UTF-8 encode and decode
As described in UTF-8 and in Wikipedia, UTF-8 is a popular encoding of (multi-byte) Unicode code-points into eight-bit octets.
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
The goal of this task is to write a encoder that takes a unicode code-point (an integer representing a unicode character) and returns a sequence of 1-4 bytes representing that character in the UTF-8 encoding.
Then you have to write the corresponding decoder that takes a sequence of 1-4 UTF-8 encoded bytes and return the corresponding unicode character.
Demonstrate the functionality of your encoder and decoder on the following five characters:
Character Name Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A U+0041 41 ö LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS U+00F6 C3 B6 Ж CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE U+0416 D0 96 € EURO SIGN U+20AC E2 82 AC 𝄞 MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF U+1D11E F0 9D 84 9E
Provided below is a reference implementation in Common Lisp.
8th
<lang 8th> hex \ so bytes print nicely
[
"\u0041", "\u00F6", "\u0416", "\u20AC"
] \ add the 0x1D11E one; the '\u' string notation requires four hex digits
"" 1D11E s:+ a:push
\ for each test, print it out and its bytes: (
dup . space b:new ( . space drop ) b:each cr
) a:each! drop
cr \ now the inverse: [
[41], [C3,B6], [D0,96], [E2,82,AC], [$F0,9D,84,9E]
]
(
dup . space b:new >s . cr
) a:each! drop
bye </lang>
Output:
A 41 ö c3 b6 Ж d0 96 € e2 82 ac 𝄞 f0 9d 84 9e [41] A [c3,b6] ö [d0,96] Ж [e2,82,ac] € [f0,9d,84,9e] 𝄞
Ada
<lang Ada>with Ada.Strings.Fixed; use Ada.Strings.Fixed; with Ada.Strings.UTF_Encoding.Wide_Wide_Strings; with Ada.Integer_Text_IO; with Ada.Text_IO; with Ada.Wide_Wide_Text_IO;
procedure UTF8_Encode_And_Decode is
package TIO renames Ada.Text_IO; package WWTIO renames Ada.Wide_Wide_Text_IO; package WWS renames Ada.Strings.UTF_Encoding.Wide_Wide_Strings;
function To_Hex
(i : in Integer;
width : in Natural := 0;
fill : in Character := '0') return String
is
holder : String(1 .. 20);
begin
Ada.Integer_Text_IO.Put(holder, i, 16);
declare
hex : constant String := holder(Index(holder, "#")+1 .. holder'Last-1);
filled : String := Natural'Max(width, hex'Length) * fill;
begin
filled(filled'Last - hex'Length + 1 .. filled'Last) := hex;
return filled;
end;
end To_Hex;
input : constant Wide_Wide_String := "AöЖ€𝄞";
begin
TIO.Put_Line("Character Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex)");
TIO.Put_Line(43 * '-');
for WWC of input loop
WWTIO.Put(WWC & " ");
declare
filled : String := 11 * ' ';
unicode : constant String := "U+" & To_Hex(Wide_Wide_Character'Pos(WWC), width => 4);
utf8_string : constant String := WWS.Encode((1 => WWC));
begin
filled(filled'First .. filled'First + unicode'Length - 1) := unicode;
TIO.Put(filled);
for C of utf8_string loop
TIO.Put(To_Hex(Character'Pos(C)) & " ");
end loop;
TIO.New_Line;
end;
end loop;
end UTF8_Encode_And_Decode;</lang>
- Output:
Character Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex) ------------------------------------------- A U+0041 41 ö U+00F6 C3 B6 Ж U+0416 D0 96 € U+20AC E2 82 AC 𝄞 U+1D11E F0 9D 84 9E
C
<lang C>
- include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <inttypes.h>
typedef struct { char mask; /* char data will be bitwise AND with this */ char lead; /* start bytes of current char in utf-8 encoded character */ uint32_t beg; /* beginning of codepoint range */ uint32_t end; /* end of codepoint range */ int bits_stored; /* the number of bits from the codepoint that fits in char */ }utf_t;
utf_t * utf[] = { /* mask lead beg end bits */ [0] = &(utf_t){0b00111111, 0b10000000, 0, 0, 6 }, [1] = &(utf_t){0b01111111, 0b00000000, 0000, 0177, 7 }, [2] = &(utf_t){0b00011111, 0b11000000, 0200, 03777, 5 }, [3] = &(utf_t){0b00001111, 0b11100000, 04000, 0177777, 4 }, [4] = &(utf_t){0b00000111, 0b11110000, 0200000, 04177777, 3 }, &(utf_t){0}, };
/* All lengths are in bytes */ int codepoint_len(const uint32_t cp); /* len of associated utf-8 char */ int utf8_len(const char ch); /* len of utf-8 encoded char */
char *to_utf8(const uint32_t cp); uint32_t to_cp(const char chr[4]);
int codepoint_len(const uint32_t cp) { int len = 0; for(utf_t **u = utf; *u; ++u) { if((cp >= (*u)->beg) && (cp <= (*u)->end)) { break; } ++len; } if(len > 4) /* Out of bounds */ exit(1);
return len; }
int utf8_len(const char ch) { int len = 0; for(utf_t **u = utf; *u; ++u) { if((ch & ~(*u)->mask) == (*u)->lead) { break; } ++len; } if(len > 4) { /* Malformed leading byte */ exit(1); } return len; }
char *to_utf8(const uint32_t cp) { static char ret[5]; const int bytes = codepoint_len(cp);
int shift = utf[0]->bits_stored * (bytes - 1); ret[0] = (cp >> shift & utf[bytes]->mask) | utf[bytes]->lead; shift -= utf[0]->bits_stored; for(int i = 1; i < bytes; ++i) { ret[i] = (cp >> shift & utf[0]->mask) | utf[0]->lead; shift -= utf[0]->bits_stored; } ret[bytes] = '\0'; return ret; }
uint32_t to_cp(const char chr[4]) { int bytes = utf8_len(*chr); int shift = utf[0]->bits_stored * (bytes - 1); uint32_t codep = (*chr++ & utf[bytes]->mask) << shift;
for(int i = 1; i < bytes; ++i, ++chr) { shift -= utf[0]->bits_stored; codep |= ((char)*chr & utf[0]->mask) << shift; }
return codep; }
int main(void) { const uint32_t *in, input[] = {0x0041, 0x00f6, 0x0416, 0x20ac, 0x1d11e, 0x0};
printf("Character Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex)\n"); printf("----------------------------------------\n");
char *utf8; uint32_t codepoint; for(in = input; *in; ++in) { utf8 = to_utf8(*in); codepoint = to_cp(utf8); printf("%s U+%-7.4x", utf8, codepoint);
for(int i = 0; utf8[i] && i < 4; ++i) { printf("%hhx ", utf8[i]); } printf("\n"); } return 0; } </lang> Output <lang> Character Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex)
A U+0041 41 ö U+00f6 c3 b6 Ж U+0416 d0 96 € U+20ac e2 82 ac 𝄞 U+1d11e f0 9d 84 9e
</lang>
Common Lisp
Helper functions
<lang lisp> (defun ascii-byte-p (octet)
"Return t if octet is a single-byte 7-bit ASCII char.
The most significant bit is 0, so the allowed pattern is 0xxx xxxx."
(assert (typep octet 'integer))
(assert (<= (integer-length octet) 8))
(let ((bitmask #b10000000)
(template #b00000000))
;; bitwise and the with the bitmask #b11000000 to extract the first two bits.
;; check if the first two bits are equal to the template #b10000000.
(= (logand bitmask octet) template)))
(defun multi-byte-p (octet)
"Return t if octet is a part of a multi-byte UTF-8 sequence.
The multibyte pattern is 1xxx xxxx. A multi-byte can be either a lead byte or a trail byte."
(assert (typep octet 'integer))
(assert (<= (integer-length octet) 8))
(let ((bitmask #b10000000)
(template #b10000000))
;; bitwise and the with the bitmask #b11000000 to extract the first two bits.
;; check if the first two bits are equal to the template #b10000000.
(= (logand bitmask octet) template)))
(defun lead-byte-p (octet)
"Return t if octet is one of the leading bytes of an UTF-8 sequence, nil otherwise.
Allowed leading byte patterns are 0xxx xxxx, 110x xxxx, 1110 xxxx and 1111 0xxx."
(assert (typep octet 'integer))
(assert (<= (integer-length octet) 8))
(let ((bitmasks (list #b10000000 #b11100000 #b11110000 #b11111000))
(templates (list #b00000000 #b11000000 #b11100000 #b11110000)))
(some #'(lambda (a b) (= (logand a octet) b)) bitmasks templates)))
(defun n-trail-bytes (octet)
"Take a leading utf-8 byte, return the number of continuation bytes 1-3."
(assert (typep octet 'integer))
(assert (<= (integer-length octet) 8))
(let ((bitmasks (list #b10000000 #b11100000 #b11110000 #b11111000))
(templates (list #b00000000 #b11000000 #b11100000 #b11110000)))
(loop for i from 0 to 3
when (= (nth i templates) (logand (nth i bitmasks) octet))
return i)))
</lang>
Encoder
<lang lisp> (defun unicode-to-utf-8 (int)
"Take a unicode code point, return a list of one to four UTF-8 encoded bytes (octets)."
(assert (<= (integer-length int) 21))
(let ((n-trail-bytes (cond ((<= #x00000 int #x00007F) 0)
((<= #x00080 int #x0007FF) 1)
((<= #x00800 int #x00FFFF) 2)
((<= #x10000 int #x10FFFF) 3)))
(lead-templates (list #b00000000 #b11000000 #b11100000 #b11110000))
(trail-template #b10000000)
;; number of content bits in the lead byte.
(n-lead-bits (list 7 5 4 3))
;; number of content bits in the trail byte.
(n-trail-bits 6)
;; list to put the UTF-8 encoded bytes in.
(byte-list nil))
(if (= n-trail-bytes 0)
;; if we need 0 trail bytes, ist just an ascii single byte.
(push int byte-list)
(progn
;; if we need more than one byte, first fill the trail bytes with 6 bits each.
(loop for i from 0 to (1- n-trail-bytes)
do (push (+ trail-template
(ldb (byte n-trail-bits (* i n-trail-bits)) int))
byte-list))
;; then copy the remaining content bytes to the lead byte.
(push (+ (nth n-trail-bytes lead-templates)
(ldb (byte (nth n-trail-bytes n-lead-bits) (* n-trail-bytes n-trail-bits)) int))
byte-list)))
;; return the list of UTF-8 encoded bytes.
byte-list))
</lang>
Decoder
<lang lisp> (defun utf-8-to-unicode (byte-list)
"Take a list of one to four utf-8 encoded bytes (octets), return a code point."
(let ((b1 (car byte-list)))
(cond ((ascii-byte-p b1) b1) ; if a single byte, just return it.
((multi-byte-p b1)
(if (lead-byte-p b1)
(let ((n (n-trail-bytes b1))
;; Content bits we want to extract from each lead byte.
(lead-templates (list #b01111111 #b00011111 #b00001111 #b00000111))
;; Content bits we want to extract from each trail byte.
(trail-template #b00111111))
(if (= n (1- (list-length byte-list)))
;; add lead byte
(+ (ash (logand (nth 0 byte-list) (nth n lead-templates)) (* 6 n))
;; and the trail bytes
(loop for i from 1 to n sum
(ash (logand (nth i byte-list) trail-template) (* 6 (- n i)))))
(error "calculated number of bytes doesnt match the length of the byte list")))
(error "first byte in the list isnt a lead byte"))))))
</lang>
The test
<lang lisp> (defun test-utf-8 ()
"Return t if the chosen unicode points are encoded and decoded correctly."
(let* ((unicodes-orig (list 65 246 1046 8364 119070))
(unicodes-test (mapcar #'(lambda (x) (utf-8-to-unicode (unicode-to-utf-8 x)))
unicodes-orig)))
(mapcar #'(lambda (x)
(format t
"character ~A, code point: ~6x, utf-8: ~{~x ~}~%"
(code-char x)
x
(unicode-to-utf-8 x)))
unicodes-orig)
;; return t if all are t
(every #'= unicodes-orig unicodes-test)))
</lang>
Test output
<lang lisp> CL-USER> (test-utf-8) character A, code point: 41, utf-8: 41 character ö, code point: F6, utf-8: C3 B6 character Ж, code point: 416, utf-8: D0 96 character €, code point: 20AC, utf-8: E2 82 AC character 𝄞, code point: 1D11E, utf-8: F0 9D 84 9E T </lang>
D
<lang D>import std.conv; import std.stdio;
immutable CHARS = ["A","ö","Ж","€","𝄞"];
void main() {
writeln("Character Code-Point Code-Units");
foreach (c; CHARS) {
auto bytes = cast(ubyte[]) c; //The raw bytes of a character can be accessed by casting
auto unicode = cast(uint) to!dstring(c)[0]; //Convert from a UTF8 string to a UTF32 string, and cast the first character to a number
writefln("%s %7X [%(%X, %)]", c, unicode, bytes);
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Character Code-Point Code-Units A 41 [41] ö F6 [C3, B6] Ж 416 [D0, 96] € 20AC [E2, 82, AC] 𝄞 1D11E [F0, 9D, 84, 9E]
Elena
ELENA 4.x : <lang elena>import system'routines; import extensions;
extension op : String {
string printAsString()
{
console.print(self," ")
}
string printAsUTF8Array()
{
self.toByteArray().forEach:(b){ console.print(b.toString(16)," ") }
}
string printAsUTF32()
{
self.toArray().forEach:(c){ console.print("U+",c.toInt().toString(16)," ") }
}
}
public program() {
"A".printAsString().printAsUTF8Array().printAsUTF32(); console.printLine(); "ö".printAsString().printAsUTF8Array().printAsUTF32(); console.printLine(); "Ж".printAsString().printAsUTF8Array().printAsUTF32(); console.printLine(); "€".printAsString().printAsUTF8Array().printAsUTF32(); console.printLine(); "𝄞".printAsString().printAsUTF8Array().printAsUTF32(); console.printLine();
}</lang>
- Output:
A 41 U+41 ö C3 B6 U+F6 Ж D0 96 U+416 € E2 82 AC U+20AC 𝄞 F0 9D 84 9E U+1D11E
F#
<lang fsharp> // Unicode character point to UTF8. Nigel Galloway: March 19th., 2018 let fN g = match List.findIndex (fun n->n>g) [0x80;0x800;0x10000;0x110000] with
|0->[g]
|1->[0xc0+(g&&&0x7c0>>>6);0x80+(g&&&0x3f)]
|2->[0xe0+(g&&&0xf000>>>12);0x80+(g&&&0xfc0>>>6);0x80+(g&&&0x3f)]
|_->[0xf0+(g&&&0x1c0000>>>18);0x80+(g&&&0x3f000>>>12);0x80+(g&&&0xfc0>>>6);0x80+(g&&&0x3f)]
</lang>
- Output:
for n in fN 0x41 do printf "%x " n -> 41 for n in fN 0xf6 do printf "%x " n -> c3 b6 for n in fN 0x416 do printf "%x " n -> d0 96 for n in fN 0x20ac do printf "%x " n -> e2 82 ac for n in fN 0x1d11e do printf "%x " n -> f0 9d 84 9e
Forth
Forth-2012 includes the words xc!+ and xc@+ that convert code point numbers into bytes and vice versa, respectively, for the encoding the system is using. If the system uses UTF-8 (e.g., in Gforth, if it is started in a UTF-8 environment), this converts between code point number and UTF-8.
So the following code just uses these words to perform the tests.
<lang forth>: showbytes ( c-addr u -- )
over + swap ?do
i c@ 3 .r loop ;
- test {: xc -- :}
xc xemit xc 6 .r xc pad xc!+ pad tuck - ( c-addr u ) 2dup showbytes drop xc@+ xc <> abort" test failed" drop cr ;
hex $41 test $f6 test $416 test $20ac test $1d11e test \ can also be written as \ 'A' test 'ö' test 'Ж' test '€' test '𝄞' test </lang>
- Output:
A 41 41 ö F6 C3 B6 Ж 416 D0 96 € 20AC E2 82 AC 𝄞 1D11E F0 9D 84 9E
If you also want to see the implementation of xc!+ and xc@+, here it is (u8!+ is the UTF-8 implementation of xc!+, and likewise for u8@+):
<lang forth>-77 Constant UTF-8-err
$80 Constant max-single-byte
- u8@+ ( u8addr -- u8addr' u )
count dup max-single-byte u< ?EXIT \ special case ASCII dup $C2 u< IF UTF-8-err throw THEN \ malformed character $7F and $40 >r BEGIN dup r@ and WHILE r@ xor
6 lshift r> 5 lshift >r >r count dup $C0 and $80 <> IF UTF-8-err throw THEN $3F and r> or
REPEAT rdrop ;
- u8!+ ( u u8addr -- u8addr' )
over max-single-byte u< IF tuck c! 1+ EXIT THEN \ special case ASCII >r 0 swap $3F BEGIN 2dup u> WHILE
2/ >r dup $3F and $80 or swap 6 rshift r>
REPEAT $7F xor 2* or r> BEGIN over $80 u>= WHILE tuck c! 1+ REPEAT nip ;
</lang>
Go
Implementation
This implementation is missing all checks for invalid data and so is not production-ready, but illustrates the basic UTF-8 encoding scheme. <lang go>package main
import (
"bytes" "encoding/hex" "fmt" "log" "strings"
)
var testCases = []struct {
rune string
}{
{'A', "41"},
{'ö', "C3 B6"},
{'Ж', "D0 96"},
{'€', "E2 82 AC"},
{'𝄞', "F0 9D 84 9E"},
}
func main() {
for _, tc := range testCases {
// derive some things from test data
u := fmt.Sprintf("U+%04X", tc.rune)
b, err := hex.DecodeString(strings.Replace(tc.string, " ", "", -1))
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("bad test data")
}
// exercise encoder and decoder on test data
e := encodeUTF8(tc.rune)
d := decodeUTF8(b)
// show function return values
fmt.Printf("%c %-7s %X\n", d, u, e)
// validate return values against test data
if !bytes.Equal(e, b) {
log.Fatal("encodeUTF8 wrong")
}
if d != tc.rune {
log.Fatal("decodeUTF8 wrong")
}
}
}
const (
// first byte of a 2-byte encoding starts 110 and carries 5 bits of data b2Lead = 0xC0 // 1100 0000 b2Mask = 0x1F // 0001 1111
// first byte of a 3-byte encoding starts 1110 and carries 4 bits of data b3Lead = 0xE0 // 1110 0000 b3Mask = 0x0F // 0000 1111
// first byte of a 4-byte encoding starts 11110 and carries 3 bits of data b4Lead = 0xF0 // 1111 0000 b4Mask = 0x07 // 0000 0111
// non-first bytes start 10 and carry 6 bits of data mbLead = 0x80 // 1000 0000 mbMask = 0x3F // 0011 1111
)
func encodeUTF8(r rune) []byte {
switch i := uint32(r); {
case i <= 1<<7-1: // max code point that encodes into a single byte
return []byte{byte(r)}
case i <= 1<<11-1: // into two bytes
return []byte{
b2Lead | byte(r>>6),
mbLead | byte(r)&mbMask}
case i <= 1<<16-1: // three
return []byte{
b3Lead | byte(r>>12),
mbLead | byte(r>>6)&mbMask,
mbLead | byte(r)&mbMask}
default:
return []byte{
b4Lead | byte(r>>18),
mbLead | byte(r>>12)&mbMask,
mbLead | byte(r>>6)&mbMask,
mbLead | byte(r)&mbMask}
}
}
func decodeUTF8(b []byte) rune {
switch b0 := b[0]; {
case b0 < 0x80:
return rune(b0)
case b0 < 0xE0:
return rune(b0&b2Mask)<<6 |
rune(b[1]&mbMask)
case b0 < 0xF0:
return rune(b0&b3Mask)<<12 |
rune(b[1]&mbMask)<<6 |
rune(b[2]&mbMask)
default:
return rune(b0&b4Mask)<<18 |
rune(b[1]&mbMask)<<12 |
rune(b[2]&mbMask)<<6 |
rune(b[3]&mbMask)
}
}</lang>
- Output:
A U+0041 41 ö U+00F6 C3B6 Ж U+0416 D096 € U+20AC E282AC 𝄞 U+1D11E F09D849E
Library/language
<lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "unicode/utf8"
)
func utf8encode(codepoint rune) []byte {
buffer := make([]byte, 4) length := utf8.EncodeRune(buffer, codepoint) return buffer[:length]
}
func utf8decode(bytes []byte) rune {
result, _ := utf8.DecodeRune(bytes) return result
}
func main() {
fmt.Printf("%-7s %7s\t%s\t%s\n", "Char", "Unicode", "UTF-8 encoded", "Decoded");
for _, codepoint := range []rune{'A', 'ö', 'Ж', '€', '𝄞'} {
encoded := utf8encode(codepoint)
decoded := utf8decode(encoded)
fmt.Printf("%-7c U+%04X\t%-12X\t%c\n", codepoint, codepoint, encoded, decoded)
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Char Unicode UTF-8 encoded Decoded A U+0041 41 A ö U+00F6 C3B6 ö Ж U+0416 D096 Ж € U+20AC E282AC € 𝄞 U+1D11E F09D849E 𝄞
Alternately: <lang go>package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func utf8encode(codepoint rune) []byte {
return []byte(string([]rune{codepoint}))
}
func utf8decode(bytes []byte) rune {
return []rune(string(bytes))[0]
}
func main() {
fmt.Printf("%-7s %7s\t%s\t%s\n", "Char", "Unicode", "UTF-8 encoded", "Decoded");
for _, codepoint := range []rune{'A', 'ö', 'Ж', '€', '𝄞'} {
encoded := utf8encode(codepoint)
decoded := utf8decode(encoded)
fmt.Printf("%-7c U+%04X\t%-12X\t%c\n", codepoint, codepoint, encoded, decoded)
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Char Unicode UTF-8 encoded Decoded A U+0041 41 A ö U+00F6 C3B6 ö Ж U+0416 D096 Ж € U+20AC E282AC € 𝄞 U+1D11E F09D849E 𝄞
Groovy
<lang groovy>import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets
class UTF8EncodeDecode {
static byte[] utf8encode(int codePoint) {
char[] characters = [codePoint]
new String(characters, 0, 1).getBytes StandardCharsets.UTF_8
}
static int utf8decode(byte[] bytes) {
new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8).codePointAt(0)
}
static void main(String[] args) {
printf "%-7s %-43s %7s\t%s\t%7s%n", "Char", "Name", "Unicode", "UTF-8 encoded", "Decoded"
([0x0041, 0x00F6, 0x0416, 0x20AC, 0x1D11E]).each { int codePoint ->
byte[] encoded = utf8encode codePoint
Formatter formatter = new Formatter()
encoded.each { byte b ->
formatter.format "%02X ", b
}
String encodedHex = formatter.toString()
int decoded = utf8decode encoded
printf "%-7c %-43s U+%04X\t%-12s\tU+%04X%n", codePoint, Character.getName(codePoint), codePoint, encodedHex, decoded
}
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Char Name Unicode UTF-8 encoded Decoded A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A U+0041 41 U+0041 ö LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS U+00F6 C3 B6 U+00F6 Ж CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE U+0416 D0 96 U+0416 € EURO SIGN U+20AC E2 82 AC U+20AC 𝄞 MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF U+1D11E ED 84 9E U+D11E
Haskell
Example makes use of bytestring and text packages:
<lang haskell>module Main (main) where
import qualified Data.ByteString as ByteString (pack, unpack) import Data.Char (chr, ord) import Data.Foldable (for_) import Data.List (intercalate) import qualified Data.Text as Text (head, singleton) import qualified Data.Text.Encoding as Text (decodeUtf8, encodeUtf8) import Text.Printf (printf)
encodeCodepoint :: Int -> [Int] encodeCodepoint = map fromIntegral . ByteString.unpack . Text.encodeUtf8 . Text.singleton . chr
decodeToCodepoint :: [Int] -> Int decodeToCodepoint = ord . Text.head . Text.decodeUtf8 . ByteString.pack . map fromIntegral
main :: IO () main = do
putStrLn "Character Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex) Decoded"
putStrLn "-------------------------------------------------"
for_ [0x0041, 0x00F6, 0x0416, 0x20AC, 0x1D11E] $ \codepoint -> do
let values = encodeCodepoint codepoint
codepoint' = decodeToCodepoint values
putStrLn $ printf "%c %-7s %-20s %c"
codepoint
(printf "U+%04X" codepoint :: String)
(intercalate " " (map (printf "%02X") values))
codepoint'</lang>
- Output:
Character Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex) Decoded ------------------------------------------------- A U+0041 41 A ö U+00F6 C3 B6 ö Ж U+0416 D0 96 Ж € U+20AC E2 82 AC € 𝄞 U+1D11E F0 9D 84 9E 𝄞
J
Solution: <lang j>utf8=: 8&u: NB. converts to UTF-8 from unicode or unicode codepoint integer ucp=: 9&u: NB. converts to unicode from UTF-8 or unicode codepoint integer ucp_hex=: hfd@(3 u: ucp) NB. converts to unicode codepoint hexadecimal from UTF-8, unicode or unicode codepoint integer</lang>
Examples: <lang j> utf8 65 246 1046 8364 119070 AöЖ€𝄞
ucp 65 246 1046 8364 119070
AöЖ€𝄞
ucp 'AöЖ€𝄞'
AöЖ€𝄞
utf8 ucp 65 246 1046 8364 119070
AöЖ€𝄞
ucp_hex utf8 65 246 1046 8364 119070
00041 000f6 00416 020ac 1d11e
utf8@dfh ucp_hex utf8 65 246 1046 8364 119070
AöЖ€𝄞</lang>
Java
<lang java>import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.util.Formatter;
public class UTF8EncodeDecode {
public static byte[] utf8encode(int codepoint) {
return new String(new int[]{codepoint}, 0, 1).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
}
public static int utf8decode(byte[] bytes) {
return new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8).codePointAt(0);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.printf("%-7s %-43s %7s\t%s\t%7s%n",
"Char", "Name", "Unicode", "UTF-8 encoded", "Decoded");
for (int codepoint : new int[]{0x0041, 0x00F6, 0x0416, 0x20AC, 0x1D11E}) {
byte[] encoded = utf8encode(codepoint);
Formatter formatter = new Formatter();
for (byte b : encoded) {
formatter.format("%02X ", b);
}
String encodedHex = formatter.toString();
int decoded = utf8decode(encoded);
System.out.printf("%-7c %-43s U+%04X\t%-12s\tU+%04X%n",
codepoint, Character.getName(codepoint), codepoint, encodedHex, decoded);
}
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Char Name Unicode UTF-8 encoded Decoded A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A U+0041 41 A ö LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS U+00F6 C3 B6 ö Ж CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE U+0416 D0 96 Ж € EURO SIGN U+20AC E2 82 AC € 𝄞 MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF U+1D11E F0 9D 84 9E 𝄞
JavaScript
An implementation in ECMAScript 2015 (ES6): <lang javascript> /***************************************************************************\ |* Pure UTF-8 handling without detailed error reporting functionality. *| |***************************************************************************| |* utf8encode *| |* < String character or UInt32 code point *| |* > Uint8Array encoded_character *| |* | ErrorString *| |* *| |* utf8encode takes a string or uint32 representing a single code point *| |* as its argument and returns an array of length 1 up to 4 containing *| |* utf8 code units representing that character. *| |***************************************************************************| |* utf8decode *| |* < Unit8Array [highendbyte highmidendbyte lowmidendbyte lowendbyte] *| |* > uint32 character *| |* | ErrorString *| |* *| |* utf8decode takes an array of one to four uint8 representing utf8 code *| |* units and returns a uint32 representing that code point. *| \***************************************************************************/
const
utf8encode=
n=>
(m=>
m<0x80
?Uint8Array.from(
[ m>>0&0x7f|0x00])
:m<0x800
?Uint8Array.from(
[ m>>6&0x1f|0xc0,m>>0&0x3f|0x80])
:m<0x10000
?Uint8Array.from(
[ m>>12&0x0f|0xe0,m>>6&0x3f|0x80,m>>0&0x3f|0x80])
:m<0x110000
?Uint8Array.from(
[ m>>18&0x07|0xf0,m>>12&0x3f|0x80,m>>6&0x3f|0x80,m>>0&0x3f|0x80])
:(()=>{throw'Invalid Unicode Code Point!'})())
( typeof n==='string'
?n.codePointAt(0)
:n&0x1fffff),
utf8decode=
([m,n,o,p])=>
m<0x80
?( m&0x7f)<<0
:0xc1<m&&m<0xe0&&n===(n&0xbf)
?( m&0x1f)<<6|( n&0x3f)<<0
:( m===0xe0&&0x9f<n&&n<0xc0
||0xe0<m&&m<0xed&&0x7f<n&&n<0xc0
||m===0xed&&0x7f<n&&n<0xa0
||0xed<m&&m<0xf0&&0x7f<n&&n<0xc0)
&&o===o&0xbf
?( m&0x0f)<<12|( n&0x3f)<<6|( o&0x3f)<<0
:( m===0xf0&&0x8f<n&&n<0xc0
||m===0xf4&&0x7f<n&&n<0x90
||0xf0<m&&m<0xf4&&0x7f<n&&n<0xc0)
&&o===o&0xbf&&p===p&0xbf
?( m&0x07)<<18|( n&0x3f)<<12|( o&0x3f)<<6|( p&0x3f)<<0
:(()=>{throw'Invalid UTF-8 encoding!'})()
</lang> The testing inputs: <lang javascript> const
str=
'AöЖ€𝄞'
,cps=
Uint32Array.from(str,s=>s.codePointAt(0))
,cus=
[ [ 0x41]
,[ 0xc3,0xb6]
,[ 0xd0,0x96]
,[ 0xe2,0x82,0xac]
,[ 0xf0,0x9d,0x84,0x9e]]
.map(a=>Uint8Array.from(a))
,zip3=
([a,...as],[b,...bs],[c,...cs])=>
0<as.length+bs.length+cs.length
?[ [ a,b,c],...zip3(as,bs,cs)]
:[ [ a,b,c]]
,inputs=zip3(str,cps,cus);
</lang> The testing code: <lang javascript> console.log(`\ ${'Character'.padEnd(16)}\ ${'CodePoint'.padEnd(16)}\ ${'CodeUnits'.padEnd(16)}\ ${'uft8encode(ch)'.padEnd(16)}\ ${'uft8encode(cp)'.padEnd(16)}\ utf8decode(cu)`) for(let [ch,cp,cu] of inputs)
console.log(`\
${ch.padEnd(16)}\ ${cp.toString(0x10).padStart(8,'U+000000').padEnd(16)}\ ${`[${[...cu].map(n=>n.toString(0x10))}]`.padEnd(16)}\ ${`[${[...utf8encode(ch)].map(n=>n.toString(0x10))}]`.padEnd(16)}\ ${`[${[...utf8encode(cp)].map(n=>n.toString(0x10))}]`.padEnd(16)}\ ${utf8decode(cu).toString(0x10).padStart(8,'U+000000')}`) </lang> and finally, the output from the test:
Character CodePoint CodeUnits uft8encode(ch) uft8encode(cp) utf8decode(cu) A U+000041 [41] [41] [41] U+000041 ö U+0000f6 [c3,b6] [c3,b6] [c3,b6] U+0000f6 Ж U+000416 [d0,96] [d0,96] [d0,96] U+000416 € U+0020ac [e2,82,ac] [e2,82,ac] [e2,82,ac] U+0020ac 𝄞 U+01d11e [f0,9d,84,9e] [f0,9d,84,9e] [f0,9d,84,9e] U+01d11e
Note that the misalign there on the last line is caused by the string length of astral characters being 2 so the padding functions break.
Julia
Julia supports by default UTF-8 encoding.
<lang julia>for t in ("A", "ö", "Ж", "€", "𝄞")
enc = Vector{UInt8}(t)
dec = String(enc)
println(dec, " → ", enc)
end</lang>
- Output:
A → UInt8[0x41] ö → UInt8[0xc3, 0xb6] Ж → UInt8[0xd0, 0x96] € → UInt8[0xe2, 0x82, 0xac] 𝄞 → UInt8[0xf0, 0x9d, 0x84, 0x9e]
Kotlin
<lang scala>// version 1.1.2
fun utf8Encode(codePoint: Int) = String(intArrayOf(codePoint), 0, 1).toByteArray(Charsets.UTF_8)
fun utf8Decode(bytes: ByteArray) = String(bytes, Charsets.UTF_8).codePointAt(0)
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val codePoints = intArrayOf(0x0041, 0x00F6, 0x0416, 0x20AC, 0x1D11E)
println("Char Name Unicode UTF-8 Decoded")
for (codePoint in codePoints) {
var n = if(codePoint <= 0xFFFF) 4 else 5
System.out.printf("%-${n}c %-35s U+%05X ", codePoint, Character.getName(codePoint), codePoint)
val bytes = utf8Encode(codePoint)
var s = ""
for (byte in bytes) s += "%02X ".format(byte)
val decoded = utf8Decode(bytes)
n = if(decoded.toInt() <= 0xFFFF) 12 else 11
System.out.printf("%-${n}s %c\n", s, decoded)
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Char Name Unicode UTF-8 Decoded A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A U+00041 41 A ö LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS U+000F6 C3 B6 ö Ж CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE U+00416 D0 96 Ж € EURO SIGN U+020AC E2 82 AC € 𝄞 MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF U+1D11E F0 9D 84 9E 𝄞
langur
<lang langur>writeln "character Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex)"
for .cp in "AöЖ€𝄞" {
val .utf8 = s2b cp2s .cp val .cpstr = b2s .utf8 val .utf8rep = join " ", map f $"\.b:X02;", .utf8 writeln $"\.cpstr:-11; U+\.cp:X04:-8; \.utf8rep;"
}</lang>
- Output:
character Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex) A U+0041 41 ö U+00F6 C3 B6 Ж U+0416 D0 96 € U+20AC E2 82 AC 𝄞 U+1D11E F0 9D 84 9E
Lingo
Since UTF-8 is Lingo's native string encoding, and UTF-8 strings can be read into byteArrays (and v.v.), such UTF-8 encoding and decoding is built-in.
Relevant Lingo functions are:
- charToNum (string): converts single-character string to unicode code point (int)
- numToChar (int): converts unicode code point (int) to single-character string
- byteArray (string): creates byte array of UTF-8 bytes for string
- byteArray.toHexString (intStart, intLen): returns hex string representation of byte array (e.g. for printing)
- byteArray.readRawString (intLen, [strCharSet="UTF-8"]): reads a fixed number of bytes as a string
<lang Lingo>chars = ["A", "ö", "Ж", "€", "𝄞"]
put "Character Unicode (int) UTF-8 (hex) Decoded"
repeat with c in chars
ba = bytearray(c) put col(c, 12) & col(charToNum(c), 16) & col(ba.toHexString(1, ba.length), 14) & ba.readRawString(ba.length)
end repeat</lang> Helper function for table formatting <lang Lingo>on col (val, len)
str = string(val)
repeat with i = str.length+1 to len
put " " after str
end repeat
return str
end</lang>
- Output:
Character Unicode (int) UTF-8 (hex) Decoded A 65 41 A ö 246 c3 b6 ö Ж 1046 d0 96 Ж € 8364 e2 82 ac € 𝄞 119070 f0 9d 84 9e 𝄞
Lua
<lang Lua> -- Accept an integer representing a codepoint. -- Return the values of the individual octets. function encode (codepoint)
local codepoint_str = utf8.char(codepoint)
local result = {}
for i = 1, #codepoint_str do
result[#result + 1] = string.unpack("B", codepoint_str, i)
end
return table.unpack(result)
end
-- Accept a variable number of octets. -- Return the corresponding Unicode character. function decode (...)
local len = select("#", ...) -- the number of octets
local fmt = string.rep("B", len)
return string.pack(fmt, ...)
end
-- Run the given test cases. function test_encode_decode ()
-- "A", "ö", "Ж", "€", "𝄞"
local tests = {tonumber("41", 16), tonumber("f6", 16), tonumber("416", 16),
tonumber("20ac", 16), tonumber("1d11e", 16)}
for i, test in ipairs(tests) do
print("Char: ", test)
print("Encoding: ", encode(test))
print("Decoding: ", decode(encode(test)))
end
end </lang>
- Output:
Char: 65 Encoding: 65 Decoding: A Char: 246 Encoding: 195 182 Decoding: ö Char: 1046 Encoding: 208 150 Decoding: Ж Char: 8364 Encoding: 226 130 172 Decoding: € Char: 119070 Encoding: 240 157 132 158 Decoding: 𝄞
M2000 Interpreter
<lang M2000 Interpreter> Module EncodeDecodeUTF8 {
a$=string$("Hello" as UTF8enc)
Print Len(A$)=2.5 ' 2.5 words=5 bytes
b$=string$(a$ as UTF8dec)
Print b$
Print Len(b$)=5 ' 5 words = 10 bytes
Print Len(string$("A" as UTF8enc))=.5 ' 1 byte
Print Len(string$("ö" as UTF8enc))=1 ' 2 bytes
Print Len(string$("Ж" as UTF8enc))=1 ' 2 bytes
Print Len(string$("€" as UTF8enc))=1.5 ' 3 bytes
Print Len(string$("𝄞" as UTF8enc))=2 '4 bytes
a$=string$("𝄞" as UTF8enc)
Buffer Bytes as Byte*4
Return Bytes, 0:=a$
\\ F0 9D 84 9E
Hex Eval(bytes, 0), Eval(bytes, 1), Eval(bytes, 2), Eval(bytes, 3)
} EncodeDecodeUTF8 </lang>
- Output:
True
Hello
True
True
True
True
True
True
0x00F0 0x009D 0x0084 0x009E
Mathematica
<lang Mathematica>utf = ToCharacterCode[ToString["AöЖ€", CharacterEncoding -> "UTF8"]] ToCharacterCode[FromCharacterCode[utf, "UTF8"]]</lang>
- Output:
{65, 195, 182, 208, 150, 226, 130, 172}
{65, 246, 1046, 8364}
Perl
<lang perl>#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; use Unicode::UCD 'charinfo'; # getting the unicode name of the character use utf8; # using non-ascii-characters in source code binmode STDOUT, ":encoding(UTF-8)"; # printing non-ascii-characters to screen
my @chars = map {ord} qw/A ö Ж € 𝄞/; # @chars contains the unicode points my $print_format = '%5s %-35s'; printf "$print_format %8s %s\n" , 'char', 'name', 'unicode', 'utf-8 encoding'; map{ my $name = charinfo($_)->{'name'}; # get unicode name printf "$print_format %06x " , chr, lc $name, $_; my $utf8 = chr; # single char (using implicit $_) utf8::encode($utf8); # inplace encoding into utf8 parts map{ # for each utf8 char print ord printf " %x", ord; } split //, $utf8; print "\n"; } @chars;</lang>
- Output:
char name unicode utf-8 encoding
A latin capital letter a 000041 41
ö latin small letter o with diaeresis 0000f6 c3 b6
Ж cyrillic capital letter zhe 000416 d0 96
€ euro sign 0020ac e2 82 ac
𝄞 musical symbol g clef 01d11e f0 9d 84 9e
Phix
Standard autoinclude, see the manual and/or builtins/utfconv.e
( http://phix.x10.mx/docs/html/utfconv.htm and/or https://bitbucket.org/petelomax/phix/src )
As requested in the task description:
<lang Phix>constant tests = {#0041, #00F6, #0416, #20AC, #1D11E}
function hex(sequence s, string fmt) -- output helper
for i=1 to length(s) do
s[i] = sprintf(fmt,s[i])
end for
return join(s,',')
end function
for i=1 to length(tests) do
integer codepoint = tests[i]
sequence s = utf32_to_utf8({codepoint}),
r = utf8_to_utf32(s)
printf(1,"#%04x -> {%s} -> {%s}\n",{codepoint, hex(s,"#%02x"),hex(r,"#%04x")})
end for</lang>
- Output:
#0041 -> {#41} -> {#0041}
#00F6 -> {#C3,#B6} -> {#00F6}
#0416 -> {#D0,#96} -> {#0416}
#20AC -> {#E2,#82,#AC} -> {#20AC}
#1D11E -> {#F0,#9D,#84,#9E} -> {#1D11E}
Processing
<lang java>import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
Integer[] code_points = {0x0041, 0x00F6, 0x0416, 0x20AC, 0x1D11E};
void setup() {
size(850, 230);
background(255);
fill(0);
textSize(16);
int tel_1 = 80;
int tel_2 = 50;
text("Char Name Unicode UTF-8 (encoding) Decoded", 40, 40);
for (int cp : code_points) {
byte[] encoded = new String(new int[]{cp}, 0, 1).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
for (byte b : encoded) {
text(hex(b), tel_2+530, tel_1);
tel_2 += 30;
}
text(char(cp), 50, tel_1);
text(Character.getName(cp), 100, tel_1);
String unicode = hex(cp);
while (unicode.length() > 4 && unicode.indexOf("0") == 0) unicode = unicode.substring(1);
text("U+"+unicode, 450, tel_1);
Character decoded = char(new String(encoded, StandardCharsets.UTF_8).codePointAt(0));
text(decoded, 750, tel_1);
tel_1 += 30; tel_2 = 50;
}
}</lang>
PureBasic
The encoding and decoding procedure are kept simple and designed to work with an array of 5 elements for input/output of the UTF-8 encoding for a single code point at a time. It was decided not to use a more elaborate example that would have been able to operate on a buffer to encode/decode more than one code point at a time.
<lang purebasic>#UTF8_codePointMaxByteCount = 4 ;UTF-8 encoding uses only a maximum of 4 bytes to encode a codepoint
Procedure UTF8_encode(x, Array encoded_codepoint.a(1)) ;x is codepoint to encode, the array will contain output
;Array encoded_codepoint() is used for output.
;After encode element zero holds the count of significant bytes in elements 1 to 4
If ArraySize(encoded_codepoint()) < #UTF8_codePointMaxByteCount
ReDim encoded_codepoint.a(#UTF8_codePointMaxByteCount)
EndIf
Select x
Case 0 To $7F
encoded_codepoint(0) = 1
encoded_codepoint(1) = x ;all 7 bits
Case $80 To $7FF
encoded_codepoint(0) = 2
encoded_codepoint(2) = (x & %00111111) | %10000000 ;lowest 6 bits
encoded_codepoint(1) = (x >> 6) | %11000000 ;highest bits 7 -> 11
Case $800 To $FFFF
encoded_codepoint(0) = 3
encoded_codepoint(3) = (x & %00111111) | %10000000 ;lowest 6 bits
encoded_codepoint(2) = ((x >> 6) & %00111111) | %10000000 ;bits 7 -> 12
encoded_codepoint(1) = (x >> 12) | %11100000 ;highest bits 13 -> 16
Case $10000 To $10FFFF
encoded_codepoint(0) = 4
encoded_codepoint(4) = (x & %00111111) | %10000000 ;lowest 6 bits
encoded_codepoint(3) = ((x >> 6) & %00111111) | %10000000 ;bits 7 -> 12
encoded_codepoint(2) = ((x >> 12) & %00111111) | %10000000 ;bits 13 -> 18
encoded_codepoint(1) = (x >> 18) | %11110000 ;highest bits 19 -> 21
Default
encoded_codepoint(0) = 0 ;error, codepoint is not valid and can't be encoded
EndSelect
EndProcedure
Procedure UTF8_decode(Array encoded_codepoint.a(1))
;Array encoded_codepoint() holds the UTF-8 encoding in elements 1 to 4, element zero isn't used for decoding.
Protected x = -1 ;initialzie with error value for possible improper encoding
If ArraySize(encoded_codepoint()) < #UTF8_codePointMaxByteCount
ProcedureReturn x ;Input array was not dimensioned properly.
EndIf
;Determine the number of bytes in the UTF8 encoding by looking at first byte
;and then proceeding accordingly.
Select encoded_codepoint(1)
Case %00000000 To %01111111 ;1 byte encoding
x = encoded_codepoint(1)
Case %11000000 To %11011111 ;2 byte encoding
x = (encoded_codepoint(1) & %00011111) << 6 ;last 5 bits only
x | (encoded_codepoint(2) & %00111111)
Case %11100000 To %11101111 ;3 byte encoding
x = (encoded_codepoint(1) & %00001111) << 6 ;last 4 bits only
x << 6 + (encoded_codepoint(2) & %00111111)
x << 6 + (encoded_codepoint(3) & %00111111)
Case %11110000 To %11110111 ;4 byte encoding
x = (encoded_codepoint(1) & %00000111) << 6 ;last 3 bits only
x << 6 + (encoded_codepoint(2) & %00111111)
x << 6 + (encoded_codepoint(3) & %00111111)
x << 6 + (encoded_codepoint(4) & %00111111)
EndSelect
ProcedureReturn x
EndProcedure
- helper procedure to format output for this example
Procedure.s formatOutput(c$, c, Array encoded_utf.a(1), dcp) ;character, codepooint, UTf8 encoding, decoded codepoint
Protected o$, i, encoding$
o$ = " " + LSet(c$, 8) + LSet("U+" + RSet(Hex(c), 5, "0"), 10)
For i = 1 To encoded_utf(0)
encoding$ + RSet(Hex(encoded_utf(i)), 2, "0") + " "
Next
o$ + " " + LSet(encoding$, 11, " ") + " " + RSet(Hex(dcp), 5, "0")
ProcedureReturn o$
EndProcedure
DataSection
;unicode code points in hex unicode_codepoints: Data.i 5, $41, $F6, $416, $20AC, $1D11E ;The names for these codepoints are: latin capital letter a; latin small letter o With diaeresis ;cyrillic capital letter zhe; euro sign; musical symbol g clef.
EndDataSection
- read initial unicode codepoint values
Restore unicode_codepoints Read num_codepoints num_codepoints - 1
Dim codepoint(num_codepoints) For i = 0 To num_codepoints
Read codepoint(i)
Next
- This array is used for input and output from the UTF8 encode and decode procedures. After encoding its elements
- hold the byte count of the encoding followed by the respective bytes. For decoding element zero is not used and
- elements 1 To 4 holds the bytes to be decoded.
Dim encoded_codepoint.a(#UTF8_codePointMaxByteCount) If OpenConsole("", #PB_UTF8)
PrintN(LSet("", 11) + LSet("Unicode", 12) + LSet("UTF-8",14) + LSet("Decoded",12))
PrintN(LSet("Character", 11) + LSet("Code Point", 12) + LSet("Encoding",14) + LSet("Code Point",12))
PrintN(LSet("---------", 11) + LSet("----------", 12) + LSet("-----------",14) + LSet("-----------",12))
For i = 0 To num_codepoints
UTF8_encode(codepoint(i), encoded_codepoint())
dcp = UTF8_decode(encoded_codepoint()) ;Decoded UTF-8 encoding should match original codepoint that was encoded.
PrintN(formatOutput(Chr(codepoint(i)), codepoint(i), encoded_codepoint(), dcp))
Next
Print(#CRLF$ + #CRLF$ + "Press ENTER to exit"): Input()
CloseConsole()
EndIf</lang> Sample output:
Unicode UTF-8 Decoded Character Code Point Encoding Code Point --------- ---------- ----------- ----------- A U+00041 41 00041 ö U+000F6 C3 B6 000F6 ? U+00416 D0 96 00416 ? U+020AC E2 82 AC 800AC ? U+1D11E F0 9D 84 9E 1D11E
Python
<lang python>
- !/usr/bin/env python3
from unicodedata import name
def unicode_code(ch):
return 'U+{:04x}'.format(ord(ch))
def utf8hex(ch):
return " ".join([hex(c)[2:] for c in ch.encode('utf8')]).upper()
if __name__ == "__main__":
print('{:<11} {:<36} {:<15} {:<15}'.format('Character', 'Name', 'Unicode', 'UTF-8 encoding (hex)'))
chars = ['A', 'ö', 'Ж', '€', '𝄞']
for char in chars:
print('{:<11} {:<36} {:<15} {:<15}'.format(char, name(char), unicode_code(char), utf8hex(char)))</lang>
- Output:
Character Name Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex) A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A U+0041 41 ö LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS U+00f6 C3 B6 Ж CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE U+0416 D0 96 € EURO SIGN U+20ac E2 82 AC 𝄞 MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF U+1d11e F0 9D 84 9E
Racket
<lang racket>#lang racket
(define char-map
'((LATIN-CAPITAL-LETTER-A . #\U0041) (LATIN-SMALL-LETTER-O-WITH-DIAERESIS . #\U00F6) (CYRILLIC-CAPITAL-LETTER-ZHE . #\U0416) (EURO-SIGN . #\U20AC) (MUSICAL-SYMBOL-G-CLEF . #\U1D11E)))
(for ((name.char (in-list char-map)))
(define name (car name.char))
(define chr (cdr name.char))
(let ((bites (bytes->list (string->bytes/utf-8 (list->string (list chr))))))
(printf "~s\t~a\t~a\t~a\t~a~%" chr chr
(map (curryr number->string 16) bites)
(bytes->string/utf-8 (list->bytes bites))
name)))</lang>
- Output:
#\A A (41) A LATIN-CAPITAL-LETTER-A #\ö ö (c3 b6) ö LATIN-SMALL-LETTER-O-WITH-DIAERESIS #\Ж Ж (d0 96) Ж CYRILLIC-CAPITAL-LETTER-ZHE #\€ € (e2 82 ac) € EURO-SIGN #\𝄞 𝄞 (f0 9d 84 9e) 𝄞 MUSICAL-SYMBOL-G-CLEF
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
Pretty much all built in to the language. <lang perl6>say sprintf("%-18s %-36s|%8s| %7s |%14s | %s\n", 'Character|', 'Name', 'Ordinal', 'Unicode', 'UTF-8 encoded', 'decoded'), '-' x 100;
for < A ö Ж € 𝄞 😜 👨👩👧👦> -> $char {
printf " %-5s | %-43s | %6s | %-7s | %12s |%4s\n", $char, $char.uninames.join(','), $char.ords.join(' '),
('U+' X~ $char.ords».base(16)).join(' '), $char.encode('UTF8').list».base(16).Str, $char.encode('UTF8').decode;
}</lang>
- Output:
Character| Name | Ordinal| Unicode | UTF-8 encoded | decoded ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A | 65 | U+41 | 41 | A ö | LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS | 246 | U+F6 | C3 B6 | ö Ж | CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE | 1046 | U+416 | D0 96 | Ж € | EURO SIGN | 8364 | U+20AC | E2 82 AC | € 𝄞 | MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF | 119070 | U+1D11E | F0 9D 84 9E | 𝄞 😜 | FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND WINKING EYE | 128540 | U+1F61C | F0 9F 98 9C | 😜 👨👩👧👦 | MAN,ZERO WIDTH JOINER,WOMAN,ZERO WIDTH JOINER,GIRL,ZERO WIDTH JOINER,BOY | 128104 8205 128105 8205 128103 8205 128102 | U+1F468 U+200D U+1F469 U+200D U+1F467 U+200D U+1F466 | F0 9F 91 A8 E2 80 8D F0 9F 91 A9 E2 80 8D F0 9F 91 A7 E2 80 8D F0 9F 91 A6 | 👨👩👧👦
Ruby
<lang ruby> character_arr = ["A","ö","Ж","€","𝄞"] for c in character_arr do
puts "Character: " + c.encode("utf-8")
puts "Code-Point: #{c.encode("utf-8").ord.to_s(16).upcase}"
puts "Code-Units: " + c.each_byte.map { |n| '%02X ' % (n & 0xFF) }.join
puts ""
end </lang>
- Output:
Character: A Code-Point: 41 Code-Units: 41 Character: ö Code-Point: F6 Code-Units: C3 B6 Character: Ж Code-Point: 416 Code-Units: D0 96 Character: € Code-Point: 20AC Code-Units: E2 82 AC Character: 𝄞 Code-Point: 1D11E Code-Units: F0 9D 84 9E
Scala
Imperative solution
<lang scala>object UTF8EncodeAndDecode extends App {
val codePoints = Seq(0x0041, 0x00F6, 0x0416, 0x20AC, 0x1D11E)
def utf8Encode(codepoint: Int): Array[Byte] = new String(Array[Int](codepoint), 0, 1).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
def utf8Decode(bytes: Array[Byte]): Int = new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8).codePointAt(0)
println("Char Name Unicode UTF-8 Decoded")
for (codePoint <- codePoints) {
val w = if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(codePoint)) 4 else 5 // Compute spacing
val bytes = utf8Encode(codePoint)
def leftAlignedHex = f"U+${codePoint}%04X"
val s = new StringBuilder() bytes.foreach(byte => s ++= "%02X ".format(byte))
printf(s"%-${w}c %-36s %-7s %-${16 - w}s%c%n",
codePoint, Character.getName(codePoint), leftAlignedHex, s, utf8Decode(bytes))
}</lang>
Functional solution
<lang scala>import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets
object UTF8EncodeAndDecode extends App {
val codePoints = Seq(0x0041, 0x00F6, 0x0416, 0x20AC, 0x1D11E)
def utf8Encode(codepoint: Int): Array[Byte] = new String(Array[Int](codepoint), 0, 1).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
def utf8Decode(bytes: Array[Byte]): Int = new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8).codePointAt(0)
println("Char Name Unicode UTF-8 Decoded")
codePoints.foreach{ codePoint =>
val w = if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(codePoint)) 4 else 5 // Compute spacing
val bytes = utf8Encode(codePoint)
def leftAlignedHex: String = f"U+${codePoint}%04X"
def utf: String = bytes.foldLeft("")(_ + "%02X ".format(_))
printf(s"%-${w}c %-36s %-7s %-${16 - w}s%c%n",
codePoint, Character.getName(codePoint), leftAlignedHex, utf, utf8Decode(bytes)) }
println(s"\nSuccessfully completed without errors. [total ${scala.compat.Platform.currentTime - executionStart} ms]")
}</lang>
Composable and testable solution
<lang scala>package example
object UTF8EncodeAndDecode extends TheMeat with App {
val codePoints = Seq(0x0041, 0x00F6, 0x0416, 0x20AC, 0x1D11E)
println("Char Name Unicode UTF-8 Decoded")
codePoints.foreach { codepoint => print(composeString(codepoint)) }
println(s"\nSuccessfully completed without errors. [total ${scala.compat.Platform.currentTime - executionStart} ms]")
}
trait TheMeat {
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets
def composeString(codePoint: Int): String = {
val w = if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(codePoint)) 4 else 5 // Compute spacing
val bytes = utf8Encode(codePoint)
def leftAlignedHex: String = f"U+${codePoint}%04X"
def utf: String = bytes.foldLeft("")(_ + "%02X ".format(_))
s"%-${w}c %-36s %-7s %-${16 - w}s%c%n"
.format(codePoint, Character.getName(codePoint), leftAlignedHex, utf, utf8Decode(bytes))
}
def utf8Encode(codepoint: Int): Array[Byte] = new String(Array[Int](codepoint), 0, 1).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
def utf8Decode(bytes: Array[Byte]): Int = new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8).codePointAt(0)
} </lang>
Seed7
<lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "unicode.s7i"; include "console.s7i"; include "bytedata.s7i";
const proc: main is func
local
var char: ch is ' ';
var string: utf8 is "";
begin
OUT := STD_CONSOLE;
writeln("Character Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex) Decoded");
writeln("-------------------------------------------------");
for ch range "AöЖ€𝄞" do
utf8 := striToUtf8(str(ch));
writeln(ch rpad 11 <& "U+" <& ord(ch) radix 16 lpad0 4 rpad 7 <&
hex(utf8) rpad 22 <& utf8ToStri(utf8));
end for;
end func;</lang>
- Output:
Character Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex) Decoded ------------------------------------------------- A U+0041 41 A ö U+00f6 c3b6 ö Ж U+0416 d096 Ж € U+20ac e282ac € 𝄞 U+1d11e f09d849e 𝄞
Sidef
<lang ruby>func utf8_encoder(Number code) {
code.chr.encode('UTF-8').bytes.map{.chr}
}
func utf8_decoder(Array bytes) {
bytes.map{.ord}.decode('UTF-8')
}
for n in ([0x0041, 0x00F6, 0x0416, 0x20AC, 0x1D11E]) {
var encoded = utf8_encoder(n)
var decoded = utf8_decoder(encoded)
assert_eq(n, decoded.ord)
say "#{decoded} -> #{encoded}"
}</lang>
- Output:
A -> ["A"] ö -> ["\xC3", "\xB6"] Ж -> ["\xD0", "\x96"] € -> ["\xE2", "\x82", "\xAC"] 𝄞 -> ["\xF0", "\x9D", "\x84", "\x9E"]
Swift
In Swift there's a difference between UnicodeScalar, which is a single unicode code point, and Character which may consist out of multiple UnicodeScalars, usually because of combining characters. <lang Swift>import Foundation
func encode(_ scalar: UnicodeScalar) -> Data {
return Data(String(scalar).utf8)
}
func decode(_ data: Data) -> UnicodeScalar? {
guard let string = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) else {
assertionFailure("Failed to convert data to a valid String")
return nil
}
assert(string.unicodeScalars.count == 1, "Data should contain one scalar!")
return string.unicodeScalars.first
}
for scalar in "AöЖ€𝄞".unicodeScalars {
let bytes = encode(scalar)
let formattedBytes = bytes.map({ String($0, radix: 16)}).joined(separator: " ")
let decoded = decode(bytes)!
print("character: \(decoded), code point: U+\(String(scalar.value, radix: 16)), \tutf-8: \(formattedBytes)")
} </lang>
- Output:
character: A, code point: U+41, utf-8: 41 character: ö, code point: U+f6, utf-8: c3 b6 character: Ж, code point: U+416, utf-8: d0 96 character: €, code point: U+20ac, utf-8: e2 82 ac character: 𝄞, code point: U+1d11e, utf-8: f0 9d 84 9e
Tcl
Note: Tcl can handle Unicodes only up to U+FFFD, i.e. the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP, 16 bits wide). Therefore, the fifth test fails as expected. <lang Tcl>proc encoder int {
set u [format %c $int]
set bytes {}
foreach byte [split [encoding convertto utf-8 $u] ""] {
lappend bytes [format %02X [scan $byte %c]]
}
return $bytes
} proc decoder bytes {
set str {}
foreach byte $bytes {
append str [format %c [scan $byte %x]]
}
return [encoding convertfrom utf-8 $str]
} foreach test {0x0041 0x00f6 0x0416 0x20ac 0x1d11e} {
set res $test lappend res [encoder $test] -> [decoder [encoder $test]] puts $res
}</lang>
0x0041 41 -> A
0x00f6 {C3 B6} -> ö
0x0416 {D0 96} -> Ж
0x20ac {E2 82 AC} -> €
0x1d11e {EF BF BD} -> �
Alternative Implementation
While perhaps not as readable as the above, this version handles beyond-BMP codepoints by manually composing the utf-8 byte sequences and emitting raw bytes to the console. encoding convertto utf-8 command still does the heavy lifting where it can.
<lang Tcl>proc utf8 {codepoint} {
scan $codepoint %llx cp
if {$cp < 0x10000} {
set str [subst \\u$codepoint] ;# substitute per Tcl backslash rule
set bytes [encoding convertto utf-8 $str] ;# encode
} else { ;# codepoints beyond the BMP need manual approach
set bits [format %021b $cp] ;# format as binary string
set unibits 11110[string range $bits 0 2];# insert extra bits for utf-8 4-byte encoding
append unibits 10[string range $bits 3 8]
append unibits 10[string range $bits 9 14]
append unibits 10[string range $bits 15 20]
set bytes [binary format B* $unibits] ;# turn into a sequence of bytes
}
return $bytes
}
proc hexchars {s} {
binary scan $s H* hex
regsub -all .. $hex {\0 }
}
- for the test, we assume the tty is in utf-8 mode and can handle beyond-BMP chars
- so set output mode to binary so we can write raw bytes!
chan configure stdout -encoding binary foreach codepoint { 41 F6 416 20AC 1D11E } {
set utf8 [utf8 $codepoint] puts "[format U+%04s $codepoint]\t$utf8\t[hexchars $utf8]"
}</lang>
- Output:
U+0041 A 41U+00F6 ö c3 b6 U+0416 Ж d0 96 U+20AC € e2 82 ac U+1D11E 𝄞 f0 9d 84 9e
VBA
<lang VB>Private Function unicode_2_utf8(x As Long) As Byte()
Dim y() As Byte
Dim r As Long
Select Case x
Case 0 To &H7F
ReDim y(0)
y(0) = x
Case &H80 To &H7FF
ReDim y(1)
y(0) = 192 + x \ 64
y(1) = 128 + x Mod 64
Case &H800 To &H7FFF
ReDim y(2)
y(2) = 128 + x Mod 64
r = x \ 64
y(1) = 128 + r Mod 64
y(0) = 224 + r \ 64
Case 32768 To 65535 '&H8000 To &HFFFF equals in VBA as -32768 to -1
ReDim y(2)
y(2) = 128 + x Mod 64
r = x \ 64
y(1) = 128 + r Mod 64
y(0) = 224 + r \ 64
Case &H10000 To &H10FFFF
ReDim y(3)
y(3) = 128 + x Mod 64
r = x \ 64
y(2) = 128 + r Mod 64
r = r \ 64
y(1) = 128 + r Mod 64
y(0) = 240 + r \ 64
Case Else
MsgBox "what else?" & x & " " & Hex(x)
End Select
unicode_2_utf8 = y
End Function Private Function utf8_2_unicode(x() As Byte) As Long
Dim first As Long, second As Long, third As Long, fourth As Long
Dim total As Long
Select Case UBound(x) - LBound(x)
Case 0 'one byte
If x(0) < 128 Then
total = x(0)
Else
MsgBox "highest bit set error"
End If
Case 1 'two bytes and assume first byte is leading byte
If x(0) \ 32 = 6 Then
first = x(0) Mod 32
If x(1) \ 64 = 2 Then
second = x(1) Mod 64
Else
MsgBox "mask error"
End If
Else
MsgBox "leading byte error"
End If
total = 64 * first + second
Case 2 'three bytes and assume first byte is leading byte
If x(0) \ 16 = 14 Then
first = x(0) Mod 16
If x(1) \ 64 = 2 Then
second = x(1) Mod 64
If x(2) \ 64 = 2 Then
third = x(2) Mod 64
Else
MsgBox "mask error last byte"
End If
Else
MsgBox "mask error middle byte"
End If
Else
MsgBox "leading byte error"
End If
total = 4096 * first + 64 * second + third
Case 3 'four bytes and assume first byte is leading byte
If x(0) \ 8 = 30 Then
first = x(0) Mod 8
If x(1) \ 64 = 2 Then
second = x(1) Mod 64
If x(2) \ 64 = 2 Then
third = x(2) Mod 64
If x(3) \ 64 = 2 Then
fourth = x(3) Mod 64
Else
MsgBox "mask error last byte"
End If
Else
MsgBox "mask error third byte"
End If
Else
MsgBox "mask error second byte"
End If
Else
MsgBox "mask error leading byte"
End If
total = CLng(262144 * first + 4096 * second + 64 * third + fourth)
Case Else
MsgBox "more bytes than expected"
End Select
utf8_2_unicode = total
End Function Public Sub program()
Dim cp As Variant
Dim r() As Byte, s As String
cp = [{65, 246, 1046, 8364, 119070}] '[{&H0041,&H00F6,&H0416,&H20AC,&H1D11E}]
Debug.Print "ch unicode UTF-8 encoded decoded"
For Each cpi In cp
r = unicode_2_utf8(CLng(cpi))
On Error Resume Next
s = CStr(Hex(cpi))
Debug.Print ChrW(cpi); String$(10 - Len(s), " "); s,
If Err.Number = 5 Then Debug.Print "?"; String$(10 - Len(s), " "); s,
s = ""
For Each yz In r
s = s & CStr(Hex(yz)) & " "
Next yz
Debug.Print String$(13 - Len(s), " "); s;
s = CStr(Hex(utf8_2_unicode(r)))
Debug.Print String$(8 - Len(s), " "); s
Next cpi
End Sub</lang>
- Output:
ch unicode UTF-8 encoded decodedA 41 41 41 ö F6 C3 B6 F6 ? 416 D0 96 416 € 20AC E2 82 AC 20AC ? 1D11E F0 9D 84 9E 1D11E
Wren
The utf8_decode function was translated from the Go entry. <lang ecmascript>import "/fmt" for Fmt
var utf8_encode = Fn.new { |cp| String.fromCodePoint(cp).bytes.toList }
var utf8_decode = Fn.new { |b|
var mbMask = 0x3f // non-first bytes start 10 and carry 6 bits of data
var b0 = b[0]
if (b0 < 0x80) {
return b0
} else if (b0 < 0xe0) {
var b2Mask = 0x1f // first byte of a 2-byte encoding starts 110 and carries 5 bits of data
return (b0 & b2Mask) << 6 | (b[1] & mbMask)
} else if (b0 < 0xf0) {
var b3Mask = 0x0f // first byte of a 3-byte encoding starts 1110 and carries 4 bits of data
return (b0 & b3Mask) << 12 | (b[1] & mbMask) << 6 | (b[2] & mbMask)
} else {
var b4Mask = 0x07 // first byte of a 4-byte encoding starts 11110 and carries 3 bits of data
return (b0 & b4Mask) << 18 | (b[1] & mbMask) << 12 | (b[2] & mbMask) << 6 | (b[3] & mbMask)
}
}
var tests = [
["LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A", 0x41], ["LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS", 0xf6], ["CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE", 0x416], ["EURO SIGN", 0x20ac], ["MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF", 0x1d11e]
]
System.print("Character Name Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex)") System.print("---------------------------------------------------------------------------------")
for (test in tests) {
var cp = test[1]
var bytes = utf8_encode.call(cp)
var utf8 = bytes.map { |b| Fmt.Xz(2, b) }.join(" ")
var cp2 = utf8_decode.call(bytes)
var uni = String.fromCodePoint(cp2)
System.print("%(Fmt.s(-11, uni)) %(Fmt.s(-37, test[0])) U+%(Fmt.s(-8, Fmt.Xz(4, cp2))) %(utf8)")
}</lang>
- Output:
Character Name Unicode UTF-8 encoding (hex) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A U+0041 41 ö LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS U+00F6 C3 B6 Ж CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE U+0416 D0 96 € EURO SIGN U+20AC E2 82 AC 𝄞 MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF U+1D11E F0 9D 84 9E
zkl
<lang zkl>println("Char Unicode UTF-8"); foreach utf,unicode_int in (T( T("\U41;",0x41), T("\Uf6;",0xf6),
T("\U416;",0x416), T("\U20AC;",0x20ac), T("\U1D11E;",0x1d11e))){
utf_int:=utf.reduce(fcn(s,c){ 0x100*s + c.toAsc() },0);
char :=unicode_int.toString(-8); // Unicode int to UTF-8 string
// UTF-8 bytes to UTF-8 string:
char2:=Data(Void,utf_int.toBigEndian(utf_int.len())).text;
println("%s %s %9s %x".fmt(char,char2,"U+%x".fmt(unicode_int),utf_int));
}</lang> Int.len() --> number of bytes in int. This could be hard coded because UTF-8 has a max of 6 bytes and (0x41).toBigEndian(6) --> 0x41,0,0,0,0,0 which is a zero terminated string ("A");
- Output:
Char Unicode UTF-8 A A U+41 41 ö ö U+f6 c3b6 Ж Ж U+416 d096 € € U+20ac e282ac 𝄞 𝄞 U+1d11e f09d849e