I'm working on modernizing Rosetta Code's infrastructure. Starting with communications. Please accept this time-limited open invite to RC's Slack.. --Michael Mol (talk) 20:59, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

# Talk:Constrained random points on a circle

I know this is going to seem knit-picky but I think this would be a clearer description of the task:

'Generate 100 <x,y> coordinate pairs such that x and y are integers sampled from the uniform distribution with the condition that ${\displaystyle 10\leq {\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}\leq 15}$. Then display/plot them. The outcome should be a "fuzzy" circle. The actual number of points plotted may be less than 100, given that some pairs may be generated more than once.

There are several possible approaches to accomplish this. Here are two possible algorithms.

1) Generate random pairs of integers and filter out those that don't satisfy this condition:

   ${\displaystyle 10\leq {\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}\leq 15}$.


2) Precalculate the set of all possible points (there are 404 of them) and select randomly from this set.'

Does anyone agree? Disagree? Chris Ferri 23:13, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

I agree. --Ce 07:13, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

## Not 100 points

There are only 89 points in the circle shown in the verilog example output. This is no surprise, because AFAICS the algorithm doesn't make sure that the same point isn't chosen twice. Now given that it's the first example, I guess it's what was meant by the task description, but then the task description probably should be changed to reflect the fact that less points are OK. --Ce 10:55, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

I've fixed the description: it would be a poor RNG that doesn't produce duplicates --Dave

You could have a good RNG and yet get exactly 100 points by simply checking for duplicates and continuing until you have 100 points (or alternatively, make a list of all points, random-shuffle it, and take the first 100 items from the resulting list).
BTW, the revised description isn't quite right: The points don't overlap; you get the same point several times. --Ce 16:31, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
The Algol68 example has 257 points plotted, ... for the life of me, I couldn't find where it restricted the number of points to 100.
The PL/I example has only 39 points plotted, it's overly restricting the points (choosing a random point, and THEN see it the point is in the annulus).

Am I following the proper protocol for drawing attention to an example's deficiencies, or should I live by the motto: "people in glass houses shouldn't throw stones"? -- Gerard Schildberger 16:59, 23 April 2012 (UTC) -- Gerard Schildberger

## How to check the code

If you increase the number of points produced to 10k, you should get output rather like this (generated with Tcl version; your version may differ). This lets you check that the spread of points produces the expected annulus. –Donal Fellows 11:00, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

               X
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX         XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX           XXXXXXX
XXXXXX               XXXXXX
XXXXXX               XXXXXX
XXXXXX                 XXXXXX
XXXXX                   XXXXX
XXXXX                   XXXXX
XXXXX                   XXXXX
XXXXX                   XXXXX
XXXXXX                   XXXXXX
XXXXX                   XXXXX
XXXXX                   XXXXX
XXXXX                   XXXXX
XXXXX                   XXXXX
XXXXXX                 XXXXXX
XXXXXX               XXXXXX
XXXXXX               XXXXXX
XXXXXXX           XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX         XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
X


## Uniform distribution

I'm not very good with stats, but I've seen discussions pop up before about different distributions of points. Is uniform vs normal vs (something?) a significant component of the task? How may it be verified with at most 100 points? --Michael Mol 12:27, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

I guess that if you count the number of points that lie on a line that passes through the center, then the count should not depend on the angle of that line. So it would be wrong to simply pick a uniform-random value of x and then a uniform-random of y at that location, because that would tend to lead to a higher density of points on the left and right sides (look at the maximally dense version above: there are 12 possible values of y at x==0; but only one at x == +/- 15) -- and thus a greater number of points away from the x-axis. A common mistake when generating a set of linked random variables is that the distribution depends on the order in which they are generated.

So, take this Perl code:

my @bitmap = map { " " x 32 } 0 .. 33;
for (1 .. 100) {
my $x = int rand(31) - 15; my$max = sqrt( 225-($x*$x) );
my $min = 100-($x*$x);$min = $min > 0 ? sqrt$min : 0;

my $y = int rand( 1+$max-$min ) +$min;
$y = -$y if rand() < .5;

$x += 16;$y += 16;
#print "$x$y\n";
substr( $bitmap[$y], $x, 1, "#" ); } print "$_\n" for @bitmap;

# #
#    ##    #
#   ## ##  ##   #
#        ##  #   #
# # # #   #  # #
#           # #
##          #   #
#
#                      #
#                       #
## #                    #
#
#
#
## #                         #
#                        #
##                      #

#
#                      #

#                #  #
#     #
## #      # #
#     #   #
#  # #       ##  #
# #  #      ##
#       #
# #


Here you can see that the number of points near top/bottom is greater than that for left/right sides of the plot. For this particular case, the simplest way to check for the bias is to count the number of points where abs(y) > abs(x) (this effectively partitions the plot using 45 degree lines) -- for my "bad" code I see a ratio (over multiple runs) of 54:46 in favor of the top/bottom quadrants over left/right. Counted another way, 79% of random seeds result in a plot with more top/bottom points than left/right. -Dave

An example of a more subtle error is to pick the random point using a polar coordinate system (i.e., using a random distance over the given range and a random angle). The problem is that the distribution of random points is not even w.r.t. area when picked that way; points that are closer in will be more tightly packed. It becomes much more noticeable with a wider annulus. –Donal Fellows 15:07, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
Using a polar coordinate system isn't by itself an error. Using an uniform distribution for the radial coordinate is, however. --Ce 16:34, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
theta=rand() should be fine, but I'm having a mental block figuring out what to multiply r by to fix its distribution. atan(r)? --Michael Mol 18:02, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
Since ${\displaystyle \mathrm {d} ^{2}r=r\mathrm {d} r\mathrm {d} \phi }$ and ${\displaystyle 2r\mathrm {d} r=\mathrm {d} (r^{2})}$, I'd say ${\displaystyle r^{2}}$ should be evenly distributed between ${\displaystyle r_{min}^{2}}$ and ${\displaystyle r_{max}^{2}}$, and you then of course get ${\displaystyle r}$ by taking the square root. However note that this is basically a brain dump. --Ce 19:16, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

## Disappearing code?

I remember writing and posting a J implementation, and yet I do not see it in the history for the page. Does anyone know what is up with that? (Does history get lost if someone undoes an edit and then edits forward from that point?) Anyways, I will re-implement it, it was simple enough. But I am bothered by the absence of history. --Rdm 18:04, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

If someone undid an edit an undo would show up in the page history and your edit would still be there. It doesn't seem to be in the history so unless someone did a rollback (which I don't think I've seen done for any page) or deleted the page and re-created it your edit would be there. --Mwn3d 21:39, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
Ok, then I must have just hit preview or something... ouch... --Rdm 22:22, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
That sounds like an easy mistake. If you suspect that examples are lost like that again though still let us know. It's important that we look into possible bugs just in case. --Mwn3d 00:14, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

## C code

The C code logic is incorrect due to its "not choosing same point twice to speed up" idea. I'll mark it so, and if noone wants to do it I'll rewrite it later. Done --Ledrug 20:09, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

## Main formulae rendered invisible to many browsers by cosmetic edits

Cosmetic edits made to the task page at 07:56, 30 April 2016, including the injection of spaces around expressions in [itex] tags, have left the main formulae completely invisible to all browsers which display the graphic file version of formulae rather than processing the MathML (this is, in fact, the majority of browsers). The MediaWiki processor does not currently expect such spaces, and generates syntactically ill-formed HTML if they are introduced. Other aspects of these cosmetic edits may further compound the problem. Hout (talk) 09:12, 21 September 2016 (UTC)

Visibility of formulae now restored by reverting the task description to its state before the inadvertently destructive edit of 07:56, 30 April 2016. (Simply removing redundant white space in [itex] tags, and redundantly doubled <big> tags, did not prove enough to restore the visibility of server-side formula graphics in this case) Hout (talk) 00:32, 16 November 2016 (UTC)