3i) = 25.3 : parse_base( '25.3', 3i) = 5+5i
base( 5+5i, 4i) = 25.c : parse_base( '25.c', 4i) = 5+5i
base( 5+5i, 5i) = 15 : parse_base( '15', 5i) = 5+5i
base( 5+5i, 6i) = 15.6 : parse_base( '15.6', 6i) = 5+5i
base( 5+5i, -2i) = 11321.2 : parse_base( '11321.2', -2i) = 5+5i
base( 5+5i, -3i) = 1085.6 : parse_base( '1085.6', -3i) = 5+5i
base( 5+5i, -4i) = 10f5.4 : parse_base( '10f5.4', -4i) = 5+5i
base( 5+5i, -5i) = 10o5 : parse_base( '10o5', -5i) = 5+5i
base( 5+5i, -6i) = 5.u : parse_base( '5.u', -6i) = 5+5i
base(227.65625+10.859375i, 4i) = 10234.5678 : parse_base('10234.5678', 4i) = 227.65625+10.859375i
Visual Basic .NET
<lang vbnet>Imports System.Text
Module Module1
Class Complex : Implements IFormattable
Private ReadOnly real As Double
Private ReadOnly imag As Double
Public Sub New(r As Double, i As Double)
real = r
imag = i
End Sub
Public Sub New(r As Integer, i As Integer)
real = r
imag = i
End Sub
Public Function Inv() As Complex
Dim denom = real * real + imag * imag
Return New Complex(real / denom, -imag / denom)
End Function
Public Shared Operator -(self As Complex) As Complex
Return New Complex(-self.real, -self.imag)
End Operator
Public Shared Operator +(lhs As Complex, rhs As Complex) As Complex
Return New Complex(lhs.real + rhs.real, lhs.imag + rhs.imag)
End Operator
Public Shared Operator -(lhs As Complex, rhs As Complex) As Complex
Return New Complex(lhs.real - rhs.real, lhs.imag - rhs.imag)
End Operator
Public Shared Operator *(lhs As Complex, rhs As Complex) As Complex
Return New Complex(lhs.real * rhs.real - lhs.imag * rhs.imag, lhs.real * rhs.imag + lhs.imag * rhs.real)
End Operator
Public Shared Operator /(lhs As Complex, rhs As Complex) As Complex
Return lhs * rhs.Inv
End Operator
Public Shared Operator *(lhs As Complex, rhs As Double) As Complex
Return New Complex(lhs.real * rhs, lhs.imag * rhs)
End Operator
Public Function ToQuaterImaginary() As QuaterImaginary
If real = 0.0 AndAlso imag = 0.0 Then
Return New QuaterImaginary("0")
End If
Dim re = CType(real, Integer)
Dim im = CType(imag, Integer)
Dim fi = -1
Dim sb As New StringBuilder
While re <> 0
Dim rm = re Mod -4
re \= -4
If rm < 0 Then
rm += 4
re += 1
End If
sb.Append(rm)
sb.Append(0)
End While
If im <> 0 Then
Dim f = (New Complex(0.0, imag) / New Complex(0.0, 2.0)).real
im = Math.Ceiling(f)
f = -4.0 * (f - im)
Dim index = 1
While im <> 0
Dim rm = im Mod -4
im \= -4
If rm < 0 Then
rm += 4
im += 1
End If
If index < sb.Length Then
sb(index) = Chr(rm + 48)
Else
sb.Append(0)
sb.Append(rm)
End If
index += 2
End While
fi = f
End If
Dim reverse As New String(sb.ToString().Reverse().ToArray())
sb.Length = 0
sb.Append(reverse)
If fi <> -1 Then
sb.AppendFormat(".{0}", fi)
End If
Dim s = sb.ToString().TrimStart("0")
If s(0) = "." Then
s = "0" + s
End If
Return New QuaterImaginary(s)
End Function
Public Overloads Function ToString() As String
Dim r2 = If(real = -0.0, 0.0, real) 'get rid of negative zero
Dim i2 = If(imag = -0.0, 0.0, imag) 'ditto
If i2 = 0.0 Then
Return String.Format("{0}", r2)
End If
If r2 = 0.0 Then
Return String.Format("{0}i", i2)
End If
If i2 > 0.0 Then
Return String.Format("{0} + {1}i", r2, i2)
End If
Return String.Format("{0} - {1}i", r2, -i2)
End Function
Public Overloads Function ToString(format As String, formatProvider As IFormatProvider) As String Implements IFormattable.ToString
Return ToString()
End Function
End Class
Class QuaterImaginary
Private Shared ReadOnly twoI = New Complex(0.0, 2.0)
Private Shared ReadOnly invTwoI = twoI.Inv()
Private ReadOnly b2i As String
Public Sub New(b2i As String)
If b2i = "" OrElse Not b2i.All(Function(c) "0123.".IndexOf(c) > -1) OrElse b2i.Count(Function(c) c = ".") > 1 Then
Throw New Exception("Invalid Base 2i number")
End If
Me.b2i = b2i
End Sub
Public Function ToComplex() As Complex
Dim pointPos = b2i.IndexOf(".")
Dim posLen = If(pointPos <> -1, pointPos, b2i.Length)
Dim sum = New Complex(0.0, 0.0)
Dim prod = New Complex(1.0, 0.0)
For j = 0 To posLen - 1
Dim k = Asc(b2i(posLen - 1 - j)) - Asc("0")
If k > 0.0 Then
sum += prod * k
End If
prod *= twoI
Next
If pointPos <> -1 Then
prod = invTwoI
For j = posLen + 1 To b2i.Length - 1
Dim k = Asc(b2i(j)) - Asc("0")
If k > 0.0 Then
sum += prod * k
End If
prod *= invTwoI
Next
End If
Return sum
End Function
Public Overrides Function ToString() As String
Return b2i
End Function
End Class
Sub Main()
For i = 1 To 16
Dim c1 As New Complex(i, 0)
Dim qi = c1.ToQuaterImaginary()
Dim c2 = qi.ToComplex()
Console.Write("{0,4} -> {1,8} -> {2,4} ", c1, qi, c2)
c1 = -c1
qi = c1.ToQuaterImaginary()
c2 = qi.ToComplex()
Console.WriteLine("{0,4} -> {1,8} -> {2,4}", c1, qi, c2)
Next
Console.WriteLine()
For i = 1 To 16
Dim c1 As New Complex(0, i)
Dim qi = c1.ToQuaterImaginary()
Dim c2 = qi.ToComplex()
Console.Write("{0,4} -> {1,8} -> {2,4} ", c1, qi, c2)
c1 = -c1
qi = c1.ToQuaterImaginary()
c2 = qi.ToComplex()
Console.WriteLine("{0,4} -> {1,8} -> {2,4}", c1, qi, c2)
Next
End Sub
End Module</lang>
- Output:
1 -> 1 -> 1 -1 -> 103 -> -1 2 -> 2 -> 2 -2 -> 102 -> -2 3 -> 3 -> 3 -3 -> 101 -> -3 4 -> 10300 -> 4 -4 -> 100 -> -4 5 -> 10301 -> 5 -5 -> 203 -> -5 6 -> 10302 -> 6 -6 -> 202 -> -6 7 -> 10303 -> 7 -7 -> 201 -> -7 8 -> 10200 -> 8 -8 -> 200 -> -8 9 -> 10201 -> 9 -9 -> 303 -> -9 10 -> 10202 -> 10 -10 -> 302 -> -10 11 -> 10203 -> 11 -11 -> 301 -> -11 12 -> 10100 -> 12 -12 -> 300 -> -12 13 -> 10101 -> 13 -13 -> 1030003 -> -13 14 -> 10102 -> 14 -14 -> 1030002 -> -14 15 -> 10103 -> 15 -15 -> 1030001 -> -15 16 -> 10000 -> 16 -16 -> 1030000 -> -16 1i -> 10.2 -> 1i -1i -> 0.2 -> -1i 2i -> 10.0 -> 2i -2i -> 1030.0 -> -2i 3i -> 20.2 -> 3i -3i -> 1030.2 -> -3i 4i -> 20.0 -> 4i -4i -> 1020.0 -> -4i 5i -> 30.2 -> 5i -5i -> 1020.2 -> -5i 6i -> 30.0 -> 6i -6i -> 1010.0 -> -6i 7i -> 103000.2 -> 7i -7i -> 1010.2 -> -7i 8i -> 103000.0 -> 8i -8i -> 1000.0 -> -8i 9i -> 103010.2 -> 9i -9i -> 1000.2 -> -9i 10i -> 103010.0 -> 10i -10i -> 2030.0 -> -10i 11i -> 103020.2 -> 11i -11i -> 2030.2 -> -11i 12i -> 103020.0 -> 12i -12i -> 2020.0 -> -12i 13i -> 103030.2 -> 13i -13i -> 2020.2 -> -13i 14i -> 103030.0 -> 14i -14i -> 2010.0 -> -14i 15i -> 102000.2 -> 15i -15i -> 2010.2 -> -15i 16i -> 102000.0 -> 16i -16i -> 2000.0 -> -16i