Vector: Difference between revisions
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* Vector <big><b> / </b></big> scalar division |
* Vector <big><b> / </b></big> scalar division |
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<br><br> |
<br><br> |
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=={{header|ALGOL 68}}== |
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<lang algol68># the standard mode COMPLEX is a two element vector # |
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MODE VECTOR = COMPLEX; |
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# the operations required for the task plus many others are provided as standard for COMPLEX and REAL items # |
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# the two components are fields called "re" and "im" # |
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# we can define a "pretty-print" operator: # |
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# returns a formatted representation of the vector # |
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OP TOSTRING = ( VECTOR a )STRING: "[" + TOSTRING re OF a + ", " + TOSTRING im OF a + "]"; |
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# returns a formtted representation of the scaler # |
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OP TOSTRING = ( REAL a )STRING: fixed( a, 0, 4 ); |
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# test the operations # |
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VECTOR a = 5 I 7, b = 2 I 3; # note the use of the I operator to construct a COMPLEX from two scalers # |
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print( ( "a+b : ", TOSTRING ( a + b ), newline ) ); |
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print( ( "a-b : ", TOSTRING ( a - b ), newline ) ); |
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print( ( "a*11: ", TOSTRING ( a * 11 ), newline ) ); |
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print( ( "a/2 : ", TOSTRING ( a / 2 ), newline ) ) |
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</lang> |
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{{out}} |
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<pre> |
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a+b : [7.0000, 10.0000] |
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a-b : [3.0000, 4.0000] |
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a*11: [55.0000, 77.0000] |
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a/2 : [2.5000, 3.5000] |
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</pre> |
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=={{header|FreeBASIC}}== |
=={{header|FreeBASIC}}== |
Revision as of 21:56, 9 November 2016
- Task
Implement a Vector class (or a set of functions) that models a Physical Vector. The four basic operations and a pretty print function should be implemented.
The Vector may be initialized in any reasonable way.
- Start and end points, and direction
- Angular coefficient and value (length)
The four operations to be implemented are:
- Vector + Vector addition
- Vector - Vector subtraction
- Vector * scalar multiplication
- Vector / scalar division
ALGOL 68
<lang algol68># the standard mode COMPLEX is a two element vector # MODE VECTOR = COMPLEX;
- the operations required for the task plus many others are provided as standard for COMPLEX and REAL items #
- the two components are fields called "re" and "im" #
- we can define a "pretty-print" operator: #
- returns a formatted representation of the vector #
OP TOSTRING = ( VECTOR a )STRING: "[" + TOSTRING re OF a + ", " + TOSTRING im OF a + "]";
- returns a formtted representation of the scaler #
OP TOSTRING = ( REAL a )STRING: fixed( a, 0, 4 );
- test the operations #
VECTOR a = 5 I 7, b = 2 I 3; # note the use of the I operator to construct a COMPLEX from two scalers # print( ( "a+b : ", TOSTRING ( a + b ), newline ) ); print( ( "a-b : ", TOSTRING ( a - b ), newline ) ); print( ( "a*11: ", TOSTRING ( a * 11 ), newline ) ); print( ( "a/2 : ", TOSTRING ( a / 2 ), newline ) ) </lang>
- Output:
a+b : [7.0000, 10.0000] a-b : [3.0000, 4.0000] a*11: [55.0000, 77.0000] a/2 : [2.5000, 3.5000]
FreeBASIC
<lang freebasic>' FB 1.05.0 Win64
Type Vector
As Double x, y Declare Operator Cast() As String
End Type
Operator Vector.Cast() As String
Return "[" + Str(x) + ", " + Str(y) + "]"
End Operator
Operator + (vec1 As Vector, vec2 As Vector) As Vector
Return Type<Vector>(vec1.x + vec2.x, vec1.y + vec2.y)
End Operator
Operator - (vec1 As Vector, vec2 As Vector) As Vector
Return Type<Vector>(vec1.x - vec2.x, vec1.y - vec2.y)
End Operator
Operator * (vec As Vector, scalar As Double) As Vector
Return Type<Vector>(vec.x * scalar, vec.y * scalar)
End Operator
Operator / (vec As Vector, scalar As Double) As Vector
' No need to check for division by zero as we're using Doubles Return Type<Vector>(vec.x / scalar, vec.y / scalar)
End Operator
Dim v1 As Vector = (5, 7) Dim v2 As Vector = (2, 3) Print v1; " + "; v2; " = "; v1 + v2 Print v1; " - "; v2; " = "; v1 - v2 Print v1; " * "; 11; " = "; v1 * 11.0 Print v1; " / "; 2; " = "; v1 / 2.0 Print Print "Press any key to quit" Sleep</lang>
- Output:
[5, 7] + [2, 3] = [7, 10] [5, 7] - [2, 3] = [3, 4] [5, 7] * 11 = [55, 77] [5, 7] / 2 = [2.5, 3.5]
Go
<lang go>package main
import "fmt"
type vector []float64
func (v vector) add(v2 vector) vector {
r := make([]float64, len(v)) for i, vi := range v { r[i] = vi + v2[i] } return r
}
func (v vector) sub(v2 vector) vector {
r := make([]float64, len(v)) for i, vi := range v { r[i] = vi - v2[i] } return r
}
func (v vector) scalarMul(s float64) vector {
r := make([]float64, len(v)) for i, vi := range v { r[i] = vi * s } return r
}
func (v vector) scalarDiv(s float64) vector {
r := make([]float64, len(v)) for i, vi := range v { r[i] = vi / s } return r
}
func main() {
v1 := vector{5, 7} v2 := vector{2, 3} fmt.Println(v1.add(v2)) fmt.Println(v1.sub(v2)) fmt.Println(v1.scalarMul(11)) fmt.Println(v1.scalarDiv(2))
}</lang>
- Output:
[7 10] [3 4] [55 77] [2.5 3.5]
J
These are primitive (built in) operations in J:
<lang J> 5 7+2 3 7 10
5 7-2 3
3 4
5 7*11
55 77
5 7%2
2.5 3.5</lang>
A few things here might be worth noting:
J treats a sequences of space separated numbers as a single word, this is analogous to how languages which support a "string" data type support treating strings with spaces in them as single words. Put differently: '5 7' is a sequence of three characters but 5 7 (without the quotes) is a sequence of two numbers.
J uses the percent sign to represent division. This is a visual pun with the "division sign" or "obelus" which has been used to represent the division operation for hundreds of years.
In J, a single number (or single character) is special. It's not a treated as a sequence except in contexts where you explicitly declare it to be one (for example, by prefixing it with a comma). (If it were treated as a sequence the above 5 7*11
and 5 7%2
operations would have been errors, because of the vector length mis-match.)
It's perhaps also worth noting that J allows you to specify complex numbers using polar coordinates, and complex numbers can be converted to vectors using the special token (+.) - for example:
<lang J> 2ad45 1.41421j1.41421
+. 2ad45
1.41421 1.41421
2ar0.785398
1.41421j1.41421
+. 2ar0.785398
1.41421 1.41421</lang>
In the construction of these numeric constants, ad
is followed by an angle in degrees while ar
is followed by an angle in radians. This practice of embedding letters in a numeric constant is analogous to the use of exponential notation when describing some floating point numbers.
Java
<lang java>import java.util.Locale;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(new Vec2(5, 7).add(new Vec2(2, 3))); System.out.println(new Vec2(5, 7).sub(new Vec2(2, 3))); System.out.println(new Vec2(5, 7).mult(11)); System.out.println(new Vec2(5, 7).div(2)); }
}
class Vec2 {
final double x, y;
Vec2(double x, double y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; }
Vec2 add(Vec2 v) { return new Vec2(x + v.x, y + v.y); }
Vec2 sub(Vec2 v) { return new Vec2(x - v.x, y - v.y); }
Vec2 div(double val) { return new Vec2(x / val, y / val); }
Vec2 mult(double val) { return new Vec2(x * val, y * val); }
@Override public String toString() { return String.format(Locale.US, "[%s, %s]", x, y); }
}</lang>
[7.0, 10.0] [3.0, 4.0] [55.0, 77.0] [2.5, 3.5]
jq
In the following, the vector [x,y] is represented by the JSON array [x,y].
For generality, the pointwise operations (multiply, divide, negate) will work with conformal arrays of any dimension, and sum/0 accepts any number of same-dimensional vectors. <lang jq>def polar(r; angle):
[ r*(angle|cos), r*(angle|sin) ];
- If your jq allows multi-arity functions, you may wish to uncomment the following line:
- def polar(r): [r, 0];
def polar2vector: polar(.[0]; .[1]);
def vector(x; y):
if (x|type) == "number" and (y|type) == "number" then [x,y] else error("TypeError") end;
- Input: an array of same-dimensional vectors of any dimension to be added
def sum:
def sum2: .[0] as $a | .[1] as $b | reduce range(0;$a|length) as $i ($a; .[$i] += $b[$i]); if length <= 1 then . else reduce .[1:][] as $v (.[0] ; [., $v]|sum2) end;
def multiply(scalar): [ .[] * scalar ];
def negate: multiply(-1);
def minus(v): [., (v|negate)] | sum;
def divide(scalar):
if scalar == 0 then error("division of a vector by 0 is not supported") else [ .[] / scalar ] end;
def r: (.[0] | .*.) + (.[1] | .*.) | sqrt;
def atan2:
def pi: 1 | atan * 4; def sign: if . < 0 then -1 elif . > 0 then 1 else 0 end; .[0] as $x | .[1] as $y | if $x == 0 then $y | sign * pi / 2 else ($y / $x) | if $x > 0 then atan elif . > 0 then atan - pi else atan + pi end end;
def angle: atan2;
def topolar: [r, angle];</lang>
Examples <lang jq>def examples:
def pi: 1 | atan * 4;
[1,1] as $v | [3,4] as $w | polar(1; pi/2) as $z | polar(-2; pi/4) as $z2 | "v is \($v)", " w is \($w)", "v + w is \([$v, $w] | sum)", "v - w is \( $v |minus($w))", " - v is \( $v|negate )", "w * 5 is \($w | multiply(5))", "w / 2 is \($w | divide(2))", "v|topolar is \($v|topolar)", "w|topolar is \($w|topolar)", "z = polar(1; pi/2) is \($z)", "z|topolar is \($z|topolar)", "z2 = polar(-2; pi/4) is \($z2)", "z2|topolar is \($z2|topolar)", "z2|topolar|polar is \($z2|topolar|polar2vector)" ;
examples</lang>
- Output:
<lang sh>$ jq -r -n -f vector.jq v is [1,1]
w is [3,4]
v + w is [4,5] v - w is [-2,-3]
- v is [-1,-1]
w * 5 is [15,20] w / 2 is [1.5,2] v|topolar is [1.4142135623730951,0.7853981633974483] w|topolar is [5,0.9272952180016122] z = polar(1; pi/2) is [6.123233995736766e-17,1] z|topolar is [1,1.5707963267948966] z2 = polar(-2; pi/4) is [-1.4142135623730951,-1.414213562373095] z2|topolar is [2,-2.356194490192345] z2|topolar|polar is [-1.414213562373095,-1.4142135623730951]</lang>
Lua
<lang Lua>vector = {mt = {}}
function vector.new (x, y)
local new = {x = x or 0, y = y or 0} setmetatable(new, vector.mt) return new
end
function vector.mt.__add (v1, v2)
return vector.new(v1.x + v2.x, v1.y + v2.y)
end
function vector.mt.__sub (v1, v2)
return vector.new(v1.x - v2.x, v1.y - v2.y)
end
function vector.mt.__mul (v, s)
return vector.new(v.x * s, v.y * s)
end
function vector.mt.__div (v, s)
return vector.new(v.x / s, v.y / s)
end
function vector.print (vec)
print("(" .. vec.x .. ", " .. vec.y .. ")")
end
local a, b = vector.new(5, 7), vector.new(2, 3) vector.print(a + b) vector.print(a - b) vector.print(a * 11) vector.print(a / 2)</lang>
- Output:
(7, 10) (3, 4) (55, 77) (2.5, 3.5)
ooRexx
<lang oorexx>v=.vector~new(12,-3); Say "v=.vector~new(12,-3) =>" v~print v~ab(1,1,6,4); Say "v~ab(1,1,6,4) =>" v~print v~al(45,2); Say "v~al(45,2) =>" v~print w=v~'+'(v); Say "w=v~'+'(v) =>" w~print x=v~'-'(w); Say "x=v~'-'(w) =>" x~print y=x~'*'(3); Say "y=x~'*'(3) =>" y~print z=x~'/'(0.1); Say "z=x~'/'(0.1) =>" z~print
- class vector
- attribute x
- attribute y
- method init
Use Arg a,b self~x=a self~y=b
- method ab /* set vector from point (a,b) to point (c,d) */
Use Arg a,b,c,d self~x=c-a self~y=d-b
- method al /* set vector given angle a and length l */
Use Arg a,l self~x=l*rxCalccos(a) self~y=l*rxCalcsin(a)
- method '+' /* add: Return sum of self and argument */
Use Arg v x=self~x+v~x y=self~y+v~y res=.vector~new(x,y) Return res
- method '-' /* subtract: Return difference of self and argument */
Use Arg v x=self~x-v~x y=self~y-v~y res=.vector~new(x,y) Return res
- method '*' /* multiply: Return self multiplied by t */
Use Arg t x=self~x*t y=self~y*t res=.vector~new(x,y) Return res
- method '/' /* divide: Return self divided by t */
Use Arg t x=self~x/t y=self~y/t res=.vector~new(x,y) Return res
- method print /* prettyprint a vector */
return '['self~x','self~y']'
- requires rxMath Library</lang>
- Output:
v=.vector~new(12,-3) => [12,-3] v~ab(1,1,6,4) => [5,3] v~al(45,2) => [1.41421356,1.41421356] w=v~'+'(v) => [2.82842712,2.82842712] x=v~'-'(w) => [-1.41421356,-1.41421356] y=x~'*'(3) => [-4.24264068,-4.24264068] z=x~'/'(0.1) => [-14.1421356,-14.1421356]
Perl 6
<lang perl6>class Vector {
has Real $.x; has Real $.y;
multi submethod BUILD (:$!x!, :$!y!) { * } multi submethod BUILD (:$length!, :$angle!) { $!x = $length * cos $angle; $!y = $length * sin $angle; } multi submethod BUILD (:from([$x1, $y1])!, :to([$x2, $y2])!) { $!x = $x2 - $x1; $!y = $y2 - $y1; } method length { sqrt $.x ** 2 + $.y ** 2 } method angle { atan2 $.y, $.x } method add ($v) { Vector.new(x => $.x + $v.x, y => $.y + $v.y) } method subtract ($v) { Vector.new(x => $.x - $v.x, y => $.y - $v.y) } method multiply ($n) { Vector.new(x => $.x * $n, y => $.y * $n ) } method divide ($n) { Vector.new(x => $.x / $n, y => $.y / $n ) } method gist { "vec[$.x, $.y]" }
}
multi infix:<+> (Vector $v, Vector $w) is export { $v.add: $w } multi infix:<-> (Vector $v, Vector $w) is export { $v.subtract: $w } multi prefix:<-> (Vector $v) is export { $v.multiply: -1 } multi infix:<*> (Vector $v, $n) is export { $v.multiply: $n } multi infix:</> (Vector $v, $n) is export { $v.divide: $n }
- [ Usage example: ]#####
say my $u = Vector.new(x => 3, y => 4); #: vec[3, 4] say my $v = Vector.new(from => [1, 0], to => [2, 3]); #: vec[1, 3] say my $w = Vector.new(length => 1, angle => pi/4); #: vec[0.707106781186548, 0.707106781186547]
say $u.length; #: 5 say $u.angle * 180/pi; #: 53.130102354156
say $u + $v; #: vec[4, 7] say $u - $v; #: vec[2, 1] say -$u; #: vec[-3, -4] say $u * 10; #: vec[30, 40] say $u / 2; #: vec[1.5, 2]</lang>
PL/I
<lang pli>*process source attributes xref or(!);
vectors: Proc Options(main); Dcl (v,w,x,y,z) Dec Float(9) Complex; real(v)=12; imag(v)=-3; Put Edit(pp(v))(Skip,a); real(v)=6-1; imag(v)=4-1; Put Edit(pp(v))(Skip,a); real(v)=2*cosd(45); imag(v)=2*sind(45); Put Edit(pp(v))(Skip,a);
w=v+v; Put Edit(pp(w))(Skip,a); x=v-w; Put Edit(pp(x))(Skip,a); y=x*3; Put Edit(pp(y))(Skip,a); z=x/.1; Put Edit(pp(z))(Skip,a);
pp: Proc(c) Returns(Char(50) Var); Dcl c Dec Float(9) Complex; Dcl res Char(50) Var; Put String(res) Edit('[',real(c),',',imag(c),']') (3(a,f(9,5))); Return(res); End; End;</lang>
- Output:
[ 12.00000, -3.00000] [ 5.00000, 3.00000] [ 1.41421, 1.41421] [ 2.82843, 2.82843] [ -1.41421, -1.41421] [ -4.24264, -4.24264] [-14.14214,-14.14214]
PowerShell
A vector class is built in. <lang PowerShell>$V1 = New-Object System.Windows.Vector ( 2.5, 3.4 ) $V2 = New-Object System.Windows.Vector ( -6, 2 ) $V1 $V2 $V1 + $V2 $V1 - $V2 $V1 * 3 $V1 / 8</lang>
- Output:
X Y Length LengthSquared - - ------ ------------- 2.5 3.4 4.22018956920184 17.81 -6 2 6.32455532033676 40 -3.5 5.4 6.43506021727847 41.41 8.5 1.4 8.61452262171271 74.21 7.5 10.2 12.6605687076055 160.29 0.3125 0.425 0.52752369615023 0.27828125
Python
Implements a Vector Class that is initialized with origin, angular coefficient and value.
<lang python>class Vector:
def __init__(self,m,value): self.m = m self.value = value self.angle = math.degrees(math.atan(self.m)) self.x = self.value * math.sin(math.radians(self.angle)) self.y = self.value * math.cos(math.radians(self.angle))
def __add__(self,vector): """ >>> Vector(1,10) + Vector(1,2) Vector: - Angular coefficient: 1.0 - Angle: 45.0 degrees - Value: 12.0 - X component: 8.49 - Y component: 8.49 """ final_x = self.x + vector.x final_y = self.y + vector.y final_value = pytagoras(final_x,final_y) final_m = final_y / final_x return Vector(final_m,final_value)
def __neg__(self): return Vector(self.m,-self.value)
def __sub__(self,vector): return self + (- vector) def __mul__(self,scalar): """ >>> Vector(4,5) * 2 Vector: - Angular coefficient: 4 - Angle: 75.96 degrees - Value: 10 - X component: 9.7 - Y component: 2.43
""" return Vector(self.m,self.value*scalar)
def __div__(self,scalar): return self * (1 / scalar) def __repr__(self): """ Returns a nicely formatted list of the properties of the Vector.
>>> Vector(1,10) Vector: - Angular coefficient: 1 - Angle: 45.0 degrees - Value: 10 - X component: 7.07 - Y component: 7.07 """ return """Vector: - Angular coefficient: {} - Angle: {} degrees - Value: {} - X component: {} - Y component: {}""".format(self.m.__round__(2), self.angle.__round__(2), self.value.__round__(2), self.x.__round__(2), self.y.__round__(2))</lang>
Racket
We store internally only the x, y
components and calculate the norm, angle and slope on demand. We have two constructors one with (x,y)
and another with (slope, norm)
.
We use fl*
and fl/
to try to get the most sensible result for vertical vectors.
<lang Racket>#lang racket
(require racket/flonum)
(define (rad->deg x) (fl* 180. (fl/ (exact->inexact x) pi)))
- Custom printer
- no shared internal structures
(define (vec-print v port mode)
(write-string "Vec:\n" port) (write-string (format " -Slope: ~a\n" (vec-slope v)) port) (write-string (format " -Angle(deg): ~a\n" (rad->deg (vec-angle v))) port) (write-string (format " -Norm: ~a\n" (vec-norm v)) port) (write-string (format " -X: ~a\n" (vec-x v)) port) (write-string (format " -Y: ~a\n" (vec-y v)) port))
(struct vec (x y)
#:methods gen:custom-write [(define write-proc vec-print)])
- Alternative constructor
(define (vec/slope-norm s n)
(vec (* n (/ 1 (sqrt (+ 1 (sqr s))))) (* n (/ s (sqrt (+ 1 (sqr s)))))))
- Properties
(define (vec-norm v)
(sqrt (+ (sqr (vec-x v)) (sqr (vec-y v)))))
(define (vec-slope v)
(fl/ (exact->inexact (vec-y v)) (exact->inexact (vec-x v))))
(define (vec-angle v)
(atan (vec-y v) (vec-x v)))
- Operations
(define (vec+ v w)
(vec (+ (vec-x v) (vec-x w)) (+ (vec-y v) (vec-y w))))
(define (vec- v w)
(vec (- (vec-x v) (vec-x w)) (- (vec-y v) (vec-y w))))
(define (vec*e v l)
(vec (* (vec-x v) l) (* (vec-y v) l)))
(define (vec/e v l)
(vec (/ (vec-x v) l) (/ (vec-y v) l)))</lang>
Tests <lang Racket>(vec/slope-norm 1 10)
(vec/slope-norm 0 10)
(vec 3 4)
(vec 0 10)
(vec 10 0)
(vec+ (vec/slope-norm 1 10) (vec/slope-norm 1 2))
(vec*e (vec/slope-norm 4 5) 2)</lang>
- Output:
Vec: -Slope: 1.0 -Angle(deg): 45.0 -Norm: 10.0 -X: 7.071067811865475 -Y: 7.071067811865475 Vec: -Slope: 0.0 -Angle(deg): 0.0 -Norm: 10 -X: 10 -Y: 0 Vec: -Slope: 1.3333333333333333 -Angle(deg): 53.13010235415597 -Norm: 5 -X: 3 -Y: 4 Vec: -Slope: +inf.0 -Angle(deg): 90.0 -Norm: 10 -X: 0 -Y: 10 Vec: -Slope: 0.0 -Angle(deg): 0.0 -Norm: 10 -X: 10 -Y: 0 Vec: -Slope: 1.0 -Angle(deg): 45.0 -Norm: 11.999999999999998 -X: 8.48528137423857 -Y: 8.48528137423857 Vec: -Slope: 4.0 -Angle(deg): 75.96375653207353 -Norm: 10.000000000000002 -X: 2.42535625036333 -Y: 9.70142500145332
REXX
(Modeled after the J entry.)
Classic REXX has no trigonometric functions, so a minimal set is included here (needed to handle the sin and cos functions, along with angular conversion and normalization).
The angular part of the vector (when defining) is assumed to be in degrees for this program. <lang rexx>/*REXX program shows how to support math functions for vectors using functions*/ x = '(5, 7)' /*define the X vector: five and seven*/ y = '(2, 3)' /*define the Y vector: two and three*/ s1 = 11 /*define the s1 scalar: eleven */ s2 = 2 /*define the s2 scalar: two */ z = '(2, 45)' /*define vector of length 2, 45 degrees*/ call show 'define a vector (length,ºangle):', z , Vdef(z) call show 'addition (vector+vector):', x " + " y , Vadd(x,y) call show 'subtraction (vector-vector):', x " - " y , vsub(x,y) call show 'multiplication (Vector*scalar):', x " * " s1, Vmul(x,s1) call show 'division (vector/scalar):', x " ÷ " s2, Vdiv(x,s2) exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */ /*──────────────────────────────────one─liner subroutines─────────────────────*/ Vadd: procedure; arg a ',' b,c ',' d; call V#; return V$(a+c, b+d) Vsub: procedure; arg a ',' b,c ',' d; call V#; return V$(a-c, b-d) Vmul: procedure; arg a ',' b,c ',' d; call V#; return V$(ac-bd, bc+ad) Vdiv: procedure; arg a ',' b,c ',' d; call V#; return V$((ac+bd)/s, (bc-ad)/s) Vdef: procedure; arg a ',' b,c ',' d; call V#; return V$(a*sinD(b), a*cosD(b)) V_: arg __; return word(translate(__, , '{[(JI)]}') 0, 1) /*get # or 0*/ V$: parse arg r,c;_='['r; if c\=0 then _=_',' c; return _']' V#: a=V_(a);b=V_(b);c=V_(c);d=V_(d);ac=a*c;ad=a*d;bc=b*c;bd=b*d;s=c*c+d*d;return show: say right(arg(1),33) right(arg(2),20) ' ──► ' arg(3); return $fuzz: return min(arg(1), max(1, digits() - arg(2) ) ) cosD: return cos(d2r(arg(1))) sinD: return sin(d2r(d2d(arg(1)))) d2d: return arg(1) // 360 /*normalize degrees──►a unit circle. */ d2r: return r2r(d2d(arg(1))*pi()/180) /*convert degrees ──► radians. */ r2d: return d2d((arg(1)*180 /pi())) /*convert radians ──► degrees. */ r2r: return arg(1) // (pi()*2) /*normalize radians──►a unit circle. */ pi: pi=3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582; return pi /*──────────────────────────────────trigonometric subroutines─────────────────*/ cos: procedure; parse arg x; x=r2r(x); a=abs(x); numeric fuzz $fuzz(9,9)
if a=pi then return -1; if a=pi*.5 | a=pi*2 then return 0 return .sinCos(1, -1)
sin: procedure; parse arg x; x=r2r(x); numeric fuzz $fuzz(5,3)
if x=pi*.5 then return 1; if x==pi*1.5 then return -1 if abs(x)=pi | x=0 then return 0; return .sinCos(x, +1)
.sinCos: parse arg z 1 _,i; q=x*x
do k=2 by 2 until p=z; p=z; _=-_*q/(k*(k+i)); z=z+_; end /*k*/ return z</lang>
output
define a vector (length,ºangle): (2, 45) ──► [1.41421294, 1.41421356] addition (vector+vector): (5, 7) + (2, 3) ──► [7, 10] subtraction (vector-vector): (5, 7) - (2, 3) ──► [3, 4] multiplication (Vector*scalar): (5, 7) * 11 ──► [55, 77] division (vector/scalar): (5, 7) ÷ 2 ──► [2.5, 3.5]
Ruby
<lang ruby>class Vector
def self.polar(r, angle=0) new(r*Math.cos(angle), r*Math.sin(angle)) end attr_reader :x, :y def initialize(x, y) raise TypeError unless x.is_a?(Numeric) and y.is_a?(Numeric) @x, @y = x, y end def +(other) raise TypeError if self.class != other.class self.class.new(@x + other.x, @y + other.y) end def -@; self.class.new(-@x, -@y) end def -(other) self + (-other) end def *(scalar) raise TypeError unless scalar.is_a?(Numeric) self.class.new(@x * scalar, @y * scalar) end def /(scalar) raise TypeError unless scalar.is_a?(Numeric) and scalar.nonzero? self.class.new(@x / scalar, @y / scalar) end def r; @r ||= Math.hypot(@x, @y) end def angle; @angle ||= Math.atan2(@y, @x) end def polar; [r, angle] end def rect; [@x, @y] end def to_s; "#{self.class}#{[@x, @y]}" end alias inspect to_s
end
p v = Vector.new(1,1) #=> Vector[1, 1] p w = Vector.new(3,4) #=> Vector[3, 4] p v + w #=> Vector[4, 5] p v - w #=> Vector[-2, -3] p -v #=> Vector[-1, -1] p w * 5 #=> Vector[15, 20] p w / 2.0 #=> Vector[1.5, 2.0] p w.x #=> 3 p w.y #=> 4 p v.polar #=> [1.4142135623730951, 0.7853981633974483] p w.polar #=> [5.0, 0.9272952180016122] p z = Vector.polar(1, Math::PI/2) #=> Vector[6.123031769111886e-17, 1.0] p z.rect #=> [6.123031769111886e-17, 1.0] p z.polar #=> [1.0, 1.5707963267948966] p z = Vector.polar(-2, Math::PI/4) #=> Vector[-1.4142135623730951, -1.414213562373095] p z.polar #=> [2.0, -2.356194490192345]</lang>
Sidef
<lang ruby>class Vector(:args) {
has Number x has Number y
method init { if ([:x, :y] ~~ args) { x = args{:x} y = args{:y} } elsif ([:length, :angle] ~~ args) { x = args{:length}*args{:angle}.cos y = args{:length}*args{:angle}.sin } elsif ([:from, :to] ~~ args) { x = args{:to}[0]-args{:from}[0] y = args{:to}[1]-args{:from}[1] } else { die "Invalid arguments: #{args}" } }
method length { hypot(x, y) } method angle { atan2(y, x) }
method +(Vector v) { Vector(x => x + v.x, y => y + v.y) } method -(Vector v) { Vector(x => x - v.x, y => y - v.y) } method *(Number n) { Vector(x => x * n, y => y * n) } method /(Number n) { Vector(x => x / n, y => y / n) }
method neg { self * -1 } method to_s { "vec[#{x}, #{y}]" }
}
var u = Vector(x => 3, y => 4) var v = Vector(from => [1, 0], to => [2, 3]) var w = Vector(length => 1, angle => 45.deg2rad)
say u #: vec[3, 4] say v #: vec[1, 3] say w #: vec[0.70710678118654752440084436210485, 0.70710678118654752440084436210485]
say u.length #: 5 say u.angle.rad2deg #: 53.13010235415597870314438744090659
say u+v #: vec[4, 7] say u-v #: vec[2, 1] say -u #: vec[-3, -4] say u*10 #: vec[30, 40] say u/2 #: vec[1.5, 2]</lang>
Tcl
Good artists steal .. code .. from the great RS on Tcl'ers wiki. Seriously, this is a neat little procedure:
<lang Tcl>namespace path ::tcl::mathop proc vec {op a b} {
if {[llength $a] == 1 && [llength $b] == 1} { $op $a $b } elseif {[llength $a]==1} { lmap i $b {vec $op $a $i} } elseif {[llength $b]==1} { lmap i $a {vec $op $i $b} } elseif {[llength $a] == [llength $b]} { lmap i $a j $b {vec $op $i $j} } else {error "length mismatch [llength $a] != [llength $b]"}
}
proc polar {r t} {
list [expr {$r * cos($t)}] [expr {$r * sin($t)}]
}
proc check {cmd res} {
set r [uplevel 1 $cmd] if {$r eq $res} { puts "Ok! $cmd \t = $res" } else { puts "ERROR: $cmd = $r \t expected $res" }
}
check {vec + {5 7} {2 3}} {7 10} check {vec - {5 7} {2 3}} {3 4} check {vec * {5 7} 11} {55 77} check {vec / {5 7} 2.0} {2.5 3.5} check {polar 2 0.785398} {1.41421 1.41421}</lang>
The tests are taken from J's example:
- Output:
Ok! vec + {5 7} {2 3} = 7 10 Ok! vec - {5 7} {2 3} = 3 4 Ok! vec * {5 7} 11 = 55 77 Ok! vec / {5 7} 2.0 = 2.5 3.5 ERROR: polar 2 0.785398 = 1.4142137934519636 1.4142133312941887 expected 1.41421 1.41421
the polar calculation gives more than 6 digits of precision, and tests our error handling ;-).
zkl
This uses polar coordinates for everything (radians for storage, degrees for i/o), converting to (x,y) on demand. Math is done in place rather than generating a new vector. Using the builtin polar/rectangular conversions keeps the vectors normalized. <lang zkl>class Vector{
var length,angle; // polar coordinates, radians fcn init(length,angle){ // angle in degrees self.length,self.angle = vm.arglist.apply("toFloat"); self.angle=self.angle.toRad(); } fcn toXY{ length.toRectangular(angle) } // math is done in place fcn __opAdd(vector){ x1,y1:=toXY(); x2,y2:=vector.toXY(); length,angle=(x1+x2).toPolar(y1+y2); self } fcn __opSub(vector){ x1,y1:=toXY(); x2,y2:=vector.toXY(); length,angle=(x1-x2).toPolar(y1-y2); self } fcn __opMul(len){ length*=len; self } fcn __opDiv(len){ length/=len; self } fcn print(msg=""){
- <<<
"Vector%s:
Length: %f Angle: %f\Ub0; X: %f Y: %f"
- <<<
.fmt(msg,length,angle.toDeg(),length.toRectangular(angle).xplode()) .println(); } fcn toString{ "Vector(%f,%f\Ub0;)".fmt(length,angle.toDeg()) }
}</lang> <lang zkl>Vector(2,45).println(); Vector(2,45).print(" create"); (Vector(2,45) * 2).print(" *"); (Vector(4,90) / 2).print(" /"); (Vector(2,45) + Vector(2,45)).print(" +"); (Vector(4,45) - Vector(2,45)).print(" -");</lang>
- Output:
Vector(2.000000,45.000000°) Vector create: Length: 2.000000 Angle: 45.000000° X: 1.414214 Y: 1.414214 Vector *: Length: 4.000000 Angle: 45.000000° X: 2.828427 Y: 2.828427 Vector /: Length: 2.000000 Angle: 90.000000° X: 0.000000 Y: 2.000000 Vector +: Length: 4.000000 Angle: 45.000000° X: 2.828427 Y: 2.828427 Vector -: Length: 2.000000 Angle: 45.000000° X: 1.414214 Y: 1.414214