Addition-chain exponentiation: Difference between revisions
m
→{{header|Wren}}: Minor tidy
(Deleted J implementation as there's another one now and this was non-optimal and only sometimes better than binary chain) |
m (→{{header|Wren}}: Minor tidy) |
||
| (44 intermediate revisions by 16 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
[[Category:Matrices]]
{{draft task|Logic}}{{wikipedia|Addition-chain exponentiation}}
In cases of special objects (such as with [[wp:Matrix (mathematics)|matrices]]) the operation of multiplication can be excessively expensive. In these cases the operation of multiplication should be avoided or reduced to a minimum.
Line 70 ⟶ 71:
:<math> A ^ {m}</math>, <math>A ^ {n}</math> and <math>A ^ {n \times m}</math>.
As an easier alternative to doing the matrix manipulation above, generate the ''addition-chains'' for 12509, 31415 and 27182 and use ''addition-chain exponentiation'' to calculate these two equations:
* 1.00002206445416<sup>31415</sup>
* 1.00002550055251<sup>27182</sup>
Line 83 ⟶ 84:
[[wp:Kudoc|Kudos]] (κῦδος) for providing a routine that generate sequence A003313 in the output.
<br>Also, see the Rosetta Code task: [http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Knuth%27s_power_tree
Knuth's power tree].
=={{header|C}}==
Using complex instead of matrix. Requires [[Addition-chain exponentiation/Achain.c|Achain.c]]. It takes a long while to compute the shortest addition chains, such that if you don't have the chain lengths precomputed and stored somewhere, you are probably better off with a binary chain (normally not shortest but very simple to calculate) whatever you intend to use the chains for.
<
#include "achain.c" /* not common practice */
Line 156 ⟶ 160:
printf("%14d %7d %7d\n", i, seq_len(i), bin_len(i));
return 0;
}</syntaxhighlight>
output
<pre>...
Exponents:
1 2 4 8 10 18 28 46 92 184 212 424 848 1696 3392 6784 13568 27136 27182
Line 177 ⟶ 183:
92 8 9
93 9 10
...</
=={{header|Go}}==
{{trans|C}}
Though adjusted to deal with matrices rather than complex numbers.
Calculating A ^ (m * n) from scratch using this method would take 'for ever' so I've calculated it instead as (A ^ m) ^ n.
<syntaxhighlight lang="go">package main
import (
"fmt"
"math"
)
const (
N = 32
NMAX = 40000
)
var (
u = [N]int{0: 1, 1: 2} // upper bounds
l = [N]int{0: 1, 1: 2} // lower bounds
out = [N]int{}
sum = [N]int{}
tail = [N]int{}
cache = [NMAX + 1]int{2: 1}
known = 2
stack = 0
undo = [N * N]save{}
)
type save struct {
p *int
v int
}
func replace(x *[N]int, i, n int) {
undo[stack].p = &x[i]
undo[stack].v = x[i]
x[i] = n
stack++
}
func restore(n int) {
for stack > n {
stack--
*undo[stack].p = undo[stack].v
}
}
/* lower and upper bounds */
func lower(n int, up *int) int {
if n <= 2 || (n <= NMAX && cache[n] != 0) {
if up != nil {
*up = cache[n]
}
return cache[n]
}
i, o := -1, 0
for ; n != 0; n, i = n>>1, i+1 {
if n&1 != 0 {
o++
}
}
if up != nil {
i--
*up = o + i
}
for {
i++
o >>= 1
if o == 0 {
break
}
}
if up == nil {
return i
}
for o = 2; o*o < n; o++ {
if n%o != 0 {
continue
}
q := cache[o] + cache[n/o]
if q < *up {
*up = q
if q == i {
break
}
}
}
if n > 2 {
if *up > cache[n-2]+1 {
*up = cache[n-1] + 1
}
if *up > cache[n-2]+1 {
*up = cache[n-2] + 1
}
}
return i
}
func insert(x, pos int) bool {
save := stack
if l[pos] > x || u[pos] < x {
return false
}
if l[pos] == x {
goto replU
}
replace(&l, pos, x)
for i := pos - 1; u[i]*2 < u[i+1]; i-- {
t := l[i+1] + 1
if t*2 > u[i] {
goto bail
}
replace(&l, i, t)
}
for i := pos + 1; l[i] <= l[i-1]; i++ {
t := l[i-1] + 1
if t > u[i] {
goto bail
}
replace(&l, i, t)
}
replU:
if u[pos] == x {
return true
}
replace(&u, pos, x)
for i := pos - 1; u[i] >= u[i+1]; i-- {
t := u[i+1] - 1
if t < l[i] {
goto bail
}
replace(&u, i, t)
}
for i := pos + 1; u[i] > u[i-1]*2; i++ {
t := u[i-1] * 2
if t < l[i] {
goto bail
}
replace(&u, i, t)
}
return true
bail:
restore(save)
return false
}
func try(p, q, le int) bool {
pl := cache[p]
if pl >= le {
return false
}
ql := cache[q]
if ql >= le {
return false
}
var pu, qu int
for pl < le && u[pl] < p {
pl++
}
for pu = pl - 1; pu < le-1 && u[pu+1] >= p; pu++ {
}
for ql < le && u[ql] < q {
ql++
}
for qu = ql - 1; qu < le-1 && u[qu+1] >= q; qu++ {
}
if p != q && pl <= ql {
pl = ql + 1
}
if pl > pu || ql > qu || ql > pu {
return false
}
if out[le] == 0 {
pu = le - 1
pl = pu
}
ps := stack
for ; pu >= pl; pu-- {
if !insert(p, pu) {
continue
}
out[pu]++
sum[pu] += le
if p != q {
qs := stack
j := qu
if j >= pu {
j = pu - 1
}
for ; j >= ql; j-- {
if !insert(q, j) {
continue
}
out[j]++
sum[j] += le
tail[le] = q
if seqRecur(le - 1) {
return true
}
restore(qs)
out[j]--
sum[j] -= le
}
} else {
out[pu]++
sum[pu] += le
tail[le] = p
if seqRecur(le - 1) {
return true
}
out[pu]--
sum[pu] -= le
}
out[pu]--
sum[pu] -= le
restore(ps)
}
return false
}
func seqRecur(le int) bool {
n := l[le]
if le < 2 {
return true
}
limit := n - 1
if out[le] == 1 {
limit = n - tail[sum[le]]
}
if limit > u[le-1] {
limit = u[le-1]
}
// Try to break n into p + q, and see if we can insert p, q into
// list while satisfying bounds.
p := limit
for q := n - p; q <= p; q, p = q+1, p-1 {
if try(p, q, le) {
return true
}
}
return false
}
func seq(n, le int, buf []int) int {
if le == 0 {
le = seqLen(n)
}
stack = 0
l[le], u[le] = n, n
for i := 0; i <= le; i++ {
out[i], sum[i] = 0, 0
}
for i := 2; i < le; i++ {
l[i] = l[i-1] + 1
u[i] = u[i-1] * 2
}
for i := le - 1; i > 2; i-- {
if l[i]*2 < l[i+1] {
l[i] = (1 + l[i+1]) / 2
}
if u[i] >= u[i+1] {
u[i] = u[i+1] - 1
}
}
if !seqRecur(le) {
return 0
}
if buf != nil {
for i := 0; i <= le; i++ {
buf[i] = u[i]
}
}
return le
}
func seqLen(n int) int {
if n <= known {
return cache[n]
}
// Need all lower n to compute sequence.
for known+1 < n {
seqLen(known + 1)
}
var ub int
lb := lower(n, &ub)
for lb < ub && seq(n, lb, nil) == 0 {
lb++
}
known = n
if n&1023 == 0 {
fmt.Printf("Cached %d\n", known)
}
cache[n] = lb
return lb
}
func binLen(n int) int {
r, o := -1, -1
for ; n != 0; n, r = n>>1, r+1 {
if n&1 != 0 {
o++
}
}
return r + o
}
type(
vector = []float64
matrix []vector
)
func (m1 matrix) mul(m2 matrix) matrix {
rows1, cols1 := len(m1), len(m1[0])
rows2, cols2 := len(m2), len(m2[0])
if cols1 != rows2 {
panic("Matrices cannot be multiplied.")
}
result := make(matrix, rows1)
for i := 0; i < rows1; i++ {
result[i] = make(vector, cols2)
for j := 0; j < cols2; j++ {
for k := 0; k < rows2; k++ {
result[i][j] += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j]
}
}
}
return result
}
func (m matrix) pow(n int, printout bool) matrix {
e := make([]int, N)
var v [N]matrix
le := seq(n, 0, e)
if printout {
fmt.Println("Addition chain:")
for i := 0; i <= le; i++ {
c := ' '
if i == le {
c = '\n'
}
fmt.Printf("%d%c", e[i], c)
}
}
v[0] = m
v[1] = m.mul(m)
for i := 2; i <= le; i++ {
for j := i - 1; j != 0; j-- {
for k := j; k >= 0; k-- {
if e[k]+e[j] < e[i] {
break
}
if e[k]+e[j] > e[i] {
continue
}
v[i] = v[j].mul(v[k])
j = 1
break
}
}
}
return v[le]
}
func (m matrix) print() {
for _, v := range m {
fmt.Printf("% f\n", v)
}
fmt.Println()
}
func main() {
m := 27182
n := 31415
fmt.Println("Precompute chain lengths:")
seqLen(n)
rh := math.Sqrt(0.5)
mx := matrix{
{rh, 0, rh, 0, 0, 0},
{0, rh, 0, rh, 0, 0},
{0, rh, 0, -rh, 0, 0},
{-rh, 0, rh, 0, 0, 0},
{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1},
{0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0},
}
fmt.Println("\nThe first 100 terms of A003313 are:")
for i := 1; i <= 100; i++ {
fmt.Printf("%d ", seqLen(i))
if i%10 == 0 {
fmt.Println()
}
}
exs := [2]int{m, n}
mxs := [2]matrix{}
for i, ex := range exs {
fmt.Println("\nExponent:", ex)
mxs[i] = mx.pow(ex, true)
fmt.Printf("A ^ %d:-\n\n", ex)
mxs[i].print()
fmt.Println("Number of A/C multiplies:", seqLen(ex))
fmt.Println(" c.f. Binary multiplies:", binLen(ex))
}
fmt.Printf("\nExponent: %d x %d = %d\n", m, n, m*n)
fmt.Printf("A ^ %d = (A ^ %d) ^ %d:-\n\n", m*n, m, n)
mx2 := mxs[0].pow(n, false)
mx2.print()
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Precompute chain lengths:
Cached 1024
Cached 2048
Cached 3072
....
Cached 28672
Cached 29696
Cached 30720
The first 100 terms of A003313 are:
0 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 6 5
6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 7 6
7 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 8 6 7 7
7 7 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 7
8 8 8 6 7 7 8 7 8 8
9 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8
9 8 9 9 9 7 8 8 8 8
Exponent: 27182
Addition chain:
1 2 4 8 10 18 28 46 92 184 212 424 848 1696 3392 6784 13568 27136 27182
A ^ 27182:-
[-0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 -0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000]
Number of A/C multiplies: 18
c.f. Binary multiplies: 21
Exponent: 31415
Addition chain:
1 2 4 8 16 17 33 49 98 196 392 784 1568 3136 6272 6289 12561 25122 31411 31415
A ^ 31415:-
[ 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 -0.707107 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.707107 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.707107 -0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000]
Number of A/C multiplies: 19
c.f. Binary multiplies: 24
Exponent: 27182 x 31415 = 853922530
A ^ 853922530 = (A ^ 27182) ^ 31415:-
[-0.500000 0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000]
</pre>
Below is the original solution which was ruled inadmissible because it uses 'star chains' and is therefore non-optimal.
I think it should nevertheless be retained as it is an interesting approach and there are other solutions to this task which are based on it.
<syntaxhighlight lang="go">/*
Continued fraction addition chains, as described in "Efficient computation
of addition chains" by F. Bergeron, J. Berstel, and S. Brlek, published in
Journal de théorie des nombres de Bordeaux, 6 no. 1 (1994), p. 21-38,
accessed at http://www.numdam.org/item?id=JTNB_1994__6_1_21_0.
*/
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math"
)
// Representation of addition chains.
// Notes:
// 1. While an []int might represent addition chains in general, the
// techniques here work only with "star" chains, as described in the paper.
// Knowledge that the chains are star chains allows certain optimizations.
// 2. The paper descibes a linked list representation which encodes both
// addends of numbers in the chain. This allows additional optimizations, but
// for the purposes of the RC task, this simpler representation is adequate.
type starChain []int
// ⊗= operator. modifies receiver.
func (s1 *starChain) cMul(s2 starChain) {
p := *s1
i := len(p)
n := p[i-1]
p = append(p, s2[1:]...)
for ; i < len(p); i++ {
p[i] *= n
}
*s1 = p
}
// ⊕= operator. modifies receiver.
func (p *starChain) cAdd(j int) {
c := *p
*p = append(c, c[len(c)-1]+j)
}
// The γ function described in the paper returns a set of numbers in general,
// but certain γ functions return only singletons. The dichotomic strategy
// is one of these and gives good results so it is the one used for the
// RC task. Defining the package variable γ to be a singleton allows some
// simplifications in the code.
var γ singleton
type singleton func(int) int
func dichotomic(n int) int {
return n / (1 << uint((λ(n)+1)/2))
}
// integer log base 2
func λ(n int) (a int) {
for n != 1 {
a++
n >>= 1
}
return
}
// minChain as described in the paper.
func minChain(n int) starChain {
switch a := λ(n); {
case n == 1<<uint(a):
r := make(starChain, a+1)
for i := range r {
r[i] = 1 << uint(i)
}
return r
case n == 3:
return starChain{1, 2, 3}
}
return chain(n, γ(n))
}
// chain as described in the paper.
func chain(n1, n2 int) starChain {
q, r := n1/n2, n1%n2
if r == 0 {
c := minChain(n2)
c.cMul(minChain(q))
return c
}
c := chain(n2, r)
c.cMul(minChain(q))
c.cAdd(r)
return c
}
func main() {
m := 31415
n := 27182
show(m)
show(n)
show(m * n)
showEasier(m, 1.00002206445416)
showEasier(n, 1.00002550055251)
}
func show(e int) {
fmt.Println("exponent:", e)
s := math.Sqrt(.5)
a := matrixFromRows([][]float64{
{s, 0, s, 0, 0, 0},
{0, s, 0, s, 0, 0},
{0, s, 0, -s, 0, 0},
{-s, 0, s, 0, 0, 0},
{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1},
{0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0},
})
γ = dichotomic
sc := minChain(e)
fmt.Println("addition chain:", sc)
a.scExp(sc).print("a^e")
fmt.Println("count of multiplies:", mCount)
fmt.Println()
}
var mCount int
func showEasier(e int, a float64) {
fmt.Println("exponent:", e)
γ = dichotomic
sc := minChain(e)
fmt.Printf("%.14f^%d: %.14f\n", a, sc[len(sc)-1], scExp64(a, sc))
fmt.Println("count of multiplies:", mCount)
fmt.Println()
}
func scExp64(a float64, sc starChain) float64 {
mCount = 0
p := make([]float64, len(sc))
p[0] = a
for i := 1; i < len(p); i++ {
d := sc[i] - sc[i-1]
j := i - 1
for sc[j] != d {
j--
}
p[i] = p[i-1] * p[j]
mCount++
}
return p[len(p)-1]
}
func (m *matrix) scExp(sc starChain) *matrix {
mCount = 0
p := make([]*matrix, len(sc))
p[0] = m.copy()
for i := 1; i < len(p); i++ {
d := sc[i] - sc[i-1]
j := i - 1
for sc[j] != d {
j--
}
p[i] = p[i-1].multiply(p[j])
mCount++
}
return p[len(p)-1]
}
func (m *matrix) copy() *matrix {
return &matrix{append([]float64{}, m.ele...), m.stride}
}
// code below copied from matrix multiplication task
type matrix struct {
ele []float64
stride int
}
func matrixFromRows(rows [][]float64) *matrix {
if len(rows) == 0 {
return &matrix{nil, 0}
}
m := &matrix{make([]float64, len(rows)*len(rows[0])), len(rows[0])}
for rx, row := range rows {
copy(m.ele[rx*m.stride:(rx+1)*m.stride], row)
}
return m
}
func (m *matrix) print(heading string) {
if heading > "" {
fmt.Print(heading, "\n")
}
for e := 0; e < len(m.ele); e += m.stride {
fmt.Printf("%6.3f ", m.ele[e:e+m.stride])
fmt.Println()
}
}
func (m1 *matrix) multiply(m2 *matrix) (m3 *matrix) {
m3 = &matrix{make([]float64, (len(m1.ele)/m1.stride)*m2.stride), m2.stride}
for m1c0, m3x := 0, 0; m1c0 < len(m1.ele); m1c0 += m1.stride {
for m2r0 := 0; m2r0 < m2.stride; m2r0++ {
for m1x, m2x := m1c0, m2r0; m2x < len(m2.ele); m2x += m2.stride {
m3.ele[m3x] += m1.ele[m1x] * m2.ele[m2x]
m1x++
}
m3x++
}
}
return m3
}</syntaxhighlight>
Output (manually wrapped at 80 columns.)
<pre>
exponent: 31415
addition chain: [1 2 4 5 10 20 25 50 55 110 220 245 490 980 1960 3920 7840
15680 31360 31415]
a^e
[ 0.707 0.000 0.000 -0.707 0.000 0.000]
[ 0.000 0.707 0.707 0.000 0.000 0.000]
[ 0.707 0.000 0.000 0.707 0.000 0.000]
[ 0.000 0.707 -0.707 0.000 0.000 0.000]
[ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000]
[ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000]
count of multiplies: 19
exponent: 27182
addition chain: [1 2 4 8 10 18 28 46 92 184 212 424 848 1696 3392 6784 13568
27136 27182]
a^e
[-0.500 -0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000]
[ 0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500 0.000 0.000]
[-0.500 -0.500 0.500 -0.500 0.000 0.000]
[ 0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000]
[ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000]
[ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000]
count of multiplies: 18
exponent: 853922530
addition chain: [1 2 4 5 7 12 24 48 96 103 206 309 412 721 1133 1854 3708 4841
9682 19364 21218 26059 52118 104236 208472 416944 833888 1667776 3335552 6671104
13342208 26684416 53368832 106737664 213475328 426950656 853901312 853922530]
a^e
[-0.500 0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000]
[-0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500 0.000 0.000]
[-0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000]
[ 0.500 -0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000]
[ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000]
[ 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000]
count of multiplies: 37
exponent: 31415
1.00002206445416^31415: 1.99999999989447
count of multiplies: 19
exponent: 27182
1.00002550055251^27182: 1.99999999997876
count of multiplies: 18
</pre>
=={{header|Haskell}}==
Generators of a nearly-optimal addition chains for a given number.
<syntaxhighlight lang="haskell">dichotomicChain :: Integral a => a -> [a]
dichotomicChain n
| n == 3 = [3, 2, 1]
| n == 2 ^ log2 n = takeWhile (> 0) $ iterate (`div` 2) n
| otherwise = let k = n `div` (2 ^ ((log2 n + 1) `div` 2))
in chain n k
where
chain n1 n2
| n2 <= 1 = dichotomicChain n1
| otherwise = case n1 `divMod` n2 of
(q, 0) -> dichotomicChain q `mul` dichotomicChain n2
(q, r) -> [r] `add` (dichotomicChain q `mul` chain n2 r)
c1 `mul` c2 = map (head c2 *) c1 ++ tail c2
c1 `add` c2 = map (head c2 +) c1 ++ c2
log2 = floor . logBase 2 . fromIntegral
binaryChain :: Integral a => a -> [a]
binaryChain 1 = [1]
binaryChain n | even n = n : binaryChain (n `div` 2)
| odd n = n : binaryChain (n - 1)</syntaxhighlight>
<pre>λ> dichotomicChain 31415
[31415,31360,15680,7840,3920,1960,980,490,245,220,110,55,50,25,20,10,5,4,2,1]
λ> length $ dichotomicChain 31415
20
λ> length $ binaryChain 31415
25
λ> length $ dichotomicChain (31415*27182)
38
λ> length $ binaryChain (31415*27182)
45</pre>
Universal monoid multiplication that uses additive chain
<syntaxhighlight lang="haskell">times :: (Monoid p, Integral a) => a -> p -> p
0 `times` _ = mempty
n `times` x = res
where
(res:_, _, _) = foldl f ([x], 1, 0) $ tail ch
ch = reverse $ dichotomicChain n
f (p:ps, c1, i) c2 = let Just j = elemIndex (c2-c1) ch
in ((p <> ((p:ps) !! (i-j))):p:ps, c2, i+1)</syntaxhighlight>
<pre>λ> 31 `times` "a"
"aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
λ> getSum $ 31 `times` 2
62
λ> getProduct $ 31 `times` 2
2147483648</pre>
Implementation of matrix multiplication as monoidal operation.
<syntaxhighlight lang="haskell">data M a = M [[a]] | I deriving Show
instance Num a => Semigroup (M a) where
I <> m = m
m <> I = m
M m1 <> M m2 = M $ map (\r -> map (\c -> r `dot` c) (transpose m2)) m1
where dot a b = sum $ zipWith (*) a b
instance Num a => Monoid (M a) where
mempty = I</syntaxhighlight>
<pre>-- matrix multiplication
λ> M [[2,4],[5,7]] <> M [[4,1],[6,2]]
M [[32,10],[62,19]]
-- matrix exponentiation
λ> 2 `times` M [[2,4],[5,7]]
M [[24,36],[45,69]]
-- calculation of large Fibonacci numbers
λ> 2 `times` M [[1,1],[1,0]]
M [[2,1],[1,1]]
λ> 3 `times` M [[1,1],[1,0]]
M [[3,2],[2,1]]
λ> 4 `times` M [[1,1],[1,0]]
M [[5,3],[3,2]]
λ> 20 `times` M [[1,1],[1,0]]
M [[10946,6765],[6765,4181]]
λ> 200 `times` M [[1,1],[1,0]]
M [[453973694165307953197296969697410619233826,280571172992510140037611932413038677189525],[280571172992510140037611932413038677189525,173402521172797813159685037284371942044301]]</pre>
The task
<pre>λ> :{
Main:> | let a = a = let s = sqrt (1/2) in M [[s,0,s,0,0,0]
Main:> | ,[0,s,0,s,0,0]
Main:> | ,[0,s,0,-s,0,0]
Main:> | ,[-s,0,s,0,0,0]
Main:> | ,[0,0,0,0,0,1]
Main:> | ,[0,0,0,0,1,0]]
Main:> | :}
λ> 31415 `times` a
M [[0.7071067811883202,0.0,0.0,-0.7071067811883202,0.0,0.0],
[0.0,0.7071067811883202,0.7071067811883202,0.0,0.0,0.0],
[0.7071067811883202,0.0,0.0,0.7071067811883202,0.0,0.0],
[0.0,0.7071067811883202,-0.7071067811883202,0.0,0.0,0.0],
[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0],
[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0]]
λ> 27182 `times` a
M [[-0.5000000000010233,-0.5000000000010233,-0.5000000000010233,0.5000000000010233,0.0,0.0],
[0.5000000000010233,-0.5000000000010233,-0.5000000000010233,-0.5000000000010233,0.0,0.0],
[-0.5000000000010233,-0.5000000000010233,0.5000000000010233,-0.5000000000010233,0.0,0.0],
[0.5000000000010233,-0.5000000000010233,0.5000000000010233,0.5000000000010233,0.0,0.0],
[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0],
[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0]]
λ> (31415*27182) `times` a
M [[-0.500000030038797,0.5000000300387971,-0.5000000300387971,0.5000000300387973,0.0,0.0],
[-0.5000000300387971,-0.5000000300387972,-0.5000000300387969,-0.5000000300387969,0.0,0.0],
[-0.5000000300387972,-0.5000000300387971,0.5000000300387969,0.5000000300387969,0.0,0.0],
[0.5000000300387971,-0.500000030038797,-0.5000000300387973,0.5000000300387971,0.0,0.0],
[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0],
[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0]]</pre>
=={{header|Julia}}==
Uses an iterator to generate A003313 (the first 100 values). Uses the Knuth path method for the larger integers. This gives a chain length of 18 for both 27182 and 31415.
<syntaxhighlight lang="julia">import Base.iterate
mutable struct AdditionChains{T}
chains::Vector{Vector{T}}
work_chain::Int
work_element::Int
AdditionChains{T}() where T = new{T}([[one(T)]], 1, 1)
end
function Base.iterate(acs::AdditionChains, state = 1)
i, j = acs.work_chain, acs.work_element
newchain = [acs.chains[i]; acs.chains[i][end] + acs.chains[i][j]]
push!(acs.chains, newchain)
if j == length(acs.chains[i])
acs.work_chain += 1
acs.work_element = 1
else
acs.work_element += 1
end
return newchain, state + 1
end
function findchain!(acs::AdditionChains, n)
@assert n > 0
n == 1 && return [one(eltype(first(acs.chains)))]
idx = findfirst(a -> a[end] == n, acs.chains)
if idx == nothing
for (i, chain) in enumerate(acs)
chain[end] == n && return chain
end
end
return acs.chains[idx]
end
""" memoization for knuth_path """
const knuth_path_p, knuth_path_lvl = Dict(1 => 0), [[1]]
""" knuth path method for addition chains """
function knuth_path(n)::Vector{Int}
iszero(n) && return Int[]
while !haskey(knuth_path_p, n)
q = Int[]
for x in first(knuth_path_lvl), y in knuth_path(x)
if !haskey(knuth_path_p, x + y)
knuth_path_p[x + y] = x
push!(q, x + y)
end
end
knuth_path_lvl[begin] = q
end
return push!(knuth_path(knuth_path_p[n]), n)
end
function pow(x, chain)
p, products = 0, Dict{Int, typeof(x)}(0 => one(x), 1 => x)
for i in chain
products[i] = products[p] * products[i - p]
p = i
end
return products[chain[end]]
end
function test_addition_chains()
additionchain = AdditionChains{Int}()
println("First one hundred addition chain lengths:")
for i in 1:100
print(rpad(length(findchain!(additionchain, i)) -1, 3), i % 10 == 0 ? "\n" : "")
end
println("\nKnuth chains for addition chains of 31415 and 27182:")
expchains = Dict(i => knuth_path(i) for i in [31415, 27182])
for (n, chn) in expchains
println("Exponent: ", rpad(n, 10), "\n Addition Chain: $(chn[begin:end-1]))")
end
println("\n1.00002206445416^31415 = ", pow(1.00002206445416, expchains[31415]))
println("1.00002550055251^27182 = ", pow(1.00002550055251, expchains[27182]))
println("1.00002550055251^(27182 * 31415) = ", pow(BigFloat(pow(1.00002550055251, expchains[27182])), expchains[31415]))
println("(1.000025 + 0.000058i)^27182 = ", pow(Complex(1.000025, 0.000058), expchains[27182]))
println("(1.000022 + 0.000050i)^31415 = ", pow(Complex(1.000022, 0.000050), expchains[31415]))
x = sqrt(1/2)
matrixA = [x 0 x 0 0 0; 0 x 0 x 0 0; 0 x 0 -x 0 0; -x 0 x 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 1; 0 0 0 0 1 0]
println("matrix A ^ 27182 = ")
display(pow(matrixA, expchains[27182]))
println("matrix A ^ 31415 = ")
display(round.(pow(matrixA, expchains[31415]), digits=6))
println("(matrix A ^ 27182) ^ 31415 = ")
display(pow(pow(matrixA, expchains[27182]), expchains[31415]))
end
test_addition_chains()
</syntaxhighlight>{{out}}
<pre>
First one hundred addition chain lengths:
0 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 6 5
6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 7 6
7 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 8 6 7 7
7 7 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 7
8 8 8 6 7 7 8 7 8 8
9 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8
9 8 9 9 9 7 8 8 8 8
Knuth chains for addition chains of 31415 and 27182:
Exponent: 27182
Addition Chain: [1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 35, 70, 140, 143, 283, 566, 849, 1698, 3396, 6792, 6799, 13591])
Exponent: 31415
Addition Chain: [1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, 56, 61, 122, 244, 488, 976, 1952, 3904, 7808, 15616, 15677, 31293])
1.00002206445416^31415 = 1.9999999998924638
1.00002550055251^27182 = 1.9999999999792688
1.00002550055251^(27182 * 31415) = 7.199687435551025768365237017391630520475805934721292725697031724530209692195819e+9456
(1.000025 + 0.000058i)^27182 = -0.01128636963542673 + 1.9730308496660347im
(1.000022 + 0.000050i)^31415 = 0.00016144681325535107 + 1.9960329014194498im
matrix A ^ 27182 =
6×6 Matrix{Float64}:
-0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5 0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.0
0.5 -0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
matrix A ^ 31415 =
6×6 Matrix{Float64}:
0.707107 0.0 -0.0 -0.707107 0.0 0.0
-0.0 0.707107 0.707107 -0.0 0.0 0.0
0.707107 -0.0 -0.0 0.707107 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.707107 -0.707107 -0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
(matrix A ^ 27182) ^ 31415 =
6×6 Matrix{Float64}:
-0.5 0.5 -0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
</pre>
=={{header|Nim}}==
{{trans|Go}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="nim">import math, sequtils, strutils
const
N = 32
NMax = 40_000
type Save = tuple[p: ptr int; v: int]
var
u: array[N, int] # Upper bounds.
l: array[N, int] # Lower bounds.
u[0] = 1; u[1] = 2
l[0] = 1; l[1] = 2
var outp, sum, tail: array[N, int]
var cache: array[NMax + 1, int]
cache[2] = 1
var
known = 2
stack = 0
undo: array[N * N, Save]
proc replace(x: var openArray[int]; i, n: int) =
undo[stack] = (x[i].addr, x[i])
x[i] = n
inc stack
proc restore(n: int) =
while stack > n:
dec stack
undo[stack].p[] = undo[stack].v
proc bounds(n: int): tuple[lower, upper: int] =
# Return lower and upper bounds.
if n <= 2 or n <= NMax and cache[n] != 0:
return (cache[n], cache[n])
var
i = -1
o = 0
n = n
while n != 0:
if (n and 1) != 0: inc o
n = n shr 1
inc i
dec i
result.upper = o + i
while true:
inc i
o = o shr 1
if o == 0: break
o = 2
while o * o < n:
if n mod o == 0:
let q = cache[o] + cache[n div o]
if q < result.upper:
result.upper = q
if q == i: break
inc o
if n > 2:
if result.upper > cache[n - 2] + 1:
result.upper = cache[n - 1] + 1
if result.upper > cache[n - 2] + 1:
result.upper = cache[n - 2] + 1
result.lower = i
proc insert(x, pos: int): bool =
let save = stack
if l[pos] > x or u[pos] < x:
return false
if l[pos] != x:
l.replace(pos, x)
var i = pos - 1
while u[i] * 2 < u[i+1]:
let t = l[i+1] + 1
if t * 2 > u[i]:
restore(save)
return false
l.replace(i, t)
dec i
i = pos + 1
while l[i] <= l[i-1]:
let t = l[i-1] + 1
if t > u[i]:
restore(save)
return false
l.replace(i, t)
inc i
if u[pos] == x:
return true
u.replace(pos, x)
var i = pos - 1
while u[i] >= u[i+1]:
let t = u[i+1] - 1
if t < l[i]:
restore(save)
return false
u.replace(i, t)
dec i
i = pos + 1
while u[i] > u[i-1] * 2:
let t = u[i-1] * 2
if t < l[i]:
restore(save)
return false
u.replace(i, t)
inc i
result = true
# Forward reference.
proc seqRecur(le: int): bool
proc `try`(p, q, le: int): bool =
var pl = cache[p]
if pl >= le: return false
var ql = cache[q]
if ql >= le: return false
while pl < le and u[pl] < p: inc pl
var pu = pl - 1
while pu < le - 1 and u[pu+1] >= p: inc pu
while ql < le and u[ql] < q: inc ql
var qu = ql - 1
while qu < le - 1 and u[qu+1] >= q: inc qu
if p != q and pl <= ql: pl = ql + 1
if pl > pu or ql > qu or ql > pu: return false
if outp[le] == 0:
pu = le - 1
pl = pu
let ps = stack
while pu >= pl:
if insert(p, pu):
inc outp[pu]
inc sum[pu], le
if p != q:
let qs= stack
var j = qu
if j >= pu: j = pu - 1
while j >= ql:
if insert(q, j):
inc outp[j]
inc sum[j], le
tail[le] = q
if seqRecur(le - 1): return true
restore(qs)
dec outp[j]
dec sum[j], le
dec j
else:
inc outp[pu]
inc sum[pu], le
tail[le] = p
if seqRecur(le - 1): return true
dec outp[pu]
dec sum[pu], le
dec outp[pu]
dec sum[pu], le
restore(ps)
dec pu
proc seqRecur(le: int): bool =
let n = l[le]
if le < 2: return true
var limit = n - 1
if outp[le] == 1: limit = n - tail[sum[le]]
if limit > u[le-1]: limit = u[le-1]
# Try to break n into p + q, and see if we can insert p, q into
# list while satisfying bounds.
var p = limit
var q = n - p
while q <= p:
if `try`(p, q, le): return true
dec p
inc q
# Forward reference.
proc sequence(n, le: int): int
proc seqLen(n: int): int =
if n <= known: return cache[n]
# Need all lower n to compute sequence.
while known + 1 < n:
discard seqLen(known + 1)
var (lb, ub) = bounds(n)
while lb < ub and sequence(n, lb) == 0: inc lb
known = n
if (n and 1023) == 0: echo "Cached: ", known
cache[n] = lb
result = lb
proc sequence(n, le: int): int =
let le = if le != 0: le else: seqLen(n)
stack = 0
l[le] = n
u[le] = n
for i in 0..le:
outp[i] = 0
sum[i] = 0
for i in 2..<le:
l[i] = l[i-1] + 1
u[i] = u[i-1] * 2
for i in countdown(le - 1, 3):
if l[i] * 2 < l[i+1]:
l[i] = (1 + l[i+1]) div 2
if u[i] >= u[i+1]:
u[i] = u[i+1] - 1
if not seqRecur(le): return 0
result = le
proc sequence(n, le: int; buf: var openArray[int]): int =
let le = sequence(n, le)
for i in 0..le: buf[i] = u[i]
result = le
proc binLen(n: int): int =
var r, o = -1
var n = n
while n != 0:
if (n and 1) != 0: inc o
n = n shr 1
inc r
result = r + o
type
Vector = seq[float]
Matrix = seq[Vector]
func `*`(m1, m2: Matrix): Matrix =
let
rows1 = m1.len
cols1 = m1[0].len
rows2 = m2.len
cols2 = m2[0].len
if cols1 != rows2:
raise newException(ValueError, "Matrices cannot be multiplied.")
result = newSeqWith(rows1, newSeq[float](cols2))
for i in 0..<rows1:
for j in 0..<cols2:
for k in 0..<rows2:
result[i][j] += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j]
proc pow(m: Matrix; n: int; printout: bool): Matrix =
var e = newSeq[int](N)
var v: array[N, Matrix]
let le = sequence(n, 0, e)
if printout:
echo "Addition chain:"
echo e[0..le].join(" ")
v[0] = m
v[1] = m * m
for i in 2..le:
block loop2:
for j in countdown(i - 1, 0):
for k in countdown(j, 0):
if e[k] + e[j] < e[i]: break
if e[k] + e[j] > e[i]: continue
v[i] = v[j] * v[k]
break loop2
result = v[le]
func `$`(m: Matrix): string =
for v in m:
result.add '['
let start = result.len
for x in v:
result.addSep(" ", start)
result.add x.formatFloat(ffDecimal, precision = 6).align(9)
result.add "]\n"
var m = 27182
var n = 31415
echo "Precompute chain lengths:"
discard seqlen(n)
let rh = sqrt(0.5)
let mx: Matrix = @[@[ rh, 0.0, rh, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
@[0.0, rh, 0.0, rh, 0.0, 0.0],
@[0.0, rh, 0.0, -rh, 0.0, 0.0],
@[-rh, 0.0, rh, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
@[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
@[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0]]
echo "\nThe first 100 terms of A003313 are:"
for i in 1..100:
stdout.write seqLen(i), ' '
if i mod 10 == 0: echo()
let exs = [m, n]
var mxs: array[2, Matrix]
for i, ex in exs:
echo()
echo "Exponent: ", ex
mxs[i] = mx.pow(ex, true)
echo "A ^ $#:\n".format(ex)
echo mxs[i]
echo "Number of A/C multiplies: ", seqLen(ex)
echo " c.f. Binary multiplies: ", binLen(ex)
echo()
echo "Exponent: $1 x $2 = $3".format(m, n, m * n)
echo "A ^ $1 = (A ^ $2) ^ $3:\n".format(m * n, m, n)
echo mxs[0].pow(n, false)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Precompute chain lengths:
Cached: 1024
Cached: 2048
Cached: 3072
Cached: 4096
Cached: 5120
Cached: 6144
Cached: 7168
Cached: 8192
Cached: 9216
Cached: 10240
Cached: 11264
Cached: 12288
Cached: 13312
Cached: 14336
Cached: 15360
Cached: 16384
Cached: 17408
Cached: 18432
Cached: 19456
Cached: 20480
Cached: 21504
Cached: 22528
Cached: 23552
Cached: 24576
Cached: 25600
Cached: 26624
Cached: 27648
Cached: 28672
Cached: 29696
Cached: 30720
The first 100 terms of A003313 are:
0 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 6 5
6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 7 6
7 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 8 6 7 7
7 7 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 7
8 8 8 6 7 7 8 7 8 8
9 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8
9 8 9 9 9 7 8 8 8 8
Exponent: 27182
Addition chain:
1 2 4 8 10 18 28 46 92 184 212 424 848 1696 3392 6784 13568 27136 27182
A ^ 27182:
[-0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 -0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000]
Number of A/C multiplies: 18
c.f. Binary multiplies: 21
Exponent: 31415
Addition chain:
1 2 4 8 16 17 33 49 98 196 392 784 1568 3136 6272 6289 12561 25122 31411 31415
A ^ 31415:
[ 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 -0.707107 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.707107 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.707107 -0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000]
Number of A/C multiplies: 19
c.f. Binary multiplies: 24
Exponent: 27182 x 31415 = 853922530
A ^ 853922530 = (A ^ 27182) ^ 31415:
[-0.500000 0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000]
</pre>
=={{header|Phix}}==
=== Brute force ===
Naieve brute force search, no attempt to optimise, manages about 4 million checks/s.<br>
Replacing the recursion with an internal stack and chosen with a fixed length array might help, but
otherwise I got no good ideas at all for trimming the search space.<br>
Giving it the same length, I think, yields the same result as [[Knuth%27s_power_tree#Phix]], and at least
in the cases that I tried, somewhat faster than the method on that page.<br>
If you know the A003313 number, you can throw that at it and wait (for several billion years) or get the
power tree length and loop trying to find a path one shorter (and wait several trillion years). The
path() routine is a direct copy from the link above.<br>
Note that "tries" overflows (crashes) at 1073741824, which I kept in as a deliberate limiter.
<!--<syntaxhighlight lang="phix">(phixonline)-->
<span style="color: #008080;">with</span> <span style="color: #008080;">javascript_semantics</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">constant</span> <span style="color: #000000;">p</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">new_dict</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">({{</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}})</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">lvl</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">path</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{}</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">getd_index</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)=</span><span style="color: #004600;">NULL</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">q</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{}</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">lvl</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">x</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">lvl</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">px</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">path</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">j</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">px</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">y</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">px</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">j</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">getd_index</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)!=</span><span style="color: #004600;">NULL</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">exit</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">setd</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">q</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">y</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">lvl</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">q</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">path</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">getd</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">p</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))&</span><span style="color: #000000;">n</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">atom</span> <span style="color: #000000;">t1</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">time</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tries</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">addition_chain</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">target</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">len</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">chosen</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">={</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- target and len must be >=2</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">tries</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">l</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">chosen</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">last</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">chosen</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[$]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">last</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">target</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">chosen</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">l</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">len</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">platform</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()!=</span><span style="color: #004600;">JS</span> <span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">time</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()></span><span style="color: #000000;">t1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">?{</span><span style="color: #008000;">"addition_chain"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">chosen</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">tries</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">t1</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">time</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">else</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">l</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">by</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">next</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">last</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">chosen</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">next</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><=</span><span style="color: #000000;">target</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">addition_chain</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">target</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">len</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">deep_copy</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">chosen</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)&</span><span style="color: #000000;">next</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{}</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- first, some proof of correctness at the lower/trivial end:</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">repeat</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">120</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">l</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">path</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #004600;">true</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ac</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">addition_chain</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">l</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ac</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)=</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">exit</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">l</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ac</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">l</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">puts</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"The first 120 members of A003313:\n"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">pp</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"addition_chain(31,8):%s\n"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">sprint</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">addition_chain</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">31</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">8</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))})</span>
<!--</syntaxhighlight>-->
{{out}}
<pre>
The first 120 members of A003313:
{0,1,2,2,3,3,4,3,4,4,5,4,5,5,5,4,5,5,6,5,6,6,6,5,6,6,6,6,7,6,7,5,6,6,7,6,7,
7,7,6,7,7,7,7,7,7,8,6,7,7,7,7,8,7,8,7,8,8,8,7,8,8,8,6,7,7,8,7,8,8,9,7,8,8,
8,8,8,8,9,7,8,8,8,8,8,8,9,8,9,8,9,8,9,9,9,7,8,8,8,8,9,8,9,8,9,9,9,8,9,9,9,
8,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,8}
addition_chain(31,8):{1,2,4,8,10,20,30,31}
</pre>
On the task numbers, however, as to be expected, it struggles but probably would eventually get there if the overflow on tries were removed:
<pre style="font-size: 11px">--?path(12509) -- {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,12288,12416,12480,12496,12504,12508,12509}
--?addition_chain(12509,21) -- 0s {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,12288,12416,12480,12496,12504,12508,12509}
--?addition_chain(12509,20) -- 12.3s {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,4160,8320,12480,12496,12504,12508,12509}
--?addition_chain(12509,19) -- 1.1s {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,4160,4168,8336,12504,12508,12509}
--?addition_chain(12509,18) -- bust
--?addition_chain(12509,17) -- bust
--?path(31415) -- {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,28672,30720,31232,31360,31392,31408,31412,31414,31415}
--?addition_chain(31415,25) -- 0s {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,28672,30720,31232,31360,31392,31408,31412,31414,31415}
--?addition_chain(31415,24) -- bust
--?addition_chain(31415,23) -- bust
--?addition_chain(31415,22) -- 137s {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,10240,10368,10384,10386,20772,31158,31414,31415}
--?addition_chain(31415,21) -- 116s {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,6144,6272,6288,6290,12562,25124,31414,31415}
--?addition_chain(31415,20) -- bust
--?addition_chain(31415,19) -- bust
--?path(27182) -- {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,26624,27136,27168,27176,27180,27182}
--?addition_chain(27182,22) -- 0s {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,26624,27136,27168,27176,27180,27182}
--?addition_chain(27182,21) -- 19.4s {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,8704,8712,8714,17428,26142,27166,27182}
--?addition_chain(27182,20) -- 14.2s {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,5120,5128,5640,5642,10770,21540,27182}
--?addition_chain(27182,19) -- bust
--?addition_chain(27182,18) -- bust</pre>
Once you have an addition chain, of course, apply it as per [[Knuth%27s_power_tree#Phix]], and of course length(pn) is the number of multiplies that will perform.
<pre>--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,28672,30720,31232,31360,31392,31408,31412,31414,31415}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,10240,10368,10384,10386,20772,31158,31414,31415}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,6144,6272,6288,6290,12562,25124,31414,31415}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,17,33,49,98,196,392,784,1568,3136,6272,6289,12561,25122,31411,31415} -- (from C)
--printf(1,"%3g ^ %d (%d) = %s\n", {1.00002206445416,31415,length(pn),treepow(1.00002206445416,31415,pn)})
--1.00002 ^ 31415 (25) = 1.9999999998949602994638558
--1.00002 ^ 31415 (22) = 1.9999999998949602994638556
--1.00002 ^ 31415 (21) = 1.9999999998949602994638552
--1.00002 ^ 31415 (20) = 1.9999999998949602994638291
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,26624,27136,27168,27176,27180,27182}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,8704,8712,8714,17428,26142,27166,27182}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,5120,5128,5640,5642,10770,21540,27182}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,10,18,28,46,92,184,212,424,848,1696,3392,6784,13568,27136,27182} -- (from C)
--printf(1,"%3g ^ %d (%d) = %s\n", {1.00002550055251,27182,length(pn),treepow(1.00002550055251,27182,pn)})
--1.00003 ^ 27182 (22) = 1.9999999999727968238298861
--1.00003 ^ 27182 (21) = 1.9999999999727968238298859
--1.00003 ^ 27182 (20) = 1.9999999999727968238298855
--1.00003 ^ 27182 (19) = 1.9999999999727968238298527</pre>
=={{header|Python}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">''' Rosetta Code task Addition-chain_exponentiation '''
from math import sqrt
from numpy import array
from mpmath import mpf
class AdditionChains:
''' two methods of calculating addition chains '''
def __init__(self):
''' memoization for knuth_path '''
self.chains, self.idx, self.pos = [[1]], 0, 0
self.pat, self.lvl = {1: 0}, [[1]]
def add_chain(self):
''' method 1: add chains depth then breadth first until done '''
newchain = self.chains[self.idx].copy()
newchain.append(self.chains[self.idx][-1] +
self.chains[self.idx][self.pos])
self.chains.append(newchain)
if self.pos == len(self.chains[self.idx])-1:
self.idx += 1
self.pos = 0
else:
self.pos += 1
return newchain
def find_chain(self, nexp):
''' method 1 interface: search for chain ending with n, adding more as needed '''
assert nexp > 0
if nexp == 1:
return [1]
chn = next((a for a in self.chains if a[-1] == nexp), None)
if chn is None:
while True:
chn = self.add_chain()
if chn[-1] == nexp:
break
return chn
def knuth_path(self, ngoal):
''' method 2: knuth method, uses memoization to search for a shorter chain '''
if ngoal < 1:
return []
while not ngoal in self.pat:
new_lvl = []
for i in self.lvl[0]:
for j in self.knuth_path(i):
if not i + j in self.pat:
self.pat[i + j] = i
new_lvl.append(i + j)
self.lvl[0] = new_lvl
returnpath = self.knuth_path(self.pat[ngoal])
returnpath.append(ngoal)
return returnpath
def cpow(xbase, chain):
''' raise xbase by an addition exponentiation chain for what becomes x**chain[-1] '''
pows, products = 0, {0: 1, 1: xbase}
for i in chain:
products[i] = products[pows] * products[i - pows]
pows = i
return products[chain[-1]]
if __name__ == '__main__':
# test both addition chain methods
acs = AdditionChains()
print('First one hundred addition chain lengths:')
for k in range(1, 101):
print(f'{len(acs.find_chain(k))-1:3}', end='\n'if k % 10 == 0 else '')
print('\nKnuth chains for addition chains of 31415 and 27182:')
chns = {m: acs.knuth_path(m) for m in [31415, 27182]}
for (num, cha) in chns.items():
print(f'Exponent: {num:10}\n Addition Chain: {cha[:-1]}')
print('\n1.00002206445416^31415 =', cpow(1.00002206445416, chns[31415]))
print('1.00002550055251^27182 =', cpow(1.00002550055251, chns[27182]))
print('1.000025 + 0.000058i)^27182 =',
cpow(complex(1.000025, 0.000058), chns[27182]))
print('1.000022 + 0.000050i)^31415 =',
cpow(complex(1.000022, 0.000050), chns[31415]))
sq05 = mpf(sqrt(0.5))
mat = array([[sq05, 0, sq05, 0, 0, 0], [0, sq05, 0, sq05, 0, 0], [0, sq05, 0, -sq05, 0, 0],
[-sq05, 0, sq05, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0]])
print('matrix A ^ 27182 =')
print(cpow(mat, chns[27182]))
print('matrix A ^ 31415 =')
print(cpow(mat, chns[31415]))
print('(matrix A ** 27182) ** 31415 =')
print(cpow(cpow(mat, chns[27182]), chns[31415]))
</syntaxhighlight>{{out}}
<pre>
First one hundred addition chain lengths:
0 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 6 5
6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 7 6
7 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 8 6 7 7
7 7 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 7
8 8 8 6 7 7 8 7 8 8
9 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8
9 8 9 9 9 7 8 8 8 8
Knuth chains for addition chains of 31415 and 27182:
Exponent: 31415
Addition Chain: [1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, 56, 61, 122, 244, 488, 976, 1952, 3904, 7808, 15616, 15677, 31293]
Exponent: 27182
Addition Chain: [1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 35, 70, 140, 143, 283, 566, 849, 1698, 3396, 6792, 6799, 13591]
1.00002206445416^31415 = 1.9999999998924638
1.00002550055251^27182 = 1.9999999999792688
1.000025 + 0.000058i)^27182 = (-0.01128636963542673+1.9730308496660347j)
1.000022 + 0.000050i)^31415 = (0.00016144681325535107+1.9960329014194498j)
matrix A ^ 27182 =
[[mpf('5.0272320351359433e-4092') 0 mpf('5.0272320351359433e-4092') 0 0 0]
[0 mpf('5.0272320351359433e-4092') 0 mpf('5.0272320351359433e-4092') 0 0]
[0 mpf('5.0272320351359433e-4092') 0 mpf('5.0272320351359433e-4092') 0 0]
[mpf('5.0272320351359433e-4092') 0 mpf('5.0272320351359433e-4092') 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0 0 1]
[0 0 0 0 1 0]]
matrix A ^ 31415 =
[[mpf('3.7268602513250562e-4729') 0 mpf('3.7268602513250562e-4729') 0 0 0]
[0 mpf('3.7268602513250562e-4729') 0 mpf('3.7268602513250562e-4729') 0 0]
[0 mpf('3.7268602513250562e-4729') 0 mpf('-3.7268602513250562e-4729') 0
0]
[mpf('-3.7268602513250562e-4729') 0 mpf('3.7268602513250562e-4729') 0 0
0]
[0 0 0 0 0 1]
[0 0 0 0 1 0]]
(matrix A ** 27182) ** 31415 =
[[mpf('1.77158544475749e-128528148') 0 mpf('1.77158544475749e-128528148')
0 0 0]
[0 mpf('1.77158544475749e-128528148') 0
mpf('1.77158544475749e-128528148') 0 0]
[0 mpf('1.77158544475749e-128528148') 0
mpf('1.77158544475749e-128528148') 0 0]
[mpf('1.77158544475749e-128528148') 0 mpf('1.77158544475749e-128528148')
0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0 0 1]
[0 0 0 0 1 0]]
</pre>
=={{header|Racket}}==
{{incorrect|matlab|The task states: ''Binary exponentiation does not usually produce the best solution. Provide only optimal solutions.'' This answer only considers binary exponentiation, which is not enough to give an optimal solution.}}
The addition chains correspond to binary exponentiation.
<syntaxhighlight lang="racket">
#lang racket
(define (chain n)
; computes a simple addition chain for n
(cond [(= n 1) '()]
[(even? n) (define n/2 (/ n 2))
(cons (list n n/2 n/2) (chain n/2))]
[(odd? n) (define n-1 (- n 1))
(cons (list n n-1 1) (chain (- n 1)))]))
(define mult
(let ([n 0])
(λ xs
(cond [(equal? xs (list 'count)) n]
[(equal? xs (list 'reset)) (set! n 0)]
[else (set! n (+ n 1))
(apply * xs)]))))
(define (expt/chain x n chain)
; computes x^n using the addition chain
(define ht (make-hash))
(hash-set! ht 1 x)
(define (expt1 n)
(or (hash-ref ht n #f)
(let ()
(define x^n
(match (assoc n chain)
[(list _ s t) (mult (expt1 s) (expt1 t))]))
(hash-set! ht n x^n)
x^n)))
(expt1 n))
(define (test x n)
(displayln (~a "Chain for " n "\n" (chain n)))
(mult 'reset)
(displayln (~a x " ^ " n " = " (expt/chain x n (chain n))))
(displayln (~a "Multiplications: " (mult 'count)))
(newline))
(test 1.00002206445416 31415)
(test 1.00002550055251 27182)
</syntaxhighlight>
Output:
<syntaxhighlight lang="racket">
Chain for 31415
((31415 31414 1) (31414 15707 15707) (15707 15706 1) (15706 7853 7853) (7853 7852 1) (7852 3926 3926) (3926 1963 1963) (1963 1962 1) (1962 981 981) (981 980 1) (980 490 490) (490 245 245) (245 244 1) (244 122 122) (122 61 61) (61 60 1) (60 30 30) (30 15 15) (15 14 1) (14 7 7) (7 6 1) (6 3 3) (3 2 1) (2 1 1))
1.00002206445416 ^ 31415 = 1.9999999998913485
Multiplications: 24
Chain for 27182
((27182 13591 13591) (13591 13590 1) (13590 6795 6795) (6795 6794 1) (6794 3397 3397) (3397 3396 1) (3396 1698 1698) (1698 849 849) (849 848 1) (848 424 424) (424 212 212) (212 106 106) (106 53 53) (53 52 1) (52 26 26) (26 13 13) (13 12 1) (12 6 6) (6 3 3) (3 2 1) (2 1 1))
1.00002550055251 ^ 27182 = 1.9999999999774538
Multiplications: 21
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Raku}}==
{{trans|Python}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="raku" line># 20230327 Raku programming solution
use Math::Matrix;
class AdditionChains { has ( $.idx, $.pos, @.chains, @.lvl, %.pat ) is rw;
method add_chain {
# method 1: add chains depth then breadth first until done
return gather given self {
take my $newchain = .chains[.idx].clone.append:
.chains[.idx][*-1] + .chains[.idx][.pos];
.chains.append: $newchain;
.pos == +.chains[.idx]-1 ?? ( .idx += 1 && .pos = 0 ) !! .pos += 1;
}
}
method find_chain(\nexp where nexp > 0) {
# method 1 interface: search for chain ending with n, adding more as needed
return ([1],) if nexp == 1;
my @chn = self.chains.grep: *.[*-1] == nexp // [];
unless @chn.Bool {
repeat { @chn = self.add_chain } until @chn[*-1][*-1] == nexp
}
return @chn
}
method knuth_path(\ngoal) {
# method 2: knuth method, uses memoization to search for a shorter chain
return [] if ngoal < 1;
until self.pat{ngoal}:exists {
self.lvl[0] = [ gather for self.lvl[0].Array -> \i {
for self.knuth_path(i).Array -> \j {
unless self.pat{i + j}:exists {
self.pat{i + j} = i and take i + j
}
}
} ]
}
return self.knuth_path(self.pat{ngoal}).append: ngoal
}
multi method cpow(\xbase, \chain) {
# raise xbase by an addition exponentiation chain for what becomes x**chain[-1]
my ($pows, %products) = 0, 1 => xbase;
%products{0} = xbase ~~ Math::Matrix
?? Math::Matrix.new([ [ 1 xx xbase.size[1] ] xx xbase.size[0] ]) !! 1;
for chain.Array -> \i {
%products{i} = %products{$pows} * %products{i - $pows};
$pows = i
}
return %products{ chain[*-1] }
}
}
my $chn = AdditionChains.new( idx => 0, pos => 0,
chains => ([1],), lvl => ([1],), pat => {1=>0} );
say 'First one hundred addition chain lengths:';
.Str.say for ( (1..100).map: { +$chn.find_chain($_)[0] - 1 } ).rotor: 10;
my %chns = (31415, 27182).map: { $_ => $chn.knuth_path: $_ };
say "\nKnuth chains for addition chains of 31415 and 27182:";
say "Exponent: $_\n Addition Chain: %chns{$_}[0..*-2]" for %chns.keys;
say '1.00002206445416^31415 = ', $chn.cpow(1.00002206445416, %chns{31415});
say '1.00002550055251^27182 = ', $chn.cpow(1.00002550055251, %chns{27182});
say '(1.000025 + 0.000058i)^27182 = ', $chn.cpow: 1.000025+0.000058i, %chns{27182};
say '(1.000022 + 0.000050i)^31415 = ', $chn.cpow: 1.000022+0.000050i, %chns{31415};
my \sq05 = 0.5.sqrt;
my \mat = Math::Matrix.new( [[sq05, 0, sq05, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, sq05, 0, sq05, 0, 0],
[ 0, sq05, 0, -sq05, 0, 0],
[-sq05, 0, sq05, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0]] );
say 'matrix A ^ 27182 =';
say my $res27182 = $chn.cpow(mat, %chns{27182});
say 'matrix A ^ 31415 =';
say $chn.cpow(mat, %chns{31415});
say '(matrix A ** 27182) ** 31415 =';
say $chn.cpow($res27182, %chns{31415});
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>First one hundred addition chain lengths:
0 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 6 5
6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 7 6
7 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 8 6 7 7
7 7 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 7
8 8 8 6 7 7 8 7 8 8
9 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8
9 8 9 9 9 7 8 8 8 8
Knuth chains for addition chains of 31415 and 27182:
Exponent: 27182
Addition Chain: 1 2 3 5 7 14 21 35 70 140 143 283 566 849 1698 3396 6792 6799 13591
Exponent: 31415
Addition Chain: 1 2 3 5 7 14 28 56 61 122 244 488 976 1952 3904 7808 15616 15677 31293
1.00002206445416^31415 = 1.9999999998924638
1.00002550055251^27182 = 1.999999999974053
(1.000025 + 0.000058i)^27182 = -0.01128636963542673+1.9730308496660347i
(1.000022 + 0.000050i)^31415 = 0.00016144681325535107+1.9960329014194498i
matrix A ^ 27182 =
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0
matrix A ^ 31415 =
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 -0 0 0
-0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0
(matrix A ** 27182) ** 31415 =
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0</pre>
=={{header|Tcl}}==
{{incorrect|Tcl|The tasks explicitly asks to give only optimal solutions, star chains are not enough.}}
Using code at [[Matrix multiplication#Tcl]] and [[Matrix Transpose#Tcl]] (not shown here).
{{trans|Go}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="tcl"># Continued fraction addition chains, as described in "Efficient computation
# of addition chains" by F. Bergeron, J. Berstel, and S. Brlek, published in
# Journal de théorie des nombres de Bordeaux, 6 no. 1 (1994), p. 21-38,
# accessed at http://www.numdam.org/item?id=JTNB_1994__6_1_21_0.
#
# Uses the dichotomic strategy, which produces good results with simpler
# coding than for a pluggable non-deterministic strategy.
package require Tcl 8.5
namespace path {::tcl::mathop ::tcl::mathfunc}
proc minchain {n} {
if {!($n & ($n-1))} {
for {set i 1} {$i <= $n} {incr i $i} {lappend c $i}
return $c
} elseif {$n == 3} {
return {1 2 3}
}
return [chain $n [expr {$n >> int(ceil(floor(log($n)/log(2))/2))}]]
}
proc chain {n1 n2} {
set q [expr {$n1 / $n2}]
set r [expr {$n1 % $n2}]
if {$r == 0} {
return [chain.* [minchain $n2] [minchain $q]]
} else {
return [chain.+ [chain.* [chain $n2 $r] [minchain $q]] $r]
}
}
proc chain.+ {ns k} {
return [lappend ns [expr {[lindex $ns end] + $k}]]
}
proc chain.* {ns ms} {
set n_k [lindex $ns end]
foreach m_i $ms {
if {$m_i==1} continue
lappend ns [expr {$n_k * $m_i}]
}
return $ns
}
# Generate a lambda term to do exponentiation with a given multiplier command.
# Works by extracting information from the addition chain; the lambda term
# generated is minimal
proc makeExponentiationLambda {n mulfunc} {
set chain [minchain $n]
set cmd {set a0}
set idxes 0
foreach c0 [lrange $chain 0 end-1] c1 [lrange $chain 1 end] {
lappend idxes [lsearch $chain [expr {$c1 - $c0}]]
}
for {set i 1} {$i<[llength $chain]} {incr i} {
set cmd "$mulfunc \[$cmd\] \$a[lindex $idxes $i]"
if {$i in $idxes} {
set cmd "set a$i \[$cmd\]"
}
}
list a0 $cmd
}
# Demonstrating application of problem to matrix exponentiation
proc count_mult {a b} {incr ::countMult;matrix_multiply $a $b}
set m 31415
set n 27182
set mn [expr {$m*$n}]
set pow_m [makeExponentiationLambda $m count_mult]
set pow_n [makeExponentiationLambda $n count_mult]
set pow_mn [makeExponentiationLambda $mn count_mult]
set rh [expr {sqrt(0.5)}]
set mrh [expr {-$rh}]
set A [subst {
{$rh 0 $rh 0 0 0}
{0 $rh 0 $rh 0 0}
{0 $rh 0 $mrh 0 0}
{$mrh 0 $rh 0 0 0}
{0 0 0 0 0 1}
{0 0 0 0 1 0}
}]
puts "A**$m"; set countMult 0
print_matrix [apply $pow_m $A] %6.3f
puts "$countMult matrix multiplies"
puts "A**$n"; set countMult 0
print_matrix [apply $pow_n $A] %6.3f
puts "$countMult matrix multiplies"
puts "A**$mn"; set countMult 0
print_matrix [apply $pow_mn $A] %6.3f
puts "$countMult matrix multiplies"</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>A**31415
0.707 0.000 0.000 -0.707 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.707 0.707 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.707 0.000 0.000 0.707 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.707 -0.707 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000
19 matrix multiplies
A**27182
-0.500 -0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000
0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500 0.000 0.000
-0.500 -0.500 0.500 -0.500 0.000 0.000
0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
18 matrix multiplies
A**853922530
-0.500 0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000
-0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500 0.000 0.000
-0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000
0.500 -0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
37 matrix multiplies</pre>
=={{header|Wren}}==
{{trans|Go}}
{{libheader|Wren-dynamic}}
{{libheader|Wren-fmt}}
This is very slow (12 mins 50 secs) compared to Go (25 seconds) but, given the amount of calculation involved, not too bad for the Wren interpreter.
<syntaxhighlight lang="wren">import "./dynamic" for Struct
import "./fmt" for Fmt
var Save = Struct.create("Save", ["p", "i", "v"])
var N = 32
var NMAX = 40000
var u = List.filled(N, 0) // upper bounds
var l = List.filled(N, 0) // lower bounds
var out = List.filled(N, 0)
var sum = List.filled(N, 0)
var tail = List.filled(N, 0)
var cache = List.filled(NMAX + 1, 0)
var known = 2
var stack = 0
var undo = List.filled(N * N, null)
for (i in 0..1) l[i] = u[i] = i + 1
for (i in 0...N*N) undo[i] = Save.new(null, 0, 0)
cache[2] = 1
var replace = Fn.new { |x, i, n|
undo[stack].p = x
undo[stack].i = i
undo[stack].v = x[i]
x[i] = n
stack = stack + 1
}
var restore = Fn.new { |n|
while (stack > n) {
stack = stack - 1
undo[stack].p[undo[stack].i] = undo[stack].v
}
}
/* lower and upper bounds */
var lower = Fn.new { |n, up|
if (n <= 2 || (n <= NMAX && cache[n] != 0)) {
if (up.count > 0) up[0] = cache[n]
return cache[n]
}
var i = -1
var o = 0
while (n != 0) {
if ((n&1) != 0) o = o + 1
n = n >> 1
i = i + 1
}
if (up.count > 0) {
i = i - 1
up[0] = o + i
}
while (true) {
i = i + 1
o = o >> 1
if (o == 0) break
}
o = 2
while (o * o < n) {
if (n%o != 0) {
o = o + 1
continue
}
var q = cache[o] + cache[(n/o).floor]
if (q < up[0]) {
up[0] = q
if (q == i) break
}
o = o + 1
}
if (n > 2) {
if (up[0] > cache[n-2] + 1) up[0] = cache[n-1] + 1
if (up[0] > cache[n-2] + 1) up[0] = cache[n-2] + 1
}
return i
}
var insert = Fn.new { |x, pos|
var save = stack
if (l[pos] > x || u[pos] < x) return false
if (l[pos] != x) {
replace.call(l, pos, x)
var i = pos - 1
while (u[i]*2 < u[i+1]) {
var t = l[i+1] + 1
if (t * 2 > u[i]) {
restore.call(save)
return false
}
replace.call(l, i, t)
i = i - 1
}
i = pos + 1
while (l[i] <= l[i-1]) {
var t = l[i-1] + 1
if (t > u[i]) {
restore.call(save)
return false
}
replace.call(l, i, t)
i = i + 1
}
}
if (u[pos] == x) return true
replace.call(u, pos, x)
var i = pos - 1
while (u[i] >= u[i+1]) {
var t = u[i+1] - 1
if (t < l[i]) {
restore.call(save)
return false
}
replace.call(u, i, t)
i = i - 1
}
i = pos + 1
while (u[i] > u[i-1]*2) {
var t = u[i-1] * 2
if (t < l[i]) {
restore.call(save)
return false
}
replace.call(u, i, t)
i = i + 1
}
return true
}
var try // forward declaration
var seqRecur = Fn.new { |le|
var n = l[le]
if (le < 2) return true
var limit = n - 1
if (out[le] == 1) limit = n - tail[sum[le]]
if (limit > u[le-1]) limit = u[le-1]
// Try to break n into p + q, and see if we can insert p, q into
// list while satisfying bounds.
var p = limit
var q = n - p
while (q <= p) {
if (try.call(p, q, le)) return true
q = q + 1
p = p -1
}
return false
}
try = Fn.new { |p, q, le|
var pl = cache[p]
if (pl >= le) return false
var ql = cache[q]
if (ql >= le) return false
while (pl < le && u[pl] < p) pl = pl + 1
var pu = pl - 1
while (pu < le-1 && u[pu+1] >= p) pu = pu + 1
while (ql < le && u[ql] < q) ql = ql + 1
var qu = ql - 1
while (qu < le-1 && u[qu+1] >= q) qu = qu + 1
if (p != q && pl <= ql) pl = ql + 1
if (pl > pu || ql > qu || ql > pu) return false
if (out[le] == 0) {
pu = le - 1
pl = pu
}
var ps = stack
while (pu >= pl) {
if (!insert.call(p, pu)) {
pu = pu - 1
continue
}
out[pu] = out[pu] + 1
sum[pu] = sum[pu] + le
if (p != q) {
var qs = stack
var j = qu
if (j >= pu) j = pu - 1
while (j >= ql) {
if (!insert.call(q, j)) {
j = j - 1
continue
}
out[j] = out[j] + 1
sum[j] = sum[j] + le
tail[le] = q
if (seqRecur.call(le - 1)) return true
restore.call(qs)
out[j] = out[j] - 1
sum[j] = sum[j] - le
j = j - 1
}
} else {
out[pu] = out[pu] + 1
sum[pu] = sum[pu] + le
tail[le] = p
if (seqRecur.call(le - 1)) return true
out[pu] = out[pu] - 1
sum[pu] = sum[pu] - le
}
out[pu] = out[pu] - 1
sum[pu] = sum[pu] - le
restore.call(ps)
pu = pu - 1
}
return false
}
var seq // forward declaration
var seqLen // recursive function
seqLen = Fn.new { |n|
if (n <= known) return cache[n]
// Need all lower n to compute sequence.
while (known+1 < n) seqLen.call(known + 1)
var ub = 0
var pub = [ub]
var lb = lower.call(n, pub)
ub = pub[0]
while (lb < ub && seq.call(n, lb, []) == 0) {
lb = lb + 1
}
known = n
if (n&1023 == 0) System.print("Cached %(known)")
cache[n] = lb
return lb
}
seq = Fn.new { |n, le, buf|
if (le == 0) le = seqLen.call(n)
stack = 0
l[le] = u[le] = n
for (i in 0..le) out[i] = sum[i] = 0
var i = 2
while (i < le) {
l[i] = l[i-1] + 1
u[i] = u[i-1] * 2
i = i + 1
}
i = le - 1
while (i > 2) {
if (l[i]*2 < l[i+1]) {
l[i] = ((1 + l[i+1]) / 2).floor
}
if (u[i] >= u[i+1]) {
u[i] = u[i+1] - 1
}
i = i - 1
}
if (!seqRecur.call(le)) return 0
if (buf.count > 0) {
for (i in 0..le) buf[i] = u[i]
}
return le
}
var binLen = Fn.new { |n|
var r = -1
var o = -1
while (n != 0) {
if (n&1 != 0) o = o + 1
n = n >> 1
r = r + 1
}
return r + o
}
var mul = Fn.new { |m1, m2|
var rows1 = m1.count
var rows2 = m2.count
var cols1 = m1[0].count
var cols2 = m2[0].count
if (cols1 != rows2) Fiber.abort("Matrices cannot be multiplied.")
var result = List.filled(rows1, null)
for (i in 0...rows1) {
result[i] = List.filled(cols2, 0)
for (j in 0...cols2) {
for (k in 0...rows2) {
result[i][j] = result[i][j] + m1[i][k] * m2[k][j]
}
}
}
return result
}
var pow = Fn.new { |m, n, printout|
var e = List.filled(N, 0)
var v = List.filled(N, null)
for (i in 0...N) v[i] = List.filled(N, 0)
var le = seq.call(n, 0, e)
if (printout) {
System.print("Addition chain:")
for (i in 0..le) {
var c = (i == le) ? "\n" : " "
System.write("%(e[i])%(c)")
}
}
v[0] = m
v[1] = mul.call(m, m)
var i = 2
while (i <= le) {
var j = i - 1
while (j != 0) {
for (k in j..0) {
if (e[k]+e[j] < e[i]) break
if (e[k]+e[j] > e[i]) continue
v[i] = mul.call(v[j], v[k])
j = 1
break
}
j = j - 1
}
i = i + 1
}
return v[le]
}
var print = Fn.new { |m|
for (v in m) Fmt.print("$9.6f", v)
System.print()
}
var m = 27182
var n = 31415
System.print("Precompute chain lengths:")
seqLen.call(n)
var rh = (0.5).sqrt
var mx = [
[rh, 0, rh, 0, 0, 0],
[0, rh, 0, rh, 0, 0],
[0, rh, 0, -rh, 0, 0],
[-rh, 0, rh, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0]
]
System.print("\nThe first 100 terms of A003313 are:")
for (i in 1..100) {
Fmt.write("$d ", seqLen.call(i))
if (i%10 == 0) System.print()
}
var exs = [m, n]
var mxs = List.filled(2, null)
var i = 0
for (ex in exs) {
System.print("\nExponent: %(ex)")
mxs[i] = pow.call(mx, ex, true)
Fmt.print("A ^ $d:-\n", ex)
print.call(mxs[i])
System.print("Number of A/C multiplies: %(seqLen.call(ex))")
System.print(" c.f. Binary multiplies: %(binLen.call(ex))")
i = i + 1
}
Fmt.print("\nExponent: $d x $d = $d", m, n, m*n)
Fmt.print("A ^ $d = (A ^ $d) ^ $d:-\n", m*n, m, n)
var mx2 = pow.call(mxs[0], n, false)
print.call(mx2)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Precompute chain lengths:
Cached 1024
Cached 2048
Cached 3072
....
Cached 28672
Cached 29696
Cached 30720
The first 100 terms of A003313 are:
0 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 6 5
6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 7 6
7 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 8 6 7 7
7 7 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 7
8 8 8 6 7 7 8 7 8 8
9 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8
9 8 9 9 9 7 8 8 8 8
Exponent: 27182
Addition chain:
1 2 4 8 10 18 28 46 92 184 212 424 848 1696 3392 6784 13568 27136 27182
A ^ 27182:-
[-0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 -0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000]
Number of A/C multiplies: 18
c.f. Binary multiplies: 21
Exponent: 31415
Addition chain:
1 2 4 8 16 17 33 49 98 196 392 784 1568 3136 6272 6289 12561 25122 31411 31415
A ^ 31415:-
[ 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 -0.707107 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.707107 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 0.707107 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.707107 -0.707107 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000]
Number of A/C multiplies: 19
c.f. Binary multiplies: 24
Exponent: 27182 x 31415 = 853922530
A ^ 853922530 = (A ^ 27182) ^ 31415:-
[-0.500000 0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 0.500000 0.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000]
[ 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000]
</pre>
{{omit from|Brlcad}}
{{omit from|GUISS}}
{{omit from|Lilypond}}
{{omit from|Openscad}}
{{omit from|TPP}}
| |||