Free polyominoes enumeration

Free polyominoes enumeration is a draft programming task. It is not yet considered ready to be promoted as a complete task, for reasons that should be found in its talk page.

A Polyomino is a plane geometric figure formed by joining one or more equal squares edge to edge. Free polyominoes are distinct when none is a translation, rotation, reflection or glide reflection of another polyomino.

Task: generate all the free polyominoes with n cells.

You can visualize them just as a sequence of the coordinate pairs of their cells (rank 5):

[(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4)]
[(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 0)]
[(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 1)]
[(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1)]
[(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 2)]
[(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (2, 0)]
[(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 1), (2, 1)]
[(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (1, 3)]
[(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)]
[(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2)]
[(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2)]
[(0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)]

But a better basic visualization is using ASCII art (rank 5):

#    ##   #    ##  ##  ###  #     #    #    #    #      #
#    #    ##   ##  #   #    ###   #    ###  ##   ###   ###
#    #    #    #   ##  #    #     ##    #    ##    #    #
#    #    #                        #
#

Or perhaps with corner characters (rank 5):

 ┌───┐   ┌─────┐     ┌─┐   ┌───┐   ┌───┐     ┌───┐     ┌───┐     ┌───┐   ┌─┐     ┌─────┐   ┌─┐     ┌─┐
 │   │   │ ┌───┘   ┌─┘ │   │ ┌─┘   │ ┌─┘   ┌─┘ ┌─┘     │ ┌─┘   ┌─┘ ┌─┘   │ └─┐   └─┐ ┌─┘   │ │   ┌─┘ └─┐
 │ ┌─┘   │ │       │ ┌─┘   │ │     │ └─┐   └─┐ │     ┌─┘ │     │ ┌─┘     │ ┌─┘     │ │     │ │   └─┐ ┌─┘
 └─┘     └─┘       │ │     │ │     └───┘     └─┘     └───┘     └─┘       │ │       └─┘     │ │     └─┘
                   └─┘     └─┘                                           └─┘               │ │
                                                                                           └─┘

For a slow but clear solution see this Haskell Wiki page: http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/The_Monad.Reader/Issue5/Generating_Polyominoes

Bonus Task: you can create an alternative program (or specialize your first program) to generate very quickly just the number of distinct free polyominoes, and to show a sequence like:

1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 12, 35, 108, 369, 1285, 4655, 17073, 63600, 238591, 901971, 3426576, ...

Number of free polyominoes (or square animals) with n cells: http://oeis.org/A000105

Cf.

Pentomino tiling

C#

Translation of: D

Turns out the source for the counting only version of the D code example could be tweaked to show solutions as well. The max rank can be changed by supplying a command line parameter. The free polyominos of any rank can be displayed by changing the variable named target to a reasonable number. This program will also indicate the estimated times for larger ranks. <lang csharp>using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq;

namespace cppfpe {

   class Program
   {
       static int n, ns;               // rank, rank squared
       static long[] AnyR;             // Any Rotation count
       static long[] nFlip;            // Non-Flipped count
       static long[] Frees;            // Free Polyominoes count
       static int[] fChk, fCkR;        // field checks
       static int fSiz, fWid;          // field size, width
       static int[] dirs;              // directions
       static int[] rotO, rotX, rotY;  // rotations
       static List<string> polys;      // results
       static int target;              // rank to display
       static int clipAt;              // max columns for display

       static int Main(string[] args)
       {
           polys = new List<string>();
           n = 11; if (!(args.Length == 0)) int.TryParse(args[0], out n);
           if (n < 1 || n > 24) return 1;
           target = 5;
           Console.WriteLine("Counting polyominoes to rank {0}...", n);
           clipAt = 120;
           DateTime start = DateTime.Now;
           CountEm();
           TimeSpan ti = DateTime.Now - start;
           if (polys.Count > 0)
           {
               Console.WriteLine("Displaying rank {0}:", target);
               Console.WriteLine(Assemble(polys));
           }
           Console.WriteLine("Displaying results:");
           Console.WriteLine(" n      All Rotations     Non-Flipped      Free Polys");
           for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
               Console.WriteLine("{0,2} :{1,17}{2,16}{3,16}", i, AnyR[i], nFlip[i], Frees[i]);
           Console.WriteLine(string.Format("Elasped: {0,2}d {1,2}h {2,2}m {3:00}s {4:000}ms",
                             ti.Days, ti.Hours, ti.Minutes, ti.Seconds, ti.Milliseconds).Replace("  0d ", "")
                             .Replace(" 0h", "").Replace(" 0m", "").Replace(" 00s", ""));
           long ms = (long)ti.TotalMilliseconds, lim = int.MaxValue >> 2;
           if (ms > 250)
           {
               Console.WriteLine("Estimated completion times:");
               for (int i = n + 1; i <= n + 10; i++)
               {
                   if (ms >= lim) break; ms += 44; ms <<= 2; ti = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(ms);
                   Console.WriteLine("{0,2} : {1,2}d {2,2}h {3,2}m {4:00}.{5:000}s", i, 
                       ti.Days, ti.Hours, ti.Minutes, ti.Seconds, ti.Milliseconds);
               }
           }
           if (System.Diagnostics.Debugger.IsAttached) Console.ReadKey();
           return 0;
       }

       static void CountEm()
       {
           ns = n * n;
           AnyR = new long[n + 1];
           nFlip = new long[n + 1];
           Frees = new long[n + 1];
           fWid = n * 2 - 2;
           fSiz = (n - 1) * (n - 1) * 2 + 1;
           int[] pnField = new int[fSiz];
           int[] pnPutList = new int[fSiz];
           fChk = new int[ns];
           fCkR = new int[ns];
           dirs = new int[] { 1, fWid, -1, -fWid };
           rotO = new int[] { 0, n - 1, ns - 1, ns - n, n - 1, 0, ns - n, ns - 1 };
           rotX = new int[] { 1, n, -1, -n, -1, n, 1, -n };
           rotY = new int[] { n, -1, -n, 1, n, 1, -n, -1 };
           Recurse(0, pnField, pnPutList, 0, 1);
       }

       static void Recurse(int lv, int[] field, int[] putlist, int putno, int putlast)
       {
           CheckIt(field, lv);
           if (n == lv) return;
           int pos;
           for (int i = putno; i < putlast; i++)
           {
               field[pos = putlist[i]] |= 1;
               int k = 0;
               foreach (int dir in dirs)
               {
                   int pos2 = pos + dir;
                   if (0 <= pos2 && pos2 < fSiz && (field[pos2] == 0))
                   {
                       field[pos2] = 2;
                       putlist[putlast + k++] = pos2;
                   }
               }
               Recurse(lv + 1, field, putlist, i + 1, putlast + k);
               for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) field[putlist[putlast + j]] = 0;
               field[pos] = 2;
           }
           for (int i = putno; i < putlast; i++) field[putlist[i]] &= -2;
       }

       static void CheckIt(int[] field, int lv)
       {
           AnyR[lv]++;
           for (int i = 0; i < ns; i++) fChk[i] = 0;
           int x, y;
           for (x = n; x < fWid; x++)
               for (y = 0; y + x < fSiz; y += fWid)
                   if ((field[x + y] & 1) == 1) goto bail;
           bail:
           int x2 = n - x, t;
           for (int i = 0; i < fSiz; i++)
               if ((field[i] & 1) == 1) fChk[((t = (i + n - 2)) % fWid) + x2 + (t / fWid * n)] = 1;
           int of1; for (of1 = 0; of1 < fChk.Length && (fChk[of1] == 0); of1++) ;
           bool c = true; int r;
           for (r = 1; r < 8 && c; r++)
           {
               for (x = 0; x < n; x++) for (y = 0; y < n; y++)
                       fCkR[rotO[r] + rotX[r] * x + rotY[r] * y] = fChk[x + y * n];
               int of2; for (of2 = 0; of2 < fCkR.Length && (fCkR[of2] == 0); of2++) ;
               of2 -= of1;
               for (int i = of1; i < ns - ((of2 > 0) ? of2 : 0); i++)
               {
                   if (fChk[i] > fCkR[i + of2]) break;
                   if (fChk[i] < fCkR[i + of2]) { c = false; break; }
               }
           }
           if (r > 4) nFlip[lv]++;
           if (c)
           {
               if (lv == target) polys.Add(toStr(field.ToArray()));
               Frees[lv]++;
           }
       }

       static string toStr(int[] field) // converts field into a minimal string
       {
           char [] res = new string(' ', n * (fWid + 1) - 1).ToCharArray();
           for (int i = fWid; i < res.Length; i += fWid+1) res[i] = '\n';
           for (int i = 0, j = n - 2; i < field.Length; i++, j++)
           {
               if ((field[i] & 1) == 1) res[j] = '#';
               if (j % (fWid + 1) == fWid) i--;
           }
           List<string> t = new string(res).Split('\n').ToList();
           int nn = 100, m = 0, v, k = 0; // trim down
           foreach (string s in t)
           {
               if ((v = s.IndexOf('#')) < nn) if (v >= 0) nn = v;
               if ((v = s.LastIndexOf('#')) > m) if (v < fWid +1) m = v;
               if (v < 0) break; k++;
           }
           m = m - nn + 1; // convert difference to length
           for (int i = t.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
           {
               if (i >= k) t.RemoveAt(i);
               else t[i] = t[i].Substring(nn, m);
           }
           return String.Join("\n", t.ToArray());
       }

       // assembles string representation of polyominoes into larger horizontal band
       static string Assemble(List<string> p)
       {
           List<string> lines = new List<string>();
           for (int i = 0; i < target; i++) lines.Add(string.Empty);
           foreach (string poly in p)
           {
               List<string> t = poly.Split('\n').ToList();
               if (t.Count < t[0].Length) t = flipXY(t);
               for (int i = 0; i < lines.Count; i++)
                   lines[i] += (i < t.Count) ? ' ' + t[i] + ' ': new string(' ', t[0].Length + 2);
           }
           for (int i = lines.Count - 1; i > 0; i--)
               if (lines[i].IndexOf('#') < 0) lines.RemoveAt(i);
           if (lines[0].Length >= clipAt / 2-2) Wrap(lines, clipAt / 2-2);
           lines = Cornered(string.Join("\n", lines.ToArray())).Split('\n').ToList();
           return String.Join("\n", lines.ToArray());
       }

       static List<string> flipXY(List<string> p)  // flips a small string
       {
           List<string> res = new List<string>();
           for (int i = 0; i < p[0].Length; i++) res.Add(string.Empty);
           for (int i = 0; i < res.Count; i++)
               for(int j = 0; j < p.Count; j++) res[i] += p[j][i];
           return res;
       }

       static string DW(string s)  // double widths a string
       {
           string t = string.Empty;
           foreach (char c in s) t += string.Format("{0}{0}",c);
           return t;
       }

       static void Wrap(List<string> s, int w) // wraps a wide List<string>
       {
           int last = 0;
           while (s.Last().Length >= w)
           {
               int x = w, lim = s.Count; bool ok;
               do
               {
                   ok = true;
                   for (int i = last; i < lim; i++)
                       if (s[i][x] != ' ')
                       { ok = false; x--; break; }
               } while (!ok);
               for (int i = last; i < lim; i++)
                   if (s[i].Length > x) { s.Add(s[i].Substring(x)); s[i] = s[i].Substring(0, x + 1); }
               last = lim;
           }
           last = 0;
           for (int i = s.Count - 1; i > 0; i--)
               if ((last = (s[i].IndexOf('#') < 0) ? last + 1 : 0) > 1) s.RemoveAt(i + 1);
       }

       static string Cornered(string s)    // converts plain ascii art into cornered version
       {
           string[] lines = s.Split('\n');
           string res = string.Empty;
           string line = DW(new string(' ', lines[0].Length)), last;
           for (int i = 0; i < lines.Length; i++)
           {
               last = line; line = DW(lines[i]);
               res += Puzzle(last, line) + '\n';
           }
           res += Puzzle(line, DW(new string(' ', lines.Last().Length))) + '\n';
           return res;
       }

       static string Puzzle(string a, string b)    // tests each intersection to determine correct corner symbol
       {
           string res = string.Empty;
           if (a.Length > b.Length) b += new string(' ', a.Length - b.Length);
           if (a.Length < b.Length) a += new string(' ', b.Length - a.Length);
           for (int i = 0; i < a.Length - 1; i++)
               res += " 12└4┘─┴8│┌├┐┤┬┼"[(a[i] == a[i + 1] ? 0 : 1) + 
                                         (b[i + 1] == a[i + 1] ? 0 : 2) +
                                         (a[i] == b[i] ? 0 : 4) + 
                                         (b[i] == b[i + 1] ? 0 : 8)];
           return res;
       }
   }

} </lang>

Output:

Counting polyominoes to rank 11...
Displaying rank 5:
 ┌───┐   ┌─────┐     ┌─┐   ┌───┐   ┌───┐     ┌───┐     ┌───┐     ┌───┐   ┌─┐     ┌─────┐   ┌─┐     ┌─┐
 │   │   │ ┌───┘   ┌─┘ │   │ ┌─┘   │ ┌─┘   ┌─┘ ┌─┘     │ ┌─┘   ┌─┘ ┌─┘   │ └─┐   └─┐ ┌─┘   │ │   ┌─┘ └─┐
 │ ┌─┘   │ │       │ ┌─┘   │ │     │ └─┐   └─┐ │     ┌─┘ │     │ ┌─┘     │ ┌─┘     │ │     │ │   └─┐ ┌─┘
 └─┘     └─┘       │ │     │ │     └───┘     └─┘     └───┘     └─┘       │ │       └─┘     │ │     └─┘
                   └─┘     └─┘                                           └─┘               │ │
                                                                                           └─┘

Displaying results:
 n      All Rotations     Non-Flipped      Free Polys
 1 :                1               1               1
 2 :                2               1               1
 3 :                6               2               2
 4 :               19               7               5
 5 :               63              18              12
 6 :              216              60              35
 7 :              760             196             108
 8 :             2725             704             369
 9 :             9910            2500            1285
10 :            36446            9189            4655
11 :           135268           33896           17073
Elasped:  562ms
Estimated completion times:
12 :  0d  0h  0m 02.424s
13 :  0d  0h  0m 09.872s
14 :  0d  0h  0m 39.664s
15 :  0d  0h  2m 38.832s
16 :  0d  0h 10m 35.504s
17 :  0d  0h 42m 22.192s
18 :  0d  2h 49m 28.944s
19 :  0d 11h 17m 55.952s
20 :  1d 21h 11m 43.984s
21 :  7d 12h 46m 56.112s

D

Translation of: Haskell

<lang d>import std.stdio, std.range, std.algorithm, std.typecons, std.conv;

alias Coord = byte; alias Point = Tuple!(Coord,"x", Coord,"y"); alias Polyomino = Point[];

/// Finds the min x and y coordiate of a Polyomino. enum minima = (in Polyomino poly) pure @safe =>

   Point(poly.map!q{ a.x }.reduce!min, poly.map!q{ a.y }.reduce!min);

Polyomino translateToOrigin(in Polyomino poly) {

   const minP = poly.minima;
   return poly.map!(p => Point(cast(Coord)(p.x - minP.x), cast(Coord)(p.y - minP.y))).array;

}

enum Point function(in Point p) pure nothrow @safe @nogc

   rotate90  = p => Point( p.y, -p.x),
   rotate180 = p => Point(-p.x, -p.y),
   rotate270 = p => Point(-p.y,  p.x),
   reflect   = p => Point(-p.x,  p.y);

/// All the plane symmetries of a rectangular region. auto rotationsAndReflections(in Polyomino poly) pure nothrow {

   return only(poly,
               poly.map!rotate90.array,
               poly.map!rotate180.array,
               poly.map!rotate270.array,
               poly.map!reflect.array,
               poly.map!(pt => pt.rotate90.reflect).array,
               poly.map!(pt => pt.rotate180.reflect).array,
               poly.map!(pt => pt.rotate270.reflect).array);

}

enum canonical = (in Polyomino poly) =>

   poly.rotationsAndReflections.map!(pl => pl.translateToOrigin.sort().release).reduce!min;

auto unique(T)(T[] seq) pure nothrow {

   return seq.sort().uniq;

}

/// All four points in Von Neumann neighborhood. enum contiguous = (in Point pt) pure nothrow @safe @nogc =>

   only(Point(cast(Coord)(pt.x - 1), pt.y), Point(cast(Coord)(pt.x + 1), pt.y),
        Point(pt.x, cast(Coord)(pt.y - 1)), Point(pt.x, cast(Coord)(pt.y + 1)));

/// Finds all distinct points that can be added to a Polyomino. enum newPoints = (in Polyomino poly) nothrow =>

   poly.map!contiguous.joiner.filter!(pt => !poly.canFind(pt)).array.unique;

enum newPolys = (in Polyomino poly) =>

   poly.newPoints.map!(pt => canonical(poly ~ pt)).array.unique;

/// Generates polyominoes of rank n recursively. Polyomino[] rank(in uint n) {

   static immutable Polyomino monomino = [Point(0, 0)];
   static Polyomino[] monominoes = [monomino]; // Mutable.
   if (n == 0) return [];
   if (n == 1) return monominoes;
   return rank(n - 1).map!newPolys.join.unique.array;

}

/// Generates a textual representation of a Polyomino. char[][] textRepresentation(in Polyomino poly) pure @safe {

   immutable minPt = poly.minima;
   immutable maxPt = Point(poly.map!q{ a.x }.reduce!max, poly.map!q{ a.y }.reduce!max);
   auto table = new char[][](maxPt.y - minPt.y + 1, maxPt.x - minPt.x + 1);
   foreach (row; table)
       row[] = ' ';
   foreach (immutable pt; poly)
       table[pt.y - minPt.y][pt.x - minPt.x] = '#';
   return table;

}

void main(in string[] args) {

   iota(1, 11).map!(n => n.rank.length).writeln;

   immutable n = (args.length == 2) ? args[1].to!uint : 5;
   writefln("\nAll free polyominoes of rank %d:", n);

   foreach (const poly; n.rank)
       writefln("%-(%s\n%)\n", poly.textRepresentation);

}</lang>

Output:

[1, 1, 2, 5, 12, 35, 108, 369, 1285, 4655]

All free polyominoes of rank 5:
#
#
#
#
#

##
#
#
#

#
##
#
#

##
##
#

##
#
##

###
#
#

#
###
#

#
#
##
 #

#
###
 #

#
##
 ##

#
###
  #

 #
###
 #

D: Count Only

Translated and modified from C code: http://www.geocities.jp/tok12345/countomino.txt

<lang d>import core.stdc.stdio: printf; import core.stdc.stdlib: atoi;

__gshared ulong[] g_pnCountNH; __gshared uint[] g_pnFieldCheck, g_pnFieldCheckR; __gshared uint g_nFieldSize, g_nFieldWidth; __gshared uint[4] g_anLinkData; __gshared uint[8] g_anRotationOffset, g_anRotationX, g_anRotationY;

void countMain(in uint n) nothrow {

   g_nFieldWidth = n * 2 - 2;
   g_nFieldSize = (n - 1) * (n - 1) * 2 + 1;
   g_pnCountNH = new ulong[n + 1];

   auto pnField = new uint[g_nFieldSize];
   auto pnPutList = new uint[g_nFieldSize];
   g_pnFieldCheck = new uint[n ^^ 2];
   g_pnFieldCheckR = new uint[n ^^ 2];
   g_anLinkData[0] = 1;
   g_anLinkData[1] = g_nFieldWidth;
   g_anLinkData[2] = -1;
   g_anLinkData[3] = -g_nFieldWidth;

   initOffset(n);

   countSub(n, 0, pnField, pnPutList, 0, 1);

}

void countSub(in uint n, in uint lv, uint[] field, uint[] putlist,

             in uint putno, in uint putlast) nothrow @nogc {
   check(field, n, lv);
   if (n == lv) {
       return;
   }

   foreach (immutable uint i; putno .. putlast) {
       immutable pos = putlist[i];
       field[pos] |= 1;
       uint k = 0;
       foreach (immutable uint j; 0 .. 4) {
           immutable pos2 = pos + g_anLinkData[j];
           if (0 <= pos2 && pos2 < g_nFieldSize && !field[pos2]) {
               field[pos2] = 2;
               putlist[putlast + k] = pos2;
               k++;
           }
       }
       countSub(n, lv + 1, field, putlist, i + 1, putlast + k);
       foreach (immutable uint j; 0 .. k)
           field[putlist[putlast + j]] = 0;
       field[pos] = 2;
   }

   foreach (immutable uint i; putno .. putlast) {
       immutable pos = putlist[i];
       field[pos] &= -2;
   }

}

void initOffset(in uint n) nothrow @nogc {

   g_anRotationOffset[0] = 0;
   g_anRotationX[0] = 1;
   g_anRotationY[0] = n;
   // 90
   g_anRotationOffset[1] = n - 1;
   g_anRotationX[1] = n;
   g_anRotationY[1] = -1;
   // 180
   g_anRotationOffset[2] = n ^^ 2 - 1;
   g_anRotationX[2] = -1;
   g_anRotationY[2] = -n;
   // 270
   g_anRotationOffset[3] = n ^^ 2 - n;
   g_anRotationX[3] = -n;
   g_anRotationY[3] = 1;

   g_anRotationOffset[4] = n - 1;
   g_anRotationX[4] = -1;
   g_anRotationY[4] = n;
   // 90
   g_anRotationOffset[5] = 0;
   g_anRotationX[5] = n;
   g_anRotationY[5] = 1;
   // 180
   g_anRotationOffset[6] = n ^^ 2 - n;
   g_anRotationX[6] = 1;
   g_anRotationY[6] = -n;
   // 270
   g_anRotationOffset[7] = n ^^ 2 - 1;
   g_anRotationX[7] = -n;
   g_anRotationY[7] = -1;

}

void check(in uint[] field, in uint n, in uint lv) nothrow @nogc {

   g_pnFieldCheck[0 .. n ^^ 2] = 0;

   uint x, y;
   outer:
   for (x = n; x < n * 2 - 2; x++)
       for (y = 0; y + x < g_nFieldSize; y += g_nFieldWidth)
           if (field[x + y] & 1)
               break outer;

   immutable uint x2 = n - x;
   foreach (immutable uint i; 0 .. g_nFieldSize) {
       x = (i + n - 2) % g_nFieldWidth;
       y = (i + n - 2) / g_nFieldWidth * n;
       if (field[i] & 1)
           g_pnFieldCheck[x + x2 + y] = 1;
   }

   uint of1;
   for (of1 = 0; of1 < g_pnFieldCheck.length && !g_pnFieldCheck[of1]; of1++) {}

   bool c = true;
   for (uint r = 1; r < 8 && c; r++) {
       for (x = 0; x < n; x++) {
           for (y = 0; y < n; y++) {
               immutable pos = g_anRotationOffset[r] +
                               g_anRotationX[r] * x + g_anRotationY[r] * y;
               g_pnFieldCheckR[pos] = g_pnFieldCheck[x + y * n];
           }
       }

       uint of2;
       for (of2 = 0; of2 < g_pnFieldCheckR.length && !g_pnFieldCheckR[of2]; of2++) {}
       of2 -= of1;
       immutable ed = (of2 > 0) ? (n ^^ 2 - of2) : (n ^^ 2);

       foreach (immutable uint i; of1 .. ed) {
           if (g_pnFieldCheck[i] > g_pnFieldCheckR[i + of2])
               break;
           if (g_pnFieldCheck[i] < g_pnFieldCheckR[i + of2]) {
               c = false;
               break;
           }
       }
   }

   if (c) {
       uint parity;
       if (!(lv & 1)) {
           parity = (lv & 2) >> 1;
           for (x = 0; x < n; x++)
               for (y = 0; y < n; y++)
                   parity ^= (x + y) & g_pnFieldCheck[x + y * n];
           parity &= 1;
       } else
           parity = 0;

       g_pnCountNH[lv]++;
   }

}

int main(in string[] args) {

   immutable n = (args.length == 2) ? (args[1] ~ '\0').ptr.atoi : 11;
   if (n < 1)
       return 1;

   if (n == 1)
       countMain(2);
   else
       countMain(n);

   foreach (immutable i; 1 .. n + 1)
       printf("%llu\n", g_pnCountNH[i]);

   return 0;

}</lang>

Output:

1
1
2
5
12
35
108
369
1285
4655
17073

Output with n=14 (run-time about 36 seconds):

1
1
2
5
12
35
108
369
1285
4655
17073
63600
238591
901971

Elixir

Translation of: Ruby

<lang elixir>defmodule Polyominoes do

 defp translate2origin(poly) do
   # Finds the min x and y coordiate of a Polyomino.
   minx = Enum.map(poly, &elem(&1,0)) |> Enum.min
   miny = Enum.map(poly, &elem(&1,1)) |> Enum.min
   Enum.map(poly, fn {x,y} -> {x - minx, y - miny} end) |> Enum.sort
 end
 
 defp rotate90({x, y}), do: {y, -x}
 defp reflect({x, y}), do: {-x, y}
 
 # All the plane symmetries of a rectangular region.
 defp rotations_and_reflections(poly) do
   poly1 = Enum.map(poly,  &rotate90/1)
   poly2 = Enum.map(poly1, &rotate90/1)
   poly3 = Enum.map(poly2, &rotate90/1)
   poly4 = Enum.map(poly3, &reflect/1)
   poly5 = Enum.map(poly4, &rotate90/1)
   poly6 = Enum.map(poly5, &rotate90/1)
   poly7 = Enum.map(poly6, &rotate90/1)
   [poly, poly1, poly2, poly3, poly4, poly5, poly6, poly7]
 end
 
 defp canonical(poly) do
   rotations_and_reflections(poly) |> Enum.map(&translate2origin/1)
 end
 
 # All four points in Von Neumann neighborhood.
 defp contiguous({x,y}) do
   [{x - 1, y}, {x + 1, y}, {x, y - 1}, {x, y + 1}]
 end
 
 # Finds all distinct points that can be added to a Polyomino.
 defp new_points(poly) do
   points = Enum.flat_map(poly, &contiguous/1)
   Enum.uniq(points) -- poly
 end
 
 defp new_polys(polys) do
   Enum.reduce(polys, {[], HashSet.new}, fn poly, {polyomino, pattern} ->
     Enum.reduce(new_points(poly), {polyomino, pattern}, fn point, {pol, pat} ->
       pl = translate2origin([point | poly])
       if pl in pat do
         {pol, pat}
       else
         canon = canonical(pl)
         {[Enum.min(canon) | pol], Enum.into(canon, pat)}
       end
     end)
   end)
   |> elem(0)
 end
 
 # Generates polyominoes of rank n recursively.
 def rank(0), do: [[]]
 def rank(1), do: [[{0,0}]]
 def rank(n), do: new_polys(rank(n-1))
 
 # Generates a textual representation of a Polyomino.
 def text_representation(poly) do
   table = Enum.map(poly, &{&1, "#"}) |> Enum.into(Map.new)
   maxx = Enum.map(poly, &elem(&1,0)) |> Enum.max
   maxy = Enum.map(poly, &elem(&1,1)) |> Enum.max
   Enum.map_join(0..maxx, "\n", fn x ->
     Enum.map_join(0..maxy, fn y -> Dict.get(table, {x,y}, " ") end)
   end)
 end

end

IO.inspect Enum.map(0..10, fn n -> length(Polyominoes.rank(n)) end)

n = if System.argv==[], do: 5, else: String.to_integer(hd(System.argv)) IO.puts "\nAll free polyominoes of rank #{n}:" Enum.sort(Polyominoes.rank(n)) |> Enum.each(fn poly -> IO.puts "#{Polyominoes.text_representation(poly)}\n" end)</lang>

Output:

[1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 12, 35, 108, 369, 1285, 4655]

All free polyominoes of rank 5:
#####

####
#

####
 #

###
##

###
# #

###
#
#

###
 #
 #

###
  ##

##
 ##
 #

##
 ##
  #

##
 #
 ##

 #
###
 #

Go

Translation of: Kotlin

<lang go>package main

import (

   "fmt"
   "sort"

)

type point struct{ x, y int } type polyomino []point type pointset map[point]bool

func (p point) rotate90() point { return point{p.y, -p.x} } func (p point) rotate180() point { return point{-p.x, -p.y} } func (p point) rotate270() point { return point{-p.y, p.x} } func (p point) reflect() point { return point{-p.x, p.y} }

func (p point) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("(%d, %d)", p.x, p.y) }

// All four points in Von Neumann neighborhood func (p point) contiguous() polyomino {

   return polyomino{point{p.x - 1, p.y}, point{p.x + 1, p.y},
       point{p.x, p.y - 1}, point{p.x, p.y + 1}}

}

// Finds the min x and y coordinates of a Polyomino. func (po polyomino) minima() (int, int) {

   minx := po[0].x
   miny := po[0].y
   for i := 1; i < len(po); i++ {
       if po[i].x < minx {
           minx = po[i].x
       }
       if po[i].y < miny {
           miny = po[i].y
       }
   }
   return minx, miny

}

func (po polyomino) translateToOrigin() polyomino {

   minx, miny := po.minima()
   res := make(polyomino, len(po))
   for i, p := range po {
       res[i] = point{p.x - minx, p.y - miny}
   }
   sort.Slice(res, func(i, j int) bool {
       return res[i].x < res[j].x || (res[i].x == res[j].x && res[i].y < res[j].y)
   })
   return res

}

// All the plane symmetries of a rectangular region. func (po polyomino) rotationsAndReflections() []polyomino {

   rr := make([]polyomino, 8)
   for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
       rr[i] = make(polyomino, len(po))
   }
   copy(rr[0], po)
   for j := 0; j < len(po); j++ {
       rr[1][j] = po[j].rotate90()
       rr[2][j] = po[j].rotate180()
       rr[3][j] = po[j].rotate270()
       rr[4][j] = po[j].reflect()
       rr[5][j] = po[j].rotate90().reflect()
       rr[6][j] = po[j].rotate180().reflect()
       rr[7][j] = po[j].rotate270().reflect()
   }
   return rr

}

func (po polyomino) canonical() polyomino {

   rr := po.rotationsAndReflections()
   minr := rr[0].translateToOrigin()
   mins := minr.String()
   for i := 1; i < 8; i++ {
       r := rr[i].translateToOrigin()
       s := r.String()
       if s < mins {
           minr = r
           mins = s
       }
   }
   return minr

}

func (po polyomino) String() string {

   return fmt.Sprintf("%v", []point(po))

}

func (po polyomino) toPointset() pointset {

   pset := make(pointset, len(po))
   for _, p := range po {
       pset[p] = true
   }
   return pset

}

// Finds all distinct points that can be added to a Polyomino. func (po polyomino) newPoints() polyomino {

   pset := po.toPointset()
   m := make(pointset) 
   for _, p := range po {
       pts := p.contiguous()
       for _, pt := range pts {
           if !pset[pt] {
               m[pt] = true // using an intermediate set is about 15% faster!
           }
       }
   }
   poly := make(polyomino, 0, len(m))
   for k := range m {
       poly = append(poly, k)
   }
   return poly

}

func (po polyomino) newPolys() []polyomino {

   pts := po.newPoints()
   res := make([]polyomino, len(pts))
   for i, pt := range pts {
       poly := make(polyomino, len(po))
       copy(poly, po)
       poly = append(poly, pt)
       res[i] = poly.canonical()
   }
   return res

}

var monomino = polyomino{point{0, 0}} var monominoes = []polyomino{monomino}

// Generates polyominoes of rank n recursively. func rank(n int) []polyomino {

   switch {
   case n < 0:
       panic("n cannot be negative. Program terminated.")
   case n == 0:
       return []polyomino{}
   case n == 1:
       return monominoes
   default:
       r := rank(n - 1)
       m := make(map[string]bool)
       var polys []polyomino
       for _, po := range r {
           for _, po2 := range po.newPolys() {
               if s := po2.String(); !m[s] {
                   polys = append(polys, po2)
                   m[s] = true
               }
           }
       }
       sort.Slice(polys, func(i, j int) bool {
           return polys[i].String() < polys[j].String()
       })
       return polys
   }

}

func main() {

   const n = 5
   fmt.Printf("All free polyominoes of rank %d:\n\n", n)
   for _, poly := range rank(n) {
       for _, pt := range poly {
           fmt.Printf("%s ", pt)
       }
       fmt.Println()
   }
   const k = 10
   fmt.Printf("\nNumber of free polyominoes of ranks 1 to %d:\n", k)
   for i := 1; i <= k; i++ {
       fmt.Printf("%d ", len(rank(i)))
   }
   fmt.Println()

}</lang>

Output:

All free polyominoes of rank 5:

(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (0, 3) (0, 4) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (0, 3) (1, 0) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (0, 3) (1, 1) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (1, 0) (1, 1) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (1, 0) (1, 2) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (1, 0) (2, 0) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (1, 1) (2, 1) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (1, 2) (1, 3) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (1, 1) (1, 2) (2, 1) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (1, 1) (1, 2) (2, 2) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (1, 1) (2, 1) (2, 2) 
(0, 1) (1, 0) (1, 1) (1, 2) (2, 1) 

Number of free polyominoes of ranks 1 to 10:
1 1 2 5 12 35 108 369 1285 4655 

Haskell

This Haskell solution is relatively slow, it's meant to be readable and as manifestly correct as possible.

Code updated and slightly improved from: http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/The_Monad.Reader/Issue5/Generating_Polyominoes <lang haskell>import Data.List (sort) import Data.Set (toList, fromList) import System.Environment (getArgs)

type Coord = Int type Point = (Coord, Coord) type Polyomino = [Point]

-- Finds the min x and y coordiate of a Polyomino. minima :: Polyomino -> Point minima (p:ps) = foldr (\(x, y) (mx, my) -> (min x mx, min y my)) p ps

translateToOrigin :: Polyomino -> Polyomino translateToOrigin p =

   let (minx, miny) = minima p in
       map (\(x, y) -> (x - minx, y - miny)) p

rotate90, rotate180, rotate270, reflect :: Point -> Point rotate90 (x, y) = ( y, -x) rotate180 (x, y) = (-x, -y) rotate270 (x, y) = (-y, x) reflect (x, y) = (-x, y)

-- All the plane symmetries of a rectangular region. rotationsAndReflections :: Polyomino -> [Polyomino] rotationsAndReflections p =

   [p,
    map rotate90 p,
    map rotate180 p,
    map rotate270 p,
    map reflect p,
    map (rotate90 . reflect) p,
    map (rotate180 . reflect) p,
    map (rotate270 . reflect) p]

canonical :: Polyomino -> Polyomino canonical = minimum . map (sort . translateToOrigin) . rotationsAndReflections

unique :: (Ord a) => [a] -> [a] unique = toList . fromList

-- All four points in Von Neumann neighborhood. contiguous :: Point -> [Point] contiguous (x, y) = [(x - 1, y), (x + 1, y), (x, y - 1), (x, y + 1)]

-- Finds all distinct points that can be added to a Polyomino. newPoints :: Polyomino -> [Point] newPoints p =

   let notInP = filter (not . flip elem p) in
       unique . notInP . concatMap contiguous $ p

newPolys :: Polyomino -> [Polyomino] newPolys p = unique . map (canonical . flip (:) p) $ newPoints p

monomino = [(0, 0)] monominoes = [monomino]

-- Generates polyominoes of rank n recursively. rank :: Int -> [Polyomino] rank 0 = [] rank 1 = monominoes rank n = unique . concatMap newPolys $ rank (n - 1)

-- Generates a textual representation of a Polyomino. textRepresentaton :: Polyomino -> String textRepresentaton p =

   unlines  x <- [0 .. maxx - minx
            | y <- [0 .. maxy - miny]]
   where
       maxima :: Polyomino -> Point
       maxima (p:ps) = foldr (\(x, y) (mx, my) -> (max x mx, max y my)) p ps
       (minx, miny) = minima p
       (maxx, maxy) = maxima p

main = do

   print $ map (length . rank) [1 .. 10]
   args <- getArgs
   let n = if null args then 5 else read $ head args :: Int
   putStrLn ("\nAll free polyominoes of rank " ++ show n ++ ":")
   mapM_ putStrLn $ map textRepresentaton $ rank n</lang>

Output:

[1,1,2,5,12,35,108,369,1285,4655]

All free polyominoes of rank 5:
#
#
#
#
#

##
# 
# 
# 

# 
##
# 
# 

##
##
# 

##
# 
##

###
#  
#  

#  
###
#  

# 
# 
##
 #

#  
###
 # 

#  
## 
 ##

#  
###
  #

 # 
###
 # 

J

Generating polyominoes as ascii art:

<lang J>polyominoes=:verb define

 if. 1>y do. i.0 0 0 return.end.
 if. 1=y do. 1 1 1$'#' return.end.
 }.~.' ',simplify ,/extend"2 polyominoes y-1

)

extend=:verb define

 reps=. ' ',"1~~.all y
 simplify ,/extend1"2 reps

)

extend1=:verb define

 b=. (i.#y),._1|."1 '# ' E."1 y
 simplify ,/b extend2"1 _ y

)

extend2=:verb define

 row=.{.x
 mask=.}.x
 row mask extend3 y&>1+i.+/mask

)

extend3=:conjunction define

 '#' (<x,I.m*y=+/\m)} n

)

simplify=:verb define

 t=. ~.trim"2 y
 t #~ +./"1 ((2{.$) $ (i.@# = i.~)@(,/)) all@trim"2 t

)

flip=: |."_1 all=: , flip@|:, |.@flip, |.@|:, |., |.@flip@|:, flip,: |:

trim=:verb define&|:^:2

 y#~+./"1 y~:' '

)</lang>

Example use (boxing each pentomino for display purposes):

<lang j> <"2 polyominoes 5 ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐ │#####│## │# │### │## │## │### │ ## │ # │ # │ # │ ## │ │ │# │## │# │## │# │ ## │ # │ ## │ # │### │## │ │ │# │# │# │# │## │ │## │## │### │ # │# │ │ │# │# │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘</lang>

Java

Translation of Haskell via D

Works with: Java version 8

<lang java>import java.awt.Point; import java.util.*; import static java.util.Arrays.asList; import java.util.function.Function; import static java.util.Comparator.comparing; import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toList;

public class FreePolyominoesEnum {

   static final List<Function<Point, Point>> transforms = new ArrayList<>();

   static {
       transforms.add(p -> new Point(p.y, -p.x));
       transforms.add(p -> new Point(-p.x, -p.y));
       transforms.add(p -> new Point(-p.y, p.x));
       transforms.add(p -> new Point(-p.x, p.y));
       transforms.add(p -> new Point(-p.y, -p.x));
       transforms.add(p -> new Point(p.x, -p.y));
       transforms.add(p -> new Point(p.y, p.x));
   }

   static Point findMinima(List<Point> poly) {
       return new Point(
               poly.stream().mapToInt(a -> a.x).min().getAsInt(),
               poly.stream().mapToInt(a -> a.y).min().getAsInt());
   }

   static List<Point> translateToOrigin(List<Point> poly) {
       final Point min = findMinima(poly);
       poly.replaceAll(p -> new Point(p.x - min.x, p.y - min.y));
       return poly;
   }

   static List<List<Point>> rotationsAndReflections(List<Point> poly) {
       List<List<Point>> lst = new ArrayList<>();
       lst.add(poly);
       for (Function<Point, Point> t : transforms)
           lst.add(poly.stream().map(t).collect(toList()));
       return lst;
   }

   static Comparator<Point> byCoords = Comparator.<Point>comparingInt(p -> p.x)
           .thenComparingInt(p -> p.y);

   static List<Point> normalize(List<Point> poly) {
       return rotationsAndReflections(poly).stream()
               .map(lst -> translateToOrigin(lst))
               .map(lst -> lst.stream().sorted(byCoords).collect(toList()))
               .min(comparing(Object::toString)) // not efficient but simple
               .get();
   }

   static List<Point> neighborhoods(Point p) {
       return asList(new Point(p.x - 1, p.y), new Point(p.x + 1, p.y),
               new Point(p.x, p.y - 1), new Point(p.x, p.y + 1));
   }

   static List<Point> concat(List<Point> lst, Point pt) {
       List<Point> r = new ArrayList<>();
       r.addAll(lst);
       r.add(pt);
       return r;
   }

   static List<Point> newPoints(List<Point> poly) {
       return poly.stream()
               .flatMap(p -> neighborhoods(p).stream())
               .filter(p -> !poly.contains(p))
               .distinct()
               .collect(toList());
   }

   static List<List<Point>> constructNextRank(List<Point> poly) {
       return newPoints(poly).stream()
               .map(p -> normalize(concat(poly, p)))
               .distinct()
               .collect(toList());
   }

   static List<List<Point>> rank(int n) {
       if (n < 0)
           throw new IllegalArgumentException("n cannot be negative");

       if (n < 2) {
           List<List<Point>> r = new ArrayList<>();
           if (n == 1)
               r.add(asList(new Point(0, 0)));
           return r;
       }

       return rank(n - 1).stream()
               .parallel()
               .flatMap(lst -> constructNextRank(lst).stream())
               .distinct()
               .collect(toList());
   }

   public static void main(String[] args) {
       for (List<Point> poly : rank(5)) {
           for (Point p : poly)
               System.out.printf("(%d,%d) ", p.x, p.y);
           System.out.println();
       }
   }

}</lang>

(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (1,2) (2,1) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,0) (1,1) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (1,1) 
(0,1) (1,0) (1,1) (1,2) (2,1) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,1) (2,1) 
(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (1,2) (2,2) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,2) (1,3) 
(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (2,1) (2,2) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,0) (1,2) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (1,0) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,0) (2,0) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (0,4)

Kotlin

Translation of: Python

<lang scala>// version 1.1.51

class Point(val x: Int, val y: Int) : Comparable<Point> {

   fun rotate90()  = Point( this.y, -this.x)
   fun rotate180() = Point(-this.x, -this.y)
   fun rotate270() = Point(-this.y,  this.x)
   fun reflect()   = Point(-this.x,  this.y)

   override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
       if (other == null || other !is Point) return false
       return this.x == other.x && this.y == other.y
   }

   override fun compareTo(other: Point) =
       if (this == other ) 0
       else if (this.x < other.x || (this.x == other.x && this.y < other.y)) -1
       else 1

   override fun toString() = "($x, $y)"

}

typealias Polyomino = List<Point>

// Finds the min x and y coordinates of a Polyomino. val Polyomino.minima get() = Pair(this.minBy { it.x }!!.x, this.minBy { it.y }!!.y)

fun Polyomino.translateToOrigin(): Polyomino {

   val (minX, minY) = this.minima
   return this.map { Point(it.x - minX, it.y - minY) }.sorted()

}

// All the plane symmetries of a rectangular region. val Polyomino.rotationsAndReflections get() =

   listOf(
       this,
       this.map { it.rotate90() },
       this.map { it.rotate180() },
       this.map { it.rotate270() },
       this.map { it.reflect() },
       this.map { it.rotate90().reflect() },
       this.map { it.rotate180().reflect() },
       this.map { it.rotate270().reflect() }
   )

val Polyomino.canonical get() =

   this.rotationsAndReflections.map { it.translateToOrigin() }.minBy { it.toString() }!!

// All four points in Von Neumann neighborhood val Point.contiguous get() =

   listOf(Point(x - 1, y), Point(x + 1, y), Point(x, y - 1), Point(x, y + 1))

// Finds all distinct points that can be added to a Polyomino. val Polyomino.newPoints get() = this.flatMap { it.contiguous }.filter { it !in this }.distinct()

val Polyomino.newPolys get() = this.newPoints.map { (this + it).canonical }

val monomino = listOf(Point(0, 0)) val monominoes = listOf(monomino)

// Generates polyominoes of rank n recursively. fun rank(n: Int): List<Polyomino> = when {

   n < 0  -> throw IllegalArgumentException("n cannot be negative")
   n == 0 -> emptyList<Polyomino>()
   n == 1 -> monominoes
   else   -> rank(n - 1).flatMap { it.newPolys }
                        .distinctBy { it.toString() }
                        .sortedBy { it.toString() }

}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

   val n = 5
   println("All free polyominoes of rank $n:\n")
   for (poly in rank(n)) {
       for (pt in poly) print("$pt ")
       println()
   }
   val k = 10
   println("\nNumber of free polyominoes of ranks 1 to $k:")
   for (i in 1..k) print("${rank(i).size} ")
   println()

}</lang>

Output:

All free polyominoes of rank 5:

(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (0, 3) (0, 4) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (0, 3) (1, 0) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (0, 3) (1, 1) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (1, 0) (1, 1) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (1, 0) (1, 2) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (1, 0) (2, 0) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (1, 1) (2, 1) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (1, 2) (1, 3) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (1, 1) (1, 2) (2, 1) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (1, 1) (1, 2) (2, 2) 
(0, 0) (0, 1) (1, 1) (2, 1) (2, 2) 
(0, 1) (1, 0) (1, 1) (1, 2) (2, 1) 

Number of free polyominoes of ranks 1 to 10:
1 1 2 5 12 35 108 369 1285 4655 

Python

Translation of: Haskell

<lang python>from itertools import imap, imap, groupby, chain, imap from operator import itemgetter from sys import argv from array import array

def concat_map(func, it):

   return list(chain.from_iterable(imap(func, it)))

def minima(poly):

   """Finds the min x and y coordiate of a Polyomino."""
   return (min(pt[0] for pt in poly), min(pt[1] for pt in poly))

def translate_to_origin(poly):

   (minx, miny) = minima(poly)
   return [(x - minx, y - miny) for (x, y) in poly]

rotate90 = lambda (x, y): ( y, -x) rotate180 = lambda (x, y): (-x, -y) rotate270 = lambda (x, y): (-y, x) reflect = lambda (x, y): (-x, y)

def rotations_and_reflections(poly):

   """All the plane symmetries of a rectangular region."""
   return (poly,
           map(rotate90, poly),
           map(rotate180, poly),
           map(rotate270, poly),
           map(reflect, poly),
           [reflect(rotate90(pt)) for pt in poly],
           [reflect(rotate180(pt)) for pt in poly],
           [reflect(rotate270(pt)) for pt in poly])

def canonical(poly):

   return min(sorted(translate_to_origin(pl)) for pl in rotations_and_reflections(poly))

def unique(lst):

   lst.sort()
   return map(next, imap(itemgetter(1), groupby(lst)))

1. All four points in Von Neumann neighborhood.

contiguous = lambda (x, y): [(x - 1, y), (x + 1, y), (x, y - 1), (x, y + 1)]

def new_points(poly):

   """Finds all distinct points that can be added to a Polyomino."""
   return unique([pt for pt in concat_map(contiguous, poly) if pt not in poly])

def new_polys(poly):

   return unique([canonical(poly + [pt]) for pt in new_points(poly)])

monomino = [(0, 0)] monominoes = [monomino]

def rank(n):

   """Generates polyominoes of rank n recursively."""
   assert n >= 0
   if n == 0: return []
   if n == 1: return monominoes
   return unique(concat_map(new_polys, rank(n - 1)))

def text_representation(poly):

   """Generates a textual representation of a Polyomino."""
   min_pt = minima(poly)
   max_pt = (max(p[0] for p in poly), max(p[1] for p in poly))
   table = [array('c', ' ') * (max_pt[1] - min_pt[1] + 1)
            for _ in xrange(max_pt[0] - min_pt[0] + 1)]
   for pt in poly:
       table[pt[0] - min_pt[0]][pt[1] - min_pt[1]] = '#'
   return "\n".join(row.tostring() for row in table)

def main():

   print [len(rank(n)) for n in xrange(1, 11)]

   n = int(argv[1]) if (len(argv) == 2) else 5
   print "\nAll free polyominoes of rank %d:" % n

   for poly in rank(n):
       print text_representation(poly), "\n"

main()</lang>

Output:

[1, 1, 2, 5, 12, 35, 108, 369, 1285, 4655]

All free polyominoes of rank 5:
##### 

####
#    

####
 #   

###
##  

###
# # 

###
#  
#   

###
 # 
 #  

### 
  ## 

## 
 ##
 #  

## 
 ##
  # 

## 
 # 
 ## 

 # 
###
 #  

Racket

Uses Racket's arbitrary length integers as bit fields. It's not as compact as it possible could be (all numbers are "square" in shape), but it is correct.

Implemented in typed/racket. Don't balk at all the type annotations. In the right environment (DrRacket), they allow the developer to keep types in check.

Some functionality might be vestigial, or used in testing (test scripts not included in code below). But I think it's interesting nonetheless.

<lang racket>#lang typed/racket

Inspired by C code in http://www.geocities.jp/tok12345/countomino.txt

but tries to take advantage of arbitrary width integers

(define-type Order Positive-Integer) (define-type Shape Nonnegative-Integer)

"shape" functions are abbreviated s-...

(define-type Shapes (Listof Shape)) (define-type Shapes+ (Pairof Shape Shapes))

polynomino

order

number of bits wide a row of the "shape" is

shape

bit map (integer). bits set where the "animal" is

(struct polynominoes ([order : Order] [shapes : Shapes])) (define-type shape-xform (Order Shape -> Shape)) (: s-reflect:y shape-xform) (: s-reflect:x shape-xform) (: s-reflect:xy shape-xform) (: s-reflect:x=y shape-xform) (: s-all-xforms (Order Shape #:bottom-mask Shape #:left-mask Shape -> Shapes)) (: s-grow+2 shape-xform) (: s-shrink-1 shape-xform) (: s-normalise (Order Shape #:bottom-mask Shape #:left-mask Shape -> Shape)) (: draw-shapes (Order Shapes -> Void)) (: draw-polynominoes (polynominoes -> Void)) (: polynominoes->string (polynominoes -> String)) (: order-1-polynominoes polynominoes) (: shape-add-bit (Order Shape Nonnegative-Integer -> Shape)) (: s-add-all-edges

  (Order (Shape -> Shape) Shape #:bottom-mask Shape #:left-mask Shape (#:seen? (Shape -> Boolean))
         (#:seen! (Option (Shape -> Void))) -> Shapes))

(: s-least-xform (Order Shape #:bottom-mask Shape #:left-mask Shape

                       (#:seen? (Option (Shape -> Boolean))) -> (Option Shape)))

(: polynominoes-add-new-order (-> polynominoes polynominoes)) (: nth-order-polynominoes (-> Positive-Integer polynominoes)) (: s-identity shape-xform) (: order->bottom-mask (Order -> Shape)) (: order->left-mask (Order -> Shape))

get in touch with your inner C programmer

(define << arithmetic-shift) (define bits bitwise-bit-field)

(define (draw-shapes o sss)

 (let: loop ((need-newline? : Boolean #f) (sss sss))
   (define 10-or-sss-len (min (length sss) 10))
   (define ss (take sss 10-or-sss-len))
   (for ((y (in-range 0 o)))
     (for ((s (in-list ss)) (n (in-naturals)) #:when #t (x (in-range 0 o)))
       (match* (n y x)
         [(0 0 _) (void)] [(0 _ 0) (newline)] [(_ _ 0) (write-char #\space)] [(_ _ _) (void)])
       (write-char (cond [(bitwise-bit-set? s (+ x (* y o))) #\#] [else #\.]))))
   (newline)
   (define sss- (drop sss 10-or-sss-len))
   (unless (null? sss-) (when need-newline? (newline)) (loop #t sss-))))

(define (draw-polynominoes p)

 (draw-shapes (polynominoes-order p) (polynominoes-shapes p)))

(define (polynominoes->string p)

 (with-output-to-string (λ () (draw-polynominoes p))))

(define order-1-polynominoes (polynominoes 1 '(1)))

(define (shape-add-bit o s b)

 (bitwise-ior s (<< 1 b)))

(define (s-reflect:y o s)

 (let: loop ((s : Shape s) (s+ : Shape 0))
   (if (zero? s) s+ (loop (<< s (- o)) (bitwise-ior (bits s 0 o) (<< s+ o))))))

(define (s-reflect:x o s)

 (let y-loop ((s+ : Shape 0) (y : Nonnegative-Integer (- o 1)))
   (let x-loop ((s+ : Shape s+) (x : Nonnegative-Integer 0) (b (* o y)))
     (cond [(= o x) (if (= y 0) s+ (y-loop s+ (- y 1)))]
           [else (x-loop (bitwise-ior (<< s+ 1) (bits s b (+ b 1))) (+ x 1) (+ b 1))]))))

(define (s-reflect:xy o s) (s-reflect:x o (s-reflect:y o s)))

(define (s-reflect:x=y o s)

 (define o-1 (sub1 o))
 (let b-loop ((s+ : Shape 0) (w-y o-1) (w-x o-1))
   (cond [(< w-y 0) s+]
         [else (define r-bit (+ (* w-x o) w-y))
               (b-loop (bitwise-ior (<< s+ 1) (bits s r-bit (+ r-bit 1)))
                       (if (zero? w-x) (sub1 w-y) w-y)
                       (if (zero? w-x) o-1 (sub1 w-x)))])))

(define (s-identity o s) s)

(define (order->bottom-mask o) (- (expt 2 o) 1))

(define (order->left-mask o) (for/fold ((m : Shape 0)) ((i (in-range 0 o))) (bitwise-ior 1 (<< m o))))

(define (s-least-xform o s #:bottom-mask bm #:left-mask lm #:seen? (seen? #f))

 (: ss1 (Option Shapes))
 (define ss1
   (let loop : (Option Shapes)
     ((rv : (Option Shapes) null)
      (xs : (Listof shape-xform)
          (list s-identity s-reflect:y s-reflect:x s-reflect:xy)))
     (cond
       [(null? xs) rv]
       [(not rv) #f] ; option assures rv's type in else clause
       [else
        (define s_ (s-normalise o ((car xs) o s) #:bottom-mask bm #:left-mask lm))
        (if (and seen? (seen? s_)) #f (loop (cons s_ rv) (cdr xs)))])))
 
 (and ss1
      (let loop : (Option Shape)
        ((rv : (Option Shape) (sub1 (expt 2 (sqr o))))
         (ss : Shapes ss1))
        (cond
          [(null? ss) rv]
          [else
           (define s0 (car ss))
           (define s_ (s-normalise o (s-reflect:x=y o s0) #:bottom-mask bm #:left-mask lm))
           (define least-s (min s0 s_))
           (cond [(and seen? (seen? s_)) #f]
                 [else (and rv (loop (min rv least-s) (cdr ss)))])]))))

(define (s-all-xforms o s #:bottom-mask bm #:left-mask lm)

 (: s1 Shapes)
 (: s2 Shapes)
 (define s1
   (for/list : Shapes
     ((x : shape-xform (in-list (list s-reflect:y s-reflect:x s-reflect:xy))))
     (x o s)))
 (define s2
   (for/list : Shapes ((s+ : Shape (in-list (cons s s1))))
     (s-reflect:x=y o s+)))
 
 (for/list : Shapes ((s (in-list (append s1 s2))))
   (s-normalise o s #:bottom-mask bm #:left-mask lm)))

(define (s-grow+2 o s)

 (define o+2 (+ o 2))
 (define -o (- o))
 (define s+
   (let: loop : Shape ((s : Shape s) (shft : Nonnegative-Integer 0) (rv : Shape 0))
     (if (zero? s) rv
         (loop (<< s -o)
               (+ shft o+2)
               (bitwise-ior rv (<< (bits s 0 o) shft))))))
 (<< s+ (+ o+2 1))) ; centre it

(define (s-shrink-1 o s)

 (define o-1 (sub1 o))
 (define -o (- o))
 (let: loop : Shape ((s- : Shape s) (shft : Nonnegative-Integer 0) (rv : Shape 0))
   (if (zero? s-) rv (loop (<< s- -o) (+ shft o-1) (bitwise-ior rv (<< (bits s- 0 o) shft))))))

(define (s-normalise o s #:bottom-mask bm #:left-mask lm)

 (cond [(zero? s) s]; stop an infinte loop!
       [else
        (define -o (- o))  
        ;; if there are no bits in a mask, we need to pull some in from...
        (: s-down Shape)
        (define s-down (let: loop : Shape ((s : Shape s))
                         (if (zero? (bitwise-and s bm)) (loop (<< s -o)) s)))
        (let loop : Shape ((s : Shape s-down)) (if (zero? (bitwise-and s lm)) (loop (<< s -1)) s))]))

(define (s-add-all-edges o shrink s

                        #:bottom-mask bm #:left-mask lm
                        #:seen! (seen! #f) #:seen? (seen? #f))
 (define o+2 (+ o 2))
 (define s+ (s-grow+2 o s))
 ;; it will be of a new order with edges all round -- so expand it into that
 (define blur (bitwise-ior s+ (<< s+ 1) (<< s+ -1) (<< s+ o+2) (<< s+ (- o+2))))
 (let: loop : Shapes
   ((b : Nonnegative-Integer 0)
    (e : Shape (bitwise-xor blur s+)) ; the edge is the blur, less the original s+
    (rv : Shapes null))
   (match e
     [0 rv] ; run out of bits
     [(? even?) (loop (+ b 1) (<< e -1) rv)] ; bit 0 isn't
     [_ (define lsx (s-least-xform o+2 (shape-add-bit o+2 s+ b)
                                   #:bottom-mask bm #:left-mask lm #:seen? seen?))
        (loop (+ b 1) (<< e -1) (if lsx (begin0 (cons (shrink lsx) rv)
                                                (when seen! (seen! lsx)))
                                    rv))])))

(define (polynominoes-add-new-order p)

 (match-define (polynominoes o ss) p)
 (: saae (Shape -> Shapes))
 (: seen? (Shape -> Boolean))
 (: seen! (Shape -> Void))
 
 (define bm (order->bottom-mask (+ 2 o)))
 (define lm (order->left-mask (+ 2 o)))
 (define shrink (curry s-shrink-1 (+ o 2)))
 (define (seen! s) (hash-set! all-seen-shapes s #t))
 (define (seen? s) (hash-ref all-seen-shapes s #f))
 (define (saae s) (s-add-all-edges o shrink s #:seen? seen? #:seen! seen!
                                   #:bottom-mask bm #:left-mask lm))
 (define all-seen-shapes #{(make-hash) :: (HashTable Shape Boolean)})
 (define all-new-shapes
   (for*/list : Shapes ((k : Shape (in-list ss)) (s : Shape (in-list (saae k)))) s))  
 (polynominoes (add1 o) all-new-shapes))

(define nth-order-polynominoes

 (let ((polynominoes-cache #{(make-hash) :: (HashTable Positive-Integer polynominoes)}))
   (hash-set! polynominoes-cache 1 order-1-polynominoes)
   (lambda (n)
     (hash-ref! polynominoes-cache n
                (λ () (polynominoes-add-new-order
                       (nth-order-polynominoes (cast (sub1 n) Positive-Integer))))))))

(module+ main

 (time
  (for ((n : Positive-Integer (in-range 1 (add1 12))))
    (define p (time (nth-order-polynominoes n)))
    (printf "n: ~a~%" n)
    (when (< n 6) (draw-polynominoes p))
    (printf "count: ~a~%~%" (length (polynominoes-shapes p)))
    (flush-output))))</lang>

Output:

Output is done up to 13 (on my clockwork laptop... tomorrow, better results on a competent machine)

cpu time: 0 real time: 0 gc time: 0
n: 1
#
count: 1

cpu time: 0 real time: 0 gc time: 0
n: 2
##
..
count: 1

cpu time: 0 real time: 0 gc time: 0
n: 3
### ##.
... #..
... ...
count: 2

cpu time: 0 real time: 0 gc time: 0
n: 4
#### ###. ###. ##.. .##.
.... .#.. #... ##.. ##..
.... .... .... .... ....
.... .... .... .... ....
count: 5

cpu time: 0 real time: 0 gc time: 0
n: 5
##### ####. ####. #.... ###.. .#... .#... ###.. ###.. .###.
..... .#... #.... ###.. ##... ###.. ###.. #.... #.#.. ##...
..... ..... ..... #.... ..... .#... #.... #.... ..... .....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
..#.. .##..
###.. ##...
#.... #....
..... .....
..... .....
count: 12

cpu time: 0 real time: 0 gc time: 0
n: 6
count: 35

cpu time: 0 real time: 0 gc time: 0
n: 7
count: 108

cpu time: 63 real time: 31 gc time: 0
n: 8
count: 369

cpu time: 187 real time: 94 gc time: 0
n: 9
count: 1285

cpu time: 735 real time: 360 gc time: 0
n: 10
count: 4655

cpu time: 3172 real time: 2189 gc time: 142
n: 11
count: 17073

cpu time: 9047 real time: 9048 gc time: 343
n: 12
count: 63600

cpu time: 75125 real time: 75508 gc time: 3310
n: 13
count: 238591

cpu time: 88985 real time: 87683 gc time: 3983

Ruby

Translation of: Python

<lang ruby>require 'set'

def translate2origin(poly)

 # Finds the min x and y coordiate of a Polyomino.
 minx = poly.map(&:first).min
 miny = poly.map(&:last).min
 poly.map{|x,y| [x - minx, y - miny]}.sort

end

def rotate90(x,y) [y, -x] end def reflect(x,y) [-x, y] end

1. All the plane symmetries of a rectangular region.

def rotations_and_reflections(poly)

 [poly,
  poly = poly.map{|x,y| rotate90(x,y)},
  poly = poly.map{|x,y| rotate90(x,y)},
  poly = poly.map{|x,y| rotate90(x,y)},
  poly = poly.map{|x,y| reflect(x,y)},
  poly = poly.map{|x,y| rotate90(x,y)},
  poly = poly.map{|x,y| rotate90(x,y)},
         poly.map{|x,y| rotate90(x,y)} ]

end

def canonical(poly)

 rotations_and_reflections(poly).map{|pl| translate2origin(pl)}

end

1. All four points in Von Neumann neighborhood.

def contiguous(x,y)

 [[x - 1, y], [x + 1, y], [x, y - 1], [x, y + 1]]

end

1. Finds all distinct points that can be added to a Polyomino.

def new_points(poly)

 points = []
 poly.each{|x,y| contiguous(x,y).each{|point| points << point}}
 (points - poly).uniq

end

def new_polys(polys)

 pattern = Set.new
 polys.each_with_object([]) do |poly, polyomino|
   new_points(poly).each do |point|
     next if pattern.include?(pl = translate2origin(poly + [point]))
     polyomino << canonical(pl).each{|p| pattern << p}.min
   end
 end

end

1. Generates polyominoes of rank n recursively.

def rank(n)

 case n
 when 0 then [[]]
 when 1 then [[[0,0]]]
 else        new_polys(rank(n-1))
 end

end

1. Generates a textual representation of a Polyomino.

def text_representation(poly)

 table = Hash.new(' ')
 poly.each{|x,y| tablex,y = '#'}
 maxx = poly.map(&:first).max
 maxy = poly.map(&:last).max
 (0..maxx).map{|x| (0..maxy).map{|y| tablex,y}.join}

end

p (0..10).map{|n| rank(n).size} n = ARGV[0] ? ARGV[0].to_i : 5 puts "\nAll free polyominoes of rank %d:" % n rank(n).sort.each{|poly| puts text_representation(poly),""}</lang>

Output:

[1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 12, 35, 108, 369, 1285, 4655]

All free polyominoes of rank 5:
#####

####
#   

####
 #  

###
## 

###
# #

###
#  
#  

###
 # 
 # 

### 
  ##

## 
 ##
 # 

## 
 ##
  #

## 
 # 
 ##

 # 
###
 # 

Scala

Translation of Haskell via Java

Works with: Scala version 2.12

<lang Scala>object Free {

 type Point = (Int, Int)
 type Polyomino = List[Point]

 def rotate90(p: Point): Point = (p._2, -p._1)

 def rotate180(p: Point): Point = (-p._1, -p._2)

 def rotate270(p: Point): Point = (-p._2, p._1)

 def reflect(p: Point): Point = (-p._1, p._2)

 def minima(polyomino: Polyomino): Point = {
   polyomino.reduce((a,b) => (Math.min(a._1, b._1), Math.min(a._2, b._2)))
 }

 def translateToOrigin(polyomino: Polyomino): Polyomino = {
   val m = minima(polyomino)
   polyomino.map(p => (p._1 - m._1, p._2 - m._2))
 }

 def rotationsAndReflections(polyomino: Polyomino): List[Polyomino] = {
   val refPol = polyomino.map(reflect)
   List(
     polyomino,
     polyomino.map(rotate90),
     polyomino.map(rotate180),
     polyomino.map(rotate270),
     refPol,
     refPol.map(rotate90), // === pol
     refPol.map(rotate180),
     refPol.map(rotate270),
   )
 }

 def canonical(polyomino: Polyomino): Polyomino = {
   import Ordering.Implicits._
   rotationsAndReflections(polyomino)
     .map(translateToOrigin)
     .map(poly => poly.sorted).min
 }

 def contiguous(p: Point): List[Point] = List(
   (p._1 - 1, p._2),
   (p._1 + 1, p._2),
   (p._1, p._2 - 1),
   (p._1, p._2 + 1),
 )

 def newPoints(polyomino: Polyomino): List[Point] = {
   polyomino.flatMap(contiguous).filterNot(polyomino.contains(_)).distinct
 }

 def newPolyominos(polyomino: Polyomino): List[Polyomino] = {
   newPoints(polyomino).map(p => canonical(p :: polyomino)).distinct
 }

 val monomino: Polyomino = List((0, 0))
 val monominos: List[Polyomino] = List(monomino)

 def rank(n: Int): List[Polyomino] = {
   require(n >= 0)
   n match {
     case 0 => Nil
     case 1 => monominos
     case _ => rank(n - 1).flatMap(newPolyominos).distinct
   }
 }

}</lang>

(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (1,2) (2,1) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,0) (1,1) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (1,1) 
(0,1) (1,0) (1,1) (1,2) (2,1) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,1) (2,1) 
(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (1,2) (2,2) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,2) (1,3) 
(0,0) (0,1) (1,1) (2,1) (2,2) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,0) (1,2) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (1,0) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,0) (2,0) 
(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (0,4)