Recursive descent parser generator: Difference between revisions

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{{draft task}}
 
Write a recursive descent parser generator that takes a description of a grammar as input and outputs the source code for a parser in the same language as the generator. (So a generator written in C++ would output C++ source code for the parser.) You can assume that all of the rules have been preprocessed into a form suitable for the construction of a recursive descent parser. SeeCheck herethe following links for more details: http://www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~lewis/essays/compilers/rec-des.html
* http://www.cs.engr.uky.edu/~lewis/essays/compilers/rec-des.html
* http://www.engr.mun.ca/~theo/Misc/exp_parsing.htm
 
Use the parser generator and a grammar file to build a parser that takes an arithmetic expression and turns it in to three address code. The resulting parser should take this (or something similar) as input:
Line 22 ⟶ 24:
It can't handle newlines as part of the grammar, the error checking is fairly limited and the error reporting is basically non-existent, but the parser it generates (not shown below) is human readable.
 
<langsyntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <map>
#include <regex>
#include <set>
#include <regexsstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
 
Line 38 ⟶ 40:
 
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
if (argc < 3) {
cout << "Usage: <input file> <output file>" << endl;
return 1;
}
 
ifstream inFile(argv[1]);
ofstream outFile(argv[2]);
 
regex blankLine(R"(^\s*$)");
regex terminalPattern(R"((\w+)\s+(.+))");
regex rulePattern(R"(^!!\s*(\w+)\s*->\s*((?:\w+\s*)*)$)");
regex argPattern(R"(\$(\d+))");
smatch results;
 
// Read terminal patterns
string line;
while (true) {
getline(inFile, line);
 
// Terminals section ends with a blank line
if (regex_match(line, blankLine))
break;
 
regex_match(line, results, terminalPattern);
terminals[results[1]] = results[2];
}
 
outFile << "#include <iostream>" << endl;
outFile << "#include <fstream>" << endl;
outFile << "#include <string>" << endl;
outFile << "#include <regex>" << endl;
outFile << "using namespace std;" << endl << endl;
<< endl;
 
// Generate the token processing functions
outFile << "string input, nextToken, nextTokenValue;" << endl;
outFile << "string prevToken, prevTokenValue;" << endl << endl;
<< endl
<< "void advanceToken() {" << endl
<< " static smatch results;" << endl
<< endl
<< " prevToken = nextToken;" << endl
<< " prevTokenValue = nextTokenValue;" << endl
<< endl;
 
for (auto i = terminals.begin(); i != terminals.end(); ++i) {
outFile << "void advanceToken() {" << endl;
string name = i->first + "_pattern";
outFile << " static smatch results;" << endl << endl;
string pattern = i->second;
 
outFile << " prevTokenstatic =regex nextToken" << name << "(R\"(^\\s*(" << pattern << "))\");" << endl;
<< " if (regex_search(input, results, " << name << ", regex_constants::match_continuous)) {" << endl
outFile << " prevTokenValue = nextTokenValue;" << endl << endl;
<< " nextToken = \"" << i->first << "\";" << endl
<< " nextTokenValue = results[1];" << endl
<< " input = regex_replace(input, " << name << ", \"\");" << endl
<< " return;" << endl
<< " }" << endl
<< endl;
}
 
outFile << " static regex eof(R\"(\\s*)\");" << endl
for (auto i = terminals.begin(); i != terminals.end(); ++i) {
<< " if (regex_match(input, results, eof, regex_constants::match_continuous)) {" << endl
string name = i->first + "_pattern";
<< " nextToken = \"\";" << endl
string pattern = i->second;
<< " nextTokenValue = \"\";" << endl
<< " return;" << endl
<< " }" << endl
<< endl
<< " throw \"Unknown token\";" << endl
<< "}" << endl
<< endl
<< "bool same(string symbol) {" << endl
<< " if (symbol == nextToken) {" << endl
<< " advanceToken();" << endl
<< " return true;" << endl
<< " }" << endl
<< " return false;" << endl
<< "}" << endl
<< endl;
 
// Copy the header code to the output
outFile << " static regex " << name << "(R\"(^\\s*(" << pattern << "))\");" << endl;
while (true) {
outFile << " if (regex_search(input, results, " << name << ", regex_constants::match_continuous)) {" << endl;
getline(inFile, line);
outFile << " nextToken = \"" << i->first << "\";" << endl;
outFile << " nextTokenValue = results[1];" << endl;
outFile << " input = regex_replace(input, " << name << ", \"\");" << endl;
outFile << " return;" << endl;
outFile << " }" << endl << endl;
}
 
// Copy lines until we reach the first rule
outFile << " static regex eof(R\"(\\s*)\");" << endl;
outFile << " if (regex_match(inputline, results, eof, regex_constants::match_continuousrulePattern)) {" << endl;
break;
outFile << " nextToken = \"\";" << endl;
outFile << " nextTokenValue = \"\";" << endl;
outFile << " return;" << endl;
outFile << " }" << endl << endl;
 
outFile << " throw \"Unknown token\";"line << endl;
}
outFile << "}" << endl << endl;
 
// Build the nonterminal table
outFile << "bool same(string symbol) {" << endl;
while (true) {
outFile << " if (symbol == nextToken) {" << endl;
// results already contains the last matched rule
outFile << " advanceToken();" << endl;
string name = results[1];
outFile << " return true;" << endl;
stringstream ss(results[2]);
outFile << " }" << endl;
outFile << " return false;" << endl;
outFile << "}" << endl << endl;
 
string tempString;
// Copy the header code to the output
vector<string> tempVector;
while (true) {
while (ss >> tempString)
getline(inFile, line);
tempVector.push_back(tempString);
nonterminalRules[name].push_back(tempVector);
// Copy lines until we reach the first rule
if (regex_match(line, results, rulePattern))
break;
 
// Read code until another rule is found
outFile << line << endl;
string code = "";
}
while (true) {
getline(inFile, line);
 
if (!inFile || regex_match(line, results, rulePattern))
// Build the nonterminal table
break;
while (true) {
// results already contains the last matched rule
string name = results[1];
stringstream ss(results[2]);
 
// Replace $1 with results[1], etc.
string tempString;
line = regex_replace(line, argPattern, "results[$1]");
vector<string> tempVector;
while (ss >> tempString)
tempVector.push_back(tempString);
nonterminalRules[name].push_back(tempVector);
 
code += line + "\n";
// Read code until another rule is found
}
string code = "";
nonterminalCode[name].push_back(code);
while (true) {
getline(inFile, line);
 
// Stop when we reach the end of the file
if (!inFile || regex_match(line, results, rulePattern))
if (!inFile)
break;
break;
}
 
// Generate the first sets, inefficiently
// Replace $1 with results[1], etc.
bool done = false;
line = regex_replace(line, argPattern, "results[$1]");
while (!done)
for (auto i = nonterminalRules.begin(); i != nonterminalRules.end(); ++i) {
string name = i->first;
done = true;
 
if (nonterminalFirst.find(i->first) == nonterminalFirst.end())
code += line + "\n";
nonterminalFirst[i->first] = set<string>();
}
nonterminalCode[name].push_back(code);
 
for (int j = 0; j < i->second.size(); ++j) {
// Stop when we reach the end of the file
if (i->second[j].size() == 0)
if (!inFile)
nonterminalFirst[i->first].insert("");
break;
else {
}
string first = i->second[j][0];
if (nonterminalFirst.find(first) != nonterminalFirst.end()) {
for (auto k = nonterminalFirst[first].begin(); k != nonterminalFirst[first].end(); ++k) {
if (nonterminalFirst[name].find(*k) == nonterminalFirst[name].end()) {
nonterminalFirst[name].insert(*k);
done = false;
}
}
} else if (nonterminalFirst[name].find(first) == nonterminalFirst[name].end()) {
nonterminalFirst[name].insert(first);
done = false;
}
}
}
}
 
// Generate thefunction firstsignatures sets,for the inefficientlynonterminals
for (auto i = nonterminalRules.begin(); i != nonterminalRules.end(); ++i) {
bool done = false;
string name = i->first + "_rule";
while (!done)
outFile << "string " << name << "();" << endl;
for (auto i = nonterminalRules.begin(); i != nonterminalRules.end(); ++i) {
}
string name = i->first;
outFile << endl;
done = true;
 
// Generate the nonterminal functions
if (nonterminalFirst.find(i->first) == nonterminalFirst.end())
for (auto i = nonterminalRules.begin(); i != nonterminalRules.end(); ++i) {
nonterminalFirst[i->first] = set<string>();
string name = i->first + "_rule";
outFile << "string " << name << "() {" << endl
<< " vector<string> results;" << endl
<< " results.push_back(\"\");" << endl
<< endl;
 
// Check if this rule can match an empty string
for (int j = 0; j < i->second.size(); ++j) {
int epsilon = -1;
if (i->second[j].size() == 0)
for (int j = 0; epsilon == -1 && j < i->second.size(); ++j)
nonterminalFirst[i->first].insert("");
if (i->second[j].size() == 0)
else {
epsilon = j;
string first = i->second[j][0];
if (nonterminalFirst.find(first) != nonterminalFirst.end()) {
for (auto k = nonterminalFirst[first].begin(); k != nonterminalFirst[first].end(); ++k) {
if (nonterminalFirst[name].find(*k) == nonterminalFirst[name].end()) {
nonterminalFirst[name].insert(*k);
done = false;
}
}
} else if (nonterminalFirst[name].find(first) == nonterminalFirst[name].end()) {
nonterminalFirst[name].insert(first);
done = false;
}
}
}
}
 
// Generate each production
// Generate function signatures for the nonterminals
for (autoint ij = nonterminalRules.begin()0; ij !=< nonterminalRulesi->second.endsize(); ++ij) {
// Nothing to generate for an empty rule
string name = i->first + "_rule";
if (j == epsilon)
outFile << "string " << name << "();" << endl;
continue;
}
outFile << endl;
 
string token = i->second[j][0];
// Generate the nonterminal functions
for (auto i = nonterminalRules if (terminals.beginfind(token); i != nonterminalRulesterminals.end(); ++i) {
outFile << " if (nextToken == \"" << i->second[j][0] << "\") {" << endl;
string name = i->first + "_rule";
else {
outFile << "string " << name << "() {" << endl;
outFile << " vector<string>if results;(" << endl;
bool first = true;
outFile << " results.push_back(\"\");" << endl << endl;
for (auto k = nonterminalFirst[token].begin(); k != nonterminalFirst[token].end(); ++k, first = false) {
if (!first)
// Check if this rule can match an empty string
outFile << " || ";
int epsilon = -1;
outFile << "nextToken == \"" << (*k) << "\"";
for (int j = 0; epsilon == -1 && j < i->second.size(); ++j)
}
if (i->second[j].size() == 0)
outFile << ") {" << endl;
epsilon = j;
}
 
for (int k = 0; k < i->second[j].size(); ++k) {
// Generate each production
for (int j = 0; j < if (terminals.find(i->second[j][k]) != terminals.sizeend(); ++j) {
outFile << " if(same(\"" << i->second[j][k] << "\"))" << endl
// Nothing to generate for an empty rule
<< " results.push_back(prevTokenValue);" << endl
if (j == epsilon)
<< " else" << endl
continue;
<< " throw \"Syntax error - mismatched token\";" << endl;
} else
outFile << " results.push_back(" << i->second[j][k] << "_rule());" << endl;
}
 
// Copy rule code to output
string token = i->second[j][0];
outFile << nonterminalCode[i->first][j];
if (terminals.find(token) != terminals.end())
outFile << " if (nextToken == \"" << i->second[j][0] << "\") {" << endl;
else {
outFile << " if (";
bool first = true;
for (auto k = nonterminalFirst[token].begin(); k != nonterminalFirst[token].end(); ++k, first = false) {
if (!first)
outFile << " || ";
outFile << "nextToken == \"" << (*k) << "\"";
}
outFile << ") {" << endl;
}
for (int k = 0; k < i->second[j].size(); ++k) {
if (terminals.find(i->second[j][k]) != terminals.end()) {
outFile << " if(same(\"" << i->second[j][k] << "\"))" << endl;
outFile << " results.push_back(prevTokenValue);" << endl;
outFile << " else" << endl;
outFile << " throw \"Syntax error - mismatched token\";" << endl;
} else
outFile << " results.push_back(" << i->second[j][k] << "_rule());" << endl;
}
 
outFile << " }" << endl << endl;
// Copy rule code to output
}
outFile << nonterminalCode[i->first][j];
 
if (epsilon == -1)
outFile << " }" << endl << endl;
outFile << " throw \"Syntax error - unmatched token\";" << endl;
}
else
 
outFile << nonterminalCode[i->first][epsilon];
if (epsilon == -1)
outFile << " throw \"Syntax error - unmatched token\";" << endl;
else
outFile << nonterminalCode[i->first][epsilon];
 
outFile << "}" << endl << endl;
}
 
// Generate the main function
outFile << "int main(int argc, char **argv) {" << endl;
outFile << " if(argc < 2) {" << endl;
outFile << " cout << \"Usage: <input file>\" << endl;" << endl;
outFile << " return 1;" << endl;
outFile << " }" << endl << endl;
 
outFile << " ifstream file(argv[1]);" << endl;
outFile << " string line;" << endl;
outFile << " input = \"\";" << endl << endl;
 
outFile << " while(true) {" << endl;
outFile << " getline(file, line);" << endl;
outFile << " if(!file) break;" << endl;
outFile << " input += line + \"\\n\";" << endl;
outFile << " }" << endl << endl;
 
outFile << " advanceToken();}" << endl << endl;
}
 
// Generate the main function
outFile << " start_rule();" << endl;
outFile << "}int main(int argc, char **argv) {" << endl;
<< " if(argc < 2) {" << endl
<< " cout << \"Usage: <input file>\" << endl;" << endl
<< " return 1;" << endl
<< " }" << endl
<< endl
<< " ifstream file(argv[1]);" << endl
<< " string line;" << endl
<< " input = \"\";" << endl
<< endl
<< " while(true) {" << endl
<< " getline(file, line);" << endl
<< " if(!file) break;" << endl
<< " input += line + \"\\n\";" << endl
<< " }" << endl
<< endl
<< " advanceToken();" << endl
<< endl
<< " start_rule();" << endl
<< "}" << endl;
}
</syntaxhighlight>
</lang>
 
Example grammar:
Line 354 ⟶ 361:
_0003 = four * five
_0004 = _0002 + _0003
</pre>
 
=={{header|Go}}==
The standard library already contains a recursive descent parser for Go programs or expressions, written in Go itself, whose output is an abstract syntax tree (AST) representing such code.
 
I've therefore applied this parser to the expression designated by the task, which only involves binary expressions and identifiers, and written a separate routine to convert the resulting AST into three-address code.
<syntaxhighlight lang="go">package main
 
import (
"fmt"
"go/ast"
"go/parser"
"log"
)
 
func labelStr(label int) string {
return fmt.Sprintf("_%04d", label)
}
 
type binexp struct {
op, left, right string
kind, index int
}
 
func main() {
x := "(one + two) * three - four * five"
fmt.Println("Expression to parse: ", x)
f, err := parser.ParseExpr(x)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
 
fmt.Println("\nThe abstract syntax tree for this expression:")
ast.Print(nil, f)
 
fmt.Println("\nThe corresponding three-address code:")
var binexps []binexp
// Inspect nodes in depth-first order.
ast.Inspect(f, func(n ast.Node) bool {
switch x := n.(type) {
case *ast.BinaryExpr:
sx, ok1 := x.X.(*ast.Ident)
sy, ok2 := x.Y.(*ast.Ident)
op := x.Op.String()
if ok1 && ok2 {
binexps = append(binexps, binexp{op, sx.Name, sy.Name, 3, 0})
} else if !ok1 && ok2 {
binexps = append(binexps, binexp{op, "<addr>", sy.Name, 2, 0})
} else if ok1 && !ok2 {
binexps = append(binexps, binexp{op, sx.Name, "<addr>", 1, 0})
} else {
binexps = append(binexps, binexp{op, "<addr>", "<addr>", 0, 0})
}
}
return true
})
 
for i := 0; i < len(binexps); i++ {
binexps[i].index = i
}
 
label, last := 0, -1
var ops, args []binexp
var labels []string
for i, be := range binexps {
if be.kind == 0 {
ops = append(ops, be)
}
if be.kind != 3 {
continue
}
label++
ls := labelStr(label)
fmt.Printf(" %s = %s %s %s\n", ls, be.left, be.op, be.right)
for j := i - 1; j > last; j-- {
be2 := binexps[j]
if be2.kind == 2 {
label++
ls2 := labelStr(label)
fmt.Printf(" %s = %s %s %s\n", ls2, ls, be2.op, be2.right)
ls = ls2
be = be2
} else if be2.kind == 1 {
label++
ls2 := labelStr(label)
fmt.Printf(" %s = %s %s %s\n", ls2, be2.left, be2.op, ls)
ls = ls2
be = be2
}
}
args = append(args, be)
labels = append(labels, ls)
lea, leo := len(args), len(ops)
for lea >= 2 {
if i < len(binexps)-1 && args[lea-2].index <= ops[leo-1].index {
break
}
label++
ls2 := labelStr(label)
fmt.Printf(" %s = %s %s %s\n", ls2, labels[lea-2], ops[leo-1].op, labels[lea-1])
ops = ops[0 : leo-1]
args = args[0 : lea-1]
labels = labels[0 : lea-1]
lea--
leo--
args[lea-1] = be
labels[lea-1] = ls2
}
last = i
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
 
{{out}}
<pre>
Expression to parse: (one + two) * three - four * five
 
The abstract syntax tree for this expression:
0 *ast.BinaryExpr {
1 . X: *ast.BinaryExpr {
2 . . X: *ast.ParenExpr {
3 . . . Lparen: 1
4 . . . X: *ast.BinaryExpr {
5 . . . . X: *ast.Ident {
6 . . . . . NamePos: 2
7 . . . . . Name: "one"
8 . . . . . Obj: *ast.Object {
9 . . . . . . Kind: bad
10 . . . . . . Name: ""
11 . . . . . }
12 . . . . }
13 . . . . OpPos: 6
14 . . . . Op: +
15 . . . . Y: *ast.Ident {
16 . . . . . NamePos: 8
17 . . . . . Name: "two"
18 . . . . . Obj: *(obj @ 8)
19 . . . . }
20 . . . }
21 . . . Rparen: 11
22 . . }
23 . . OpPos: 13
24 . . Op: *
25 . . Y: *ast.Ident {
26 . . . NamePos: 15
27 . . . Name: "three"
28 . . . Obj: *(obj @ 8)
29 . . }
30 . }
31 . OpPos: 21
32 . Op: -
33 . Y: *ast.BinaryExpr {
34 . . X: *ast.Ident {
35 . . . NamePos: 23
36 . . . Name: "four"
37 . . . Obj: *(obj @ 8)
38 . . }
39 . . OpPos: 28
40 . . Op: *
41 . . Y: *ast.Ident {
42 . . . NamePos: 30
43 . . . Name: "five"
44 . . . Obj: *(obj @ 8)
45 . . }
46 . }
47 }
 
The corresponding three-address code:
_0001 = one + two
_0002 = _0001 * three
_0003 = four * five
_0004 = _0002 - _0003
</pre>
 
=={{header|J}}==
 
J's native recursive descent parser is adequate for this task, if we map names appropriately.
 
Implementation:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="j">cocurrent 'base'
 
inlocale=: 4 :0 L:0
x,'_',y,'_'
)
 
parse=: 3 :0
sentence=. ;:y
opinds=. (;:'+*-')i.sentence
opfuns=. (;:'plus times minus') inlocale 'base'
scratch=. cocreate''
coinsert__scratch 'base'
names=. ~.sentence#~_1<:nc sentence
(names inlocale scratch)=: names
r=. do__scratch ;:inv opinds}((#sentence)#"0 opfuns),sentence
codestroy__scratch''
r
)
 
term=: 1 :0
2 :('m''',m,'''expr n')
)
 
expr=:1 :0
:
r=. genname''
emit r,'=:',x,m,y
r
)
 
plus=: '+' expr
times=: '*' term
minus=: '-' expr
 
N=: 10000
genname=: 3 :0
'z',}.":N=: N+1
)
 
emit=: smoutput
</syntaxhighlight>
 
Task example:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="j"> parse '(one + two) * three - four * five'
z0001=:four*five
z0002=:one+two
z0003=:z0002*three
z0004=:z0003-z0001
z0004</syntaxhighlight>
 
See also https://github.com/jsoftware/general_misc/blob/master/trace.ijs for a model of the underlying parser being employed here.
 
=={{header|Julia}}==
The Julia compiler's own parser is a recursive descent parser, and can be used directly here.
<syntaxhighlight lang="julia">const one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine = collect(1:9)
 
function testparser(s)
cod = Meta.parse(s)
println(Meta.lower(Main, cod))
end
 
testparser("(one + two) * three - four * five")
</syntaxhighlight>{{out}}
<pre>
$(Expr(:thunk, CodeInfo(
@ none within `top-level scope'
1 ─ %1 = one + two
│ %2 = %1 * three
│ %3 = four * five
│ %4 = %2 - %3
└── return %4
)))
</pre>
 
=={{header|Perl}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="perl">#!/usr/bin/perl
 
use strict; # https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Recursive_descent_parser_generator
use warnings;
use Path::Tiny;
 
my $h = qr/\G\s*/;
my $identifier = qr/$h([a-z]\w*)\b/i;
my $literal = qr/$h(['"])(.+?)\1/s;
my (%rules, %called, $usercode, %patches);
my $filename = './generatedparser.pl';
 
sub node { bless [ @_[1..$#_] ], $_[0] }
sub error { die "ERROR: ", s/\G\s*\K/<**ERROR @_**>/r, "\n" }
sub want { /$h\Q$_[1]\E/gc ? shift : error "missing '$_[1]' " }
sub addin { node $_[0] => ref $_[1] eq $_[0] ? @{$_[1]} : $_[1], pop }
 
local $_ = do { local $/; @ARGV ? <> : <DATA> }; # the EBNF
$usercode = s/^(#usercode.*)//ms ? $1 : "# no usercode included\n";;
$patches{PATCHUSER} = $usercode . "#end usercode\n"; # grammar support code
s/^\h*#.*\n//gm; # remove comment lines
$patches{PATCHGRAMMAR} = s/^(?:\h*\n)+//r =~ s/\n(?:\h*\n)+\z//r;
while( /$identifier\s*=/gc ) # the start of a rule
{
my $name = $1;
$rules{startsymbol} //= node RULE => $name;
my $tree = expr(0);
$rules{$name} = $rules{$name} ? addin ALT => $rules{$name}, $tree : $tree;
/$h[.;]/gc or error 'missing rule terminator, needs . or ;';
}
/\G\s*\z/ or error "incomplete parse at ", substr $_, pos($_) // 0;
%rules or error "no rules found ";
delete @called{keys %rules};
%called and die "\nERROR: undefined rule(s) <@{[ keys %called]}>\n";
 
sub expr # precedence climbing parser for grammer rules
{
my $tree =
/$h(NAME)\b/gc ? node $1 : # internal name matcher
/$identifier/gc ? do { $called{$1}++; node RULE => $1 } :
/$literal/gc ? node LIT => $2 :
/$h<(\w+)>/gc ? node ACTION => $1 :
/$h\[/gc ? node OPTION => want expr(0), ']' :
/$h\{/gc ? node REPEAT => want expr(0), '}' :
/$h\(/gc ? want expr(0), ')' :
error 'Invalid expression';
$tree =
/\G\s+/gc ? $tree :
$_[0] <= 1 && /\G(?=[[<{('"a-z])/gci ? addin SEQ => $tree, expr(2) :
$_[0] <= 0 && /\G\|/gc ? addin ALT => $tree, expr(1) :
return $tree while 1;
}
 
my $perlcode = "# generated code (put in Rule:: package)\n";
for my $rule ( sort keys %rules )
{
my $body = $rules{$rule}->code;
$perlcode .= "\nsub Rule::$rule\n\t{\n\t$body\n\t}\n";
}
$perlcode =~ s/^(?:\h*\n)+(?=\h*\})//gm;
$perlcode .= "\n# preceding code was generated for rules\n";
$patches{PATCHGENERATED} = $perlcode;
sub ALT::code
{
my $all = join " or\n\t", map $_->code, @{ $_[0] };
"( # alt\n\t$all )"
}
sub SEQ::code
{
my $all = join " and\n\t", map $_->code, @{ $_[0] };
"( # seq\n\t$all )"
}
sub REPEAT::code { "do { # repeat\n\t1 while @{[ $_[0][0]->code ]} ; 1 }" }
sub OPTION::code { "( # option\n\t@{[ $_[0][0]->code ]} or 1 )" }
sub RULE::code { "Rule::$_[0][0]()" }
sub ACTION::code { "( $_[0][0]() || 1 )" }
sub NAME::code { "( /\\G\$whitespace(\\w+)/gc and push \@stack, \$1 )" }
sub LIT::code { "( /\\G\$whitespace(\Q$_[0][0]\E)/gc and push \@stack, \$1 )" }
 
$_ = <<'END'; ##################################### template for generated code
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict; # https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Recursive_descent_parser_generator
use warnings; # WARNING: this code is generated
 
my @stack;
my $whitespace = qr/\s*/;
 
my $grammar = <<'GRAMMAR'; # make grammar rules available to usercode
PATCHGRAMMAR
GRAMMAR
 
PATCHUSER
PATCHGENERATED
local $_ = shift // '(one + two) * three - four * five';
eval { begin() }; # eval because it is optional
Rule::startsymbol();
eval { end() }; # eval because it is optional
/\G\s*\z/ or die "ERROR: incomplete parse\n";
END
 
s/(PATCH\w+)/$patches{$1}/g; # insert grammar variable stuff
path( $filename )->spew( $_ );
chmod 0555, $filename; # readonly, executable
exec 'perl', $filename, @ARGV or die "exec failed $!";
 
__DATA__
 
expr = term { plus term <gen3addr> } .
term = factor { times factor <gen3addr> } .
factor = primary [ '^' factor <gen3addr> ] .
primary = '(' expr ')' <removeparens> | NAME .
plus = "+" | "-" .
times = "*" | "/" .
 
#usercode -- separator for included code for actions
 
my $temp = '0000';
 
sub begin { print "parsing: $_\n\n" }
 
sub gen3addr
{
@stack >= 3 or die "not enough on stack";
my @three = splice @stack, -3, 3, my $t = '_' . ++$temp;
print "$t = @three\n";
}
 
sub removeparens
{
@stack >= 3 or die "not enough on stack";
splice @stack, -3, 3, $stack[-2];
}</syntaxhighlight>
Running the above with no arguments uses a default grammar that will solve the specified example. It produces
the following perl script (and then runs it).
<syntaxhighlight lang="perl">#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict; # https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Recursive_descent_parser_generator
use warnings; # WARNING: this code is generated
 
my @stack;
my $whitespace = qr/\s*/;
 
my $grammar = <<'GRAMMAR'; # make grammar rules available to usercode
expr = term { plus term <gen3addr> } .
term = factor { times factor <gen3addr> } .
factor = primary [ '^' factor <gen3addr> ] .
primary = '(' expr ')' <removeparens> | NAME .
plus = "+" | "-" .
times = "*" | "/" .
GRAMMAR
 
#usercode -- separator for included code for actions
 
my $temp = '0000';
 
sub begin { print "parsing: $_\n\n" }
 
sub gen3addr
{
@stack >= 3 or die "not enough on stack";
my @three = splice @stack, -3, 3, my $t = '_' . ++$temp;
print "$t = @three\n";
}
 
sub removeparens
{
@stack >= 3 or die "not enough on stack";
splice @stack, -3, 3, $stack[-2];
}
#end usercode
 
# generated code (put in Rule:: package)
 
sub Rule::expr
{
( # seq
Rule::term() and
do { # repeat
1 while ( # seq
Rule::plus() and
Rule::term() and
( gen3addr() || 1 ) ) ; 1 } )
}
 
sub Rule::factor
{
( # seq
Rule::primary() and
( # option
( # seq
( /\G$whitespace(\^)/gc and push @stack, $1 ) and
Rule::factor() and
( gen3addr() || 1 ) ) or 1 ) )
}
 
sub Rule::plus
{
( # alt
( /\G$whitespace(\+)/gc and push @stack, $1 ) or
( /\G$whitespace(\-)/gc and push @stack, $1 ) )
}
 
sub Rule::primary
{
( # alt
( # seq
( /\G$whitespace(\()/gc and push @stack, $1 ) and
Rule::expr() and
( /\G$whitespace(\))/gc and push @stack, $1 ) and
( removeparens() || 1 ) ) or
( /\G$whitespace(\w+)/gc and push @stack, $1 ) )
}
 
sub Rule::startsymbol
{
Rule::expr()
}
 
sub Rule::term
{
( # seq
Rule::factor() and
do { # repeat
1 while ( # seq
Rule::times() and
Rule::factor() and
( gen3addr() || 1 ) ) ; 1 } )
}
 
sub Rule::times
{
( # alt
( /\G$whitespace(\*)/gc and push @stack, $1 ) or
( /\G$whitespace(\/)/gc and push @stack, $1 ) )
}
 
# preceding code was generated for rules
 
local $_ = shift // '(one + two) * three - four * five';
eval { begin() }; # eval because it is optional
Rule::startsymbol();
eval { end() }; # eval because it is optional
/\G\s*\z/ or die "ERROR: incomplete parse\n";</syntaxhighlight>
The above script can also be run stand-alone and produces the following output.
{{out}}
<pre>
parsing: (one + two) * three - four * five
 
_0001 = one + two
_0002 = _0001 * three
_0003 = four * five
_0004 = _0002 - _0003
</pre>
Different grammars and input can be specified on the command line.
<pre>
recursivedescentparsergenerator.pl arithexpr.y '2 * 3 + 4 * 5'
</pre>
and giving this file as "arithexpr.y"
<syntaxhighlight lang="perl"># test arith expr
 
expr = term { '+' term <fadd> | '-' term <fsub> } .
term = factor { '*' factor <fmul> | '/' factor <fdiv> } .
factor = '(' expr ')' <noparen> | NAME .
 
#usercode
 
sub noparen { splice @stack, -3, 3, $stack[-2]; }
sub fadd { splice @stack, -3, 3, $stack[-3] + $stack[-1] }
sub fsub { splice @stack, -3, 3, $stack[-3] - $stack[-1] }
sub fmul { splice @stack, -3, 3, $stack[-3] * $stack[-1] }
sub fdiv { splice @stack, -3, 3, $stack[-3] / $stack[-1] }
sub begin { print "expr = $_\n" }
sub end { print "answer = @{[pop @stack]}\n" }</syntaxhighlight>
will produce the following
{{out}}
<pre>
expr = 2 * 3 + 4 * 5
answer = 26
</pre>
 
 
 
=={{header|Phix}}==
Technically the task is asking for code which generates something like the following, so I suppose
it would actually meet the spec if it began with <code>constant src = """</code> and ended with
<code>""" puts(1,src)</code>... (and like several/most other entries on this page, this does not use a formal grammer)
<!--<syntaxhighlight lang="phix">(phixonline)-->
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">--
-- demo\rosetta\RecursiveDescentParser.exw
-- =======================================
--</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">with</span> <span style="color: #008080;">javascript_semantics</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">src</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tok</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">procedure</span> <span style="color: #000000;">skip_spaces</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">src</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">exit</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">ch</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">src</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #008080;">not</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #008000;">' '</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">'\t'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">'\r'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">'\n'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">exit</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">procedure</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">procedure</span> <span style="color: #000000;">next_token</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- yeilds one of:
-- {"SYMBOL",ch} where ch is one of "()+-/*", or
-- {"IDENT",string}, or {"EOF"}</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">skip_spaces</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tokstart</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">src</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">tok</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #008000;">"EOF"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">elsif</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"()+-/*"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">tok</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #008000;">"SYMBOL"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">&</span><span style="color: #008000;">""</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">elsif</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">>=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'a'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'z'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">or</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">>=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'A'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'Z'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #004600;">true</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">src</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">exit</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">ch</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">src</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">!=</span><span style="color: #008000;">'_'</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><</span><span style="color: #008000;">'a'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">or</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #008000;">'z'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><</span><span style="color: #008000;">'A'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">or</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #008000;">'Z'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;"><</span><span style="color: #008000;">'0'</span> <span style="color: #008080;">or</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ch</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">></span><span style="color: #008000;">'9'</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">exit</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">tok</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #008000;">"IDENT"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">src</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">tokstart</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..</span><span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]}</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">else</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">/</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">procedure</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">forward</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sum_expr</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">primary</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tok</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">"IDENT"</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tok</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">next_token</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">elsif</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tok</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">={</span><span style="color: #008000;">"SYMBOL"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"("</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">next_token</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sum_expr</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tok</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">!={</span><span style="color: #008000;">"SYMBOL"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">")"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">/</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">next_token</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">else</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">/</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">mul_expr</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">primary</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #004600;">true</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tok</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]!=</span><span style="color: #008000;">"SYMBOL"</span> <span style="color: #008080;">or</span> <span style="color: #008080;">not</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">tok</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],{</span><span style="color: #008000;">"*"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"/"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">exit</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">tok</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #004600;">NULL</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">next_token</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">primary</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sum_expr</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">mul_expr</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #004600;">true</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tok</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]!=</span><span style="color: #008000;">"SYMBOL"</span> <span style="color: #008080;">or</span> <span style="color: #008080;">not</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">find</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">tok</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],{</span><span style="color: #008000;">"+"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"-"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">exit</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">tok</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #004600;">NULL</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">next_token</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">res</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">mul_expr</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">res</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">nxt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">show_ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">][</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">"SYMBOL"</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">op</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">][</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">lhs</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">show_ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">rhs</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">show_ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]),</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">nid</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">sprintf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"_%04d"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">nxt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"%s = %s %s %s\n"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #000000;">nid</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">lhs</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">op</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">rhs</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">nxt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">+=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">nid</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">elsif</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]=</span><span style="color: #008000;">"IDENT"</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">/</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">procedure</span> <span style="color: #000000;">parse</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">source</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">src</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">source</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">sdx</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">next_token</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ast</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">sum_expr</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tok</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">!={</span><span style="color: #008000;">"EOF"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">/</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">pp</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,{</span><span style="color: #004600;">pp_Nest</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{}</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">show_ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">ast</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">procedure</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">parse</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"(one + two) * three - four * five"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{}</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">wait_key</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<!--</syntaxhighlight>-->
{{out}}
<pre>
{{`SYMBOL`,
`-`},
{{`SYMBOL`,
`*`},
{{`SYMBOL`,
`+`},
{`IDENT`,
`one`},
{`IDENT`,
`two`}},
{`IDENT`,
`three`}},
{{`SYMBOL`,
`*`},
{`IDENT`,
`four`},
{`IDENT`,
`five`}}}
_0001 = one + two
_0002 = _0001 * three
_0003 = four * five
_0004 = _0002 - _0003
</pre>
 
=={{header|Raku}}==
(formerly Perl 6)
Instead of writing a full-blown generator, it is possible to solve the task partly by making use of the built-in optimizer and study the relevant AST output
<pre>
raku --target=optimize -e 'no strict; say ($one + $two) * $three - $four * $five' | tail -11
- QAST::Op(callstatic &say) <sunk> :statement_id<2> say ($one + $two) * $three - $four * $five
- QAST::Op(callstatic &infix:<->) <wanted> -
- QAST::Op(callstatic &infix:<*>) <wanted> *
- QAST::Op(callstatic &infix:<+>) <wanted> :statement_id<3> +
- QAST::Var(local __lowered_lex_5) <wanted> $one
- QAST::Var(local __lowered_lex_4) <wanted> $two
- QAST::Var(local __lowered_lex_3) <wanted> $three
- QAST::Op(callstatic &infix:<*>) <wanted> *
- QAST::Var(local __lowered_lex_2) <wanted> $four
- QAST::Var(local __lowered_lex_1) <wanted> $five
- QAST::WVal(Nil)
</pre>
As you can see by examining the nested tree, the calculations are done as follows (expressed using a postfix notation)
<pre>
one two + three * four five * -
</pre>
 
=={{header|Wren}}==
{{trans|Phix}}
{{libheader|Wren-str}}
{{libheader|Wren-fmt}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="wren">import "./str" for Char
import "./fmt" for Fmt
 
class RDP {
construct parse(source) {
_src = source
_sdx = 0
_ch = null
_tok = null
_nxt = 1
nextToken()
var ast = sumExpr()
if (_tok[0] != "EOF") Fiber.abort("Something went wrong.")
printAst(ast, 0)
System.print()
showAst(ast)
}
 
skipSpaces() {
while (true) {
if (_sdx >= _src.count) return
_ch = _src[_sdx]
if (!" \t\r\n".contains(_ch)) return
_sdx = _sdx + 1
}
}
 
// yields one of:
// ["SYMBOL", ch] where ch is one of "()+-/*", or
// ["IDENT", string] or ["EOF"]
nextToken() {
skipSpaces()
var tokStart = _sdx
if (_sdx >= _src.count) {
_tok = ["EOF"]
} else if ("()+-/*".contains(_ch)) {
_sdx = _sdx + 1
_tok = ["SYMBOL", _ch]
} else if (Char.isAsciiLetter(_ch)) {
while (true) {
_sdx = _sdx + 1
if (_sdx >= _src.count) break
_ch = _src[_sdx]
if (!Char.isAsciiAlphaNum(_ch) && _ch != "_") break
}
_tok = ["IDENT", _src[tokStart..._sdx]]
} else {
Fiber.abort("Invalid token '%(_ch)'.")
}
}
 
primary() {
var res = []
if (_tok[0] == "IDENT") {
res = _tok.toList
nextToken()
} else if (_tok[0] == "SYMBOL" && _tok[1] == "(") {
nextToken()
res = sumExpr()
if (_tok[0] != "SYMBOL" || _tok[1] != ")") Fiber.abort("Unexpected token '%(_tok)'.")
nextToken()
} else {
Fiber.abort("Unexpected token '%(_tok)'.")
}
return res
}
 
mulExpr() {
var res = primary()
while (true) {
if (_tok[0] != "SYMBOL" || !"*/".contains(_tok[1])) break
res = [_tok, res, null]
nextToken()
res[2] = primary()
}
return res
}
 
sumExpr() {
var res = mulExpr()
while (true) {
if (_tok[0] != "SYMBOL" || !"+-".contains(_tok[1])) break
res = [_tok, res, null]
nextToken()
res[2] = mulExpr()
}
return res
}
 
showAst(ast) {
if (ast[0][0] == "SYMBOL") {
var op = ast[0][1]
var lhs = showAst(ast[1])
var rhs = showAst(ast[2])
var thiz = Fmt.swrite("_$04d", _nxt)
Fmt.print("$s = $s $s $s", thiz, lhs, op, rhs)
_nxt = _nxt + 1
return thiz
} else if (ast[0] == "IDENT") {
return ast[1]
}
Fiber.abort("Something went wrong.")
}
 
printAst(ast, level) {
for (e in ast) {
var indent = " " * level
if (!(e is List)) {
System.print(indent + e)
} else {
System.print(indent + "{")
printAst(e, level+1)
System.print(indent + "}")
}
}
}
}
 
RDP.parse("(one + two) * three - four * five")</syntaxhighlight>
 
{{out}}
<pre>
{
SYMBOL
-
}
{
{
SYMBOL
*
}
{
{
SYMBOL
+
}
{
IDENT
one
}
{
IDENT
two
}
}
{
IDENT
three
}
}
{
{
SYMBOL
*
}
{
IDENT
four
}
{
IDENT
five
}
}
 
_0001 = one + two
_0002 = _0001 * three
_0003 = four * five
_0004 = _0002 - _0003
</pre>
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