View source for BNF Grammar

{{DeprecatedTask}}
In computer science, Backus–Naur Form (BNF) is a metasyntax used to express context-free grammars: that is, a formal way to describe formal languages. John Backus and Peter Naur developed a context free grammar to define the syntax of a programming language by using two sets of rules: i.e., lexical rules and syntactic rules.

BNF is widely used as a notation for the grammars of computer programming languages, instruction sets and communication protocols, as well as a notation for representing parts of natural language grammars. Many textbooks for programming language theory and/or semantics document the programming language in BNF.

There are many extensions and variants of BNF, including Extended and Augmented Backus–Naur Forms (EBNF and ABNF).

'''This is a deprecated task. Please move these grammars to the language's category page, or somewhere else.'''

==[[:Category:BASIC|BASIC]]==
<div style="height:30ex;overflow:scroll"><pre>
! -----------------------------------------------------------------------
! BASIC '64 
!
! Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code 
!
!    "It is practically impossible to teach good programming style to students 
!     that have had prior exposure to BASIC; as potential programmers they are 
!     mentally mutilated beyond hope of regeneration." 
!
!     - Edsger W. Dijkstra 
!
! BASIC is one of the oldest programming language and one of the most popular. 
! It was developed in 1964 by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz to teach 
! students the basics of programming concepts. At the advent of the microcomputer,
! BASIC was implemented on numerous platforms such as the Commodore, Atari, 
! Apple II, Altair, IBM PC computers. Over time, BASIC evolved into GW-BASIC, 
! QBasic, Visual Basic, and recently Visual Basic .NET.
!
! In practically all programming languages, the reserved word/symbol that denotes
! a comment is treated as a form of whitespace - having no effect in the manner in
! which the program runs. Once such type of comment is used to indicate the remainder
! of the line is to be ignored. These can be added to the end of any line without
! changing the meaning of the program. In C++, it is the '//' symbol;
! in BASIC '64 it is 'REM'.
!
! However, in the BASIC programming language, the line comment is treated like a 
! statement. For instance, if 'REM' was a normal line comment:
!
!    10  PRINT "Hello World" REM Common first program
!
! would be a valid statement. However, in BASIC, this is illegal. In the example 
! above, the comment must be added as an additional statement.
!
!    10  PRINT "Hello World" : REM Common first program
!
! As a result, the Line Comment terminal that is used in the GOLD Parser cannot be
! used here. In the grammar below, a 'Remark' terminal was created that accepts all 
! series of printable characters starting with the characters "REM ". In some 
! implementations of BASIC, any string starting with "REM" is a comment statement.
! Examples include "REMARK", "REMARKABLE" and "REMODEL". This grammar requires the space.
!
! This grammar does not include the editor statements such as NEW, SAVE, LOAD, etc...
!
! Note: This is an ad hoc version of the language. If there are any flaws, please 
! e-mail GOLDParser@DevinCook.com and I will update the grammar. Most likely I have
! included features not available in BASIC '64.
! -----------------------------------------------------------------------


"Name"    = 'BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)'
"Author"  = 'John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz' 
"Version" = '1964 - Original - before Microsoft enhanced the language for the IBM PC.'
"About"   = 'BASIC is one of most common and popular teaching languages ever created. '

"Case Sensitive" = False 
"Start Symbol"   = <Lines>

{String Chars} = {Printable} - ["]
{WS}           = {Whitespace} - {CR} - {LF}

NewLine        = {CR}{LF}|{CR}
Whitespace     = {WS}+

Remark         = REM{Space}{Printable}*
ID             = {Letter}[$%]? 
String         = '"'{String Chars}*'"' 
Integer        = {digit}+ 
Real           = {digit}+.{digit}+ 

<Lines>       ::= Integer <Statements> NewLine <Lines> 
                | Integer <Statements> NewLine

<Statements>  ::= <Statement> ':' <Statements>
                | <Statement>

<Statement>   ::= CLOSE '#' Integer
                | DATA <Constant List> 
                | DIM ID '(' <Integer List> ')'
                | END          
                | FOR ID '=' <Expression> TO <Expression>     
                | FOR ID '=' <Expression> TO <Expression> STEP Integer      
                | GOTO <Expression> 
                | GOSUB <Expression> 
                | IF <Expression> THEN <Statement>         
                | INPUT <ID List>       
                | INPUT '#' Integer ',' <ID List>       
                | LET Id '=' <Expression> 
                | NEXT <ID List>               
                | OPEN <Value> FOR <Access> AS '#' Integer
                | POKE <Value List>
                | PRINT <Print list>
                | PRINT '#' Integer ',' <Print List>
                | READ <ID List>           
                | RETURN
                | RESTORE
                | RUN
                | STOP
                | SYS <Value>
                | WAIT <Value List>
                | Remark

<Access>   ::= INPUT
             | OUPUT
                   
<ID List>  ::= ID ',' <ID List> 
             | ID 

<Value List>      ::= <Value> ',' <Value List> 
                    | <Value> 

<Constant List>   ::= <Constant> ',' <Constant List> 
                    | <Constant> 

<Integer List>    ::= Integer ',' <Integer List>
                    | Integer
                 
<Expression List> ::= <Expression> ',' <Expression List> 
                    | <Expression> 

<Print List>      ::= <Expression> ';' <Print List>
                    | <Expression> 
                    |  

<Expression>  ::= <And Exp> OR <Expression> 
                | <And Exp> 

<And Exp>     ::= <Not Exp> AND <And Exp> 
                | <Not Exp> 
 
<Not Exp>     ::= NOT <Compare Exp> 
                | <Compare Exp> 

<Compare Exp> ::= <Add Exp> '='  <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> '<>' <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> '><' <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> '>'  <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> '>=' <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> '<'  <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> '<=' <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> 

<Add Exp>     ::= <Mult Exp> '+' <Add Exp> 
                | <Mult Exp> '-' <Add Exp> 
                | <Mult Exp> 

<Mult Exp>    ::= <Negate Exp> '*' <Mult Exp> 
                | <Negate Exp> '/' <Mult Exp> 
                | <Negate Exp> 

<Negate Exp>  ::= '-' <Power Exp> 
                | <Power Exp> 

<Power Exp>   ::= <Power Exp> '^' <Value> 
                | <Value> 

<Value>       ::= '(' <Expression> ')'
                | ID 
                | ID '(' <Expression List> ')'
                | <Constant> 

<Constant> ::= Integer 
             | String 
             | Real 
</pre></div>
==[[:Category:BASIC Commodore PET|BASIC Commodore PET]]==
<div style="height:30ex;overflow:scroll"><pre>
! -----------------------------------------------------------------------
! Commodore PET BASIC 
!
! Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code 
!
!    "It is practically impossible to teach good programming style to students 
!    that have had prior exposure to BASIC; as potential programmers they are 
!    mentally mutilated beyond hope of regeneration."    
!
!    - Edsger W. Dijkstra 
!
!
! BASIC is one of the oldest programming language and one of the most popular. 
! It was developed in 1964 by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz to teach 
! students the basics of programming concepts. At the advent of the microcomputer,
! BASIC was implemented on numerous platforms such as the Commodore, Atari, 
! Apple II, Altair, IBM PC computers. Over time, BASIC evolved into GW-BASIC, 
! QBasic, Visual Basic, and recently Visual Basic .NET.
!
! In practically all programming languages, the reserved word/symbol that denotes
! a comment is treated as a form of whitespace - having no effect in the manner in
! which the program runs. Once such type of comment is used to indicate the remainder
! of the line is to be ignored. These can be added to the end of any line without
! changing the meaning of the program. In C++, it is the '//' symbol.
!
! However, in the BASIC programming language, the line comment is treated like a 
! statement. For instance, if 'REM' was a normal line comment:
!
!    10  PRINT "Hello World" REM Common first program
!
! would be a valid statement. However, in BASIC, this is illegal. In the example 
! above, the comment must be added as an additional statement.
!
!    10  PRINT "Hello World" : REM Common first program
!
! As a result, the Line Comment terminal that is used in the GOLD Parser cannot be
! used here. In the grammar below, a 'Remark' terminal was created that accepts all 
! series of printable characters starting with the characters "REM ". In some 
! implementations of BASIC, any string starting with "REM" is a comment statement.
! Examples include "REMARK", "REMARKABLE" and "REMODEL". This grammar requires the space.
!
! -----------------------------------------------------------------------


"Name"    = 'Commodore PET BASIC'
"Author"  = 'Commodore Business Machines'
"Version" = '2.0'
"About"   = 'This is the version of BASIC that was used on the Commodore 64.'

"Case Sensitive" = False 
"Start Symbol"   = <Lines>

{String Chars} = {Printable} - ["]
{WS}           = {Whitespace} - {CR} - {LF}

NewLine        = {CR}{LF}|{CR}
Whitespace     = {WS}+

Remark         = REM{Space}{Printable}*
ID             = {Letter}{Alphanumeric}?[$%]?      !IDs are can only have a maximum of 2 characters
FunctionID     = FN {Letter}{Letter}?

String         = '"'{String Chars}*'"' 
Integer        = {Digit}+ 
Real           = {Digit}+'.'{Digit}+ 

<Lines>       ::= <Lines> <Line>
                | <Line>

<Line>        ::= Integer <Statements> NewLine 
                                
<Statements>  ::= <Statements> ':' <Statement>
                | <Statement>

<Statement>   ::= CLOSE Integer
                | CLR
                | CMD  <Expression>
                | CONT                                          !Continue
                | DATA <Constant List> 
                | DEF FunctionID '(' <ID List> ')' '=' <Expression>    !The ID must start with FN
                | DIM ID '(' <Expression List> ')'
                | END          
                | FOR ID '=' <Expression> TO <Expression> <Step Opt>     
                | GET ID
                | GET '#' Integer ',' ID
                | GOSUB <Expression> 
                | GOTO <Expression>                 
                | IF <Expression> THEN <Then Clause>                
                | INPUT <ID List>       
                | INPUT '#' Integer ',' <ID List>       
                | LET ID '=' <Expression> 
                | LIST <Line Range>
                | LOAD <Value List>        
                | ID '=' <Expression> 
                | NEW
                | NEXT <ID List>               
                | ON ID GOTO <Expression List>
                | OPEN <Expression List>         
                | POKE <Expression> ',' <Expression>
                | PRINT <Print list>
                | PRINT '#' Integer ',' <Print List>
                | READ <ID List>           
                | RETURN
                | RESTORE
                | RUN
                | RUN <Expression>
                | STOP
                | SYS <Expression>
                | WAIT <Expression List>     
                | VERIFY <Expression List>     
                | Remark

<Step Opt> ::= STEP <Expression>
             | 
                   
<ID List>  ::= ID ',' <ID List> 
             | ID 

<Value List>      ::= <Value> ',' <Value List> 
                    | <Value> 

<Constant List>   ::= <Constant> ',' <Constant List> 
                    | <Constant> 
                 
<Expression List> ::= <Expression> ',' <Expression List> 
                    | <Expression> 

<Print List>      ::= <Expression> ';' <Print List>
                    | <Expression> 
                    |  

<Line Range>  ::= Integer 
                | Integer '-'
                | Integer '-' Integer 

<Then Clause> ::= Integer
                | <Statement>

! ----------------------------------------------- Expressions

<Expression>  ::= <And Exp> OR <Expression> 
                | <And Exp> 

<And Exp>     ::= <Not Exp> AND <And Exp> 
                | <Not Exp> 
 
<Not Exp>     ::= NOT <Compare Exp> 
                | <Compare Exp> 

<Compare Exp> ::= <Add Exp> '='  <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> '<>' <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> '>'  <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> '>=' <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> '<'  <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> '<=' <Compare Exp> 
                | <Add Exp> 

<Add Exp>     ::= <Mult Exp> '+' <Add Exp> 
                | <Mult Exp> '-' <Add Exp> 
                | <Mult Exp> 

<Mult Exp>    ::= <Negate Exp> '*' <Mult Exp> 
                | <Negate Exp> '/' <Mult Exp> 
                | <Negate Exp> 

<Negate Exp>  ::= '-' <Power Exp> 
                | <Power Exp> 

<Power Exp>   ::= <Power Exp> '^' <Sub Exp>        !On the Commodore, the symbol was an up-arrow
                | <Sub Exp> 

<Sub Exp>     ::= '(' <Expression> ')'
                | <Value>

<Value>       ::= ID 
                | ABS        '(' <Expression> ')'
                | ASC        '(' <Expression> ')'
                | ATN        '(' <Expression> ')'
                | 'CHR$'     '(' <Expression> ')'
                | COS        '(' <Expression> ')'
                | EXP        '(' <Expression> ')'
                | FunctionID '(' <Expression List> ')'
                | FRE        '(' <Value> ')'                  !The <Value> is  irrelevant
                | INT        '(' <Expression> ')'
                | 'LEFT$'    '(' <Expression> ',' <Expression> ')'
                | LEN        '(' <Expression> ')'
                | PEEK       '(' <Expression> ')'
                | POS        '(' <Value> ')'                  !The <Value> is  irrelevant
                | 'RIGHT$'   '(' <Expression> ',' <Expression> ')'
                | RND        '(' <Expression> ')'
                | SGN        '(' <Expression> ')' 
                | SPC        '(' <Expression> ')' 
                | SQR        '(' <Expression> ')' 
                | TAB        '(' <Expression> ')' 
                | TAN        '(' <Expression> ')' 
                | VAL        '(' <Expression> ')' 
                
                | <Constant> 

<Constant>    ::= Integer 
                | String 
                | Real 

</pre></div>

==[[:Category:Brainf***|Brainf***]]==

  Code ::= Command Code | <NONE>
  Command ::= "+" | "-" | "<" | ">" | "," | "." | "[" Code "]" | <ANY>

==[[:Category:PARI/GP|PARI/GP]]==
[http://pari.math.u-bordeaux.fr/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/trunk/src/language/parse.y?view=markup&revision=12950&root=pari parse.y] contains a grammar for GP.  The grammar for PARI is that of [http://c.comsci.us/syntax/ C].

==[[:Category:PowerShell|PowerShell]]==
An annotated version of the PowerShell grammar can be found in Bruce Payette's book ''Windows PowerShell in Action''. The appendix containing the grammar is available in [http://www.manning.com/payette/AppCexcerpt.pdf PDF form] on the publisher's site.

This grammar does not accurately represent the PowerShell language, though, as for example the <code>for</code> loop mandates semicolons in the grammar but in practice does not require them when arguments are omitted. The infinite loop may be represented by
<lang powershell>for () {}</lang>
but the grammar would require
<lang powershell>for (;;) {}</lang>

==[[:Category:VBScript|VBScript]]==
<div style="height:30ex;overflow:scroll"><pre>
!===============================
! VB Script grammar.
!
! To create the grammar I was using Microsoft's VB Script documentation
! available from http://msdn.microsoft.com/scripting,
! VB Script parser from ArrowHead project http://www.tripi.com/arrowhead/,
! and Visual Basic .Net grammar file written by Devin Cook.
!
! This grammar cannot cover all aspects of VBScript and may have some errors.
! Feel free to contact me if you find any flaws in the grammar.
!
! Vladimir Morozov   vmoroz@hotmail.com
!
! Special thanks to Nathan Baulch for the grammar updates. 
!
! USE GOLD PARSER BUILDER VERSION 2.1 AND LATER TO COMPILE THIS GRAMMAR.
!===============================

"Name"            = 'VB Script'
"Author"          = 'John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz'
"Version"         = '5.0'
"About"           = 'VB Script grammar.'
"Case Sensitive"  = False
"Start Symbol"    = <Program>

!===============================
! Character sets
!===============================

{String Char}   = {All Valid} - ["]
{Date Char}     = {Printable} - [#]
{ID Name Char}  = {Printable} - ['['']']
{Hex Digit}     = {Digit} + [abcdef]
{Oct Digit}     = [01234567]
{WS}            = {Whitespace} - {CR} - {LF}
{ID Tail}       = {Alphanumeric} + [_]

!===============================
! Terminals
!===============================

NewLine        = {CR} {LF}
               | {CR}
               | {LF}
               | ':'

! Special white space definition. Whitespace is either space or tab, which
! can be followed by continuation symbol '_' followed by new line character
Whitespace     = {WS}+
               | '_' {WS}* {CR}? {LF}?

! Special comment definition
Comment Line   = ''
               | 'Rem'

! Literals
StringLiteral  = '"' ( {String Char} | '""' )* '"'
IntLiteral     = {Digit}+
HexLiteral     = '&H' {Hex Digit}+ '&'?
OctLiteral     = '&' {Oct Digit}+ '&'?
FloatLiteral   = {Digit}* '.' {Digit}+ ( 'E' [+-]? {Digit}+ )?
               | {Digit}+ 'E' [+-]? {Digit}+
DateLiteral    = '#' {Date Char}+ '#'

! Identifier is either starts with letter and followed by letter,
! number or underscore, or it can be escaped sequence of any printable
! characters ([] and [_$% :-) @] are valid identifiers)
ID             = {Letter} {ID Tail}*
               | '[' {ID Name Char}* ']'

! White space is not allowed to be before dot, but allowed to be after it.
IDDot          = {Letter} {ID Tail}* '.'
               | '[' {ID Name Char}* ']' '.'
               | 'And.'
               | 'ByRef.'
               | 'ByVal.'
               | 'Call.'
               | 'Case.'
               | 'Class.'
               | 'Const.'
               | 'Default.'
               | 'Dim.'
               | 'Do.'
               | 'Each.'
               | 'Else.'
               | 'ElseIf.'
               | 'Empty.'
               | 'End.'
               | 'Eqv.'
               | 'Erase.'
               | 'Error.'
               | 'Exit.'
               | 'Explicit.'
               | 'False.'
               | 'For.'
               | 'Function.'
               | 'Get.'
               | 'GoTo.'
               | 'If.'
               | 'Imp.'
               | 'In.'
               | 'Is.'
               | 'Let.'
               | 'Loop.'
               | 'Mod.'
               | 'New.'
               | 'Next.'
               | 'Not.'
               | 'Nothing.'
               | 'Null.'
               | 'On.'
               | 'Option.'
               | 'Or.'
               | 'Preserve.'
               | 'Private.'
               | 'Property.'
               | 'Public.'
               | 'Redim.'
               | 'Rem.'
               | 'Resume.'
               | 'Select.'
               | 'Set.'
               | 'Step.'
               | 'Sub.'
               | 'Then.'
               | 'To.'
               | 'True.'
               | 'Until.'
               | 'WEnd.'
               | 'While.'
               | 'With.'
               | 'Xor.'

! The following identifiers should only be used in With statement.
! This rule must be checked by contextual analyzer.
DotID          = '.' {Letter} {ID Tail}*
               | '.' '[' {ID Name Char}* ']'
               | '.And'
               | '.ByRef'
               | '.ByVal'
               | '.Call'
               | '.Case'
               | '.Class'
               | '.Const'
               | '.Default'
               | '.Dim'
               | '.Do'
               | '.Each'
               | '.Else'
               | '.ElseIf'
               | '.Empty'
               | '.End'
               | '.Eqv'
               | '.Erase'
               | '.Error'
               | '.Exit'
               | '.Explicit'
               | '.False'
               | '.For'
               | '.Function'
               | '.Get'
               | '.GoTo'
               | '.If'
               | '.Imp'
               | '.In'
               | '.Is'
               | '.Let'
               | '.Loop'
               | '.Mod'
               | '.New'
               | '.Next'
               | '.Not'
               | '.Nothing'
               | '.Null'
               | '.On'
               | '.Option'
               | '.Or'
               | '.Preserve'
               | '.Private'
               | '.Property'
               | '.Public'
               | '.Redim'
               | '.Rem' 
               | '.Resume'
               | '.Select'
               | '.Set'
               | '.Step'
               | '.Sub'
               | '.Then'
               | '.To'
               | '.True'
               | '.Until'
               | '.WEnd'
               | '.While'
               | '.With'
               | '.Xor'

DotIDDot       = '.' {Letter}{ID Tail}* '.'
               | '.' '[' {ID Name Char}* ']' '.'
               | '.And.'
               | '.ByRef.'
               | '.ByVal.'
               | '.Call.'
               | '.Case.'
               | '.Class.'
               | '.Const.'
               | '.Default.'
               | '.Dim.'
               | '.Do.'
               | '.Each.'
               | '.Else.'
               | '.ElseIf.'
               | '.Empty.'
               | '.End.'
               | '.Eqv.'
               | '.Erase.'
               | '.Error.'
               | '.Exit.'
               | '.Explicit.'
               | '.False.'
               | '.For.'
               | '.Function.'
               | '.Get.'
               | '.GoTo.'
               | '.If.'
               | '.Imp.'
               | '.In.'
               | '.Is.'
               | '.Let.'
               | '.Loop.'
               | '.Mod.'
               | '.New.'
               | '.Next.'
               | '.Not.'
               | '.Nothing.'
               | '.Null.'
               | '.On.'
               | '.Option.'
               | '.Or.'
               | '.Preserve.'
               | '.Private.'
               | '.Property.'
               | '.Public.'
               | '.Redim.'
               | '.Rem.'
               | '.Resume.'
               | '.Select.'
               | '.Set.'
               | '.Step.'
               | '.Sub.'
               | '.Then.'
               | '.To.'
               | '.True.'
               | '.Until.'
               | '.WEnd.'
               | '.While.'
               | '.With.'
               | '.Xor.'

!===============================
! Rules
!===============================

<NL>                   ::= NewLine <NL>
                         | NewLine

<Program>              ::= <NLOpt> <GlobalStmtList>

!===============================
! Rules : Declarations
!===============================

<ClassDecl>            ::= 'Class' <ExtendedID> <NL> <MemberDeclList> 'End' 'Class' <NL>

<MemberDeclList>       ::= <MemberDecl> <MemberDeclList>
                         |

<MemberDecl>           ::= <FieldDecl>
                         | <VarDecl>
                         | <ConstDecl>
                         | <SubDecl>
                         | <FunctionDecl>
                         | <PropertyDecl>

<FieldDecl>            ::= 'Private' <FieldName> <OtherVarsOpt> <NL>
                         | 'Public' <FieldName> <OtherVarsOpt> <NL>

<FieldName>            ::= <FieldID> '(' <ArrayRankList> ')'
                         | <FieldID>

<FieldID>              ::= ID
                         | 'Default'
                         | 'Erase'
                         | 'Error'
                         | 'Explicit'
                         | 'Step'

<VarDecl>              ::= 'Dim' <VarName> <OtherVarsOpt> <NL>

<VarName>              ::= <ExtendedID> '(' <ArrayRankList> ')'
                         | <ExtendedID>

<OtherVarsOpt>         ::= ',' <VarName> <OtherVarsOpt>
                         |

<ArrayRankList>        ::= <IntLiteral> ',' <ArrayRankList>
                         | <IntLiteral>
                         |

<ConstDecl>            ::= <AccessModifierOpt> 'Const' <ConstList> <NL>

<ConstList>            ::= <ExtendedID> '=' <ConstExprDef> ',' <ConstList>
                         | <ExtendedID> '=' <ConstExprDef>

<ConstExprDef>         ::= '(' <ConstExprDef> ')'
                         | '-' <ConstExprDef>
                         | '+' <ConstExprDef> 
                         | <ConstExpr> 

<SubDecl>              ::= <MethodAccessOpt> 'Sub' <ExtendedID> <MethodArgList> <NL> <MethodStmtList> 'End' 'Sub' <NL>
                         | <MethodAccessOpt> 'Sub' <ExtendedID> <MethodArgList> <InlineStmt> 'End' 'Sub' <NL>

<FunctionDecl>         ::= <MethodAccessOpt> 'Function' <ExtendedID> <MethodArgList> <NL> <MethodStmtList> 'End' 'Function' <NL>
                         | <MethodAccessOpt> 'Function' <ExtendedID> <MethodArgList> <InlineStmt> 'End' 'Function' <NL>

<MethodAccessOpt>      ::= 'Public' 'Default'
                         | <AccessModifierOpt>

<AccessModifierOpt>    ::= 'Public'
                         | 'Private'
                         |

<MethodArgList>        ::= '(' <ArgList> ')'
                         | '(' ')'
                         |

<ArgList>              ::= <Arg> ',' <ArgList>
                         | <Arg>

<Arg>                  ::= <ArgModifierOpt> <ExtendedID> '(' ')'
                         | <ArgModifierOpt> <ExtendedID>

<ArgModifierOpt>       ::= 'ByVal'
                         | 'ByRef'
                         |

<PropertyDecl>         ::= <MethodAccessOpt> 'Property' <PropertyAccessType> <ExtendedID> <MethodArgList> <NL> <MethodStmtList> 'End' 'Property' <NL>                        

<PropertyAccessType>   ::= 'Get'
                         | 'Let'
                         | 'Set'

!===============================
! Rules : Statements
!===============================

<GlobalStmt>           ::= <OptionExplicit>
                         | <ClassDecl>
                         | <FieldDecl>
                         | <ConstDecl>
                         | <SubDecl>
                         | <FunctionDecl>
                         | <BlockStmt>

<MethodStmt>           ::= <ConstDecl>
                         | <BlockStmt>

<BlockStmt>            ::= <VarDecl>
                         | <RedimStmt>
                         | <IfStmt>
                         | <WithStmt>
                         | <SelectStmt>
                         | <LoopStmt>
                         | <ForStmt>
                         | <InlineStmt> <NL>

<InlineStmt>           ::= <AssignStmt>
                         | <CallStmt>
                         | <SubCallStmt>
                         | <ErrorStmt>
                         | <ExitStmt>
                         | 'Erase' <ExtendedID>

<GlobalStmtList>       ::= <GlobalStmt> <GlobalStmtList>
                         | 

<MethodStmtList>       ::= <MethodStmt> <MethodStmtList>
                         |
                        
<BlockStmtList>        ::= <BlockStmt> <BlockStmtList>
                         |
                        
<OptionExplicit>       ::= 'Option' 'Explicit' <NL>

<ErrorStmt>            ::= 'On' 'Error' 'Resume' 'Next'
                         | 'On' 'Error' 'GoTo' IntLiteral  ! must be 0

<ExitStmt>             ::= 'Exit' 'Do'
                         | 'Exit' 'For'
                         | 'Exit' 'Function'
                         | 'Exit' 'Property'
                         | 'Exit' 'Sub'

<AssignStmt>           ::= <LeftExpr> '=' <Expr>
                         | 'Set' <LeftExpr> '=' <Expr>
                         | 'Set' <LeftExpr> '=' 'New' <LeftExpr>

! Hack: VB Script allows to have construct a = b = c, which means a = (b = c)
! In this grammar we do not allow it in order to prevent complications with
! interpretation of a(1) = 2, which may be considered as array element assignment
! or a subroutine call: a ((1) = 2).
! Note: VBScript allows to have missed parameters: a ,,2,3,
! VM: If somebody knows a better way to do it, please let me know
<SubCallStmt>          ::= <QualifiedID> <SubSafeExprOpt> <CommaExprList>
                         | <QualifiedID> <SubSafeExprOpt>
                         | <QualifiedID> '(' <Expr> ')' <CommaExprList>
                         | <QualifiedID> '(' <Expr> ')'
                         | <QualifiedID> '(' ')'
                         | <QualifiedID> <IndexOrParamsList> '.' <LeftExprTail> <SubSafeExprOpt> <CommaExprList>
                         | <QualifiedID> <IndexOrParamsListDot> <LeftExprTail> <SubSafeExprOpt> <CommaExprList>
                         | <QualifiedID> <IndexOrParamsList> '.' <LeftExprTail> <SubSafeExprOpt>
                         | <QualifiedID> <IndexOrParamsListDot> <LeftExprTail> <SubSafeExprOpt>

! This very simplified case - the problem is that we cannot use parenthesis in aaa(bbb).ccc (ddd)
<SubSafeExprOpt>       ::= <SubSafeExpr>
                         |

<CallStmt>             ::= 'Call' <LeftExpr>

<LeftExpr>             ::= <QualifiedID> <IndexOrParamsList> '.' <LeftExprTail>
                         | <QualifiedID> <IndexOrParamsListDot> <LeftExprTail>
                         | <QualifiedID> <IndexOrParamsList>
                         | <QualifiedID>
                         | <SafeKeywordID>

<LeftExprTail>         ::= <QualifiedIDTail> <IndexOrParamsList> '.' <LeftExprTail>
                         | <QualifiedIDTail> <IndexOrParamsListDot> <LeftExprTail>
                         | <QualifiedIDTail> <IndexOrParamsList>
                         | <QualifiedIDTail>

! VB Script does not allow to have space between Identifier and dot:
! a . b - Error ; a. b or a.b - OK
<QualifiedID>          ::= IDDot <QualifiedIDTail>
                         | DotIDDot <QualifiedIDTail>
                         | ID
                         | DotID

<QualifiedIDTail>      ::= IDDot <QualifiedIDTail>
                         | ID
                         | <KeywordID>

<KeywordID>            ::= <SafeKeywordID>
                         | 'And'
                         | 'ByRef'
                         | 'ByVal'
                         | 'Call'
                         | 'Case'
                         | 'Class'
                         | 'Const'
                         | 'Dim'
                         | 'Do'
                         | 'Each'
                         | 'Else'
                         | 'ElseIf'
                         | 'Empty'
                         | 'End'
                         | 'Eqv'
                         | 'Exit'
                         | 'False'
                         | 'For'
                         | 'Function'
                         | 'Get'
                         | 'GoTo'
                         | 'If'
                         | 'Imp'
                         | 'In'
                         | 'Is'
                         | 'Let'
                         | 'Loop'
                         | 'Mod'
                         | 'New'
                         | 'Next'
                         | 'Not'
                         | 'Nothing'
                         | 'Null'
                         | 'On'
                         | 'Option'
                         | 'Or'
                         | 'Preserve'
                         | 'Private'
                         | 'Public'
                         | 'Redim'
                         | 'Resume'
                         | 'Select'
                         | 'Set'
                         | 'Sub'
                         | 'Then'
                         | 'To'
                         | 'True'
                         | 'Until'
                         | 'WEnd'
                         | 'While'
                         | 'With'
                         | 'Xor'

<SafeKeywordID>        ::= 'Default'
                         | 'Erase'
                         | 'Error'
                         | 'Explicit'
                         | 'Property'
                         | 'Step'

<ExtendedID>           ::= <SafeKeywordID>
                         | ID

<IndexOrParamsList>    ::= <IndexOrParams> <IndexOrParamsList>
                         | <IndexOrParams>

<IndexOrParams>        ::= '(' <Expr> <CommaExprList> ')'
                         | '(' <CommaExprList> ')'
                         | '(' <Expr> ')'
                         | '(' ')'

<IndexOrParamsListDot> ::= <IndexOrParams> <IndexOrParamsListDot>
                         | <IndexOrParamsDot>

<IndexOrParamsDot>     ::= '(' <Expr> <CommaExprList> ').'
                         | '(' <CommaExprList> ').'
                         | '(' <Expr> ').'
                         | '(' ').'

<CommaExprList>        ::= ',' <Expr> <CommaExprList>
                         | ',' <CommaExprList>
                         | ',' <Expr>
                         | ','

!========= Redim Statement

<RedimStmt>            ::= 'Redim' <RedimDeclList> <NL>
                         | 'Redim' 'Preserve' <RedimDeclList> <NL>

<RedimDeclList>        ::= <RedimDecl> ',' <RedimDeclList>
                         | <RedimDecl>

<RedimDecl>            ::= <ExtendedID> '(' <ExprList> ')'

!========= If Statement

<IfStmt>               ::= 'If' <Expr> 'Then' <NL> <BlockStmtList> <ElseStmtList> 'End' 'If' <NL>
                         | 'If' <Expr> 'Then' <InlineStmt> <ElseOpt> <EndIfOpt> <NL>

<ElseStmtList>         ::= 'ElseIf' <Expr> 'Then' <NL> <BlockStmtList> <ElseStmtList>
                         | 'ElseIf' <Expr> 'Then' <InlineStmt> <NL> <ElseStmtList>
                         | 'Else' <InlineStmt> <NL>
                         | 'Else' <NL> <BlockStmtList>
                         |

<ElseOpt>              ::= 'Else' <InlineStmt>
                         |

<EndIfOpt>             ::= 'End' 'If'
                         |

!========= With Statement

<WithStmt>             ::= 'With' <Expr> <NL> <BlockStmtList> 'End' 'With' <NL>

!========= Loop Statement

<LoopStmt>             ::= 'Do' <LoopType> <Expr> <NL> <BlockStmtList> 'Loop' <NL>
                         | 'Do' <NL> <BlockStmtList> 'Loop' <LoopType> <Expr> <NL>
                         | 'Do' <NL> <BlockStmtList> 'Loop' <NL>
                         | 'While' <Expr> <NL> <BlockStmtList> 'WEnd' <NL>

<LoopType>             ::= 'While'
                         | 'Until'

!========= For Statement

<ForStmt>              ::= 'For' <ExtendedID> '=' <Expr> 'To' <Expr> <StepOpt> <NL> <BlockStmtList> 'Next' <NL>
                         | 'For' 'Each' <ExtendedID> 'In' <Expr> <NL> <BlockStmtList> 'Next' <NL>

<StepOpt>              ::= 'Step' <Expr>
                         |

!========= Select Statement

<SelectStmt>           ::= 'Select' 'Case' <Expr> <NL> <CaseStmtList> 'End' 'Select' <NL>

<CaseStmtList>         ::= 'Case' <ExprList> <NLOpt> <BlockStmtList> <CaseStmtList>
                         | 'Case' 'Else' <NLOpt> <BlockStmtList>
                         |

<NLOpt>                ::= <NL>
                         |

<ExprList>             ::= <Expr> ',' <ExprList>
                         | <Expr>

!===============================
! Rules : Expressions
!===============================

<SubSafeExpr>          ::= <SubSafeImpExpr>

<SubSafeImpExpr>       ::= <SubSafeImpExpr> 'Imp' <EqvExpr>
                         | <SubSafeEqvExpr>

<SubSafeEqvExpr>       ::= <SubSafeEqvExpr> 'Eqv' <XorExpr>
                         | <SubSafeXorExpr>

<SubSafeXorExpr>       ::= <SubSafeXorExpr> 'Xor' <OrExpr>
                         | <SubSafeOrExpr>

<SubSafeOrExpr>        ::= <SubSafeOrExpr> 'Or' <AndExpr>
                         | <SubSafeAndExpr>

<SubSafeAndExpr>       ::= <SubSafeAndExpr> 'And' <NotExpr>
                         | <SubSafeNotExpr>

<SubSafeNotExpr>       ::= 'Not' <NotExpr>
                         | <SubSafeCompareExpr>

<SubSafeCompareExpr>   ::= <SubSafeCompareExpr> 'Is' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <SubSafeCompareExpr> 'Is' 'Not' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <SubSafeCompareExpr> '>=' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <SubSafeCompareExpr> '=>' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <SubSafeCompareExpr> '<=' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <SubSafeCompareExpr> '=<' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <SubSafeCompareExpr> '>'  <ConcatExpr>
                         | <SubSafeCompareExpr> '<'  <ConcatExpr>
                         | <SubSafeCompareExpr> '<>' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <SubSafeCompareExpr> '='  <ConcatExpr>
                         | <SubSafeConcatExpr>

<SubSafeConcatExpr>    ::= <SubSafeConcatExpr> '&' <AddExpr>
                         | <SubSafeAddExpr>

<SubSafeAddExpr>       ::= <SubSafeAddExpr> '+' <ModExpr>
                         | <SubSafeAddExpr> '-' <ModExpr>
                         | <SubSafeModExpr>

<SubSafeModExpr>       ::= <SubSafeModExpr> 'Mod' <IntDivExpr>
                         | <SubSafeIntDivExpr>

<SubSafeIntDivExpr>    ::= <SubSafeIntDivExpr> '\' <MultExpr>
                         | <SubSafeMultExpr>

<SubSafeMultExpr>      ::= <SubSafeMultExpr> '*' <UnaryExpr>
                         | <SubSafeMultExpr> '/' <UnaryExpr>
                         | <SubSafeUnaryExpr>

<SubSafeUnaryExpr>     ::= '-' <UnaryExpr>
                         | '+' <UnaryExpr>
                         | <SubSafeExpExpr>

<SubSafeExpExpr>       ::= <SubSafeValue> '^' <ExpExpr>
                         | <SubSafeValue>

<SubSafeValue>         ::= <ConstExpr>
                         | <LeftExpr>
!                         | '(' <Expr> ')'

<Expr>                 ::= <ImpExpr>

<ImpExpr>              ::= <ImpExpr> 'Imp' <EqvExpr>
                         | <EqvExpr>

<EqvExpr>              ::= <EqvExpr> 'Eqv' <XorExpr>
                         | <XorExpr>

<XorExpr>              ::= <XorExpr> 'Xor' <OrExpr>
                         | <OrExpr>

<OrExpr>               ::= <OrExpr> 'Or' <AndExpr>
                         | <AndExpr>

<AndExpr>              ::= <AndExpr> 'And' <NotExpr>
                         | <NotExpr>

<NotExpr>              ::= 'Not' <NotExpr>
                         | <CompareExpr>

<CompareExpr>          ::= <CompareExpr> 'Is' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <CompareExpr> 'Is' 'Not' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <CompareExpr> '>=' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <CompareExpr> '=>' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <CompareExpr> '<=' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <CompareExpr> '=<' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <CompareExpr> '>'  <ConcatExpr>
                         | <CompareExpr> '<'  <ConcatExpr>
                         | <CompareExpr> '<>' <ConcatExpr>
                         | <CompareExpr> '='  <ConcatExpr>
                         | <ConcatExpr>

<ConcatExpr>           ::= <ConcatExpr> '&' <AddExpr>
                         | <AddExpr>

<AddExpr>              ::= <AddExpr> '+' <ModExpr>
                         | <AddExpr> '-' <ModExpr>
                         | <ModExpr>

<ModExpr>              ::= <ModExpr> 'Mod' <IntDivExpr>
                         | <IntDivExpr>

<IntDivExpr>           ::= <IntDivExpr> '\' <MultExpr>
                         | <MultExpr>

<MultExpr>             ::= <MultExpr> '*' <UnaryExpr>
                         | <MultExpr> '/' <UnaryExpr>
                         | <UnaryExpr>

<UnaryExpr>            ::= '-' <UnaryExpr>
                         | '+' <UnaryExpr>
                         | <ExpExpr>

<ExpExpr>              ::= <Value> '^' <ExpExpr>
                         | <Value>

<Value>                ::= <ConstExpr>
                         | <LeftExpr>
                         | '(' <Expr> ')'

<ConstExpr>            ::= <BoolLiteral>
                         | <IntLiteral>
                         | FloatLiteral
                         | StringLiteral
                         | DateLiteral
                         | <Nothing>

<BoolLiteral>          ::= 'True'
                         | 'False'

<IntLiteral>           ::= IntLiteral
                         | HexLiteral
                         | OctLiteral

<Nothing>              ::= 'Nothing'
                         | 'Null'
                         | 'Empty'
</pre></div>

==[[:Category:Visual Basic .NET|Visual Basic .NET]]==
The following link (Appedix B) has a simple BNF Syntax [http://laser.physics.sunysb.edu/~amol/papers/mollypaper.pdf VB Syntax]
<div style="height:30ex;overflow:scroll"><pre>
! -----------------------------------------------------------------------
! Visual Basic .NET
! 
! Visual Basic .NET is the latest version in the long evoluation of the 
! BASIC programming language. The Visual Basic .NET programming language 
! is far more "clean" and orthagonal than its predecessors. Although some 
! of the old constructs exist, the language is far easier to read and write.
! 
! Major syntax changes include, but are not limited to:
! 
! 1. The primative file access of VB6 was replaced by a class library. As 
!    a result, special statements such as 
!    
!    Open "test" For Input As #1
!    
!    no longer exist. 
! 
! 2. Class module files were replaced by 'Class ... End Class' declarations
! 
! 3. Module files were replaced by 'Module ... End Module' declarations
!
! 4. Structured error handling was added with C++ style Try ... Catch 
!    statements. The old nonstructured approach is still, unfortunately,
!    available.
! 
! Unfortnately, the designers of Visual Basic .NET did not remove the 
! datatype postfix characters on identifiers. In the original BASIC, 
! variables types were determined by $ for strings and % for integers.
! QuickBasic expanded the postix notation to include other symbols 
! for long integers, singles, etc... 
!
! Part of the ID terminal definition was commented out to prevent the
! old format. You can allow the postfix characters if you like.
!
! This grammar also does not contain the compiler directives.
!
! Note: This is an ad hoc version of the language. If there are any flaws, 
! please visit www.DevinCook.com/GOLDParser
!
! Updates:
!     04/082005
!         Devin Cook
!         1. Removed minus sign from the IntLiteral and RealLiteral 
!            definitions. These can cause some parse errors when expressions
!            like "2-2" are read. In this case it would have been interpreted
!            as "2" and "-2" rather than "2", "-" and "2".
!         2. Members of an enumeration can be defined with any expression.
!         3. Made some very minor comment changes - mainly for readability.
!
!     03/27/2005
!         Adrian Moore [adrianrob@hotmail.com]
!         1. Add support for Implements in Class
!         2. Add support for AddressOf keyword
!         3. No longer fails if variable starts with _
!
!     02/24/2004
!         Vladimir Morozov [vmoroz@hotmail.com] fixed a few flaws in the
!         grammar. 1. The definition for strings did not allow the double 
!         double-quote override. 2. A real literal does not need to have a 
!         fraction if followed by an exponent. 3. Escaped identifiers can 
!         contain a null string and 4. Rem works the same as the '
!
!
! USE GOLD PARSER BUILDER VERSION 2.1 AND LATER TO COMPILE THIS GRAMMAR.
! Earlier versions cannot handle the complexity.
! -----------------------------------------------------------------------

"Name"     = 'Visual Basic .NET' 
"Author"   = 'John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz'
"Version"  = '.NET'
"About"    = 'Visual Basic .NET is the latest version in the long evoluation of the'
           | 'BASIC programming language.'
                 

"Case Sensitive" = False 
"Start Symbol"   = <Program>

! ----------------------------------------------------------------- Sets

{String Chars}  = {Printable} - ["]
{Date Chars}    = {Printable} - [#]
{ID Name Chars} = {Printable} - ['['']']
{Hex Digit}     = {Digit} + [abcdef]
{Oct Digit}     = [01234567]

{WS}            = {Whitespace} - {CR} - {LF}
{Id Tail}       = {Alphanumeric} + [_]

! ----------------------------------------------------------------- Terminals

NewLine        = {CR}{LF} | {CR} | ':' 
Whitespace     = {WS}+  | '_' {WS}* {CR} {LF}?

Comment Line   = '' | Rem                !Fixed by Vladimir Morozov 

LABEL          = {Letter}{ID Tail}*':'

!Fixed by Vladimir Morozov 

ID             = [_]?{Letter}{ID Tail}*           ! [%&@!#$]?   !Archaic postfix chars
               | '[' {ID Name Chars}* ']'
     
QualifiedID    = ({Letter}{ID Tail}* | '['{ID Name Chars}*']')  ( '.'({Letter}{ID Tail}* | '['{ID Name Chars}*']') )+

MemberID       = '.' {Letter}{ID Tail}* 
               | '.[' {ID Name Chars}* ']'
               
!Fixed by Vladimir Morozov 
StringLiteral  = '"' ( {String Chars} | '""' )* '"'


CharLiteral    = '"' {String Chars}* '"C'
IntLiteral     = {digit}+ [FRDSIL]?

RealLiteral    = {digit}* '.' {digit}+ ( 'E' [+-]? {Digit}+ )? [FR]?
               | {digit}+ 'E' [+-]? {Digit}+  [FR]?


DateLiteral    = '#'{Date chars}'#'

HexLiteral     = '&H'{Hex Digit}+ [SIL]?
OctLiteral     = '&O'{Oct Digit}+ [SIL]?

! ----------------------------------------------------------------- Rules

<Program>    ::= <NameSpace Item>  <Program>
               | <Imports>         <Program>
               | <Option Decl>     <Program>
               |

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! (Shared attributes)
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<NL>    ::= NewLine <NL> 
          | NewLine

<Modifiers> ::= <Modifier> <Modifiers>
              | 

<Modifier> ::= Shadows
             | Shared
             | MustInherit 
             | NotInheritable

             | Overridable 
             | NotOverridable 
             | MustOverride 
             | Overrides 
             | Overloads
                  
             | Default 
             | ReadOnly
             | WriteOnly
            
             | <Access>

<Access Opt> ::= <Access>
               |

<Access>  ::= Public
            | Private
            | Friend
            | Protected
            

<Var Member>   ::=  <Attributes> <Access> <Var Decl> <NL>               !Variables                    
                 |  <Attributes> <Access Opt> Const  <Var Decl> <NL>    !Constants
                 |  <Attributes> <Access Opt> Static <Var Decl> <NL>                         
                
<Implements>   ::= Implements <ID List> 

<ID List>  ::= <Identifier> ',' <ID List>
             | <Identifier>
               
<Option Decl>  ::= Option <IDs> <NL>

<IDs> ::= ID <IDs> 
        | ID
   
<Type>  ::= As <Attributes> <Identifier> 
          |

<Compare Op>  ::= '=' | '<>' | '<' | '>' | '>=' | '<='

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! NameSpace
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<NameSpace>       ::= NameSpace ID <NL> <NameSpace Items> End NameSpace <NL>

<NameSpace Items> ::= <NameSpace Item> <NameSpace Items>                    
                    | 

<NameSpace Item> ::= <Class>      
                   | <Declare>
                   | <Delegate>
                   | <Enumeration> 
                   | <Interface>
                   | <Structure> 
                   | <Module>              
                   | <Namespace>
          

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Attributes
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Attributes> ::= '<' <Attribute List> '>'
               |

<Attribute List> ::= <Attribute> ',' <Attribute List>
                   | <Attribute>
                   
<Attribute>     ::= <Attribute Mod> ID <Argument List Opt>                  
   
<Attribute Mod> ::= Assembly 
                  | Module 
                  | 
                             
! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Delegates
! -------------------------------------------------------------------
<Delegate> ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Delegate <Method>   
             | <Attributes> <Modifiers> Delegate <Declare>   
            

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Imports
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Imports> ::= Imports <Identifier> <NL> 
            | Imports ID '=' <Identifier> <NL>

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Events
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Event Member> ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Event ID <Parameters Or Type> <Implements Opt> <NL>

<Parameters Or Type> ::= <Param List>
                       | As <Identifier> 

<Implements Opt> ::= <Implements>
                   |
                                         
! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Class
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Class>       ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Class ID <NL> <Class Items> End Class <NL>


<Class Items> ::= <Class Item> <Class Items>                
                |

<Class Item>  ::= <Declare>
                | <Method>        
                | <Property>   
                | <Var Member>                
                | <Enumeration>
                | <Inherits>
                | <Class Implements>
                
<Inherits> ::= Inherits <Identifier> <NL>
               
<Class Implements> ::= Implements <ID List> <NL>

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Structures
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Structure>    ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Structure ID <NL> <Structure List> End Structure <NL>

<Structure List> ::= <Structure Item> <Structure List>
                   | 

<Structure Item> ::= <Implements>
                   | <Enumeration>
                   | <Structure>
                   | <Class>
                   | <Delegate>   
                   | <Var Member>                    
                   | <Event Member>
                   | <Declare>
                   | <Method>
                   | <Property>

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Module
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Module>       ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Module ID <NL> <Module Items> End Module <NL>

<Module Items> ::= <Module Item> <Module Items>
                 | 
                 
<Module Item>  ::= <Declare>
                 | <Method>                 
                 | <Property>   
                 | <Var Member> 
                 | <Enumeration>
                 | <Option Decl>

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Interface
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Interface> ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Interface ID <NL> <Interface Items> End Interface <NL>


<Interface Items> ::= <Interface Item> <Interface Items>
                    | 
               
<Interface Item>  ::= <Implements>
                    | <Event Member>
                    | <Enum Member>                   
                    | <Method Member>                   
                    | <Property Member>

<Enum Member>     ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Enum ID <NL>

<Method Member>   ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Sub <Sub ID> <Param List> <Handles Or Implements> <NL>
                    | <Attributes> <Modifiers> Function ID  <Param List> <Type> <Handles Or Implements> <NL> 

<Property Member> ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Property ID  <Param List> <Type> <Handles Or Implements> <NL> 
               
               
! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Parameters
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Param List Opt> ::= <Param List>
                   |

<Param List>     ::= '(' <Param Items> ')'
                   | '(' ')'
 
<Param Items>    ::= <Param Item> ',' <Param Items>
                   | <Param Item>

<Param Item>     ::= <Param Passing> ID <Type> 


<Param Passing>  ::= ByVal
                   | ByRef
                   | Optional 
                   | ParamArray
                   |

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Arguments 
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Argument List Opt> ::= <Argument List>
                      |
                       
<Argument List>  ::= '(' <Argument Items> ')'
              
<Argument Items> ::= <Argument> ',' <Argument Items>
                   | <Argument> 

<Argument>       ::= <Expression>
                   | Id ':=' <Expression>
                   |                          !NULL
                   
                  
! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Declares (External Procedures)   
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Declare> ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Declare <Charset> Sub      ID Lib StringLiteral <Alias> <Param List Opt> <NL>
            | <Attributes> <Modifiers> Declare <Charset> Function ID Lib StringLiteral <Alias> <Param List Opt> <Type> <NL>

<Charset> ::= Ansi | Unicode | Auto |  !Null

<Alias> ::= Alias StringLiteral
          |


! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Methods
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Method> ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Sub <Sub ID> <Param List>        <Handles Or Implements> <NL> <Statements> End Sub <NL>
           | <Attributes> <Modifiers> Function ID  <Param List> <Type> <Handles Or Implements> <NL> <Statements> End Function <NL>
                
<Sub ID>     ::= ID
               | New     !Class creation

<Handles Or Implements> ::= <Implements> 
                          | <Handles>
                          | 

<Handles>      ::= Handles <ID List>

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Properties
! -------------------------------------------------------------------
                 
<Property>   ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Property ID <Param List> <Type> <NL> <Property Items> End Property <NL>

<Property Items> ::= <Property Item> <Property Items>          
                   |

<Property Item> ::= Get <NL> <Statements> End Get <NL>
                  | Set <Param List> <NL> <Statements> End Set <NL>


! ------------------------------------------------------------------- 
! Enumerations
! ------------------------------------------------------------------- 

<Enumeration>   ::= <Attributes> <Modifiers> Enum ID <NL> <Enum List> End Enum <NL>

<Enum List>     ::= <Enum Item> <Enum List>
                  | 

<Enum Item>     ::= Id '=' <Expression> <NL>
                  | Id <NL>

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Variable Declaration
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Var Decl> ::= <Var Decl Item> ',' <Var Decl>
             | <Var Decl Item>
                  
<Var Decl Item>  ::= <Var Decl ID> As <Identifier> <Argument List Opt>             
                   | <Var Decl ID> As <Identifier> '=' <Expression>         !Initialize                                        
                   | <Var Decl ID> As New <Identifier> <Argument List Opt>
                   | <Var Decl ID>
                   | <Var Decl ID> '=' <Expression>                          !Initialize 

<Var Decl ID> ::= ID <Argument List Opt> 
                
! ------------------------------------------------------------------- 
! Normal Statements
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Statements>  ::= <Statement> <Statements>
                | 

<Statement>   ::= <Loop Stm>
                | <For Stm>
                | <If Stm>                 
                | <Select Stm> 
                | <SyncLock Stm>
                | <Try Stm>               
                | <With Stm>
                | <Option Decl>                   
                | <Local Decl>    
                | <Non-Block Stm> <NL>       !Note the <NL>. A non-block statement can be a full statement
                | LABEL           <NL>  
                                
                              
<Non-Block Stm> ::= Call <Variable>
                  | ReDim <Var Decl>  
                  | ReDim Preserve <Var Decl>
                  | Erase ID 
     
                  | Throw <Value>                                    
                  | RaiseEvent <Identifier>  <Argument List Opt>
                  | AddHandler <Expression> ',' <Expression>
                  | RemoveHandler  <Expression> ',' <Expression>
    
                  | Exit Do 
                  | Exit For                  
                  | Exit Function            
                  | Exit Property                   
                  | Exit Select      
                  | Exit Sub    
                  | Exit Try
                  | Exit While
                  | GoTo ID                   !Argh - they still have this
                  | Return <Value>           

                  | Error <Value>                      !Raise an error by number
                  | On Error GoTo IntLiteral           ! 0  This is obsolete.   
                  | On Error GoTo '-' IntLiteral       !-1  This is obsolete.
                  | On Error GoTo Id      
                  | On Error Resume Next 
                  | Resume ID 
                  | Resume Next 
                  
                  | <Variable> <Assign Op> <Expression> 
                  | <Variable>       
                  | <Method Call>         

<Assign Op>   ::= '=' | '^=' | '*=' | '/=' | '\=' | '+=' | '-=' | '&=' | '<<=' | '>>='


! ------------------------------------------------------------------- 
! Local declarations
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Local Decl>  ::= Dim    <Var Decl>  <NL>
                | Const  <Var Decl>  <NL>
                | Static <Var Decl>  <NL> 

! ------------------------------------------------------------------- 
! Do Statement
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Loop Stm>   ::= Do <Test Type> <Expression> <NL> <Statements> Loop <NL>
               | Do <NL> <Statements> Loop <Test Type> <Expression> <NL>                
               | While <Expression> <NL> <Statements> End While <NL>

<Test Type>  ::= While
               | Until                 

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! For Statement
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<For Stm>   ::= For <Identifier>  '=' <Expression> To <Expression> <Step Opt> <NL> <Statements> Next <NL>    
              | For Each <Variable> In <Variable> <NL> <Statements> Next <NL>

<Step Opt>  ::= Step <Expression>
              |


! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! If Statement
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<If Stm>    ::= If <Expression> <Then Opt> <NL> <Statements> <If Blocks> End If <NL> 
              | If <Expression> Then <Non-Block Stm> <NL>
              | If <Expression> Then <Non-Block Stm> Else <Non-Block Stm> <NL>

<Then Opt>  ::= Then         !!The reserved word 'Then' is optional for Block-If statements
              |

<If Blocks> ::= ElseIf <Expression> <Then Opt> <NL> <Statements> <If Blocks>
              | Else <NL> <Statements>
              |

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Select Statement
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Select Stm>    ::= Select <Case Opt> <Expression> <NL> <Select Blocks> End Select <NL>

<Case Opt>      ::= Case                         !!The "Case" after Select is optional in VB.NEt
                  |


<Select Blocks> ::= Case <Case Clauses> <NL> <Statements>  <Select Blocks>
                  | Case Else <NL> <Statements>  
                  |                 

<Case Clauses>  ::= <Case Clause> ',' <Case Clauses>
                  | <Case Clause> 

<Case Clause>   ::= <Is Opt> <Compare Op> <Expression>
                  | <Expression> 
                  | <Expression> To <Expression>

<Is Opt> ::= Is 
           | !Null

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! SyncLock Statement
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<SyncLock Stm> ::= SyncLock <NL> <Statements> End SyncLock <NL>             

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Try Statement
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Try Stm>      ::= Try <NL> <Statements> <Catch Blocks> End Try <NL>  

<Catch Blocks> ::= <Catch Block> <Catch Blocks>
                 | <Catch Block>

<Catch Block>  ::= Catch <Identifier>  As ID <NL> <Statements> 
                 | Catch <NL> <Statements>

! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! With Statement
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<With Stm> ::= With <Value> <NL> <Statements> End With <NL>
                  
! -------------------------------------------------------------------
! Expressions
! -------------------------------------------------------------------

<Expression>  ::= <And Exp> Or     <Expression> 
                | <And Exp> OrElse <Expression> 
                | <And Exp> XOr    <Expression> 
                | <And Exp> 

<And Exp>     ::= <Not Exp> And     <And Exp> 
                | <Not Exp> AndAlso <And Exp> 
                | <Not Exp> 
 
<Not Exp>     ::= NOT <Compare Exp>
                | <Compare Exp>

<Compare Exp> ::= <Shift Exp> <Compare Op> <Compare Exp>       !e.g.  x < y
                | TypeOf <Add Exp> Is <Object>
                | <Shift Exp> Is <Object>
                | <Shift Exp> Like <Value>
                | <Shift Exp>

<Shift Exp>   ::= <Concat Exp> '<<' <Shift Exp>  
                | <Concat Exp> '>>' <Shift Exp>  
                | <Concat Exp> 

<Concat Exp>  ::= <Add Exp> '&' <Concat Exp>
                | <Add Exp>

<Add Exp>     ::= <Modulus Exp> '+' <Add Exp> 
                | <Modulus Exp> '-' <Add Exp> 
                | <Modulus Exp>  

<Modulus Exp> ::= <Int Div Exp> Mod <Modulus Exp> 
                | <Int Div Exp>

<Int Div Exp> ::= <Mult Exp> '\' <Int Div Exp>                 
                | <Mult Exp>

<Mult Exp>    ::= <Negate Exp> '*' <Mult Exp> 
                | <Negate Exp> '/' <Mult Exp> 
                | <Negate Exp> 

<Negate Exp>  ::= '-' <Power Exp> 
                | <Power Exp> 

<Power Exp>   ::= <Power Exp> '^' <Value> 
                | <Value> 

<Value>       ::= '(' <Expression> ')'                
                | New <Identifier> <Argument List Opt>
                | IntLiteral 
                | HexLiteral
                | OctLiteral
                | StringLiteral 
                | CharLiteral
                | RealLiteral
                | DateLiteral 
                | True
                | False
                | Me 
                | MyClass 
                | MyBase
                | Nothing
                | <Variable>
                | AddressOf <Identifier>

<Object>      ::= <Identifier>        !Object identifiers 
                | Me 
                | MyClass 
                | MyBase
                | Nothing

<Variable>    ::= <Identifier> <Argument List Opt> <Method Calls> 
                                
<Method Calls> ::= <Method Call> <Method Calls>
                 | 

<Method Call>  ::= MemberID <Argument List Opt>                    


<Identifier>   ::= ID | QualifiedID       !Any type of identifier
</pre></div>