Generalised floating point addition: Difference between revisions

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'''See also:''' [[Generalised floating point multiplication#ALGOL 68|Generalised floating point multiplication]]
 
'''File: Template.Big_float.Addition.a68''' - task code<langsyntaxhighlight lang="algol68">########################################
# Define the basic addition operators #
# for the generalised base #
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out # EXIT #
FI
);</langsyntaxhighlight>'''File: Template.Big_float.Base.a68''' - task utility code<langsyntaxhighlight lang="algol68"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*- #
################################################
# Define the basic operators and routines for #
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# re anchor the array with a shift #
OP SHL = (DIGITS in, INT shl)DIGITS: in[@MSD in-shl];
OP SHR = (DIGITS in, INT shr)DIGITS: in[@MSD in+shr];</langsyntaxhighlight>'''File: Template.Big_float_BCD.Base.a68 - test case code'''<langsyntaxhighlight lang="algol68">################################################
# Define the basic operators and routines for #
# manipulating DIGITS specific to a BCD base #
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out
FI
);</langsyntaxhighlight>'''File: Template.Big_float.Subtraction.a68''' - bonus subtraction definitions<langsyntaxhighlight lang="algol68">OP - = (DIGITS arg)DIGITS: (
DIGITS out := arg;
FOR digit FROM LSD arg BY digit order OF arithmetic TO MSD arg DO
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OP - = (DIGITS a, DIGIT b)DIGITS: a - INITDIGITS b;
OP - = (DIGIT a, DIGITS b)DIGITS: INITDIGITS a - a;
OP -:= = (REF DIGITS lhs, DIGIT arg)DIGITS: lhs := lhs - arg;</langsyntaxhighlight>'''File: test.Big_float_BCD.Addition.a68''' - test case code main program<langsyntaxhighlight lang="algol68">#!/usr/local/bin/a68g --script #
 
##################################################################
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printf(($g$, REPR total, $" => "b("Passed","Failed")"!"$, LSD total = MSD total, $l$))
OD
)</langsyntaxhighlight>'''Output:'''
<pre style="height:15ex;overflow:scroll">
12345679e63 x 81 gives: 999999999e63, Plus 1e63 gives: 1e72 => Passed!
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=={{header|Go}}==
Although the big.Float type already has a 'Mul' method, we re-implement it by repeated application of the 'Add' method.
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="go">package main
 
import (
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e -= 9
}
}</langsyntaxhighlight>
 
{{out}}
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Given
 
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="j">e=: 2 : 0
u * 10x ^ v
)</langsyntaxhighlight>
 
In other words, given a parse time word (<code>e</code>) which combines its two arguments as numbers, multiplying the number on its left by the exact exponent of 10 given on the right, I can do:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> 1 e 63 + 12345679 e 63 * 81
1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1 e 54 + 12345679012345679 e 54 * 81
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1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1 e 36 + 12345679012345679012345679012345679x e 36 * 81
1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</langsyntaxhighlight>
 
As usual, if the results seem mysterious, it can be helpful to examine intermediate results. For example:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> 1 e 36 ,: 12345679012345679012345679012345679x e 36 * 81
1000000000000000000000000000000000000
999999999999999999999999999999999999000000000000000000000000000000000000</langsyntaxhighlight>
 
So, ok, let's turn this into a sequence:
 
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="j">factor=: [: +/ [: 12345679 e ] _9 * 1 + i.&.(+&8)
adjust=: 1 e (_9&*)</langsyntaxhighlight>
 
Here we show some examples of what these words mean:
 
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="j"> factor _4 NB. this is the number we multiply by 81
12345679012345679012345679012345679000000000000000000000000000000000000
factor _3
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1000000000000000000000000000000000000
adjust _3
1000000000000000000000000000</langsyntaxhighlight>
 
Given these words:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="j">
<lang j>
_7+i.29 NB. these are the sequence elements we are going to generate
_7 _6 _5 _4 _3 _2 _1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
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29
~.(adju + 81 * factor)&> _7+i.29 NB. here we see that they are all the same number
1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</langsyntaxhighlight>
 
Note that <code>~. list</code> returns the unique elements from that list.
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Java provides a <code>BigDecimal</code> class that supports robust arbitrary precision calculations. That class is demonstrated using the computations required in this task.
 
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="java">
import java.math.BigDecimal;
 
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}
</syntaxhighlight>
</lang>
 
{{out}}
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=={{header|Julia}}==
Julia implements arbitary precision intergers and floating point numbers in its base function.
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="julia">
@assert(big"12345679e63" * BigFloat(81) + big"1e63" == big"1.0e+72")
@assert(big"12345679012345679e54" * BigFloat(81) + big"1e54" == big"1.0e+72")
@assert(big"12345679012345679012345679e45" * BigFloat(81) + big"1e45" == big"1.0e+72")
@assert(big"12345679012345679012345679012345679e36" * BigFloat(81) + big"1e36" == big"1.0e+72")
</syntaxhighlight>
</lang>
All assertions pass.
 
 
=={{header|Kotlin}}==
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Although the BigDecimal type supports multiplication, I've used repeated addition here to be more in tune with the spirit of the task.
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="scala">// version 1.2.10
 
import java.math.BigDecimal
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e -= 9
}
}</langsyntaxhighlight>
 
{{out}}
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=={{header|Perl}}==
Calculations done in decimal, prints 'Y' for each successful test.
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="perl">use strict;
use warnings;
use Math::Decimal qw(dec_add dec_mul_pow10);
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printf "$n:%s ", 10**72 == $sum ? 'Y' : 'N';
$e -= 9;
}</langsyntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>-7:Y -6:Y -5:Y -4:Y -3:Y -2:Y -1:Y 0:Y 1:Y 2:Y 3:Y 4:Y 5:Y 6:Y 7:Y 8:Y 9:Y 10:Y 11:Y 12:Y 13:Y 14:Y 15:Y 16:Y 17:Y 18:Y 19:Y 20:Y 21:Y
</pre>
 
=={{header|Perl 6}}==
As long as all values are kept as rationals (type <code>Rat</code>) calculations are done full precision.
<lang perl6>my $e = 63;
for -7..21 -> $n {
my $num = '12345679' ~ '012345679' x ($n+7);
my $sum = $_ + ($num * $_) * 81 given $e > -20 ?? 10**$e !! Rat.new(1,10**abs $e);
printf "$n:%s ", 10**72 == $sum ?? 'Y' !! 'N';
$e -= 9;
}</lang>
{{out}}
<pre>-7:Y -6:Y -5:Y -4:Y -3:Y -2:Y -1:Y 0:Y 1:Y 2:Y 3:Y 4:Y 5:Y 6:Y 7:Y 8:Y 9:Y 10:Y 11:Y 12:Y 13:Y 14:Y 15:Y 16:Y 17:Y 18:Y 19:Y 20:Y 21:Y
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===bigatom===
Note this is decimal-only, and that mpfr.e does not really cope because it cannot hold decimal fractions exactly (though it could probably be fudged with a smidgen of rounding)
<!--<syntaxhighlight lang="phix">(phixonline)-->
<lang Phix>include bigatom.e
<span style="color: #008080;">include</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bigatom</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">.</span><span style="color: #000000;">e</span>
{} = ba_scale(200)
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{}</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ba_scale</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">200</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
 
string s = "12345679",
<span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">s</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"12345679"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
t = "123456790"
<span style="color: #000000;">t</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"123456790"</span>
integer e = 63
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">e</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">63</span>
for n = -7 to 21 do
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">n</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">7</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">21</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
bigatom bd = ba_new(sprintf("%se%d",{s,e})),
<span style="color: #000000;">bigatom</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bd</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ba_new</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">sprintf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"%se%d"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">s</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">e</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})),</span>
e1 = ba_new(sprintf("1e%d",e)),
<span style="color: #000000;">e1</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ba_new</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">sprintf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"1e%d"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">e</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)),</span>
res = ba_add(ba_mul(bd,81),e1)
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ba_add</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ba_mul</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">bd</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">81</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">e1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
-- res = ba_mul(bd,81)
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- res = ba_mul(bd,81)</span>
printf(1,"%2d : %s\n",{n,ba_sprintf("%.eB",res)})
<span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"%2d : %s\n"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">ba_sprintf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"%.eB"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)})</span>
-- printf(1,"%2d : %s\n",{n,ba_sprintf("%B",res)})
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- printf(1,"%2d : %s\n",{n,ba_sprintf("%B",res)})</span>
s = t & s
<span style="color: #000000;">s</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">t</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&</span> <span style="color: #000000;">s</span>
e -= 9
<span style="color: #000000;">e</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">9</span>
end for</lang>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<!--</syntaxhighlight>-->
{{out|Output (trimmed)}}
(Use the %B format to better see the difference between adding and not adding e1.)
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=== any base ===
Uses b_add() and b_mul() from [[Generalised_floating_point_multiplication#Phix]]
<!--<syntaxhighlight lang="phix">(phixonline)-->
<lang Phix>-- demo\rosetta\Generic_addition.exw
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">--
function normalise_decimal(string a)
-- demo\rosetta\Generic_addition.exw
--
-- =================================
-- eg "12.34e-3" ==> "0.01234"
--
-- and "1e2" ==> "100"
-- https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Generalised_floating_point_addition#Phix
--
--
integer d = find('.',a),
-- Uses b_add() and b_mul() from Generic_multiplication</span>
e = find('e',a)
<span style="color: #008080;">with</span> <span style="color: #008080;">trace</span>
if e then
integer {{z}} = scanf(a[e+1..$],"%d")
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">--&lt;next 210 lines copied from Generic_multiplication.exw&gt;</span>
a = a[1..e-1]
<span style="color: #008080;">constant</span> <span style="color: #000000;">decimal</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"0123456789"</span>
if d then
-- eg 12.34e-3 == 1234e-5
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">negate</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
a[d..d] = ""
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">--
z -= length(a)-d+1
-- negate b (can be balanced or unbalanced)
end if
--</span>
if z>=0 then
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
-- eg 1e2 ==> 100
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- traditional: add/remove a leading '-'
a &= repeat('0',z)
-- eg "-123" &lt;==&gt; "123"</span>
elsif z<-length(a) then
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">!=</span><span style="color: #008000;">"0"</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
-- eg 1234e-5 ==> 0.01234
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'-'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
a = "0."&repeat('0',-z-length(a))&a
<span style="color: #000000;">b</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..$]</span>
else
-- eg<span 1234e-3style="color: ==#008080;">else</span> 1.234
<span style="color: #000000;">b</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"-"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">&</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span>
a[z..z-1] = "."
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
end if
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
end if
<span style="color: #008080;">else</span>
return a
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- balanced: mirror [non-0] digits
end function
-- eg "-0+" (ie -8) &lt;==&gt; "+0-" (ie +8)</span>
 
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
function e_notation(string a)
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]!=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
-- eg "1000000" ==> "1e6"
<span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[-</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)]</span>
if find('.',a) then ?9/0 end if -- (to do)
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
integer l = length(a)
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
a = trim_tail(a,".0")
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
l -= length(a)
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span>
if l!=0 then
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
a &=sprintf("e%d",l)
end if
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_trim</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
return a
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (common code)
end function
-- trim trailing ".000"</span>
 
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
string s = "12345679",
<span style="color: #000000;">b</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">trim_tail</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">trim_tail</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
t = "123456790"
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
integer e = 63
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- trim leading zeroes, but not "0.nnn" -&gt; ".nnn"
for n = -7 to 21 do
-- [hence we cannot use the standard trim_head()]</span>
string bd = normalise_decimal(sprintf("%se%d",{s,e})),
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)></span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]!=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
e1 = normalise_decimal(sprintf("1e%d",e)),
<span style="color: #000000;">b</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..$]</span>
res = b_add(b_mul(bd,"81",decimal),e1,decimal)
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
printf(1,"%2d res : %s\n",{n,e_notation(res)})
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #008000;">""</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #008000;">"0"</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
s = t & s
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span>
e -= 9
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
end for</lang>
<span style="color: #008080;">forward</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_sub</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_add</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">base</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">carry</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">da</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">db</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">digit</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (let me know if you can fix this for me!)
-- if a[1]='-' or b[1]='-' then ?9/0 end if -- +ve only</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'-'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (-a)+b == b-a</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_sub</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">negate</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'-'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- a+(-b) == a-b</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_sub</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">negate</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">or</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- remove the '.'s and zero-pad the shorter as needed
-- (thereafter treat them as two whole integers)
-- eg "1.23"+"4.5" -&gt; "123"+"450" (leaving adt==2)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">""</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[-</span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..-</span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">""</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">repeat</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">elsif</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">b</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">repeat</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)<</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- ensure b is the shorter</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">by</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">da</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><-</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)?</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">db</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><-</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)?</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">digit</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">da</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span> <span style="color: #000000;">db</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span> <span style="color: #000000;">carry</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span> <span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">carry</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">digit</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #000000;">base</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">?+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span><span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">digit</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">?-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">digit</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">carry</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">*</span><span style="color: #000000;">base</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><-</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #000000;">carry</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">exit</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">carry</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">carry</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]&</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"."</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_trim</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a_smaller</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- return true if a is smaller than b
-- if not balanced then both are +ve</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)!=</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">/</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- sanity check</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">da</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">db</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">c</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">compare</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">c</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">!=</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">c</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #004600;">false</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (=, which is not &lt;)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_sub</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">base</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">carry</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">da</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">db</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">digit</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'-'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (-a)-b == -(a+b)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">negate</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b_add</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">negate</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'-'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- a-(-b) == a+b</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_add</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">negate</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">or</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- remove the '.'s and zero-pad the shorter as needed
-- (thereafter treat them as two whole integers)
-- eg "1.23"+"4.5" -&gt; "123"+"450" (leaving adt==2)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">""</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[-</span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..-</span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">""</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">repeat</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">elsif</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">b</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">repeat</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">bdt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">bool</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bNegate</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #004600;">false</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)<</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">or</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)=</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a_smaller</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">bNegate</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #004600;">true</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- ensure b is the shorter/smaller</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">by</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">da</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><-</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)?</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">db</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><-</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)?</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">digit</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">da</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">db</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span> <span style="color: #000000;">carry</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span> <span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">carry</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">digit</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><=</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">digit</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">carry</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">*</span><span style="color: #000000;">base</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><-</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #000000;">carry</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">exit</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">carry</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">/</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- should have set bNegate above...</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">adt</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..-</span><span style="color: #000000;">adt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"."</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_trim</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bNegate</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">negate</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_mul</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">base</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">dpa</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">dpb</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">ndp</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">dpa</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ndp</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">dpa</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">dpa</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..</span><span style="color: #000000;">dpa</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">""</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">dpb</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ndp</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">dpb</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">dpb</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..</span><span style="color: #000000;">dpb</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">""</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">pos</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"0"</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">!=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- balanced number systems</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">neg</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">negate</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">pos</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">by</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">m</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #000000;">m</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_add</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">m</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #000000;">neg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span><span style="color: #000000;">pos</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">m</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">m</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">?+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">pos</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">neg</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">else</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- non-balanced (normal) number systems</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">bool</span> <span style="color: #000000;">negative</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #004600;">false</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'-'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..$];</span> <span style="color: #000000;">negative</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #004600;">true</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'-'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..$];</span> <span style="color: #000000;">negative</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008080;">not</span> <span style="color: #000000;">negative</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">by</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">m</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">zdx</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #000000;">m</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_add</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">pos</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">m</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">pos</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">negative</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">negate</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">alphabet</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ndp</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[-</span><span style="color: #000000;">ndp</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..-</span><span style="color: #000000;">ndp</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"."</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_trim</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">--&lt;/copied from Generic_multiplication.exw&gt;</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">normalise_decimal</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">--
-- eg "12.34e-3" ==&gt; "0.01234"
-- and "1e2" ==&gt; "100"
--</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">d</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">e</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'e'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">e</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{{</span><span style="color: #000000;">z</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}}</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">scanf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">e</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..$],</span><span style="color: #008000;">"%d"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..</span><span style="color: #000000;">e</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">d</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- eg 12.34e-3 == 1234e-5</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">d</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..</span><span style="color: #000000;">d</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">""</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">z</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">d</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">z</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">>=</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- eg 1e2 ==&gt; 100</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">repeat</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">z</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">elsif</span> <span style="color: #000000;">z</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><-</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- eg 1234e-5 ==&gt; 0.01234</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"0."</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">&</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">repeat</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,-</span><span style="color: #000000;">z</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))&</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">else</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- eg 1234e-3 ==&gt; 1.234</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">z</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..</span><span style="color: #000000;">z</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"."</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">e_notation</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- eg "1000000" ==&gt; "1e6"</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">'.'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">/</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (to do)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">l</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">trim_tail</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">".0"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">l</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">l</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">!=</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">a</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">sprintf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"e%d"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">l</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">s</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"12345679"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">t</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"123456790"</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">e</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">63</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">n</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">7</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">21</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">bd</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">normalise_decimal</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">sprintf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"%se%d"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">s</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">e</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">e1</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">normalise_decimal</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">sprintf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"1e%d"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">e</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b_add</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b_mul</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">bd</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"81"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">decimal</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span><span style="color: #000000;">e1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">decimal</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"%2d res : %s\n"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">e_notation</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)})</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">s</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">t</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&</span> <span style="color: #000000;">s</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">e</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">9</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<!--</syntaxhighlight>-->
same ouput
 
Line 913 ⟶ 1,118:
The printed result is the exact difference of 1e72 and the result. So those <code>0</code>s you see are exactly nothing.
 
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="racket">#lang racket
(define (f n (printf printf))
(define exponent (* (- n) 9))
Line 938 ⟶ 1,143:
(module+ main
(displayln "number in brackets is TOTAL number of digits")
(for ((i (in-range -7 (add1 21)))) (f i)))</langsyntaxhighlight>
 
{{out}}
Line 972 ⟶ 1,177:
12345679012..[251]..e-180 * 81 + 1e-180 - 1e72 = 0
12345679012..[260]..e-189 * 81 + 1e-189 - 1e72 = 0
</pre>
 
=={{header|Raku}}==
(formerly Perl 6)
As long as all values are kept as rationals (type <code>Rat</code>) calculations are done full precision.
<syntaxhighlight lang="raku" line>my $e = 63;
for -7..21 -> $n {
my $num = '12345679' ~ '012345679' x ($n+7);
my $sum = $_ + ($num * $_) * 81 given $e > -20 ?? 10**$e !! Rat.new(1,10**abs $e);
printf "$n:%s ", 10**72 == $sum ?? 'Y' !! 'N';
$e -= 9;
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>-7:Y -6:Y -5:Y -4:Y -3:Y -2:Y -1:Y 0:Y 1:Y 2:Y 3:Y 4:Y 5:Y 6:Y 7:Y 8:Y 9:Y 10:Y 11:Y 12:Y 13:Y 14:Y 15:Y 16:Y 17:Y 18:Y 19:Y 20:Y 21:Y
</pre>
 
=={{header|REXX}}==
===base ten only===
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
<lang rexx>/*REXX pgm to perform generalized floating point addition using BCD nums*/
┌─┘ This REXX program uses an uncompressed (or zoned) BCD which └─┐
/*┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ consumes one byte for each represented digit. A leading sign (+ or -) │
┌─┘ This REXX program uses an uncompressed (or zoned) BCD which └─┐
│ is optional. An exponent is also allowed which is preceded by a ^. │
│ consumes one byte for each represented digit. A leading sign (+ or -) │
│ The value of the exponent may have a leading sign (+ or -). │
│ is optional. An exponent is also allowed which is preceded by a ^. │
The value of the exponent may have a leading sign Each (+numeral or -(digit). is stored as its own character (glyph), as well
│ as the signs and exponent indicator. There is essentially no limit on │
│ Each numeral (digit) is stored as its own character (glyph), as well │
│ the number of digits in the mantissa or the exponent, but the value of │
│ as the signs and exponent indicator. There is essentially no limit on │
the number of digits in the mantissa or the exponent, butis thelimited to around 16 million. The mantissa may also value of
│ have a decimal point (.). │
│ the exponent is limited to around 16 million. The mantissa may also │
have a decimal point (.).
Method: a table of twenty-eight BCD numbers is built, and a test case
Method: a table of twenty-eightadding that BCD numbersnumber is81 built,times and a(essentially multiplying by 81), test case
│ and then a number is added to that sum, and the resultant sum should │
│ of adding that BCD number 81 times (essentially multiplying by 81), │
and then a number is added to that sum, andresult in the resultantfinal sum shouldof 1e72 (for all cases).
result in the final sum of 1e72 (for all cases).
└─┐ The number of digits for the precision is automatically adjusted. ┌─┘
│ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
└─┐ The number of digits for the precision is automatically adjusted. ┌─┘
<syntaxhighlight lang="rexx">/*REXX program performs generalized floating point addition using BCD numbers. */
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘*/
maxW= linesize() - 1 /*maxmaximum width allowed for displays.*/ */
/*Not all REXXes have the LINESIZE. BIF.*/
_123= 012345679; reps= 0; mult= 63 /*vars used to construct test cases. */
say ' # addend uncompressed (zoned) BCD number' /*display the header.*/
say left('── ────── ─', maxW, '─') /*hdr " header sep*/
 
do j=-7 to 21 /*traipse through the test cases. */
reps= reps + 1 /*increase number of repetitions. */
BCD.j= strip(copies(_123, reps)'^'mult,'L',0) /*construct a zoned BCD. */
if j//3==0 then BCD.J= '+'BCD.j /*add a leading +plus sign every 3rd #. */
parse var BCD.j '^' pow /*get the exponent part of the #number. */
addend.j= '1e'pow /*build theexponent addend the hard way. */
_=right(j, 2) right(addend.j, 6) /*construct the prefix for a line. */
aLine= _ BCD.j /*construct a line offor the output. */
if length(aLine)<maxW then say aLine /*FitDoes it fit on a line? Display it. */
else say _ ' ['length(BCD.j) ' "digits]'" /*otherotherwise...*/
mult= mult - 9 /*decrease the multiplier's exponent. */
maxDigs= length(BCD.j) + abs(pow) + 5 /*compute maxthe maximum precision needed. */
if maxDigs>digits() then numeric digits maxDigs /*inflateincrease digits if needed.*/
end /*j*/
 
say copies('═', maxW) /*display a fence for separation. */
times= 81 /*the number of times to add it. */
 
do k=-7 to 21 /*traipse through the test cases. */
parse var BCD.k mantissa '^' exponent /*decompose the zoned BCD num number. */
x= mantissa'e'exponent /*reconstitute the original numnumber. */
sum= 0 /*prepare for the 81 additions. */
do times
sum= sum + x /*multiplying the hard way, yupyuppers! */
end
 
sum= (sum + addend.k) / 1 /*aone waymethod to elide trailing zeroes. */
_= format(sum, , , , 0) /*force sum ──►exponentional──► fmtexponential format. */
say right(k,3) 'sum=' translate(_, "e", 'E') /*letsuse a lowercase the "E" for exponents. */
end /*k*/
/*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */</syntaxhighlight>
 
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/</lang>
This REXX program makes use of &nbsp; '''LINESIZE''' &nbsp; REXX program (or BIF) which is used to determine the screen width (or linesize) of the terminal (console).
<br>The &nbsp; '''LINESIZE.REX''' &nbsp; REXX program is included here ──►&nbsp; ───► &nbsp; [[LINESIZE.REX]].<br>
 
'''{{out|output''|text=:}}'
<pre>
# addend uncompressed (zoned) BCD number
Line 1,102 ⟶ 1,320:
 
===any base===
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="rexx">/*REXX pgmprogram toperforms perform generalized floating point addition using BCD nums numbers. */
parse arg base . /*obtain optional argument from the CL.*/
if base=='' | base=="," then base= 10 /*Not specified? Then use the default.*/
maxW= linesize() - 1 /*maximum width allowed for displays. */
/*Not all REXXes have the LINESIZE BIF.*/
_123= 012345679; reps= 0; mult= 63 /*vars used to construct test cases. */
say ' # addend uncompressed (zoned) BCD number' /*display the header*/
say left('── ────── ─', maxW, '─') /* " header sep*/
 
do j=-7 to 21 /*traipse through the test cases. */
/*┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
reps= reps + 1 /*increase number of repetitions. */
┌─┘ This REXX program uses an uncompressed (or zoned) BCD which └─┐
BCD.j= strip(copies(_123, reps)'^'mult,'L',0) /*construct a zoned BCD. */
│ consumes one byte for each represented digit. A leading sign (+ or -) │
if j//3==0 then BCD.J= '+'BCD.j /*add a leading plus sign every 3rd #. */
│ is optional. An exponent is also allowed which is preceded by a ^. │
The value ofparse thevar exponentBCD.j may'^' havepow a leading sign (+ or -). /*get the exponent part of the number. */
addend.j= '1e'pow /*build exponent addend the hard way. */
│ Each numeral (digit) is stored as its own character (glyph), as well │
_= right(j, 2) right(addend.j, 6) /*construct the prefix for a line. */
│ as the signs and exponent indicator. There is essentially no limit on │
aLine= _ BCD.j /*construct a line for the output. */
│ the number of digits in the mantissa or the exponent, but the value of │
if length(aLine)<maxW then say aLine /*Does it fit on a line? Display it. */
│ the exponent is limited to around 16 million. The mantissa may also │
have a decimal point (.). else say _ ' ['length(BCD.j) "digits]" /*otherwise...*/
mult= mult - 9 /*decrease the multiplier's exponent. */
maxDigs= length(BCD.j) + abs(pow) + 5 /*compute the maximum precision needed.*/
│ Method: a table of twenty-eight BCD numbers is built, and a test case │
if maxDigs>digits() then numeric digits maxDigs /*increase digits if needed.*/
│ of adding that BCD number 81 times (essentially multiplying by 81), │
│ and then a number is added to that sum, and the resultant sum should │
│ result in the final sum of 1e72 (for all cases). │
│ │
│ The (input) numbers may be in any base; the REXX variable BASE │
│ (below) is the value of the base (radix) that the numbers are expressed│
│ in. │
└─┐ The number of digits for the precision is automatically adjusted. ┌─┘
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘*/
 
maxW=linesize()-1 /*max width allowed for displays.*/
/*Not all REXXes have LINESIZE. */
base=10 /*radix that the numbers are in. */
_123=012345679; reps=0; mult=63 /*used to construct test cases. */
say ' # addend uncompressed (zoned) BCD number' /*header.*/
say left('── ────── ─',maxW,'─') /*hdr sep*/
 
do j=-7 to 21 /*traipse through the test cases.*/
reps=reps+1 /*increase number of repetitions.*/
BCD.j=strip(copies(_123,reps)'^'mult,'L',0) /*construct zoned BCD.*/
if j//3==0 then BCD.J='+'BCD.j /*add a leading + sign every 3rd#*/
parse var BCD.j '^' pow /*get the exponent part of the #.*/
addend.j='1e'pow /*build the addend the hard way. */
_=right(j,2) right(addend.j,6) /*construct the prefix for a line*/
aLine=_ BCD.j /*construct a line of output. */
if length(aLine)<maxW then say aLine /*Fit on a line? Display it*/
else say _ ' ['length(BCD.j) 'digits]' /*other*/
mult=mult-9 /*decrease multiplier's exponent.*/
maxDigs=length(BCD.j)+abs(pow)+5 /*compute max precision needed. */
if maxDigs>digits() then numeric digits maxDigs /*inflate if needed.*/
end /*j*/
 
say copies('═', maxW) /*display a fence for separation. */
times= 81 /*the number of times to add it. */
 
do k=-7 to 21 /*traipse through the test cases. */
parse var BCD.k mantissa '^' pow exponent /*decompose the zoned BCD num number. */
exp10x=base(pow,,base) mantissa'e'exponent /*convertreconstitute the poweroriginal tonumber. base 10. */
sum= 0 /*prepare for the 81 additions. */
x=base(mantissa,,base) * 10**base(pow,,base) /*express without a ^ */
sum=0 /*prepare for the 81 additions. */
do times
sum= sum + x /*multiplying the hard way, yupyuppers! */
end
 
sum= (sum + addend.k) / 1 /*aone waymethod to elide trailing zeroes. */
_= format(sum, , , , 0) /*force sum ──►exponentional──► fmtexponential format. */
_baseX_bX= base(_ / 1, base) /*this expresses _ in base BASE. */
say right(k,3) 'sum=' translate(__bX, "e", 'E') /*letsuse a lowercase the"E" for Eexponents. */
end /*k*/ /*output is in base ten BASEX. */
 
exit 0 /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
/*──────────────────────────────────BASE subroutine─────────────────────*/
base: procedure; parse arg x 1 s 2 1 ox,tt,ii,left_,right_; f= 'BASE'
@#= 0123456789; @abc='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'; @abcu= @abc; upper @abcu
$= $basex() /*charcharacter string of maxmaximum base. */
m= length($) - 1 /*"M": is the maximum base. that can be used*/
c= left_\=='' | right_\==''
if tt=='' then tt= 10 /*assume base 10 ten if omitted. */
if ii=='' then ii= 10 /*assume base 10 ten if omitted. */
i= abs(ii)
t= abs(tt)
if t==999 | t=="*" then t= m
if t>m & \c then call er81 t,2 m f'-to'
if i>m then call er81 i,2 m f'-from'
 
if \c then do /*build charcharacter strstring for base ? */
!= substr($, 1 + 10*(tt<0), t) /*the character string for base T. */
if tt<0 then != 0 ||! ! /*prefix a zero if neg negative base. */
end
 
if x=='' then if c then return left_ || t || right_
else return left(!, t)
 
@= substr($, 1 + 10*(ii<0), i) /*@: =legal charscharacters for base X. */
oS= /*the original sign placeholder. */
if s='-' | s="+" then do /*process the sign (if any). */
x= substr(x,2) /*strip the sign character. */
oS= s /*save the original sign glyph. */
end
 
if (ii>10 & ii<37) | (ii<0 & ii>-27) then upper x /*should we uppercase it ? */
 
/*if baseBase 10,? Then it must be a numnumber.*/
 
if pos('-', x)\==0 |, /*too many minus signs ? */
pos('+', x)\==0 |, /*too many plus signs ? */
x=='.' |, /*is it a single decimal point ? */
x=='' then call er53 ox /* ... or a single + or - sign ? */
 
parse var x w '.' g /*sep whole number from the fraction. */
if pos('.', g)\==0 then call er53 ox /*too many decimals points? */
items.1= 0 /*#number of whole part "digits". */
items.2= 0 /*#number of fractional "digitsdigitsd". */
 
if c then do /*any "digit" specifiers ? */
do forever do while w\=='' /*process the "whole" part. */
parse var w w.1 (left_) w.2 (right_) w
do j=1 to for 2; if w.j\=='' then call putit w.j,1
end /*j*/
end /*while*/
 
do forever do while g\=='' /*process the fractional part. */
parse var g g.1 (left_) g.2 (right_) g
do j=1 to for 2; if g.j\=='' then call putit g.j,2
end /*j*/
end /*while*/
 
_= 0; p=0 p= 0 /*convert the whole #number part. */
 
do j=items.1 to 1 by -1; _= _ + item.1.j * (i**p)
p= p + 1 /*increase the power of the base. */
end /*j*/
 
w=_; _=0; p=0 p= 0; _= 0 /*convert the fractional part. */
 
do j=1 to items.2; _=_+item.2.j/i**p
p= p + 1 /*increase power of the base. */
end /*j*/
 
g= strip( strip(_, 'L', 0), ," .") /*strip leading decdecimal point. */
if g=0 then g= /*no signifcant fract. part.*/
end
 
__= w ||g g /*verify re-composed number.*/
_= verify(__,@'.') /*# have any unusual digits?*/
if _\==0 then call er48,ox,substr(__, _, 1) '[for' f i"]" /*oops-seyoops─say.*/
 
if i\==10 then do /*convert #number base I──►baseI ──► base 10. */
/*... but only if not base 10. */
_= 0; p= 0 /*convert the whole #number part. */
 
do j=length(w) to 1 by -1 while w\==''
_= _ + ((pos( substr(w, j, 1), @) - 1) * i **p)
p= p + 1 /*increase the power of the base. */
end /*j*/
w= _; _= 0; p= 1 /*convert the fractional part. */
 
do j=1 for length(g);_=_+((pos(substr(g,j,1),@)-1)/i**p)
p=p+1 _= _ d + ( (pos( substr(g, j, 1), @) - 1) /*increase power of the basei*/*p)
p= p + 1 /*increase the power of the base. */
end
g=_ end /*j*/
end g= _
else if g\=='' then g="."g /*reinsert period if needed.*/end
else if g\=='' then g="."g /*reinsert the period if needed. */
 
if t\==10 then do /*convert base10 #number to base T. */
if w\=='' then do /*convert the whole number part. */
do j=1; _= t**j; if _>w then leave
end /*J*/
n=
do k=j-1 to 1 by -1; _= t**k; d= w % _
if c then n= n left_ || d || right_
else n= n || substr(!, 1 + d, 1)
w= w // _
end /*k*/
if c then w= n left_ || w || right_
else w= n || substr(!, 1 + w, 1)
end
 
if g\=='' then do; n= /*convert the fractional part. */
do digits()+1; if g==0 then leave
p= g * t; g = p // 1; d= trunc(p)
if c then n= n left_ || d || right_
else n= n || substr(!, d + 1, 1)
end /*digits···*/
if n==0 then n=
if n\=='' then n= '.'n /*is it only a fraction?*/
g= n
end
n=end
do k=j-1 to 1 by -1; _=t**k; d=w%_
if c then n=n left_||d||right_
else n=n||substr(!,1+d,1)
w=w//_
end
if c then w=n left_||w||right_
else w=n||substr(!,1+w,1)
end
 
return oS || p( strip( space(w), 'L', 0)strip( strip(g, , 0), "T",.) 0)
if g\=='' then do; n= /*convert fractional part. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
do digits()+1; if g==0 then leave
$basex: return @# || @abcu || @abc || space( translate(,
p=g*t; g=p//1; d=trunc(p)
xrange('1'x, "fe"x), , @#'.+-'@abc || @abcu"0708090a0b0c0d"x), 0)
if c then n=n left_||d||right_
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
else n=n||substr(!,d+1,1)
num: procedure; parse arg x .,f,q; if x=='' then return x
end
if isnum(x) then return x/1; x= space( translate(x, , ','), if n==0 then n=)
if isnum(x) then return x/1; return numnot()
if n\=='' then n='.'n /*only a fraction?*/
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
g=n
putit: parse arg px,which; if \isint(px) then px= numx(px)
end
items.which= items.which + 1; _= items.which; item.which._= px; return
end
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 
return oS||p(strip(space(w),'L',0)strip(strip(g,,0),"T",'.') 0)
 
/*═════════════════════════════general 1-line subs══════════════════════*/
$basex: return @#||@abcu||@abc||space(translate(,
xrange('1'x,"fe"x),,@#'.+-'@abc||@abcu"0708090a0b0c0d"x),0)
er: say '***error!***'; say; say arg(1); say; exit 13
er48: call er arg(1) 'contains invalid characters:' arg(2)
er53: call er arg(1) 'not numeric'
er81: call er arg(1) 'must be in the range:' arg(2)
isint: return datatype( arg(1), 'W')
isnum: return datatype( arg(1), 'N')
numnot: if q==1 then return x; call er53 x
num: procedure; parse arg x .,f,q; if x=='' then return x
numx: return num( arg(1), arg(2), 1)
if isnum(x) then return x/1; x=space(translate(x,,','),0)
p: return subword( arg(1), 1, max(1, words( arg(1) ) - 1) )</syntaxhighlight>
if isnum(x) then return x/1; return numnot()
{{out|output|text=&nbsp; when using the (base) input of: &nbsp; &nbsp; <tt> 62 </tt>}}
numnot: if q==1 then return x; call er53 x
<pre>
numx: return num(arg(1),arg(2),1)
# addend uncompressed (zoned) BCD number
p: return subword(arg(1),1,max(1,words(arg(1))-1))
── ────── ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
putit: parse arg px,which;if \isint(px) then px=numx(px)
-7 1e63 12345679^63
items.which=items.which+1; _=items.which; item.which._=px; return</lang>
-6 1e54 +12345679012345679^54
'''output''' is identical to the previous version.
-5 1e45 12345679012345679012345679^45
<br><br>
-4 1e36 12345679012345679012345679012345679^36
-3 1e27 +12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^27
-2 1e18 12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^18
-1 1e9 12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^9
0 1e0 +12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^0
1 1e-9 12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-9
2 1e-18 12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-18
3 1e-27 +12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-27
4 1e-36 12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-36
5 1e-45 12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-45
6 1e-54 +12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-54
7 1e-63 12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-63
8 1e-72 12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-72
9 1e-81 +12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-81
10 1e-90 12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-90
11 1e-99 12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-99
12 1e-108 +12345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679012345679^-108
13 1e-117 [193 digits]
14 1e-126 [202 digits]
15 1e-135 [212 digits]
16 1e-144 [220 digits]
17 1e-153 [229 digits]
18 1e-162 [239 digits]
19 1e-171 [247 digits]
20 1e-180 [256 digits]
21 1e-189 [266 digits]
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
-7 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
-6 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
-5 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
-4 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
-3 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
-2 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
-1 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
0 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
1 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
2 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
3 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
4 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
5 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
6 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
7 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
8 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
9 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
10 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
11 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
12 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
13 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
14 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
15 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
16 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
17 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
18 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
19 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
20 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
21 sum= 20wgMRBdL7rq2Kntz9B7xkSrr7S8ALuO5sk25dQY4
</pre>
 
=={{header|Ruby}}==
No code, it's built in (uses '*' for multiplication):
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="ruby">p 12345679e63 * 81 + 1e63
p 12345679012345679e54 * 81 + 1e54
p 12345679012345679012345679e45 * 81 + 1e45
p 12345679012345679012345679012345679e36 * 81 + 1e36</langsyntaxhighlight>
All result in 1.0e+72.
 
=={{header|Tcl}}==
Tcl does not allow overriding the default mathematical operators (it does allow you to define your own expression engine — this is even relatively simple to do — but this is out of the scope of this task) but it also allows expressions to be written using a Lisp-like prefix form:
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="tcl">namespace path ::tcl::mathop
for {set n -7; set e 63} {$n <= 21} {incr n;incr e -9} {
append m 012345679
puts $n:[+ [* [format "%se%s" $m $e] 81] 1e${e}]
}</langsyntaxhighlight>
The above won't work as intended though; the default implementation of the mathematical operators does not handle arbitrary precision floats (though in fact it will produce the right output with these specific values; this is a feature of the rounding used, and the fact that the exponent remains expressible in an IEEE double-precision float). So here is a version that does everything properly:
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="tcl">namespace eval longfloat {
proc + {num args} {
set num [impl::Tidy $num]
Line 1,404 ⟶ 1,664:
}
}
}</langsyntaxhighlight>
Now we can demonstrate (compare with the original code to see how little has changed syntactically):
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="tcl">namespace path longfloat
for {set n -7; set e 63} {$n <= 21} {incr n;incr e -9} {
append m 012345679
puts $n:[+ [* [format "%se%s" $m $e] 81] 1e${e}]
}</langsyntaxhighlight>
{{out|Output (trimmed)}}
<pre>
Line 1,426 ⟶ 1,686:
 
Obviously, changing the code inside the <code>impl</code> namespace would alter how the calculation was carried out.
 
=={{header|Wren}}==
{{trans|Kotlin}}
{{libheader|wren-fmt}}
{{libheader|wren-big}}
The BigRat class in the above module allows not only rational numbers but decimal numbers of any size to be represented exactly. However, no bases other than 10 are supported.
 
Although the BigRat type supports multiplication, repeated addition has been used as in the Kotlin example.
<syntaxhighlight lang="wren">import "./big" for BigRat
import "./fmt" for Fmt
 
var repeatedAdd = Fn.new { |br, times|
var sum = BigRat.zero
for (i in 0...times) sum = sum + br
return sum
}
 
var s = "12345679"
var t = "123456790"
var e = 63
var ans = BigRat.fromDecimal("1e72")
for (n in -7..21) {
var br = BigRat.fromDecimal("%(s)e%(e)")
var oneE = BigRat.fromDecimal("1e%(e)")
var temp = repeatedAdd.call(br, 9)
var res = repeatedAdd.call(temp, 9) + oneE
Fmt.print("$2d : 1e72? $s", n, res == ans)
s = t + s
e = e - 9
}</syntaxhighlight>
 
{{out}}
<pre>
-7 : 1e72? true
-6 : 1e72? true
-5 : 1e72? true
-4 : 1e72? true
-3 : 1e72? true
-2 : 1e72? true
-1 : 1e72? true
0 : 1e72? true
1 : 1e72? true
2 : 1e72? true
3 : 1e72? true
4 : 1e72? true
5 : 1e72? true
6 : 1e72? true
7 : 1e72? true
8 : 1e72? true
9 : 1e72? true
10 : 1e72? true
11 : 1e72? true
12 : 1e72? true
13 : 1e72? true
14 : 1e72? true
15 : 1e72? true
16 : 1e72? true
17 : 1e72? true
18 : 1e72? true
19 : 1e72? true
20 : 1e72? true
21 : 1e72? true
</pre>
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