Modulinos: Difference between revisions
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{{draft task|Basic language learning}}
It is useful to be able to execute a main() function only when a program is run directly. This is a central feature in programming scripts
Examples from
Sometimes getting the [[ScriptName]] is required in order to determine when to run main().
Care when manipulating command line arguments, due to subtle exec security constraints that may or not be enforced on implicit argv[0]. https://ryiron.wordpress.com/2013/12/16/argv-silliness/
: ''This is still a draft task, and the current task description has caused mega confusion. See '''[[Talk:Modulinos]]''' for numerous attempts to understand the task and to rewrite the task description.''
: '''The task [[Executable library]] is written to replace this task.''' ''This task's future is in doubt as its aims are not clear enough.''
<br><br>
=={{header|11l}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="11l">// life.11l
F meaning_of_life()
R ‘*’.code
:start:
print(‘Main: The meaning of life is ’meaning_of_life())</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="11l">// death.11l
print(‘Life means ’life:meaning_of_life()‘.’)
print(‘Death means nothing.’)</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|AppleScript}}==
AppleScript's equivalent of a main() function is a <tt>run</tt> handler, which can be either implicit or explicit:
<syntaxhighlight lang="applescript">display dialog "Hello"</syntaxhighlight>
or
<syntaxhighlight lang="applescript">on run
display dialog "Hello"
end run</syntaxhighlight>
A <tt>run</tt> handler's only executed when the script containing it is explicity ''run'', either from another script or application or as an application in its own right. It's not executed when a script's simply loaded as a library, although it can subsequently be so in the unlikely event of this being desirable. Scripts saved as applications aren't recognised by the "Libraries" system introduced in Mac OS X 10.9, but can be loaded and/or run using the older <tt>load script</tt> and <tt>run script</tt> commands. Script code can tell if it's running in its own application or being executed by an external agent by comparing its file path with that of the agent:
<syntaxhighlight lang="applescript">on run
if ((path to me) = (path to current application)) then
display dialog "I'm running in my own application."
else
display dialog "I'm being run from another script or application."
end if
end run</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Arturo}}==
===Library===
<syntaxhighlight lang="rebol">; modulinos - library
meaningOfLife: function [][
42
]
if standalone? ->
print ~"Library: The meaning of life is |meaningOfLife|"</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Library: The meaning of life is 42</pre>
===Main===
<syntaxhighlight lang="rebol">do.import relative "modulinos - library.art"
print ~"Life means |meaningOfLife|."
print "Death means invisible scary skeletons."</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Life means 42.
Death means invisible scary skeletons.</pre>
=={{header|C}}==
Line 18 ⟶ 84:
Example
<
./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
./test
Test: The meaning of life is</
Makefile
<
./scriptedmain
./test
Line 40 ⟶ 106:
-rm test
-rm scriptedmain.exe
-rm test.exe</
scriptedmain.h
<syntaxhighlight lang
scriptedmain.c
<
int meaning_of_life() {
Line 62 ⟶ 128:
}
#endif</
test.c
<
#include <stdio.h>
Line 74 ⟶ 140:
printf("Test: The meaning of life is %d\n", meaning_of_life());
return 0;
}</
=={{header|C++}}==
Line 81 ⟶ 147:
Example
<
./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
Makefile
<
./scriptedmain
./test
Line 103 ⟶ 169:
-rm test
-rm scriptedmain.exe
-rm test.exe</
scriptedmain.h
<syntaxhighlight lang
scriptedmain.cpp
<
using namespace std;
Line 126 ⟶ 192:
}
#endif</
test.cpp
<
#include <iostream>
Line 140 ⟶ 206:
cout << "Test: The meaning of life is " << meaning_of_life() << endl;
return 0;
}</
=={{header|Clojure}}==
Line 189 ⟶ 212:
scriptedmain.clj:
<
":";exit
Line 201 ⟶ 224:
(when (.contains (first *command-line-args*) *source-path*)
(apply -main (rest *command-line-args*)))</
test.clj:
<
":";exit
Line 216 ⟶ 239:
(when (.contains (first *command-line-args*) *source-path*)
(apply -main (rest *command-line-args*)))</
=={{header|CoffeeScript}}==
scriptedmain.coffee:
<
meaningOfLife = () -> 42
Line 229 ⟶ 252:
console.log "Main: The meaning of life is " + meaningOfLife()
if not module.parent then main()</
test.coffee:
<
sm = require "./scriptedmain"
console.log "Test: The meaning of life is " + sm.meaningOfLife()</
=={{header|Common Lisp}}==
Line 245 ⟶ 268:
~/.clisprc.lisp
<
(set-dispatch-macro-character #\# #\!
(lambda (stream character n)
(declare (ignore character n))
(read-line stream nil nil t)
nil))</
scriptedmain.lisp
<
#|
exec clisp -q -q $0 $0 ${1+"$@"}
Line 284 ⟶ 307:
args
:test #'(lambda (x y) (search x y :test #'equalp)))
(main args)))</
test.lisp
<
#|
exec clisp -q -q $0 $0 ${1+"$@"}
Line 295 ⟶ 318:
(load "scriptedmain.lisp")
(format t "Test: The meaning of life is ~a~%" (meaning-of-life))</
=={{header|D}}==
Line 303 ⟶ 326:
scriptedmain.d:
<
module scriptedmain;
Line 317 ⟶ 340:
writeln("Main: The meaning of life is ", meaningOfLife());
}
}</
test.d:
<
import scriptedmain;
Line 330 ⟶ 353:
writeln("Test: The meaning of life is ", meaningOfLife());
}
}</
Example:
<
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.d
Line 343 ⟶ 366:
$ dmd test.d scriptedmain.d -version=test
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
=={{header|Dart}}==
scriptedmain.dart:
<
#library("scriptedmain");
Line 357 ⟶ 380:
main() {
print("Main: The meaning of life is ${meaningOfLife()}");
}</
test.dart:
<
#import("scriptedmain.dart", prefix: "scriptedmain");
Line 366 ⟶ 389:
main() {
print("Test: The meaning of life is ${scriptedmain.meaningOfLife()}");
}</
Example:
<
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.dart
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
=={{header|Emacs Lisp}}==
Line 379 ⟶ 402:
scriptedmain.el
<
;;; Shebang from John Swaby
Line 387 ⟶ 410:
(defun main ()
(message "Main: The meaning of life is %d" (meaning-of-life)))</
test.el
<
;;; Shebang from John Swaby
Line 399 ⟶ 422:
(setq load-path (cons default-directory load-path))
(load "scriptedmain.el" nil t)
(message "Test: The meaning of life is %d" (meaning-of-life)))</
=={{header|EMal}}==
{{trans|Wren}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="emal">
^|We have created a module named ModulinosPart.emal.
|^
in Org:RosettaCode
type ModulinosPart
fun meaningOfLife = int by block do return 42 end
fun main = void by block do writeLine("The meaning of life is " + meaningOfLife() + ".") end
if Runtime.direct() do main() end
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
emal.exe Org\RosettaCode\ModulinosPart.emal
The meaning of life is 42.
</pre>
<syntaxhighlight lang="emal">
^|Then we create a new module named Modulinos.emal,
|this imports the previous module.
|^
in Org:RosettaCode
load :ModulinosPart
type Modulinos
fun main = int by List args
writeLine("Who says the meaning of life is " + ModulinosPart.meaningOfLife() + "?")
return 0
end
exit main(Runtime.args)
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
emal.exe Org\RosettaCode\Modulinos.emal
Who says the meaning of life is 42?
</pre>
=={{header|Erlang}}==
Line 405 ⟶ 463:
Makefile:
<
t: scriptedmain.beam test.beam
Line 418 ⟶ 476:
clean:
-rm *.beam</
scriptedmain.erl:
<
-export([meaning_of_life/0, start/0]).
Line 428 ⟶ 486:
start() ->
io:format("Main: The meaning of life is ~w~n", [meaning_of_life()]),
init:stop().</
test.erl:
<
-export([start/0]).
-import(scriptedmain, [meaning_of_life/0]).
Line 437 ⟶ 495:
start() ->
io:format("Test: The meaning of life is ~w~n", [meaning_of_life()]),
init:stop().</
=={{header|F Sharp|F#}}==
Line 451 ⟶ 509:
Example:
<
fsharpc --out:scriptedmain.exe ScriptedMain.fs
fsharpc --out:test.exe ScriptedMain.fs Test.fs
Line 457 ⟶ 515:
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ mono test.exe
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
Makefile:
<
scriptedmain.exe: ScriptedMain.fs
Line 470 ⟶ 528:
clean:
-rm *.exe</
ScriptedMain.fs:
<
module ScriptedMain =
Line 480 ⟶ 538:
let main =
printfn "Main: The meaning of life is %d" meaningOfLife</
Test.fs:
<
open ScriptedMain
let main =
printfn "Test: The meaning of life is %d" ScriptedMain.meaningOfLife</
=={{header|Factor}}==
Line 495 ⟶ 553:
Example:
<
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.factor
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
~/.factor-rc:
<
USING: kernel vocabs.loader parser sequences lexer vocabs.parser ;
Line 509 ⟶ 567:
: include-vocab ( vocab -- ) dup ".factor" append parse-file append use-vocab ;
SYNTAX: INCLUDING: ";" [ include-vocab ] each-token ;</
scriptedmain.factor:
<
USING: io math.parser ;
Line 522 ⟶ 580:
: main ( -- ) meaning-of-life "Main: The meaning of life is " write number>string print ;
MAIN: main</
test.factor:
<
INCLUDING: scriptedmain ;
Line 534 ⟶ 592:
: main ( -- ) meaning-of-life "Test: The meaning of life is " write number>string print ;
MAIN: main</
=={{header|Forth}}==
Line 540 ⟶ 598:
Given this awful running reference:
<
: go ( -- )
." The meaning of life is " Douglas-Adams . cr ;</
The bulk of Forth systems provide a way to generate an executable that enters GO (ar any word) on start.
Line 549 ⟶ 607:
{{works with|SwiftForth|SwiftForth|4.0}}
<
program douglas-adams</
Which creates a file named 'douglas-adams' that you can then run. If this is all in the same file, you can load the file, test parts of it, and then exit (or shell out) to run the executable.
Line 558 ⟶ 616:
{{works with|gforth}}
<
42 constant Douglas-Adams
.( The meaning of life is ) Douglas-Adams . cr bye</
Adding #! as a comment, as gforth does, is trivial. For a means by which this script could distinguish between 'scripted execution' and otherwise, a symlink like 'forthscript' could easily be used, and the zeroth OS argument tested for, but there's no convention.
Line 567 ⟶ 625:
{{works with|gforth}}
<
42 constant Douglas-Adams
Line 575 ⟶ 633:
[THEN]
cr .( Why aren't you running this as a script? It only provides a constant.)</
=={{header|FreeBASIC}}==
{{trans|Ring}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="freebasic">
Function meaningoflife() As Byte
Dim As Byte y = 42
Return y
End Function
Sub main()
Print "Main: The meaning of life is "; meaningoflife()
End Sub
main()
Sleep
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Main: The meaning of life is 42
</pre>
=={{header|Go}}==
Go doesn't support scripted main directly.
Although the [https://github.com/mcandre/modulinos examples] linked to above include an example for Go, this is only a work around, not an emulation. To emulate a modulino, we need to proceed as in the [[https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Executable_library#Go Executable library]] task and split the 'main' package into two.
First create these two files in the 'modulino' directory:
<syntaxhighlight lang="go">// modulino.go
package main
import "fmt"
func MeaningOfLife() int {
return 42
}
func libMain() {
fmt.Println("The meaning of life is", MeaningOfLife())
}</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="go">// modulino_main.go
package main
func main() {
libMain()
}</syntaxhighlight>
To emulate a modulino:
{{out}}
<pre>
$ go run modulino
The meaning of life is 42
</pre>
Now create this file in the 'mol' directory:
<syntaxhighlight lang="go">// mol.go
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
fmt.Println("The meaning of life is still", MeaningOfLife())
}</syntaxhighlight>
and copy modulino.go to the 'mol' directory. The library can then be used in the 'normal' way:
{{out}}
<pre>
$ go run mol
The meaning of life is still 42
</pre>
=={{header|Groovy}}==
Line 601 ⟶ 712:
Example:
<
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./Test.groovy
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
ScriptedMain.groovy:
<
class ScriptedMain {
Line 616 ⟶ 727:
println "Main: The meaning of life is " + meaningOfLife
}
}</
Test.groovy:
<
println "Test: The meaning of life is " + ScriptedMain.meaningOfLife</
=={{header|Haskell}}==
Haskell has scripted main, but getting scripted main to work with compiled scripts is tricky.
<
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ runhaskell test.hs
Line 636 ⟶ 747:
$ ghc -fforce-recomp -o test -main-is Test test.hs scriptedmain.hs
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
scriptedmain.hs
<
-- Compile:
Line 652 ⟶ 763:
main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn $ "Main: The meaning of life is " ++ show meaningOfLife</
test.hs
<
-- Compile:
Line 667 ⟶ 778:
main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn $ "Test: The meaning of life is " ++ show meaningOfLife</
=={{header|Io}}==
Line 673 ⟶ 784:
ScriptedMain.io:
<
ScriptedMain := Object clone
ScriptedMain meaningOfLife := 42
if( isLaunchScript,
)</syntaxhighlight>
test.io:
<
"Test: The meaning of life is #{ScriptedMain meaningOfLife}" interpolate println</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="sh">$ ./ScriptedMain.io
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.io
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
=={{header|J}}==
modulinos.ijs:
<syntaxhighlight lang="j">#!/usr/bin/env ijconsole
meaningOfLife =: 42
main =: monad
echo 'Main: The meaning of life is ',
exit ''
)
if.
main 0
end.
)
shouldrun 0</
test.j:
<
load '
echo 'Test: The meaning of life is ',
exit ''</
Example:
<
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.j
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
=={{header|Java}}==
Line 752 ⟶ 847:
ScriptedMain.java
<
public static int meaningOfLife() {
return 42;
Line 760 ⟶ 855:
System.out.println("Main: The meaning of life is " + meaningOfLife());
}
}</
Test.java
<
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Test: The meaning of life is " + ScriptedMain.meaningOfLife());
}
}</
=={{header|JavaScript}}==
{{Works with|Node.js}}
Node.js has scripted main.
scriptedmain.js
<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript">#!/usr/bin/env node
function meaningOfLife() { return 42; }
exports.meaningOfLife = meaningOfLife;
function main() {
console.log("Main: The meaning of life is " + meaningOfLife());
}
if (!module.parent) { main(); }</syntaxhighlight>
test.js
<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript">#!/usr/bin/env node
var sm = require("./scriptedmain");
console.log("Test: The meaning of life is " + sm.meaningOfLife());</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Julia}}==
Julia does not use scripted main by default, but can be set to run as such. Modules generally use a /test unit test subdirectory instead.
<br />
In module file Divisors.jl:
<syntaxhighlight lang="julia">module Divisors
using Primes
export properdivisors
function properdivisors(n::T) where T <: Integer
0 < n || throw(ArgumentError("number to be factored must be ≥ 0, got $n"))
1 < n || return T[]
!isprime(n) || return T[one(T), n]
f = factor(n)
d = T[one(T)]
for (k, v) in f
c = T[k^i for i in 0:v]
d = d*c'
d = reshape(d, length(d))
end
sort!(d)
return d[1:end-1]
end
function interactiveDivisors()
println("\nFind proper divisors between two numbers.\nFirst number: ")
lo = (x = tryparse(Int64, readline())) == nothing ? 0 : x
println("\nSecond number: ")
hi = (x = tryparse(Int64, readline())) == nothing ? 10 : x
lo, hi = lo > hi ? (hi, lo) : (lo, hi)
println("Listing the proper divisors for $lo through $hi.")
for i in lo:hi
println(lpad(i, 7), " => ", rpad(properdivisors(i), 10))
end
end
end
# some testing code
if occursin(r"divisors.jl"i, Base.PROGRAM_FILE)
println("This module is running as main.\n")
Divisors.interactiveDivisors()
end
</syntaxhighlight>
In a user file getdivisors.jl:
<syntaxhighlight lang="julia">include("divisors.jl")
using .Divisors
n = 708245926330
println("The proper divisors of $n are ", properdivisors(n))
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|LLVM}}==
LLVM can have scripted main a la C, using the weak attribute.
<
llvm-as scriptedmain.ll
llc scriptedmain.bc
Line 783 ⟶ 957:
gcc -o test test.s scriptedmain.s
./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
Makefile
<
EXECUTABLE_TEST=test
Line 808 ⟶ 982:
-rm test.bc
-rm scriptedmain.s
-rm scriptedmain.bc</
scriptedmain.ll
<
declare i32 @printf(i8* noalias nocapture, ...)
Line 826 ⟶ 1,000:
ret i32 0
}</
test.ll
<
declare i32 @printf(i8* noalias nocapture, ...)
Line 842 ⟶ 1,016:
ret i32 0
}</
=={{header|Lua}}==
Line 849 ⟶ 1,023:
scriptedmain.lua
<
function meaningoflife()
Line 863 ⟶ 1,037:
else
module(..., package.seeall)
end</
test.lua
<
sm = require("scriptedmain")
print("Test: The meaning of life is " .. sm.meaningoflife())</
=={{header|Make}}==
Example
<
The meaning of life is 42
(Main)
$ make -f test.mf
The meaning of life is 42
(Test)</
scriptedmain.mf
<
meaning-of-life:
Line 889 ⟶ 1,063:
scriptedmain: meaning-of-life
@echo "(Main)"
</syntaxhighlight>
test.mf
<
test:
@make -f scriptedmain.mf meaning-of-life
@echo "(Test)"
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Mathematica}}/{{header|Wolfram Language}}==
scriptedmain.ma
<
MeaningOfLife[] = 42
Line 917 ⟶ 1,091:
If[StringMatchQ[Program, ".*scriptedmain.*"],
Print["Main: The meaning of life is " <> ToString[MeaningOfLife[]]]
]</
test.ma:
<
Get["scriptedmain.ma"]
Print["Test: The meaning of life is " <> ToString[MeaningOfLife[]]]</
Example:
<
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test.ma
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
In Mac and Windows, the output will be surrounded by spurious quotes.
Line 936 ⟶ 1,110:
=={{header|Mozart/Oz}}==
Makefile:
<
run: scriptedmain test
Line 956 ⟶ 1,130:
-rm *.ozf
-rm *.exe
</syntaxhighlight>
scriptedmain.oz:
<
export
meaningOfLife: MeaningOfLife
Line 977 ⟶ 1,151:
end
end
</syntaxhighlight>
test.oz:
<
import
ScriptedMain
Line 994 ⟶ 1,168:
end
end
end</
=={{header|newLISP}}==
Line 1,001 ⟶ 1,175:
scriptedmain.lsp
<
(context 'SM)
Line 1,013 ⟶ 1,187:
(if (find "scriptedmain" (main-args 1)) (main))
(context MAIN)</
test.lsp
<
(load "scriptedmain.lsp")
(println (format "Test: The meaning of life is %d" (SM:meaning-of-life)))
(exit)</
=={{header|
Nim provides the predicate <code>isMainModule</code> to use with conditional compilation. Here is an example:
<syntaxhighlight lang="Nim">proc p*() =
## Some exported procedure.
echo "Executing procedure"
# Some code to execute to initialize the module.
echo "Initializing the module"
when isMainModule:
# Some code to execute if the module is run directly, for instance code to test the module.
echo "Running tests"
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
When run directly, the result of execution is:
<pre>Initializing the module
Running tests
</pre>
If we call “p” from another module, we get:
<pre>Initializing the module
Executing procedure
</pre>
=={{header|Objective-C}}==
Line 1,052 ⟶ 1,226:
scriptedmain.h:
<
@interface ScriptedMain: Object {}
Line 1,058 ⟶ 1,232:
+ (int)meaningOfLife;
@end</
scriptedmain.m:
<
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
Line 1,074 ⟶ 1,248:
int __attribute__((weak)) main(int argc, char **argv) {
@autoreleasepool {
}
return 0;
}</
test.m:
<
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
@autoreleasepool {
}
return 0;
}</
<
$ gcc -o test -lobjc -framework foundation test.m scriptedmain.m
$ ./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
=={{header|OCaml}}==
Line 1,109 ⟶ 1,283:
scriptedmain.ml
<syntaxhighlight lang
let main () =
Printf.printf "Main: The meaning of life is %d\n"
meaning_of_life
let () =
if not !Sys.interactive then
main ()</syntaxhighlight>
Invoked as a script:
<syntaxhighlight lang="sh">$ ocaml scriptedmain.ml
Main: The meaning of life is 42</syntaxhighlight>
Loaded into an ocaml toplevel/utop:
<syntaxhighlight lang="text">$ ocaml
...
# #use "scriptedmain.ml";;
val meaning_of_life : int = 42
val main : unit -> unit = <fun>
# meaning_of_life;;
- : int = 42
# </syntaxhighlight>
The limit of this technique is "avoiding running something when loading a script interactively". It's not applicable to other uses, like adding an example script to a file normally used as a library, as that code will also fire when users of the library are run.
=={{header|Octave}}/{{header|MATLAB}}==
Line 1,182 ⟶ 1,316:
meaningoflife.m
<
function y = meaningoflife()
Line 1,192 ⟶ 1,326:
endfunction
main();</
test.m
<
printf("Test: The meaning of life is %d", meaningoflife());</
=={{header|Pascal}}==
Line 1,204 ⟶ 1,338:
Makefile:
<
scriptedmain: scriptedmain.pas
Line 1,216 ⟶ 1,350:
-rm scriptedmain
-rm *.o
-rm *.ppu</
scriptedmain.pas:
<
program ScriptedMain;
{$ELSE}
Line 1,237 ⟶ 1,371:
writeln(MeaningOfLife())
{$ENDIF}
end.</
test.pas:
<
uses
ScriptedMain;
Line 1,247 ⟶ 1,381:
write('Test: The meaning of life is: ');
writeln(MeaningOfLife())
end.</
Example:
<
$ ./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is: 42
$ make test
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is: 42</
=={{header|Perl}}==
Perl has scripted main. The code inside <tt>unless(caller) { ... }</tt> only runs when <tt>Life.pm</tt> is the main program.
<
# Life.pm
Line 1,275 ⟶ 1,409:
unless(caller) {
print "Main: The meaning of life is " . meaning_of_life() . "\n";
}</
<
# death.pl
Line 1,286 ⟶ 1,420:
print "Life means " . Life::meaning_of_life . ".\n";
print "Death means invisible scary skeletons.\n";</
=={{header|Phix}}==
There is a builtin for this, which can even be asked to skip an arbitrary number of stack frames and that way find out exactly where it was effectively called from.
<!--<syntaxhighlight lang="phix">(notonline)-->
<span style="color: #008080;">without</span> <span style="color: #008080;">js</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (includefile)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">string</span> <span style="color: #000000;">mori</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">include_file</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #008000;">"main"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span><span style="color: #008000;">"an include"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<!--</syntaxhighlight>-->
=={{header|PHP}}==
Line 1,306 ⟶ 1,434:
scriptedmain.php
<
function meaning_of_life() {
return 42;
Line 1,318 ⟶ 1,446:
main($argv);
}
?></
test.php
<
require_once("scriptedmain.php");
echo "Test: The meaning of life is " . meaning_of_life() . "\n";
?></
=={{header|PicoLisp}}==
PicoLisp normally does it the other way round: It calls main from the command line with the '-' syntax if desired. Create an executable file (chmod +x) "life.l":
<
(de meaningOfLife ()
Line 1,336 ⟶ 1,464:
(de lifemain ()
(prinl "Main: The meaning of life is " (meaningOfLife))
(bye) )</
and an executable file (chmod +x) "test.l":
<
(load "life.l")
(prinl "Test: The meaning of life is " (meaningOfLife))
(bye)</
Test:
<pre>$ ./life.l -lifemain
Line 1,354 ⟶ 1,482:
Python has scripted main.
<
# life.py
Line 1,362 ⟶ 1,490:
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Main: The meaning of life is %s" % meaning_of_life())</
<
# death.py
Line 1,371 ⟶ 1,499:
print("Life means %s." % meaning_of_life())
print("Death means invisible scary skeletons.")</
=={{header|R}}==
A way to check if code is running at "top level" is to check <code>length(sys.frames())</code>. This value will be zero for a file being run with <code>Rscript</code>, the <code>--file=</code> argument, or at the command line, and will be greater than 0 in all other conditions (such as package loading or code being sourced from another file.)
<
meaningOfLife <- function() {
Line 1,389 ⟶ 1,518:
main(args)
q("no")
}</
test.R
<
source("scriptedmain.R")
Line 1,399 ⟶ 1,528:
cat("Test: The meaning of life is", meaningOfLife(), "\n")
q("no")</
=={{header|Racket}}==
scriptedmain.rkt:
<
#lang racket
Line 1,410 ⟶ 1,539:
(define (meaning-of-life) 42)
(module+ main (printf "Main: The meaning of life is ~a\n" (meaning-of-life)))</
test.rkt:
<
#lang racket
(module+ main
(require "scriptedmain.rkt")
(printf "Test: The meaning of life is ~a\n" (meaning-of-life)))</
=={{header|Raku}}==
(formerly Perl 6)
Raku automatically calls MAIN on direct invocation, but this may be a multi dispatch, so a library may have multiple "scripted mains".
<syntaxhighlight lang="raku" line>class LUE {
has $.answer = 42;
}
multi MAIN ('test') {
say "ok" if LUE.new.answer == 42;
}
multi MAIN ('methods') {
say ~LUE.^methods;
}</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|REXX}}==
<
parse source . howInvoked @fn /*query REXX how this pgm got invoked. */
say 'This program ('@fn") was invoked as a: " howInvoked
if howInvoked\=='COMMAND' then do
exit 12
end
/*╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ At this point, we know
║ or
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝*/
/*────────────────────────────── The main code follows here ... ────────────────────────*/
say
say '(from' @fn"): and away we go ···"</syntaxhighlight> <br><br>
=={{header|Ring}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="ring">
# Project : Modulinos
func meaningoflife()
y = 42
return y
func main()
see "Main: The meaning of life is " + meaningoflife() + nl
</syntaxhighlight>
Output:
<pre>
Main: The meaning of life is 42
</pre>
=={{header|Ruby}}==
Ruby has scripted main.
<
def meaning_of_life
Line 1,449 ⟶ 1,611:
if __FILE__ == $0
puts "Main: The meaning of life is #{meaning_of_life}"
end</
<
require 'life'
puts "Life means #{meaning_of_life}."
puts "Death means invisible scary skeletons."</
=={{header|Rust}}==
'''Note:''' this code is deprecated, and does not compile with Rust 1.0.0 and newer.
Makefile:
<
scriptedmain: scriptedmain.rs
Line 1,473 ⟶ 1,637:
-rm -rf *.dylib
-rm scriptedmain
-rm -rf *.dSYM</
scriptedmain.rs:
<
use std;
Line 1,486 ⟶ 1,650:
fn main() {
std::io::println("Main: The meaning of life is " + core::int::to_str(meaning_of_life(), 10u));
}</
test.rs:
<
use std;
fn main() {
std::io::println("Test: The meaning of life is " + core::int::to_str(scriptedmain::meaning_of_life(), 10u));
}</
Example:
<
$ make test
$ ./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
=={{header|SAC}}==
Makefile:
<
scriptedmain: ScriptedMain.sac
Line 1,521 ⟶ 1,686:
-rm libScriptedMainMod.a
-rm scriptedmain
-rm scriptedmain.c</
ScriptedMain.sac:
<
module ScriptedMain;
#endif
Line 1,541 ⟶ 1,706:
return(0);
}
#endif</
test.sac:
<
use Array: all;
use ScriptedMain: all;
Line 1,551 ⟶ 1,716:
printf("Test: The meaning of life is %d\n", meaning_of_life());
return(0);
}</
Example:
<
$ make test
$ ./scriptedmain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
$ ./test
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
=={{header|Scala}}==
{{libheader|Scala}}
{{works with|Scala|2.10.2}}
===Unix shell script===
This code must be stored as a shell script.
<
exec scala "$0" "$@"
!#
Line 1,576 ⟶ 1,742:
println(s"Use the routine to show that the hailstone sequence for the number: $nr.")
println(collatz.toList)
println(s"It has ${collatz.length} elements.")</
===Windows Command Script===
This code must be stored as a Windows Command Script e.g. Hailstone.cmd
<
@echo off
call scala %0 %*
Line 1,593 ⟶ 1,760:
println(collatz.toList)
println(s"It has ${collatz.length} elements.")
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>C:\>Hailstone.cmd 42
Use the routine to show that the hailstone sequence for the number: 42.
List(42, 21, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1)
It has 9 elements.</pre>
=={{header|Scheme}}==
{{Works with|Chicken Scheme}}
Chicken Scheme has the {{{ -ss }}} flag for the interpreter, but compiled Chicken Scheme programs do not have scripted main unless the behavior is added manually to the code.
scriptedmain.scm
<syntaxhighlight lang="scheme">#!/bin/sh
#|
exec csi -ss $0 ${1+"$@"}
exit
|#
(use posix)
(require-extension srfi-1) ; lists
(define (meaning-of-life) 42)
(define (main args)
(display (format "Main: The meaning of life is ~a\n" (meaning-of-life)))
(exit))
(define (program)
(if (string=? (car (argv)) "csi")
(let ((s-index (list-index (lambda (x) (string-contains x "-s")) (argv))))
(if (number? s-index)
(cons 'interpreted (list-ref (argv) (+ 1 s-index)))
(cons 'unknown "")))
(cons 'compiled (car (argv)))))
(if (equal? (car (program)) 'compiled)
(main (cdr (argv))))</syntaxhighlight>
test.scm
<syntaxhighlight lang="scheme">#!/bin/sh
#|
exec csi -ss $0 ${1+"$@"}
exit
|#
(define (main args)
(load "scriptedmain.scm")
(display (format "Test: The meaning of life is ~a\n" (meaning-of-life)))
(exit))</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Sidef}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"># Life.sm
func meaning_of_life {
42
}
if (__FILE__ == __MAIN__) {
say "Main: The meaning of life is #{meaning_of_life()}"
}</syntaxhighlight>
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"># test.sf
include Life
say "Test: The meaning of life is #{Life::meaning_of_life()}."</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Smalltalk}}==
Line 1,604 ⟶ 1,834:
Example
<
$ ./scriptedmain.st
Line 1,610 ⟶ 1,840:
$ ./test.st
Test: The meaning of life is 42</
package.xml
<
<package>
<name>ScriptedMain</name>
Line 1,620 ⟶ 1,850:
<file>scriptedmain.st</file>
</package>
</packages></
scriptedmain.st
<
"exit"
Line 1,639 ⟶ 1,869:
(((Smalltalk getArgc) > 0) and: [ ((Smalltalk getArgv: 1) endsWith: 'scriptedmain.st') ]) ifTrue: [
main value.
].</
test.st
<
"exit"
Line 1,649 ⟶ 1,879:
PackageLoader fileInPackage: 'ScriptedMain'.
Transcript show: 'Test: The meaning of life is ', ((ScriptedMain meaningOfLife) printString); cr.</
=={{header|Swift}}==
Swift requires a number of hacks and boilerplate, but it is possible to write a modulino nevertheless.
Example
<syntaxhighlight lang="shell">$ make
mkdir -p bin/
swiftc -D SCRIPTEDMAIN -o bin/ScriptedMain ScriptedMain.swift
swiftc -emit-library -module-name ScriptedMain -emit-module ScriptedMain.swift
mkdir -p bin/
swiftc -D TEST -o bin/Test Test.swift -I "." -L "." -lScriptedMain -module-link-name ScriptedMain
bin/ScriptedMain
Main: The meaning of life is 42
bin/Test
Test: The meaning of life is 42</syntaxhighlight>
Makefile
<syntaxhighlight lang="make">all: bin/ScriptedMain bin/Test
bin/ScriptedMain
bin/Test
bin/ScriptedMain: ScriptedMain.swift
mkdir -p bin/
swiftc -D SCRIPTEDMAIN -o bin/ScriptedMain ScriptedMain.swift
ScriptedMain.swiftmodule: ScriptedMain.swift
swiftc -emit-library -module-name ScriptedMain -emit-module ScriptedMain.swift
bin/Test: Test.swift ScriptedMain.swiftmodule
mkdir -p bin/
swiftc -D TEST -o bin/Test Test.swift -I "." -L "." -lScriptedMain -module-link-name ScriptedMain
clean:
-rm -rf bin/
-rm *.swiftmodule
-rm *.swiftdoc
-rm *.dylib
</syntaxhighlight>
ScriptedMain.swift
<syntaxhighlight lang="swift">import Foundation
public class ScriptedMain {
public var meaningOfLife = 42
public init() {}
public class func main() {
var meaning = ScriptedMain().meaningOfLife
println("Main: The meaning of life is \(meaning)")
}
}
#if SCRIPTEDMAIN
@objc class ScriptedMainAutoload {
@objc class func load() {
ScriptedMain.main()
}
}
#endif
</syntaxhighlight>
Test.swift
<syntaxhighlight lang="swift">import Foundation
import ScriptedMain
public class Test {
public class func main() {
var meaning = ScriptedMain().meaningOfLife
println("Test: The meaning of life is \(meaning)")
}
}
#if TEST
@objc class TestAutoload {
@objc class func load() {
Test.main()
}
}
#endif
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Tcl}}==
<
puts "Directory: [pwd]"
puts "Program: $::argv0"
Line 1,662 ⟶ 1,979:
if {$::argv0 eq [info script]} {
main {*}$::argv
}</
=={{header|UNIX Shell}}==
Line 1,669 ⟶ 1,986:
scriptedmain.sh
<
meaning_of_life() {
Line 1,683 ⟶ 2,000:
then
main
fi</
test.sh
<
path=$(dirname -- "$0")
Line 1,694 ⟶ 2,011:
meaning_of_life
echo "Test: The meaning of life is $?"
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Wren}}==
As far as Wren is concerned, a modulino and an executable library seem to be different names for the same thing. This therefore uses the same technique as the [[Executable_library#Wren]] task to create a simple modulino.
Note that Wren doesn't need or normally use a ''main()'' function to start a script, though we use one here to make the example clearer.
First we create a module for our modulino:
<syntaxhighlight lang="wren">/* Modulinos.wren */
var MeaningOfLife = Fn.new { 42 }
var main = Fn.new {
System.print("The meaning of life is %(MeaningOfLife.call()).")
}
// Check if it's being used as a library or not.
import "os" for Process
if (Process.allArguments[1] == "Modulinos.wren") { // if true, not a library
main.call()
}</syntaxhighlight>
and run it to make sure it works OK when run directly:
{{output}}
<pre>
The meaning of life is 42.
</pre>
Next we create another module which imports the modulino:
<syntaxhighlight lang="wren">/* Modulinos_main.wren */
import "./Modulinos" for MeaningOfLife
var main = Fn.new {
System.print("Who says the meaning of life is %(MeaningOfLife.call())?")
}
main.call()</syntaxhighlight>
and run this to make sure the modulino's ''main()'' function doesn't run:
{{output}}
<pre>
Who says the meaning of life is 42?
</pre>
=={{header|ZX Spectrum Basic}}==
Line 1,700 ⟶ 2,060:
On the ZX Spectrum, there is no main function as such, however a saved program can be made to start running from a particular line number by providing the line number as a parameter to save command. If the program is being merged as a module, then it does not run automatically. The following example will save the program in memory so that it starts running from line 500:
<
{{omit from|Ada}}
|