Program termination: Difference between revisions
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=={{header|Oforth}}== |
=={{header|Oforth}}== |
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exit returns to OS with return value as parameter. |
OS.exit returns to OS with return value as parameter. |
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<lang Oforth> |
<lang Oforth>import: os |
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some_condition ifTrue: [ 0 OS.exit ]</lang> |
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=={{header|Oz}}== |
=={{header|Oz}}== |
Revision as of 10:02, 6 July 2016
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Show the syntax for a complete stoppage of a program inside a conditional. This includes all threads/processes which are part of your program.
Explain the cleanup (or lack thereof) caused by the termination (allocated memory, database connections, open files, object finalizers/destructors, run-on-exit hooks, etc.). Unless otherwise described, no special cleanup outside that provided by the operating system is provided.
Ada
Ada programs execute in one or more tasks. All tasks created during the execution of a program depend in a hierarchical manner on the task that create them, except for the environment task which executes the "main" procedure for the program. Each task will abort (terminate abnormally) if the task upon which it depends is aborted. This approach to task termination is not recommended because it does not allow tasks to terminate in a known state.
However, this Rosetta Code task requires a simple stoppage of the program including all tasks. The simple way to achieve this is to abort the environment task. <lang ada>with Ada.Task_Identification; use Ada.Task_Identification;
procedure Main is
-- Create as many task objects as your program needs
begin
-- whatever logic is required in your Main procedure if some_condition then Abort_Task (Current_Task); end if;
end Main;</lang> Aborting a task with Abort_Task is equivalent to abort statement, which is not used here because the environment task object is anonymous. The semantics of abort is as follows:
- Abort is deferred until certain unbreakable actions are accomplished. These are protected actions on shared objects, initialization, assignment, and finalization of controlled objects, waiting for dependent tasks to be aborted;
- Local objects of the task are finalized;
- The tasks dependent on the aborted task are aborted.
- The state of external files will depend on the OS
The above is a preemptive way to abort tasks, which is not recommended to use, unless you firmly know what you are doing. A standard approach to such termination is either (or a combination of):
- to provide an entry in each task created by the environment task which, when called by the task upon which it depends, causes the called task to terminate in a known state;
- to provide "terminate" alternative open in each of such tasks.
In both cases the task objects are made local or otherwise destroyed upon completion of the main task. Note that destruction of a task always waits for its termination. If the task refuses to terminate it deadlocks.
With the first approach: <lang ada>procedure Main is
-- Create as many task objects as your program needs
begin
-- whatever logic is required in your Main procedure if some_condition then -- for each task created by the Main procedure The_task.Stop; -- end the Main procedure return; -- actually, this is not needed end if;
end Main;</lang> A task might look like: <lang ada>task body Some_Task is begin
loop select -- Some alternatives ... or accept Stop do -- Some cleanup while holding the caller is here end Stop; -- A cleanup asynchronous to the caller is here exit; -- We are through end select end loop;
end Some_Task;</lang> With the second approach one simply returns from Main and all tasks are terminated by selecting the terminate alternative. Such tasks might look like: <lang ada>task body Some_Task is begin
loop select -- Some alternatives ... or terminate; -- We are through end select end loop;
end Some_Task;</lang>
Aime
<lang aime>void f1(integer a) {
if (a) {
exit(1);
}
}
integer main(void) {
f1(3);
return 0;
}</lang>
ALGOL 68
The label "stop" appears at the start of the standard-postlude and can be invoked to terminate any program. <lang algol68>IF problem = 1 THEN
stop
FI</lang> The standard-postlude closes any opens files and basically wraps up execution.
AppleScript
AppleScript doesn't include a built-in command for immediate script termination. The return
command can be used to exit the main run handler, but will not force termination of the entire script from another handler/function.
<lang AppleScript>on run
If problem then return
end run</lang>
It's possible to simulate an immediate program termination from within any handler by throwing a user error, but this will force a modal dialog (AppleScript Error) to appear announcing the error. Such a dialog cannot be bypassed, and the script immediately quits upon user acknowledgement.
<lang AppleScript>on run
f()
display dialog "This message will never be displayed."
end run
on f() error end f</lang> Memory is automatically managed and reclaimed by AppleScript.
AutoHotkey
<lang AutoHotkey>If (problem)
ExitApp</lang>
AutoIt
Then Endif is entirely unnecessary, but it is good form. <lang AutoIt>If problem Then
Exit
Endif</lang>
AWK
An "exit"-statement aborts the current script, optionally returning a status-code: <lang awk>if(problem)exit 1</lang>
Before exiting, the END-block(s) are processed.
An "exit" in an END-block causes an immediate exit:
<lang awk># usage: awk -f exittest.awk input.txt
BEGIN { print "# Exit-Test" }
- /s.*t/ { print "!", NR, $0; next } #1: List all matches
/s.*t/ { print "!", NR, $0; problem=1; exit} #2: Abort after first match { print " ", NR, $0}
END { if(problem) {print "!! Problem !!"; exit 2} } END { print "# Lines read:", NR } </lang> To compare, un/comment one of the lines #1 or #2:
- Input:
This is file input.txt you can use it to provide your program with some data to process.
- Output:
with line #1 "next" active
# Exit-Test ! 1 This is file input.txt ! 2 you can use it 3 to provide your ! 4 program with some data 5 to process. # Lines read: 5
- Output:
with line #2 "exit" active
# Exit-Test ! 1 This is file input.txt !! Problem !!
Axe
The following example will force exit from any number of nested calls and loops: <lang axe>Returnʳ</lang>
BASIC
<lang qbasic>if problem = 1 then
end
end if</lang>
Applesoft BASIC
<lang Applesoft BASIC>10 IF 1 THEN STOP</lang>
BASIC256
if not more then end
Locomotive Basic
<lang locobasic>10 IF 1 THEN END</lang>
ZX Spectrum Basic
The ZX Spectrum has a STOP command, rather than an END command: <lang zxbasic>10 LET a = 1: LET b = 1 20 IF a = b THEN GO TO 9995 9995 STOP</lang>
Batch File
<lang dos>if condition exit</lang>
In Windows batch files this doesn't need to exit the program but instead can also just exit a subroutine. exit /b
can also be used alternatively if a return value if desired.
BBC BASIC
<lang bbcbasic> IF condition% THEN QUIT</lang> Only QUIT fully terminates the program. END and STOP stop execution and return control to the immediate-mode prompt; END closes all open files, but STOP does not.
Befunge
<lang bbcbasic>_@</lang> The @ instruction ends the program. Some interpreters revert changes to the code (made by p) while others do not.
Bracmat
From infinite loops (such as the read-eval-print loop that Bracmat enters when run in interactive mode) the program can only exit cleanly by evaluating a closing parenthesis followed by an affirmative y, Y, j or J. Thus, at the Bracmat prompt you type the closing parenthesis, a y and then press enter. From within Bracmat code, you force an exit by evaluating get'(")y",MEM)
. If Bracmat is linked to another program (e.g. as a Java Native Interface library), it is better to turn off the possibility to exit Bracmat, as that normally would cause the main program to crash. There is a C preprocessor macro that disables exiting.
If there are no infinite loops in Bracmat code, the Bracmat program will ultimately terminate in a natural way.
C
<lang c>#include <stdlib.h> /* More "natural" way of ending the program: finish all work and return
from main() */
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
/* work work work */ ... return 0; /* the return value is the exit code. see below */
}
if(problem){
exit(exit_code); /* On unix, exit code 0 indicates success, but other OSes may follow different conventions. It may be more portable to use symbols EXIT_SUCCESS and EXIT_FAILURE; it all depends on what meaning of codes are agreed upon. */
}</lang>
The atexit()
function (also in stdlib.h) can be used to register functions to be run when the program exits. Registered functions will be called in the reverse order in which they were registered.
<lang c>#include <stdlib.h>
if(problem){
abort();
}</lang> Unlike exit(), abort() will not do any cleanup other than the normal OS one. Also, it may cause other actions like producing a core dump or starting a debugger.
To end not just the current process, but all processes in the same group, do <lang C>exit_group();</lang>
C++
There are several ways to terminate a program. The following is mostly the same as in C: <lang cpp>#include <cstdlib>
void problem_occured() {
std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}</lang> The argument is the return value passed to the operating system. Returning 0 or the EXIT_SUCCESS signals successful termination to the calling process, EXIT_FAILURE signals failure. The meaning of any other value is implementation defined.
On calling std::exit, all functions registered with std::atexit are called, and the destructors of all objects at namespace scope, as well as of all static objects already constructed, are called. However the destructors of automatic objects (i.e. local variables) are not called (and of course, objects allocated with new will not be destructed as well, except if one of the called destructors destroys them). Due to this inconsistency calling std::exit is often not a good idea. <lang cpp>#include <cstdlib>
void problem_occured() {
std::abort();
}</lang> Unlike std::exit, std::abort will not do any cleanup other than the normal OS one. Also, it may cause other actions like producing a core dump or starting a debugger. <lang cpp>#include <exception>
void problem_occured() {
std::terminate();
}</lang> The function std::terminate is what is automatically called when certain exception related failures happen. However it also can be called directly. By default it just calls abort, but unlike abort, its behaviour can be overridden with std::set_terminate (but it still must terminate the program in one way or anouther). Thererfore the amount of cleanup it does depends on whether it was overridden, and what the overridden function does.
Note that returning a value from main is mostly equivalent to calling std::exit with the returned value, except that automatic variables are correctly destructed. If one wants to return from an inner function, while still doing complete cleanup, a solution is to throw an exception caught in main (this will call the destructors of non-main local variables during stack unwinding), and to then return normally from main (which will destruct all automatic objects in main, and then do the cleanup like std::exit.
C#
<lang csharp>if (problem) {
Environment.Exit(1);
}</lang>
Clojure
The call System.exit does not finalize any objects by default. This default is to keep the program thread-safe. From the javadocs for the method to change this default: "may result in finalizers being called on live objects while other threads are concurrently manipulating those objects, resulting in erratic behavior or deadlock." <lang clojure>(if problem
(. System exit integerErrorCode)) ;conventionally, error code 0 is the code for "OK", ; while anything else is an actual problem ;optionally: (-> Runtime (. getRuntime) (. exit integerErrorCode))
}</lang>
You can use (-> Runtime (. getRuntime) (. addShutdownHook myThread))
to add threads which represent actions to be run when the program exits.
This one does not perform cleanup: <lang clojure>(if problem
(-> Runtime (. getRuntime) (. halt integerErrorCode))) ; conventionally, error code 0 is the code for "OK", ; while anything else is an actual problem
</lang>
COBOL
Terminating the program will cause all open files to be closed and control to be returned to the operating system. There are 2 ways to do this: STOP RUN
and GOBACK
.
<lang cobol>IF problem
STOP RUN
END-IF</lang>
GOBACK
was added in COBOL 2002, and will terminate the program if it is reached in the main program.
<lang cobol>IF problem
GOBACK
END-IF</lang>
The ability to return a return code to the operating system is available for both of these statements as an extension in some compilers.
Common Lisp
Many Common Lisp implementations provide a function named quit
or sometimes exit
which will exit the Lisp system; its parameters and the package it is in vary, but here are some implementations' versions, with a Unix-style exit status argument, and a fallback:
<lang lisp>(defun terminate (status)
#+sbcl (sb-ext:quit :unix-status status) ; SBCL #+ccl ( ccl:quit status) ; Clozure CL #+clisp ( ext:quit status) ; GNU CLISP #+cmu ( unix:unix-exit status) ; CMUCL #+abcl ( ext:quit :status status) ; Armed Bear CL #+allegro ( excl:exit status :quiet t) ; Allegro CL (cl-user::quit)) ; Many implementations put QUIT in the sandbox CL-USER package.</lang>
There is no standard form because the Common Lisp standard does not assume the presence of an operating system outside of the Lisp environment to exit to.
What cleanup will be performed varies. Some implementations have at-exit hooks. SBCL will unwind the stack and execute any unwind-protect
s (like finally
in other languages) it encounters, unless :recklessly-p t
is specified.
D
The usual C functions are available, plus assert Errors and user defined Errors, and Exceptions. <lang d>import core.stdc.stdio, core.stdc.stdlib;
extern(C) void foo() nothrow {
"foo at exit".puts;
}
extern(C) void bar() nothrow {
"bar at exit".puts;
}
extern(C) void spam() nothrow {
"spam at exit".puts;
}
int baz(in int x) pure nothrow in {
assert(x != 0);
} body {
if (x < 0) return 10; if (x > 0) return 20;
// x can't be 0.
// In release mode this becomes a halt, and it's sometimes // necessary. If you remove this the compiler gives: // Error: function test.notInfinite no return exp; // or assert(0); at end of function assert(false);
}
// This generates an error, that is not meant to be caught. // Objects are not guaranteed to be finalized. int empty() pure nothrow {
throw new Error(null);
}
static ~this() {
// This module destructor is never called if // the program calls the exit function. import std.stdio; "Never called".writeln;
}
void main() {
atexit(&foo); atexit(&bar); atexit(&spam);
//abort(); // Also this is allowed. Will not call foo, bar, spam. exit(0);
}</lang>
- Output:
spam at exit bar at exit foo at exit
Simple exit with D Runtime cleanup
<lang d>import core.runtime, std.c.stdlib;
static ~this() {
// This module destructor is called if // the program calls the dexit function. import std.stdio; "Called on dexit".writeln;
}
void dexit(int rc) {
// Calling dexit() should have the same effect with regard to cleanup as as reaching the end of the main program. Runtime.terminate(); exit(rc);
}
int main() {
if(true) { dexit(0); } return 0;
}</lang>
- Output:
Called on dexit
Delphi/Pascal
<lang Delphi>System.Halt;</lang> or <lang Delphi>System.Halt(1); // Optional exit code</lang>
E
Exit indicating successful completion: <lang e>if (true) {
interp.exitAtTop()
}</lang> Exit indicating some problem: <lang e>if (true) {
interp.exitAtTop("because the task said so")
}</lang> Both of these have the same effect with regard to cleanup as as reaching the end of the main program. [To do: Find out what effect that is.]
Elixir
<lang elixir>if rcode != :ok, do: System.halt(1)</lang> <lang elixir>exit(:normal)
- or
exit(:shutdown)</lang>
Emacs Lisp
<lang Lisp>(if something
(kill-emacs))</lang>
Functions in kill-emacs-hook
are called. (Except prior to Emacs 24 that hook was not run when in -batch
mode.) The underlying C library atexit()
handlers are called.
Erlang
- Polite
<lang erlang>% Implemented by Arjun Sunel if problem -> exit(1).</lang>
- As soon as possible
<lang erlang>% Implemented by Arjun Sunel if problem -> halt().</lang>
Forth
<lang forth>debug @ if QUIT \ quit back to the interpreter else BYE \ exit forth environment completely (e.g. end of a Forth shell script) then</lang>
Fortran
In Fortran STOP stops the execution of the main process and its "children" (tested with OpenMP; if using POSIX threads, I think the stop behaves almost like C exit). Allocated memory or any other resource except opened file (which are closed) is not cleaned up. <lang fortran>IF (condition) STOP [message] ! message is optional and is a character string. ! If present, the message is output to the standard output device.</lang>
F#
<lang fsharp>open System
if condition then
Environment.Exit 1</lang>
Gema
Terminate with an error message and a non-zero status code if "Star Trek" is found in the input stream. <lang gema>Star Trek=@err{found a Star Trek reference\n}@abort</lang>
Gnuplot
<lang Gnuplot>problem=1 if (problem) {
exit gnuplot
}</lang>
The Gnuplot manual under "exit" notes that "any open output files may not be completed cleanly". (Does that mean output buffers not flushed?)
Go
Operating system resources such as memory and file handles are generally released on exit automatically, but this is not specified in the language definition. Proceses started with os.StartProcess or exec.Run are not automatically terminated by any of the techniques below and will continue to run after the main program terminates.
Return statement
Basically, a return statement executed from anywhere in main() terminates the program. <lang go>func main() {
if problem { return }
}</lang> Deferred functions are run when the enclosing function returns, so in the example below, function paperwork is run. This is the idiomatic mechanism for doing any kind of necessary cleanup.
Other goroutines are terminated unceremoniously when main returns. Below, main returns without waiting for pcj to complete.
The tantalizingly named SetFinalizer mechanism is also not invoked on program termination. It is designed for resource reclamation in long-running processes, not for program termination.
Returns from functions other than main do not cause program termination. In particular, return from a goroutine simply terminates that one goroutine, and not the entire program. <lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "runtime" "time"
)
const problem = true
func main() {
fmt.Println("main program start")
// this will get run on exit defer paperwork()
// this will not run to completion go pcj()
// this will not get run on exit rec := &requiresExternalCleanup{"external object"} runtime.SetFinalizer(rec, cleanup)
if problem { fmt.Println("main program returning") return }
}
func paperwork() {
fmt.Println("i's dotted, t's crossed")
}
func pcj() {
fmt.Println("there's uncle Joe") time.Sleep(1e10) fmt.Println("movin kinda slow")
}
type requiresExternalCleanup struct {
id string
}
func cleanup(rec *requiresExternalCleanup) {
fmt.Println(rec.id, "cleanup")
}</lang>
- Output:
main program start main program returning there's uncle Joe i's dotted, t's crossed
Runtime.Goexit
Runtime.Goexit
terminates the goroutine that calls it.
No other goroutine is affected.
Goexit
runs all deferred calls before terminating the goroutine.
Calling Goexit
from the main goroutine terminates that goroutine without func main returning.
Since func main has not returned, the program continues execution of other goroutines.
If all other goroutines exit, the program crashes.
Os.Exit
Os.Exit causes its argument to be returned to the operating system as a program exit code. Unlike the return statement and runtime.Goexit, os.Exit exits promptly and does not run deferred functions. <lang go>func main() {
fmt.Println("main program start")
// this will not get run on os.Exit defer func() { fmt.Println("deferred function") }()
if problem { fmt.Println("main program exiting") os.Exit(-1) }
}</lang>
- Output:
main program start main program exiting
Panic
Panics have some similarities to exceptions in other languages, including that there is a recovery mechanism allowing program termination to be averted. When the program terminates from panic however, it prints the panic value and then a stack trace for all goroutines.
Like the return statement, panic runs deferred functions. It run functions deferred from the current function, but then proceeds to unwind the call stack of the goroutine, calling deferred functions at each level. It does this only in the goroutine where panic was called. Deferred functions in other goroutines are not run and if panicking goes unrecovered and the program terminates, all other goroutines are terminated abruptly. <lang go>func pcj() {
fmt.Println("at the junction") defer func() { fmt.Println("deferred from pcj") }() panic(10)
}
func main() {
fmt.Println("main program start") defer func() { fmt.Println("deferred from main") }() go pcj() time.Sleep(1e9) fmt.Println("main program done")
}</lang>
- Output:
main program start at the junction deferred from pcj panic: 10 (and the stack trace follows)
GW-BASIC
<lang qbasic>10 IF 1 THEN STOP</lang>
Groovy
See Java for a more complete explanation.
Solution #1: <lang groovy>if (problem) System.exit(intExitCode)</lang>
Solution #1: <lang groovy>if (problem) Runtime.runtime.halt(intExitCode)</lang>
Haskell
<lang haskell>import Control.Monad import System.Exit
when problem do
exitWith ExitSuccess -- success exitWith (ExitFailure integerErrorCode) -- some failure with code exitSuccess -- success; in GHC 6.10+ exitFailure -- generic failure</lang>
The above shows how to exit a thread. When the main thread exits, all other threads exit, and the return code in the exit call is the return code of the program. When any thread other than the main thread exits, only it is stopped, and if the exit code is not ExitSuccess, it is printed.
HicEst
<lang HicEst>ALARM( 999 )</lang> This closes windows, dialogs, files, DLLs, and frees allocated memory. Script editing is resumed on next start.
Icon and Unicon
<lang Icon>exit(i) # terminates the program setting an exit code of i stop(x1,x2,..) # terminates the program writing out x1,..; if any xi is a file writing switches to that file runerr(i,x) # terminates the program with run time error 'i' for value 'x'</lang>
J
Given condition, an integer which is zero if everything's OK (and we should NOT exit), or a non-zero exit code if there's a problem (and we should exit), then:
Tacit version: <lang j>2!:55^:] condition</lang> Explicit version: <lang j>3 : 'if. 0~: condition do. 2!:55 condition end.'</lang>
Java
The call System.exit does not finalize any objects by default. This default is to keep the program thread-safe. From the javadocs for the method to change this default: "may result in finalizers being called on live objects while other threads are concurrently manipulating those objects, resulting in erratic behavior or deadlock." <lang java>if(problem){
System.exit(integerErrorCode); //conventionally, error code 0 is the code for "OK", // while anything else is an actual problem //optionally: Runtime.getRuntime().exit(integerErrorCode);
}</lang>
You can use Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(myThread);
to add threads which represent actions to be run when the program exits.
This one does not perform cleanup: <lang java>if(problem){
Runtime.getRuntime().halt(integerErrorCode); //conventionally, error code 0 is the code for "OK", // while anything else is an actual problem
}</lang>
JavaScript
The quit()
function exits the shell.
<lang javascript>if (some_condition)
quit();</lang>
jq
The jq process will stop when it encounters a call to the function "error" (error/0) unless it occurs within the scope of a "try" command.
Example: <lang sh>$ jq -n '"Hello", if 1 then error else 2 end' "Hello"</lang>
Note that error/0 expects its input to be null (as above), in which case no error message is printed, or a string, in which case the string is printed as an error message, as illustrated below: <lang sh>$ jq -n '"Hello" | if 1 then error else 2 end' jq: error: Hello</lang>
Lasso
Lasso will stop processing when it encounters an "abort". By providing a "handle" block, possible cleanups can be executed before finishing execution. <lang Lasso>#!/usr/bin/lasso9 //[
handle => { stdoutnl('The end is here') }
stdoutnl('Starting execution')
abort
stdoutnl('Ending execution')</lang>
- Output:
Starting execution The end is here
It is also possible to provide a "handle" block that will only execute if there's an error. <lang Lasso>#!/usr/bin/lasso9
handle_error => { stdoutnl('There was an error ' + error_msg) abort }
stdoutnl('Starting execution')
0/0
stdoutnl('Ending execution')</lang>
- Output:
Starting execution There was an error Divide by zero
Liberty BASIC
If any files or devices are still open when execution is terminated, then Liberty BASIC will close them and present a dialog expressing this fact.
The STOP statement is functionally identical to END and is interchangable. Also, make sure that when a program is finished running that it terminates properly with an END statement. Otherwise the program's windows may all be closed, giving the illusion that it has stopped running, but it will still be resident in memory and may still consume processor resources.
The following is functional. Better practice is to instead jump to commands or subs to close known open files, windows etc, avoiding error messages as above. <lang lb>if 2 =2 then end</lang>
Logo
<lang logo>bye ; exits to shell
throw "toplevel ; exits to interactive prompt
pause ; escapes to interactive prompt for debugging continue ; resumes after a PAUSE</lang>
Lua
<lang lua>if some_condition then
os.exit( number )
end</lang>
M4
<lang M4>beginning define(`problem',1) ifelse(problem,1,`m4exit(1)') ending</lang>
- Output:
beginning
Mathematica
<lang Mathematica>If[problem, Abort[]];</lang>
Kernels stop all computation after "Abort[]" command. But the kernels are still operational, and all definitions are still available. Note that an Abort[] can be caught by a calling function using CheckAbort
, in which case the computation will continue at that place.
Quit[]
This will completely quit the kernel. All definitions will be lost. Since this terminates the actual kernel process, this will also free all resources used by that kernel (especially memory). Note however that if the kernel is interactively used through a notebook, the notebook still remains operable.
MATLAB
<lang matlab>if condition
return
end</lang>
There is no special way to stop a program. You can terminate it by calling return
.
<lang matlab>if condition
quit
end</lang>
The quit
function runs the MATLAB script finish.m
, if it exists, and terminates MATLAB completely.
Maxima
<lang maxima>/* Basically, it's simply quit() */
block([ans], loop, if (ans: read("Really quit ? (y, n)")) = 'y
then quit() elseif ans = 'n then (print("Nice choice!"), 'done) else (print("I dont' understand..."), go(loop)));</lang>
МК-61/52
<lang>ИП0 x=0 04 С/П ...</lang>
Condition of termination is Р0 = 0.
Nemerle
<lang Nemerle>using System.Environment ...
when (problem) Exit(1)
...</lang>
NetRexx
NetRexx's exit statement invokes Java's System.exit() so job termination is handled in the same way as any other Java program. (See Java above.) <lang NetRexx>/* NetRexx */ options replace format comments java crossref symbols nobinary
extremePrejudice = (1 == 1) if extremePrejudice then do
exit extremePrejudice end
return </lang>
Nim
<lang Nim>if problem:
quit(QuitFailure)</lang>
Oberon-2
<lang oberon2>
IF problem THEN HALT(1) END
</lang>
Objeck
The code below, will terminate a program without any cleanup. <lang objeck>if(problem) {
Runtime->Exit(1);
};</lang>
OCaml
<lang ocaml>if problem then
exit integerErrorCode; (* conventionally, error code 0 is the code for "OK", while anything else is an actual problem *)</lang>
The at_exit
function can be used to register functions to be run when the program exits. Registered functions will be called in the reverse order in which they were registered.
Oforth
OS.exit returns to OS with return value as parameter.
<lang Oforth>import: os
some_condition ifTrue: [ 0 OS.exit ]</lang>
Oz
<lang oz>if Problem then {Application.exit 0} end</lang>
All threads exit. All processes (local and remote) exit unless they were created with detach:true
. Finalizers are not executed (unless enforced with {System.gcDo})
.
PARI/GP
<lang parigp>if(stuff, quit)</lang>
Perl
<lang perl>if ($problem) {
exit integerErrorCode; # conventionally, error code 0 is the code for "OK" # (you can also omit the argument in this case) # while anything else is an actual problem
}</lang>
The DESTROY()
methods of all objects are called, in an unspecified order (see "Global Destruction" in perlobj.pod
). This includes objects in global variables or with circular references which otherwise keep them alive during normal running.
END { }
blocks are executed in reverse order of their creation (see perlmod.pod
).
The underlying C library exit()
runs its C level atexit()
callbacks.
An exit without these cleanups can be done with POSIX::_exit()
(as noted in perlfunc.pod
under the normal exit()
). This is the _exit()
system call (which the C library generally provides in equivalent form on non-Unix/non-POSIX systems too).
Perl 6
<lang perl6>if $problem { exit $error-code }</lang> An exit runs all appropriate scope-leaving blocks such as LEAVE, KEEP, or UNDO, followed by all END blocks, followed by all destructors that do more than just reclaim memory, and so cannot be skipped because they may have side effects visible outside the process. If run from an embedded interpreter, all memory must also be reclaimed. (Perl 6 does not yet have a thread-termination policy, but will need to before we're done.)
PHP
<lang php>if (problem)
exit(1);</lang>
The register_shutdown_function()
function can be used to register functions to be run when the program exits.
PicoLisp
Calling 'bye', optionally with a numeric code, terminates the program.
This will execute all pending 'finally' expressions, close all open files and/or pipes, flush standard output, and execute all expressions in the global variable '*Bye' before exiting. <lang PicoLisp>(push '*Bye '(prinl "Goodbye world!")) (bye)</lang>
- Output:
Goodbye world! $
PL/I
<lang pli>STOP; /* terminates the entire program */
/* PL/I does any required cleanup, such as closing files. */</lang>
<lang pli>STOP THREAD (tiger); /* terminates only thread "tiger". */</lang> <lang pli>SIGNAL FINISH; /* terminates the entire program. */
/* PL/I does any required cleanup, */ /* such as closing files. */</lang>
Pop11
<lang pop11>if condition then
sysexit();
endif;</lang>
PostScript
There are two ways which differ slightly:
<lang postscript>condition {stop} if</lang>
will terminate a so-called stopped
context which is a way of executing a block of code and catching errors that occur within. Any user program will always run in such a context and therefore be terminated upon calling stop
Neither the operand stack nor the dictionary stack are touched or cleaned up when calling stop
. Anything pushed onto either stack will remain there afterwards.
<lang postscript>condition {quit} if</lang>
will terminate the PostScript interpreter. This is definitely a way to stop the current program but since an interpreter can run multiple programs at the same time, this should rarely, if ever, be used.
PowerShell
<lang powershell>if (somecondition) {
exit
}</lang> This ends the scope for any non-global variables defined in the script. No special cleanup is performed.
Prolog
Terminate Prolog execution. Open files are closed. Exits the Interpreter. <lang prolog>halt.</lang> Terminate Prolog execution but don't exit the Interpreter. <lang prolog>abort.</lang>
PureBasic
This will free any allocated memory, close files and free other resources (i.e. windows, gadgets, threads, space for variable, etc.) that were set aside during execution of any PureBasic commands in the program. <lang PureBasic>If problem = 1
End
EndIf</lang> It is possible to also access outside resources (i.e. via an OS API or linked library), and those items may or may not be cleaned up properly.
Python
- Polite
<lang python>import sys if problem:
sys.exit(1)</lang>
The atexit module allows you to register functions to be run when the program exits.
- As soon as possible
(Signals the underlying OS to abort the program. No cleanup is performed) <lang python>import os if problem:
os.abort()</lang>
R
<lang r>if(problem) q(status=10)</lang>
Racket
Racket has an "exit" function that can be used to exit the Racket process, possibly returning a status code.
<lang Racket>
- lang racket
(run-stuff) (when (something-bad-happened) (exit 1)) </lang>
In addition, Racket has "custodians", which are objects that are used to manage a bunch of dynamically allocated resources (ie, open files, running threads). This makes it easy to run some code and conveniently kill it with all related resources when needed, without exiting from the whole process. It is common to use this facility in servers, where each handler invocation is wrapped in a new custodian that is shut down when its client interaction is done. For example:
<lang Racket>
- lang racket
(parameterize ([current-custodian (make-custodian)])
(define (loop) (printf "looping\n") (sleep 1) (loop)) (thread loop) ; start a thread under the new custodian (sleep 5) ;; kill it: this will kill the thread, and any other opened resources ;; like file ports, network connections, etc (custodian-shutdown-all (current-custodian)))
</lang>
REBOL
The quit word stops all evaluation, releases operating system resources and exits the interpreter. <lang REBOL>if error? try [6 / 0] [quit]</lang> A return value can be provided to the operating system: <lang REBOL>if error? try [dangerous-operation] [quit/return -12]</lang> Because of REBOL's tightly integrated REPL, you can also use q to do the same thing. <lang REBOL>if error? try [something-silly] [q/return -12]</lang> Since GUI programs are often developed from the REPL, a special halt word is provided to kill the GUI and return to the REPL. No cleanup is done and the GUI is still displayed (although halted). You can restart it with the do-events word. <lang REBOL>view layout [button "stopme" [halt]]</lang>
Retro
<lang Retro>problem? [ bye ] ifTrue</lang>
REXX
In REXX, the REXX interpreter takes care of the closing of any open files (or any I/O streams), as well as any memory management (cleanup). <lang rexx>/*REXX program showing five ways to perform a REXX program termination. */
/*─────1st way────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
exit
/*─────2nd way────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
exit (expression) /*Note: the "expression" doesn't need parentheses*/
/*"expression" is any REXX expression. */
/*─────3rd way────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
return /*which returns to this program's invoker. If */
/*this is the main body (and not a subroutine), */ /*the REXX interpreter terminates the program. */
/*─────4th way────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
return (expression) /* [See the note above concerning parentheses.] */
/*─────5th way────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ /*control*/ /* │ */ /*if there is no EXIT and program control "falls */ /* │ */ /*through" to the "bottom" (end) of the program, */ /* │ */ /*an EXIT is simulated and the program is */ /* │ */ /*terminated. */ /* ↓ */ /* e-o-f */ /* e-o-f = end-of-file. */</lang>
Regina actually implies a RETURN when the end of the program is found at the end of a subroutine: <lang rexx>Parse Version v Say v Call sub Say 'Back from sub' Exit sub:</lang>
- Output:
REXX-Regina_3.9.1(MT) 5.00 5 Apr 2015 Back from sub
Ring
<lang ring> for n = 1 to 10
see n + nl if n = 5 exit ok
next </lang>
Ruby
<lang ruby>if problem
exit(1)
end
- or
if problem
abort # equivalent to exit(1)
end</lang>
You can use at_exit { ... }
to register a block of code which will be run when the program exits. Registered handlers will be called in the reverse order in which they were registered.
<lang ruby>if problem
exit! # default value 1
end</lang>
Exits the process immediately. No exit handlers are run.
exit!
is different from exit
and it doesn't do an exception handling.
Scala
<lang Scala>if (problem) {
// sys.exit returns type "Nothing" sys.exit(0) // conventionally, error code 0 is the code for "OK", // while anything else is an actual problem
} </lang>
Slate
<lang slate>problem ifTrue: [exit: 1].</lang>
Scheme
<lang scheme>(if problem
(exit)) ; exit successfully</lang>
or <lang scheme>(if problem
(exit #f)) ; exit unsuccessfully</lang>
or <lang scheme>(if problem
(exit some-value)) ; converts "some-value" into an appropriate exit code for your system</lang>
Seed7
When a program is stopped with exit(PROGRAM) allocated memory is freed and open files are closed, <lang seed7>$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
const proc: main is func
begin # whatever logic is required in your main procedure if some_condition then exit(PROGRAM); end if; end func;</lang>
Sidef
<lang ruby>if (problem) {
Sys.exit(code);
}</lang>
SNOBOL4
Conditional transfer to the required END label causes immediate termination and normal cleanup. In this example, if condition succeeds (is true), the value of errlevel is assigned to the &code keyword as the exit status of the program, and the :s( ) goto transfers control to END. <lang SNOBOL4> &code = condition errlevel :s(end)</lang>
Standard ML
No cleanup is performed. <lang sml>if problem then
OS.Process.exit OS.Process.failure (* valid status codes include OS.Process.success and OS.Process.failure *)
else
()</lang>
The OS.Process.atExit
function can be used
to register functions to be run when the program exits.
Registered functions will be called in the reverse order
in which they were registered.
Tcl
The language runtime (in C) includes a mechanism for cleaning up open resources when the application quits, but access to this is not exposed at script level; extension packages just register with it automatically when required. At the script level, all that is needed to make the program terminate is the exit command: <lang tcl>if {$problem} {
# Print a “friendly” message... puts stderr "some problem occurred" # Indicate to the caller of the program that there was a problem exit 1
}</lang> Alternatively, in a top-level script but not an event handler: <lang tcl>if {$problem} {
error "some problem occurred"
}</lang>
TI-83 BASIC
If 1 Stop
Return works as well, but if run from inside a subprogram (TI-83 BASIC's version of a function) it will return - hence the function's name - to the main program instead of stopping everything.
When a program is executed, the OS copies its data to another RAM area (0x9D95 on the monochrome calculators, and 0xA60B on the C Silver Edition) and pushes some information about it onto the OS stack. When the program terminates via a Return/Stop statement or error, both of those are removed.
TI-89 BASIC
<lang ti89b>Prgm
... Stop ...
EndPrgm</lang>
TUSCRIPT
<lang tuscript>$$ MODE TUSCRIPT IF (condition==1) STOP -> execution stops and message: IF (condition==2) ERROR/STOP "condition ",condition, " Execution STOP "</lang>
Unlambda
<lang unlambda>`ei</lang>
Note: the argument to the e
function is the return value of the program; however many implementation simply ignore it.
There are no objects to be cleaned up.
UNIX Shell
<lang bash>#!/bin/sh
a='1' b='1' if [ "$a" -eq "$b" ]; then
exit 239 # Unexpected error
fi exit 0 # Program terminated normally</lang>
Ursa
Standard Ursa supports the stop function, which immediately halts program execution. <lang ursa>stop</lang>
Vedit macro language
<lang vedit>if (#99 == 1) { Return } // Exit current macro. Return to calling macro. if (#99 == 2) { Break_Out() } // Stop all macro execution and return to command mode. if (#99 == 3) { Exit } // Exit Vedit. Prompt for saving any changed files. if (#99 == 4) { Exit(4) } // As above, but return specified value (instead of 0) to OS if (#99 == 5) { Xall } // Exit Vedit. Save changed files without prompting. if (#99 == 6) { Qall } // Exit Vedit. Do not save any files.</lang> Return or Break_Out() do not perform any cleanup. If needed, cleanup has to be done in the macro before exit. Special locked-in macro can be used to perform cleanup in case user presses Break key.
When exit from Vedit is done, all the cleanup is performed automatically. Note, however, that if Edit Restore is enabled or a project is open, the session state is saved. In this case, if your macro does not do cleanup, you may eventually run out of free text registers, and you have to do manual cleanup.
VBScript
No matter how deep you're in, wscript.quit
will get you out.
<lang vb>dim i, j
j = 0
do
for i = 1 to 100 while j < i if i = 3 then wscript.quit end if wend next
loop</lang>
Visual Basic
While the example listed under BASIC will work unaltered, it is a terrible idea to use the End
keyword in VB. Doing so will cause the immediate termination of the program without any clean up -- forms and other things are left loaded in memory.
When the app needs to end, for whatever reason, problem or not, it's always a good idea to unload the forms first. <lang vb>Sub Main()
'... If problem Then For n& = Forms.Count To 0 Step -1 Unload Forms(n&) Next Exit Sub End If '...
End Sub</lang>
XPL0
XPL0 cleans up after itself. Its DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) releases extended memory (since DOS can't do it). It restores any system vectors that were altered, such as the divide-by-zero exception vector. It also restores changes made to the 8254 system timer chip (or its equivalent).
The value following 'exit' is optional. It's passed to DOS and can be used by a controlling batch file in an IF ERRORLEVEL statement, and thus change the commands the batch file executes.
<lang XPL0>if Problem then exit 1; </lang>
zkl
<lang zkl>if (die) System.exit(); if (die) System.exit(1); if (die) System.exit("dumping core");</lang> The parameter to exit (string or number) determines how hard zkl exits. 0 runs the garbage collector to close any orphaned open files, etc. Any other number doesn't. Text will cause a core dump (if $zklDumpCore is set). The OS gets to clean up any mess.
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