Window creation
Display a GUI window. The window need not have any contents, but should respond to requests to be closed.
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Ada
<lang ada>with Gtk.Window; use Gtk.Window; with Gtk.Widget; use Gtk.Widget;
with Gtk.Handlers; with Gtk.Main;
procedure Windowed_Application is
Window : Gtk_Window;
package Handlers is new Gtk.Handlers.Callback (Gtk_Widget_Record); package Return_Handlers is new Gtk.Handlers.Return_Callback (Gtk_Widget_Record, Boolean);
function Delete_Event (Widget : access Gtk_Widget_Record'Class) return Boolean is begin return False; end Delete_Event;
procedure Destroy (Widget : access Gtk_Widget_Record'Class) is begin Gtk.Main.Main_Quit; end Destroy;
begin
Gtk.Main.Init; Gtk.Window.Gtk_New (Window); Return_Handlers.Connect ( Window, "delete_event", Return_Handlers.To_Marshaller (Delete_Event'Access) ); Handlers.Connect ( Window, "destroy", Handlers.To_Marshaller (Destroy'Access) ); Show (Window);
Gtk.Main.Main;
end Windowed_Application;</lang>
AutoHotkey
<lang AutoHotkey>Gui, Add, Text,, Hello Gui, Show</lang>
C
SDL
Compile Command: gcc `sdl-config --cflags` `sdl-config --libs` SDL_Window.c -o window <lang c>/*
* Opens an 800x600 16bit color window. * Done here with ANSI C. */
- include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include "SDL.h"
int main() {
SDL_Surface *screen; if (SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO) != 0) { fprintf(stderr, "Unable to initialize SDL: %s\n", SDL_GetError()); return 1; } atexit(SDL_Quit); screen = SDL_SetVideoMode( 800, 600, 16, SDL_SWSURFACE | SDL_HWPALETTE ); return 0;
}</lang>
GTK
Compile command: gcc `gtk-config --cflags` `gtk-config --libs` -o window window.c
<lang c>#include <gtk/gtk.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
GtkWidget *window;
gtk_init(&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); gtk_signal_connect(GTK_OBJECT(window), "destroy", GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC(gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_widget_show(window); gtk_main();
return 0;
}</lang>
GTK2
Compile command: gcc -Wall -pedantic `pkg-config --cflags gtk+-2.0` `pkg-config --libs gtk+-2.0` -o window window.c
<lang c>#include <gtk/gtk.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
GtkWidget *window;
gtk_init(&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); g_signal_connect (window, "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_widget_show(window); gtk_main();
return 0;
}</lang>
GLUT
Compile command: gcc -I /usr/include/ -lglut -o window window_glut.c
Note that we aren't registering a painting or drawing callback, so the window will be created with nothing drawn in it. This is almost certain to lead to a strange appearance; On many systems, dragging the window around will appear to drag a copy of what was underneath where the window was when it was originally created.
We are registering a keypress callback, which isn't strictly necessary; It simply allows us to use a keypress to close the program rather than depending on the windowing system the program is run under.
<lang c>// A C+GLUT implementation of the Creating a Window task at Rosetta Code // http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Creating_a_Window
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <GL/glut.h>
// This function is not strictly necessary to meet the requirements of the task. void onKeyPress(unsigned char key, int x, int y) { // If you have any cleanup or such, you need to use C's // onexit routine for registering cleanup callbacks. exit(0);
}
int main(int argc, char **argv) { // Pulls out any command-line arguments that are specific to GLUT, // And leaves a command-line argument set without any of those arguments // when it returns. // (If you want a copy, take a copy first.) glutInit(&argc, argv);
// Tell GLUT we want to create a window. // It won't *actually* be created until we call glutMainLoop below. glutCreateWindow("Goodbye, World!");
// Register a callback to handle key press events (so we can quit on // when someone hits a key) This part is not necessary to meet the // requirements of the task. glutKeyboardFunc(&onKeyPress);
// Put the execution of the app in glut's hands. Most GUI environments // involve a message loop that communicate window events. GLUT handles // most of these with defaults, except for any we register callbacks // for. (Like the onKeyPress above.) glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
</lang>
C++
Compiler command: qmake -pro; qmake
<lang cpp>#include <QApplication>
- include <QMainWindow>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
QApplication app(argc, argv); QMainWindow window; window.show(); return app.exec();
}</lang>
Compiler command: g++ filename.cc -o test `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtkmm-2.4`
<lang cpp>#include <iostream>
- include <gtkmm.h>
int main( int argc, char* argv[] ) {
try { Gtk::Main m( argc, argv ) ; Gtk::Window win ; m.run( win ) ; } catch( std::exception const & exc ) { std::cout << exc.what() << std::endl ; exit( -1 ) ; } exit( 0 ) ;
}</lang>
C#
<lang csharp>using System; using System.Windows.Forms;
public class Window {
[STAThread] static void Main() { Form form = new Form(); form.Text = "Window"; form.Disposed += delegate { Application.Exit(); };
form.Show(); Application.Run(); }
}</lang>
Clojure
<lang clojure>(import '(javax.swing JFrame))
(let [frame (JFrame. "A Window")] (doto frame (.setSize 600 800) (.setVisible true)))</lang>
Common Lisp
<lang lisp>(capi:display (make-instance 'capi:interface :title "A Window"))</lang>
Setting up the environment:
<lang lisp>(require :mcclim) (cl:defpackage #:rc-window
(:use #:clim-lisp #:clim))
(cl:in-package #:rc-window)</lang>
The actual definition and display:
<lang lisp>(define-application-frame rc-window ()
() (:layouts (:default)))
(run-frame-top-level (make-application-frame 'rc-window))</lang>
Note: This creates a small, useless window ("frame"). Useful frames will have some panes defined inside them.
D
<lang d> module Window;
import fltk4d.all; void main() { auto window = new Window(300, 300, "A window"); window.show; FLTK.run; }</lang>
<lang d> import derelict.sdl.sdl;
int main(char[][] args) { DerelictSDL.load(); SDL_Event event; auto done = false; SDL_Init(SDL_INIT_VIDEO); scope(exit) SDL_Quit(); SDL_SetVideoMode(1024, 768, 0, SDL_OPENGL); SDL_WM_SetCaption("My first Window", "SDL test"); while (!done) { if (SDL_PollEvent(&event) == 1) { switch (event.type) { case SDL_QUIT: done = true; break; default: break; } } } return 0; }</lang>
QD is a simple and easy-to-use wrapper around SDL. <lang d> import qd;
void main() { screen(640, 480); while (true) events(); }</lang>
E
Swing
when (currentVat.morphInto("awt")) -> { def w := <swing:makeJFrame>("Window") w.setContentPane(<swing:makeJLabel>("Contents")) w.pack() w.show() }
Eiffel
Platform independent EiffelVision 2 Library
<lang eiffel >class
APPLICATION
inherit
EV_APPLICATION
create
make_and_launch
feature {NONE} -- Initialization
make_and_launch -- Initialize and launch application do default_create create first_window first_window.show launch end
feature {NONE} -- Implementation
first_window: MAIN_WINDOW -- Main window.
end</lang>
<lang eiffel >class
MAIN_WINDOW
inherit
EV_TITLED_WINDOW redefine initialize end
create
default_create
feature {NONE} -- Initialization
initialize -- Build the interface for this window. do -- Call initialize in parent class EV_TITLED_WINDOW Precursor {EV_TITLED_WINDOW} -- Build a container for widgets for this window build_main_container -- Add the container to this window extend (main_container) -- Add `request_close_window' to the actions taken when the user clicks -- on the cross in the title bar. close_request_actions.extend (agent request_close_window) -- Set the title of the window set_title ("Rosetta Code") -- Set the initial size of the window set_size (400, 400) end
feature {NONE} -- Implementation, Close event
request_close_window -- The user wants to close the window do -- Destroy this window destroy; -- Destroy application (create {EV_ENVIRONMENT}).application.destroy end
feature {NONE} -- Implementation
main_container: EV_VERTICAL_BOX -- Main container contains all widgets displayed in this window. -- In this case a single text area. build_main_container -- Create and populate `main_container'. require main_container_not_yet_created: main_container = Void do create main_container main_container.extend (create {EV_TEXT}) ensure main_container_created: main_container /= Void end
end</lang>
<lang eiffel >class
APPLICATION
inherit
WINFORMS_FORM rename make as make_form end
create
make
feature {NONE} -- Initialization
make -- Run application. do -- Set window title set_text ("Rosetta Code") -- Launch application {WINFORMS_APPLICATION}.run_form (Current) end
end</lang>
Emacs Lisp
<lang lisp> (make-frame) </lang>
Factor
<lang factor>USING: ui ui.gadgets.labels ;
"This is a window..." <label> "Really?" open-window</lang>
F#
Everything is provided by the .NET runtime so this is almost identical to C_sharp.
<lang fsharp> open System.Windows.Forms
[<System.STAThread>] do Form(Text = "F# Window") |> Application.Run</lang>
Groovy
import groovy.swing.SwingBuilder new SwingBuilder().frame(title:'My Window', size:[200,100]).show()
Haskell
Using
from HackageDB.
A simple graphics library, designed to give the programmer access to most interesting parts of the Win32 Graphics Device Interface and X11 library without exposing the programmer to the pain and anguish usually associated with using these interfaces. <lang haskell>import Graphics.HGL
aWindow = runGraphics $
withWindow_ "Rosetta Code task: Creating a window" (300, 200) $ \ w -> do
drawInWindow w $ text (100, 100) "Hello World" getKey w</lang>
HicEst
<lang hicest>WINDOW(WINdowhandle=handle, Width=80, Height=-400, X=1, Y=1/2, TItle="Rosetta Window_creation Example") ! window units: as pixels < 0, as relative window size 0...1, ascurrent character sizes > 1
WRITE(WINdowhandle=handle) '... some output ...'</lang>
IDL
With some example values filled in:
Id = WIDGET_BASE(TITLE='Window Title',xsize=200,ysize=100) WIDGET_CONTROL, /REALIZE, id
Icon and Unicon
Icon and Unicon windowing is portable between Windows and X-Windows environments.
Icon
<lang Icon>link graphics
procedure main(arglist)
WOpen("size=300, 300", "fg=blue", "bg=light gray") WDone() end</lang>
Unicon
This Icon solution works in Unicon.
J
A minimalist modal dialog: <lang j> title=: '"Hamlet -- Act 3, Scene 1"'
text=: '"To be, or not to be: that is the question:"' wd 'mb ',title,text
</lang> A free-standing window: <lang j>MINWDW=: noun define pc minwdw; pas 162 85;pcenter; rem form end; )
minwdw_run=: monad define
wd MINWDW wd 'pshow;'
)
minwdw_close=: monad define
wd'pclose'
)
minwdw_run </lang>
Java
<lang java>import javax.swing.JFrame;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { JFrame w = new JFrame("Title"); w.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); w.setSize(800,600); w.setVisible(true); }
}</lang>
JavaScript
window.open("webpage.html", "windowname", "width=800,height=600");
Lua
<lang lua> require"iuplua"
iup.dialog{ iup.label{ title = "example" }; title = "example"}:show()
if (not iup.MainLoopLevel or iup.MainLoopLevel()==0) then
iup.MainLoop()
end </lang>
mIRC Scripting Language
Switches: C = Center Window p = Picture Window d = Desktop Window
alias CreateMyWindow { .window -Cp +d @WindowName 600 480 }
Objective-C
It opens a 800×600 window, centered on the screen, with title "A Window".
<lang objc>#include <Foundation/Foundation.h>
- include <AppKit/AppKit.h>
@interface Win : NSWindow { } - (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching: (NSNotification *)notification; - (BOOL)applicationShouldTerminateAfterLastWindowClosed: (NSNotification *)notification; @end
@implementation Win : NSWindow
-(id) init
{
[self initWithContentRect: NSMakeRect(0, 0, 800, 600) styleMask: (NSTitledWindowMask | NSClosableWindowMask) backing: NSBackingStoreBuffered defer: NO];
[self setTitle: @"A Window"]; [self center];
return self;
}
-(void) dealloc
{
[super dealloc];
}
- (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching: (NSNotification *)notification {
[self orderFront: self];
}
- (BOOL)applicationShouldTerminateAfterLastWindowClosed: (NSNotification *)notification {
return YES;
} @end
int main() {
Win *mywin; NSAutoreleasePool *pool;
pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; [NSApplication sharedApplication]; mywin = [[Win alloc] init]; [NSApp setDelegate: mywin]; [NSApp runModalForWindow: mywin]; return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}</lang>
OCaml
<lang ocaml>let () =
let top = Tk.openTk() in Wm.title_set top "An Empty Window"; Wm.geometry_set top "240x180"; Tk.mainLoop ();
- </lang>
execute with:
ocaml -I +labltk labltk.cma sample.ml
with the Graphics module: <lang ocaml>open Graphics
let () =
open_graph " 800x600"; let _ = read_line() in close_graph ()</lang>
execute with:
ocaml graphics.cma tmp.ml
<lang ocaml>open GMain
let window = GWindow.window ~border_width:2 () let button = GButton.button ~label:"Hello World" ~packing:window#add ()
let () =
window#event#connect#delete ~callback:(fun _ -> true); window#connect#destroy ~callback:Main.quit; button#connect#clicked ~callback:window#destroy; window#show (); Main.main ()</lang>
execute with:
ocaml -I +lablgtk2 lablgtk.cma gtkInit.cmo sample.ml
<lang ocaml>let () =
Sdl.init [`VIDEO]; let _ = Sdlvideo.set_video_mode 200 200 [] in Sdltimer.delay 2000; Sdl.quit ()</lang>
execute with:
ocaml bigarray.cma -I +sdl sdl.cma sample.ml
<lang ocaml>let () =
let app = SFRenderWindow.make (640, 480) "OCaml-SFML Windowing" in
let rec loop() = let continue = match SFRenderWindow.getEvent app with | Some SFEvent.Closed -> false | _ -> true in SFRenderWindow.clear app SFColor.black; SFRenderWindow.display app; if continue then loop() in loop()</lang>
execute with:
ocaml bigarray.cma -I +sfml SFML.cma sample.ml
<lang ocaml>open Xlib
let () =
let d = xOpenDisplay "" in let s = xDefaultScreen d in let w = xCreateSimpleWindow d (xRootWindow d s) 10 10 100 100 1 (xBlackPixel d s) (xWhitePixel d s) in xSelectInput d w [KeyPressMask]; xMapWindow d w; let _ = xNextEventFun d in (* waits any key-press event *) xCloseDisplay d;
- </lang>
execute with:
ocaml -I +Xlib Xlib.cma sample.ml
Oz
<lang oz>functor import
Application QTk at 'x-oz://system/wp/QTk.ozf'
define
proc {OnClose} {Application.exit 0} end
%% Descripe the GUI in a declarative style. GUIDescription = td(label(text:"Hello World!")
action:OnClose %% Exit app when window closes. )
%% Create a window object from the description and show it. Window = {QTk.build GUIDescription} {Window show}
end</lang>
Perl
<lang perl> use Tk;
MainWindow->new(); MainLoop;</lang>
<lang perl> use SDL::App;
use SDL::Event; $app = SDL::App->new; $app->loop({ SDL_QUIT() => sub { exit 0; }, });</lang>
<lang perl> use Gtk '-init';
$window = Gtk::Window->new; $window->signal_connect( destroy => sub { Gtk->main_quit; } ); $window->show_all; Gtk->main;</lang>
<lang perl> use Gtk2 '-init';
$window = Gtk2::Window->new; $window->signal_connect( destroy => sub { Gtk2->main_quit; } ); $window->show_all; Gtk2->main;</lang>
<lang perl>use XUL::Gui;
display Window;</lang>
PicoLisp
<lang PicoLisp>(load "@lib/openGl.l")
(glutInit) (glutCreateWindow "Goodbye, World!") (keyboardFunc '(() (bye))) (glutMainLoop)</lang>
PowerShell
<lang powershell>New-Window -Show</lang>
<lang powershell>$form = New-Object Windows.Forms.Form $form.Text = "A Window" $form.Size = New-Object Drawing.Size(150,150) $form.ShowDialog() | Out-Null</lang>
PureBasic
All that is needed is <lang PureBasic>OpenWindow(0, 412, 172, 402, 94, "PureBasic")</lang> A working implementation could look like this <lang PureBasic>Define MyWin, Event
MyWin = OpenWindow(#PB_Any, 412, 172, 402, 94, "PureBasic")
- Event loop
Repeat
Event = WaitWindowEvent() Select Event Case #PB_Event_Gadget ; Handle any gadget events here Case #PB_Event_CloseWindow Break EndSelect
ForEver</lang>
Python
<lang python> import Tkinter
w = Tkinter.Tk() w.mainloop()</lang>
<lang python> from wxPython.wx import *
class MyApp(wxApp): def OnInit(self): frame = wxFrame(NULL, -1, "Hello from wxPython") frame.Show(true) self.SetTopWindow(frame) return true app = MyApp(0) app.MainLoop()</lang>
<lang python> import win32ui
from pywin.mfc.dialog import Dialog d = Dialog(win32ui.IDD_SIMPLE_INPUT) d.CreateWindow()</lang>
<lang python> import gtk
window = gtk.Window() window.show() gtk.main()</lang>
R
Although R cannot create windows itself, it has wrappers for several GUI toolkits. tcl/tk is shipped with R by default, and you can create windows with that. <lang r> win <- tktoplevel() </lang>
The gWidgets packages let you write GUIs in a toolkit independent way. You can create a window with <lang r> library(gWidgetstcltk) #or e.g. gWidgetsRGtk2 win <- gwindow() </lang>
RapidQ
create form as qform center width=500 height=400 end create form.showModal
Ruby
<lang ruby> require 'tk'
window = TkRoot::new() window::mainloop()</lang>
<lang ruby> require 'gtk2'
window = Gtk::Window.new.show Gtk.main</lang>
Scheme
<lang scheme>
- !r6rs
- PS-TK example
- display simple frame
(import (rnrs)
(lib pstk main) ; change this to refer to your installation of PS/Tk )
(define tk (tk-start)) (tk/wm 'title tk "PS-Tk Example: Frame")
(tk-event-loop tk) </lang>
Scala
<lang scala>import javax.swing.JFrame
object ShowWindow{
def main(args: Array[String]){ var jf = new JFrame("Hello!")
jf.setSize(800, 600) jf.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE) jf.setVisible(true) }
}</lang>
Using native Scala libraries (which are wrappers over Java libraries):
<lang scala>import scala.swing._ import scala.swing.Swing._
object SimpleWindow extends SimpleSwingApplication {
def top = new MainFrame { title = "Hello!" preferredSize = ((800, 600):Dimension) }
}</lang>
Tcl
Loading the Tk package is all that is required to get an initial window: <lang tcl>package require Tk</lang> If you need an additional window: <lang tcl>toplevel .top</lang> If you are using the increasingly popular tclkit under MS Windows, all you have to do is associate the tclkit with the extension “.tcl” and then create an empty file with, e.g., with the name nothing.tcl. Double-clicking that will “open a window” (an empty one).
TI-89 BASIC
Dialog Title "Rosetta Code" Text "" EndDlog
Toka
Toka does not inherently know about graphical environments, but can interact with them using external libraries. This example makes use of the SDL library bindings included with Toka.
needs sdl 800 600 sdl_setup
Vedit macro language
Creates an empty window with ID 'A' near the upper left corner of document area, with height of 20 text lines and width of 80 characters. <lang vedit>Win_Create(A, 2, 5, 20, 80)</lang> Note: if you run this command while in Visual Mode, you should adjust your active window smaller so that the created window will not be hidden behind it (since the active window is always on top).
Visual Basic .NET
<lang vb> Dim newForm as new Form
newForm.Text = "It's a new window" newForm.Show()</lang>
X86 Assembly
<lang asm>
- GTK imports and defines etc.
%define GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL 0
extern gtk_init extern gtk_window_new extern gtk_widget_show extern gtk_signal_connect extern gtk_main extern g_print extern gtk_main_quit
bits 32
section .text global _main
;exit signal
sig_main_exit: push exit_sig_msg call g_print add esp, 4 call gtk_main_quit ret
_main: mov ebp, esp sub esp, 8 push argv push argc call gtk_init add esp, 8 ;stack alignment. push GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL call gtk_window_new add esp, 4 mov [ebp-4], eax ;ebp-4 now holds our GTKWindow pointer. push 0 push sig_main_exit push gtk_delete_event push dword [ebp-4] call gtk_signal_connect add esp, 16 push dword [ebp-4] call gtk_widget_show add esp, 4 call gtk_main
section .data
- sudo argv
argc dd 1 argv dd args args dd title dd 0
title db "GTK Window",0 gtk_delete_event db 'delete_event',0 exit_sig_msg db "-> Rage quitting..",10,0
</lang>
<lang asm> .586 .model flat, stdcall option casemap:none
include /masm32/include/windows.inc include /masm32/include/kernel32.inc include /masm32/include/user32.inc
includelib /masm32/lib/kernel32.lib includelib /masm32/lib/user32.lib
WinMain proto :dword,:dword,:dword,:dword
.data
ClassName db "WndClass",0 AppName db "Window!",0
.data?
hInstance dd ? CommandLine dd ?
.code start:
invoke GetModuleHandle, NULL mov hInstance, eax invoke GetCommandLine mov CommandLine, eax invoke WinMain, hInstance, NULL, CommandLine, SW_SHOWDEFAULT
WinMain proc hInst:dword, hPervInst:dword, CmdLine:dword, CmdShow:dword LOCAL wc:WNDCLASSEX LOCAL msg:MSG LOCAL hwnd:HWND
wc.cbSize, sizeof WNDCLASSEX wc.style, CS_HREDRAW or CS_VREDRAW wc.lpfnWndPRoc, offset WndProc wc.cbClsExtra,NULL wc.cbWndExtra, NULL push hInstance pop wc.hInstance mov wc.hbrBackground, COLOR_BTNFACE+1 mov wc.lpszMenuName NULL mov wc.lpszClassName, offset ClassName invoke LoadIcon, NULL, IDI_APPLICATION mov wc.hIcon, eax mov wc.hIconSm, eax invoke LoadCursor, NULL, IDC_ARROW mov wc.hCursor, eax invoke RegisterClassEx, addr wc invoke CreateWindowEx, NULL, addr ClassName, addr AppName, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CS_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAUT,\ CW_USEDEFAUT, CW_USEDEFAUT, NULL, NULL, hInst, NULL mov hwnd, eax invoke ShowWindow, hwnd, SW_SHOWNORMAL invoke UpdateWindow, hwnd .while TRUE invoke GetMessage, addr msg, NULL, 0,0 .break .if (!eax) invoke TranslateMessage, addr msg invoke DispatchMessage, addr msg .endw mov eax, msg.wParam ret WinMain endp
WndProc proc hWnd:dword, uMsg:dword, wParam:dword, lParam:dword mov eax, uMsg .if eax==WM_DESTROY invoke PostQuitMessage, NULL .else invoke DefWindowProc, hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam .endif xor eax, eax ret WndProc endp
end start </lang>