Inverted index: Difference between revisions
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===Indexing=== |
===Indexing=== |
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Index values are sets |
Index values are sets associated with each word (key). We use the local-put-value function to permanently store the index, in the browser local storage. |
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<lang lisp> |
<lang lisp> |
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;; set of input files |
;; set of input files |
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(for ((word text)) (invert-word (string-downcase word) file INVERT)))) |
(for ((word text)) (invert-word (string-downcase word) file INVERT)))) |
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</lang> |
</lang> |
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=== Query === |
=== Query === |
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Intersect sets values of each word. |
Intersect sets values of each word. |
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Revision as of 12:23, 13 June 2015
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
An Inverted Index is a data structure used to create full text search.
Given a set of text files, implement a program to create an inverted index. Also create a user interface to do a search using that inverted index which returns a list of files that contain the query term / terms. The search index can be in memory.
Ada
Main program
Here is the main program (file inverted_index.adb):
<lang Ada>with Ada.Text_IO, Generic_Inverted_Index, Ada.Strings.Hash, Parse_Lines; use Ada.Text_IO;
procedure Inverted_Index is
type Process_Word is access procedure (Word: String);
package Inv_Idx is new Generic_Inverted_Index
(Source_Type => String,
Item_Type => String,
Hash => Ada.Strings.Hash);
use Inv_Idx;
procedure Output(Sources: Source_Vecs.Vector) is
Any_Output: Boolean := False;
procedure Print_Source(S: String) is
begin
if not Any_Output then -- this is the first source found
Put("Found in the following files: ");
Any_Output := True;
else -- there has been at least one source before
Put(", ");
end if;
Put(S);
end Print_Source;
procedure Print is new Inv_Idx.Iterate(Print_Source);
begin
Print(Sources);
if not Any_Output then
Put("I did not find this in any of the given files!");
end if;
New_Line(2);
end Output;
procedure Read_From_File(Table: in out Storage_Type;
Filename: String) is
F: File_Type;
procedure Enter_Word(S: String) is
begin
Table.Store(Source => Filename, Item => S);
end Enter_Word;
procedure Store_Words is new
Parse_Lines.Iterate_Words(Parse_Lines.Word_Pattern, Enter_Word);
begin
Open(File => F, Mode => In_File, Name => Filename);
while not End_Of_File(F) loop
Store_Words(Get_Line(F));
end loop;
Close(F);
exception
when others =>
Put_Line("Something wrong with File '" & Filename & "'");
Put_Line("I'll ignore this!");
end Read_From_File;
procedure Read_Files(Tab: out Storage_Type; Line: in String) is
procedure Read_File(S: String) is
begin
Read_From_File(Tab, S);
end Read_File;
procedure Read_All is new
Parse_Lines.Iterate_Words(Parse_Lines.Filename_Pattern, Read_File);
begin
Read_All(Line);
end Read_Files;
S: Storage_Type; Done: Boolean := False;
begin
Put_Line("Enter Filenames:");
Read_Files(S, Get_Line);
New_Line;
while not Done loop
Put_Line("Enter one or more words to search for; <return> to finish:");
declare
Words: String := Get_Line;
First: Boolean := True;
Vec: Source_Vecs.Vector := Source_Vecs.Empty_Vector;
procedure Compute_Vector(Item: String) is
begin
if First then
Vec := S.Find(Item);
First := False;
else
Vec := Vec and S.Find(Item);
end if;
end Compute_Vector;
procedure Compute is new
Parse_Lines.Iterate_Words(Parse_Lines.Word_Pattern, Compute_Vector);
begin
if Words = "" then
Done := True;
else
Compute(Words);
Output(Vec);
end if;
end;
end loop;
end Inverted_Index;</lang>
A sample output:
Enter Filenames: 0.txt 1.txt 2.txt Enter one or more words to search for; <return> to finish: it Found in the following files: 0.txt, 1.txt, 2.txt Enter one or more words to search for; <return> to finish: that I did not find this in any of the given files! Enter one or more words to search for; <return> to finish: what is it Found in the following files: 0.txt, 1.txt Enter one or more words to search for; <return> to finish:
Package Generic_Inverted_Index
The real work is actually done in the package Generic_Inverted_Index. Here is the specification (file generic_inverted_index.ads):
<lang Ada>with Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Vectors; private with Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps;
generic
type Source_Type (<>) is private; type Item_Type (<>) is private; with function Hash(Item: Item_Type) return Ada.Containers.Hash_Type is <>;
package Generic_Inverted_Index is
type Storage_Type is tagged private;
package Source_Vecs is new Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Vectors
(Index_Type => Positive,
Element_Type => Source_Type);
procedure Store(Storage: in out Storage_Type;
Source: Source_Type;
Item: Item_Type);
-- stores Source in a table, indexed by Item
-- if there is already an Item/Source entry, the Table isn_t changed
function Find(Storage: Storage_Type; Item: Item_Type)
return Source_Vecs.Vector;
-- Generates a vector of all Sources for the given Item
function "and"(Left, Right: Source_Vecs.Vector) return Source_Vecs.Vector; -- returns a vector of all sources, which are both in Left and in Right
function "or"(Left, Right: Source_Vecs.Vector) return Source_Vecs.Vector; -- returns a vector of all sources, which are in Left, Right, or both
function Empty(Vec: Source_Vecs.Vector) return Boolean; -- returns true if Vec is empty
function First_Source(The_Sources: Source_Vecs.Vector) return Source_Type; -- returns the first enty in The_Sources; pre: The_Sourses is not empty
procedure Delete_First_Source(The_Sources: in out Source_Vecs.Vector;
Count: Ada.Containers.Count_Type := 1);
-- Removes the first Count entries; pre: The_Sourses has that many entries
type Process_Source is not null access procedure (Source: Source_Type);
generic
with procedure Do_Something(Source: Source_Type);
procedure Iterate(The_Sources: Source_Vecs.Vector);
-- calls Do_Something(Source) for all sources in The_Sources;
private
function Same_Vector(U,V: Source_Vecs.Vector) return Boolean;
package Maps is new Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps
-- for each item (=key) we store a vector with sources
(Key_Type => Item_Type,
Element_Type => Source_Vecs.Vector,
Hash => Hash,
Equivalent_Keys => "=",
"=" => Same_Vector);
type Storage_Type is new Maps.Map with null record;
end Generic_Inverted_Index;</lang>
Here is the implementation (generic_inverted_index.adb):
<lang Ada>package body Generic_Inverted_Index is
use Source_Vecs; use type Maps.Cursor;
procedure Store(Storage: in out Storage_Type;
Source: Source_Type;
Item: Item_Type) is
begin
if (Storage.Find(Item) = Maps.No_Element) then
Storage.Insert(Key => Item,
New_Item => Empty_Vector & Source);
else
declare
The_Vector: Vector := Storage.Element(Item);
begin
if The_Vector.Last_Element /= Source then
Storage.Replace
(Key => Item,
New_Item => Storage.Element(Item) & Source);
end if;
end;
end if;
end Store;
function Find(Storage: Storage_Type; Item: Item_Type)
return Vector is
begin
return Storage.Element(Item);
exception
when Constraint_Error => return Empty_Vector; -- found nothing
end Find;
function Is_In(S: Source_Type; V: Vector) return Boolean is
VV: Vector := V;
begin
if Empty(V) then
return False;
elsif First_Source(V) = S then
return True;
else
Delete_First_Source(VV);
return Is_In(S, VV);
end if;
end Is_In;
function "and"(Left, Right: Vector) return Vector is
V: Vector := Empty_Vector;
begin
for I in First_Index(Left) .. Last_Index(Left) loop
if Is_In(Element(Left, I), Right) then
V := V & Element(Left, I);
end if;
end loop;
return V;
end "and";
function "or"(Left, Right: Vector) return Vector is
V: Vector := Left; -- all sources in Left
begin -- ... add all sources in Right, which are not already in Left
for I in First_Index(Right) .. Last_Index(Right) loop
if not Is_In(Element(Right, I), Left) then
V := V & Element(Right, I);
end if;
end loop;
return V;
end "or";
function Empty(Vec: Vector) return Boolean
renames Is_Empty;
function First_Source(The_Sources: Vector)
return Source_Type renames First_Element;
procedure Delete_First_Source(The_Sources: in out Vector;
Count: Ada.Containers.Count_Type := 1)
renames Delete_First;
procedure Iterate(The_Sources: Vector) is
V: Vector := The_Sources;
begin
while not Empty(V) loop
Do_Something(First_Source(V));
Delete_First_Source(V);
end loop;
end Iterate;
function Same_Vector(U,V: Vector) return Boolean is
begin
raise Program_Error with "there is no need to call this function";
return False; -- this avoices a compiler warning
end Same_Vector;
end Generic_Inverted_Index;</lang>
Package Parse_Lines
The main program also uses an auxiliary package Parse_Lines. Note the usage of Gnat.Regpat, which itself is pattern matching package, specific for gnat/gcc. This package is derived from the Ada implementation of the regular expressions task. Here is the spec (parse_lines.ads):
<lang Ada>with Gnat.Regpat;
package Parse_Lines is
Word_Pattern: constant String := "([a-zA-Z]+)"; Filename_Pattern: constant String := "([a-zA-Z0-9_.,;:]+)";
procedure Search_For_Pattern(Pattern: Gnat.Regpat.Pattern_Matcher;
Search_In: String;
First, Last: out Positive;
Found: out Boolean);
function Compile(Raw: String) return Gnat.Regpat.Pattern_Matcher;
generic
Pattern: String;
with procedure Do_Something(Word: String);
procedure Iterate_Words(S: String);
end Parse_Lines;</lang>
And here is the implementation (parse_lines.adb):
<lang Ada>with Gnat.Regpat;
package body Parse_Lines is
procedure Search_For_Pattern(Pattern: Gnat.Regpat.Pattern_Matcher;
Search_In: String;
First, Last: out Positive;
Found: out Boolean) is
use Gnat.Regpat;
Result: Match_Array (0 .. 1);
begin
Match(Pattern, Search_In, Result);
Found := Result(1) /= No_Match;
if Found then
First := Result(1).First;
Last := Result(1).Last;
end if;
end Search_For_Pattern;
function Compile(Raw: String) return Gnat.Regpat.Pattern_Matcher is
begin
return Gnat.Regpat.Compile(Raw);
end Compile;
procedure Iterate_Words(S: String) is
Current_First: Positive := S'First;
First, Last: Positive;
Found: Boolean;
use Parse_Lines;
Compiled_P: Gnat.Regpat.Pattern_Matcher := Compile(Pattern);
begin
loop
Search_For_Pattern(Compiled_P,
S(Current_First .. S'Last),
First, Last, Found);
exit when not Found;
Do_Something(S(First .. Last));
Current_First := Last+1;
end loop;
end Iterate_Words;
end Parse_Lines;</lang>
Alternative Implementation of Generic_Inverted_Index (Ada 2012)
The new standard Ada 2012 simplifies the usage of containers significantly. The following runs under gnat (GNAT GPL 2011 (20110419)), when using the experimental -gnat2012 switch. The main program is the same. Here is the spec for Generic_Inverted_Index:
<lang Ada>with Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Vectors; private with Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps;
generic
type Source_Type (<>) is private; type Item_Type (<>) is private; with function Hash(Item: Item_Type) return Ada.Containers.Hash_Type is <>;
package Generic_Inverted_Index is
type Storage_Type is tagged private;
package Source_Vecs is new Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Vectors
(Index_Type => Positive,
Element_Type => Source_Type);
procedure Store(Storage: in out Storage_Type;
Source: Source_Type;
Item: Item_Type);
-- stores Source in a table, indexed by Item
-- if there is already an Item/Source entry, the Table isn_t changed
function Find(Storage: Storage_Type; Item: Item_Type)
return Source_Vecs.Vector;
-- Generates a vector of all Sources for the given Item
function "and"(Left, Right: Source_Vecs.Vector) return Source_Vecs.Vector; -- returns a vector of all sources, which are both in Left and in Right
function "or"(Left, Right: Source_Vecs.Vector) return Source_Vecs.Vector; -- returns a vector of all sources, which are in Left, Right, or both
function Empty(Vec: Source_Vecs.Vector) return Boolean; -- returns true if Vec is empty
type Process_Source is not null access procedure (Source: Source_Type);
generic
with procedure Do_Something(Source: Source_Type);
procedure Iterate(The_Sources: Source_Vecs.Vector);
-- calls Do_Something(Source) for all sources in The_Sources;
private
function Same_Vector(U,V: Source_Vecs.Vector) return Boolean;
package Maps is new Ada.Containers.Indefinite_Hashed_Maps
-- for each item (=key) we store a vector with sources
(Key_Type => Item_Type,
Element_Type => Source_Vecs.Vector,
Hash => Hash,
Equivalent_Keys => "=",
"=" => Same_Vector);
type Storage_Type is new Maps.Map with null record;
end Generic_Inverted_Index;</lang>
The implementation:
<lang Ada>package body Generic_Inverted_Index is
-- uses some of the new Ada 2012 syntax use Source_Vecs;
procedure Store(Storage: in out Storage_Type;
Source: Source_Type;
Item: Item_Type) is
use type Maps.Cursor;
begin
if (Storage.Find(Item) = Maps.No_Element) then
Storage.Insert(Key => Item,
New_Item => Empty_Vector & Source);
else
declare
The_Vector: Vector := Storage.Element(Item);
begin
if The_Vector.Last_Element /= Source then
Storage.Replace
(Key => Item,
New_Item => Storage.Element(Item) & Source);
end if;
end;
end if;
end Store;
function Find(Storage: Storage_Type; Item: Item_Type)
return Vector is
begin
return Storage.Element(Item);
exception
when Constraint_Error => return Empty_Vector; -- found nothing
end Find;
function Is_In(S: Source_Type; V: Vector) return Boolean is
begin
for Some_Element of V loop
if Some_Element = S then
return True;
end if;
end loop;
return False;
end Is_In;
function "and"(Left, Right: Vector) return Vector is
V: Vector := Empty_Vector;
begin
for Some_Element of Left loop
if Is_In(Some_Element, Right) then
V := V & Some_Element;
end if;
end loop;
return V;
end "and";
function "or"(Left, Right: Vector) return Vector is
V: Vector := Left; -- all sources in Left
begin
for Some_Element of Right loop
if not Is_In(Some_Element, Left) then
V := V & Some_Element;
end if;
end loop;
return V;
end "or";
function Empty(Vec: Vector) return Boolean
renames Is_Empty;
procedure Iterate(The_Sources: Vector) is
begin
for Some_Element in The_Sources loop
Do_Something(Element(Some_Element));
end loop;
end Iterate;
function Same_Vector(U,V: Vector) return Boolean is
begin
raise Program_Error with "there is no need to call this function";
return False; -- this avoices a compiler warning
end Same_Vector;
end Generic_Inverted_Index;</lang>
AutoHotkey
<lang AutoHotkey>; http://www.autohotkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41479 inputbox, files, files, file pattern such as c:\files\*.txt
word2docs := object() ; autohotkey_L is needed.
stime := A_tickcount Loop, %files%, 0,1 {
tooltip,%A_index% / 500 wordList := WordsIn(A_LoopFileFullPath) InvertedIndex(wordList, A_loopFileFullpath)
}
tooltip msgbox, % "total time " (A_tickcount-stime)/1000
gosub, search return
search: Loop {
InputBox, keyword , input single keyword only msgbox, % foundDocs := findword(keyword)
} return
WordsIn(docpath) {
FileRead, content, %docpath%
spos = 1
Loop
{
if !(spos := Regexmatch(content, "[a-zA-Z]{2,}",match, spos))
break
spos += strlen(match)
this_wordList .= match "`n"
}
Sort, this_wordList, U
return this_wordList
}
InvertedIndex(byref words, docpath) {
global word2docs
loop, parse, words, `n,`r
{
if A_loopField =
continue
word2docs[A_loopField] := word2docs[A_loopField] docpath "`n"
}
}
findWord(word2find) {
global word2docs
if (word2docs[word2find] = "")
return ""
else
return word2docs[word2find]
}</lang>
BBC BASIC
This uses a hashed index and linked lists to hold the file numbers. <lang bbcbasic> DIM FileList$(4)
FileList$() = "BBCKEY0.TXT", "BBCKEY1.TXT", "BBCKEY2.TXT", \
\ "BBCKEY3.TXT", "BBCKEY4.TXT"
DictSize% = 30000
DIM Index{(DictSize%-1) word$, link%}
REM Build inverted index:
FOR file% = DIM(FileList$(),1) TO 0 STEP -1
filename$ = FileList$(file%)
F% = OPENIN(filename$)
IF F% = 0 ERROR 100, "Failed to open file"
WHILE NOT EOF#F%
REPEAT C%=BGET#F% : UNTIL C%>64 OR EOF#F% : word$ = CHR$(C%)
REPEAT C%=BGET#F% : word$ += CHR$(C%) : UNTIL C%<65
word$ = FNlower(LEFT$(word$))
hash% = FNhash(word$)
WHILE Index{(hash%)}.word$<>"" AND Index{(hash%)}.word$<>word$
hash% = (hash% + 1) MOD DictSize% : REM Collision
ENDWHILE
Index{(hash%)}.word$ = word$
link% = Index{(hash%)}.link%
IF link%=0 OR link%!4<>file% THEN
DIM heap% 7 : heap%!4 = file%
!heap% = link%
Index{(hash%)}.link% = heap% : REM Linked list
ENDIF
ENDWHILE
CLOSE #F%
NEXT file%
REM Now query the index:
PRINT FNquery("random")
PRINT FNquery("envelope")
PRINT FNquery("zebra")
PRINT FNquery("the")
END
DEF FNquery(A$)
LOCAL hash%, link%, temp%
A$ = FNlower(A$)
hash% = FNhash(A$)
temp% = hash%
WHILE Index{(hash%)}.word$ <> A$
hash% = (hash% + 1) MOD DictSize%
IF hash% = temp% THEN = """" + A$ + """ not found"
ENDWHILE
link% = Index{(hash%)}.link%
A$ = """" + A$ + """ found in "
WHILE link%
A$ += FileList$(link%!4) + ", "
link% = !link%
ENDWHILE
= LEFT$(LEFT$(A$))
DEF FNhash(A$)
LOCAL hash%
IF LEN(A$) < 4 A$ += STRING$(4-LEN(A$),CHR$0)
hash% = !!^A$
IF LEN(A$) > 4 hash% EOR= !(!^A$ + LEN(A$) - 4)
= hash% MOD DictSize%
DEF FNlower(A$)
LOCAL A%,C%
FOR A% = 1 TO LEN(A$)
C% = ASCMID$(A$,A%)
IF C% >= 65 IF C% <= 90 MID$(A$,A%,1) = CHR$(C%+32)
NEXT
= A$</lang>
Output:
"random" found in BBCKEY2.TXT, BBCKEY3.TXT, BBCKEY4.TXT "envelope" found in BBCKEY1.TXT, BBCKEY4.TXT "zebra" not found "the" found in BBCKEY0.TXT, BBCKEY1.TXT, BBCKEY2.TXT, BBCKEY3.TXT, BBCKEY4.TXT
C
The code is stupidly long, having to implement a Trie to store strings and all -- the program doesn't do anything shiny, but Tries may be interesting to look at. <lang C>#include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
char chr_legal[] = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_-./"; int chr_idx[256] = {0}; char idx_chr[256] = {0};
- define FNAME 0
typedef struct trie_t *trie, trie_t; struct trie_t { trie next[sizeof(chr_legal)]; /* next letter; slot 0 is for file name */ int eow; };
trie trie_new() { return calloc(sizeof(trie_t), 1); }
- define find_word(r, w) trie_trav(r, w, 1)
/* tree traversal: returns node if end of word and matches string, optionally
* create node if doesn't exist */
trie trie_trav(trie root, const char * str, int no_create) { int c; while (root) { if ((c = str[0]) == '\0') { if (!root->eow && no_create) return 0; break; } if (! (c = chr_idx[c]) ) { str++; continue; }
if (!root->next[c]) { if (no_create) return 0; root->next[c] = trie_new(); } root = root->next[c]; str++; } return root; }
/* complete traversal of whole tree, calling callback at each end of word node.
* similar method can be used to free nodes, had we wanted to do that. */
int trie_all(trie root, char path[], int depth, int (*callback)(char *)) { int i; if (root->eow && !callback(path)) return 0;
for (i = 1; i < sizeof(chr_legal); i++) { if (!root->next[i]) continue;
path[depth] = idx_chr[i]; path[depth + 1] = '\0'; if (!trie_all(root->next[i], path, depth + 1, callback)) return 0; } return 1; }
void add_index(trie root, const char *word, const char *fname) { trie x = trie_trav(root, word, 0); x->eow = 1;
if (!x->next[FNAME]) x->next[FNAME] = trie_new(); x = trie_trav(x->next[FNAME], fname, 0); x->eow = 1; }
int print_path(char *path) { printf(" %s", path); return 1; }
/* pretend we parsed text files and got lower cased words: dealing *
* with text file is a whole other animal and would make code too long */
const char *files[] = { "f1.txt", "source/f2.txt", "other_file" }; const char *text[][5] ={{ "it", "is", "what", "it", "is" }, { "what", "is", "it", 0 }, { "it", "is", "a", "banana", 0 }};
trie init_tables() { int i, j; trie root = trie_new(); for (i = 0; i < sizeof(chr_legal); i++) { chr_idx[(int)chr_legal[i]] = i + 1; idx_chr[i + 1] = chr_legal[i]; }
/* Enable USE_ADVANCED_FILE_HANDLING to use advanced file handling.
* You need to have files named like above files[], with words in them * like in text[][]. Case doesn't matter (told you it's advanced). */
- define USE_ADVANCED_FILE_HANDLING 0
- if USE_ADVANCED_FILE_HANDLING
void read_file(const char * fname) { char cmd[1024]; char word[1024]; sprintf(cmd, "perl -p -e 'while(/(\\w+)/g) {print lc($1),\"\\n\"}' %s", fname); FILE *in = popen(cmd, "r"); while (!feof(in)) { fscanf(in, "%1000s", word); add_index(root, word, fname); } pclose(in); };
read_file("f1.txt"); read_file("source/f2.txt"); read_file("other_file");
- else
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) { if (!text[i][j]) break; add_index(root, text[i][j], files[i]); } }
- endif /*USE_ADVANCED_FILE_HANDLING*/
return root; }
void search_index(trie root, const char *word) { char path[1024]; printf("Search for \"%s\": ", word); trie found = find_word(root, word);
if (!found) printf("not found\n"); else { trie_all(found->next[FNAME], path, 0, print_path); printf("\n"); } }
int main() { trie root = init_tables();
search_index(root, "what"); search_index(root, "is"); search_index(root, "banana"); search_index(root, "boo"); return 0; }</lang>Output:<lang>Search for "what": f1.txt source/f2.txt Search for "is": f1.txt other_file source/f2.txt Search for "banana": other_file Search for "boo": not found</lang>
C#
<lang csharp>using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.IO; using System.Linq;
class InvertedIndex {
static Dictionary<TItem, IEnumerable<TKey>> Invert<TKey, TItem>(Dictionary<TKey, IEnumerable<TItem>> dictionary)
{
return dictionary
.SelectMany(keyValuePair => keyValuePair.Value.Select(item => new KeyValuePair<TItem, TKey>(item, keyValuePair.Key)))
.GroupBy(keyValuePair => keyValuePair.Key)
.ToDictionary(group => group.Key, group => group.Select(keyValuePair => keyValuePair.Value));
}
static void Main()
{
Console.Write("files: ");
var files = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("find: ");
var find = Console.ReadLine();
var dictionary = files.Split().ToDictionary(file => file, file => File.ReadAllText(file).Split().AsEnumerable());
Console.WriteLine("{0} found in: {1}", find, string.Join(" ", Invert(dictionary)[find]));
}
}</lang> Sample output: <lang>files: file1 file2 file3 find: what what found in: file1 file2</lang>
Clojure
<lang clojure>(ns inverted-index.core
(:require [clojure.set :as sets]
[clojure.java.io :as io]))
(def pattern #"\w+") ; Java regex for a raw term: here a substring of alphanums (defn normalize [match] (.toLowerCase match)) ; normalization of a raw term
(defn term-seq [text] (map normalize (re-seq pattern text)))
(defn set-assoc
"Produces map with v added to the set associated with key k in map m"
[m k v] (assoc m k (conj (get m k #{}) v)))
(defn index-file [index file]
(with-open [reader (io/reader file)]
(reduce
(fn [idx term] (set-assoc idx term file))
index
(mapcat term-seq (line-seq reader)))))
(defn make-index [files]
(reduce index-file {} files))
(defn search [index query]
(apply sets/intersection (map index (term-seq query))))
</lang>
CoffeeScript
<lang coffeescript> fs = require 'fs'
make_index = (fns) ->
# words are indexed by filename and 1-based line numbers
index = {}
for fn in fns
for line, line_num in fs.readFileSync(fn).toString().split '\n'
words = get_words line
for word in words
word = mangle(word)
index[word] ||= []
index[word].push [fn, line_num+1]
index
grep = (index, word) ->
console.log "locations for '#{word}':"
locations = index[mangle(word)] || []
for location in locations
[fn, line_num] = location
console.log "#{fn}:#{line_num}"
console.log "\n"
get_words = (line) ->
words = line.replace(/\W/g, ' ').split ' ' (word for word in words when word != )
mangle = (word) ->
# avoid conflicts with words like "constructor" '_' + word
do ->
fns = (fn for fn in fs.readdirSync('.') when fn.match /\.coffee/)
index = make_index(fns)
grep index, 'make_index'
grep index, 'sort'
</lang> output <lang> > coffee inverted_index.coffee locations for 'make_index': inverted_index.coffee:3 inverted_index.coffee:33 inverted_index.coffee:34
locations for 'sort':
anagrams.coffee:8
derangements.coffee:14
heap.coffee:34
heap.coffee:43
huffman.coffee:81
inverted_index.coffee:35
knuth_sample.coffee:12
</lang>
Common Lisp
<lang Lisp>(defpackage rosettacode.inverted-index
(:use cl))
(in-package rosettacode.inverted-index)
- Return a list of tokens in the string LINE. This is rather
- complicated as CL has no good standard function to do it.
(defun tokenize (line)
(let ((start 0) (len (length line)))
(loop for s = (position-if #'alphanumericp line :start start)
while s
for e = (position-if-not #'alphanumericp line :start (1+ s))
collect (subseq line s e)
while (and e (< e len))
do (setq start e))))
(defun index-file (index filename)
(with-open-file (in filename)
(loop for line = (read-line in nil nil)
while line
do (dolist (token (tokenize line))
(pushnew filename (gethash token index '()))))))
(defun build-index (filenames)
(let ((index (make-hash-table :test #'equal)))
(dolist (f filenames)
(index-file index f))
index))
- Find the files for QUERY. We use the same tokenizer for the query
- as for files.
(defun lookup (index query)
(remove-duplicates (loop for token in (tokenize query)
append (gethash token index))
:test #'equal))
</lang> Example: <lang lisp>(defparameter *index* (build-index '("file1.txt" "file2.txt" "file3.txt"))) (defparameter *query* "foo bar") (defparameter *result* (lookup *index* *query*)) (format t "Result for query ~s: ~{~a~^, ~}~%" *query* *result*)</lang>
D
<lang d>import std.stdio, std.algorithm, std.string, std.file, std.regex;
void main() {
string[][string] index;
void parseFile(in string fn) {
if (!exists(fn) || !isFile(fn))
throw new Exception("File not found");
foreach (word; readText(fn).splitter(regex(r"\W"))) {
word = word.toLower();
if (!index.get(word, null).canFind(fn))
index[word] ~= fn;
}
}
immutable fileNames = ["inv1.txt", "inv2.txt", "inv3.txt"];
foreach (fName; fileNames)
parseFile(fName);
while (true) {
writef("\nEnter a word to search for: (q to quit): ");
immutable w = readln().strip().toLower();
if (w == "q") {
writeln("quitting.");
break;
}
if (w in index)
writefln("'%s' found in%( %).", w, index[w]);
else
writefln("'%s' not found.", w);
}
}</lang> Both the demo text files and the queries are from the Wikipedia page, they contain:
It is what it is.
What is it?
It is a banana!
- Output:
Enter a word to search for: (q to quit): cat 'cat' not found. Enter a word to search for: (q to quit): is 'is' found in "inv1.txt" "inv2.txt" "inv3.txt". Enter a word to search for: (q to quit): banana 'banana' found in "inv3.txt". Enter a word to search for: (q to quit): it 'it' found in "inv1.txt" "inv2.txt" "inv3.txt". Enter a word to search for: (q to quit): what 'what' found in "inv1.txt" "inv2.txt". Enter a word to search for: (q to quit): q quitting.
EchoLisp
Indexing
Index values are sets associated with each word (key). We use the local-put-value function to permanently store the index, in the browser local storage. <lang lisp>
- set of input files
(define FILES {T0.txt T1.txt T2.txt})
- store name for permanent inverted index
(define INVERT "INVERTED-INDEX")
- get text for each file, and call (action filename text)
(define (map-files action files) (for ((file files)) (file->string action file)))
- create store
(local-make-store INVERT)
- invert-word
- word -> set of files
(define (invert-word word file store) (local-put-value word (make-set (cons file (local-get-value word store))) store))
- parse file text and invert each word
(define (invert-text file text) (writeln 'Inverting file text) (let ((text (text-parse text))) (for ((word text)) (invert-word (string-downcase word) file INVERT)))) </lang>
Query
Intersect sets values of each word. <lang lisp>
- usage
- (inverted-search w1 w2 ..)
(define-syntax-rule (inverted-search w ...) (and-get-invert (quote w )))
- intersects all sets referenced by words
- returns the intersection
(define (and-get-invert words) (foldl (lambda(word res) (set-intersect res (local-get-value word INVERT))) FILES words)) </lang> Output : <lang lisp> (map-files invert-text FILES) (inverted-search is it) [0]→ { T0.txt T1.txt T2.txt } (inverted-search is banana) [1]→ { T2.txt } (inverted-search is what) [2]→ { T0.txt T1.txt } (inverted-search boule) [3]→ null </lang>
Erlang
This might be used with a lot of large files so we use binaries to save space. That adds <<>> to the search terms. If somebody wants to avoid "end." and "end" being two different terms, just add <<".">> to binary:compile_pattern/1 Ditto for any other character.
<lang Erlang> -module( inverted_index ).
-export( [from_files/1, search/2, task/0] ).
from_files( Files ) ->
lists:foldl( fun import_from_file/2, dict:new(), Files ).
search( Binaries, Inverted_index ) ->
[Files | T] = [dict:fetch(X, Inverted_index) || X <- Binaries],
lists:foldl( fun search_common/2, Files, T ).
task() ->
Files_contents = [{"file_1", <<"it is what it is">>}, {"file_2", <<"what is it">>}, {"file_3", <<"it is a banana">>}],
[file:write_file(X, Y) || {X, Y} <- Files_contents],
Inverted_index = from_files( [X || {X, _Y} <- Files_contents] ),
Result = search( [<<"what">>, <<"is">>, <<"it">>], Inverted_index ),
io:fwrite( "~p~n", [Result] ),
[file:delete(X) || {X, _Y} <- Files_contents].
import_from_file( File, Dict_acc ) ->
New_dict = dict:from_list( import_from_file_contents(File, file:read_file(File)) ),
dict:merge( fun import_from_file_merge/3, Dict_acc, New_dict ).
import_from_file_contents( File, {ok, Binary} ) ->
[{X, [File]} || X <- binary:split( Binary, binary:compile_pattern([<<" ">>, <<"\n">>]), [global] )];
import_from_file_contents( File, {error, Error} ) -> io:fwrite( "Error: could not open file ~p: ~p~nContinuing with the rest of them~n", [File, Error] ), [].
import_from_file_merge( _Key, Files, [New_file] ) -> [New_file | Files].
search_common( Files, Acc ) -> [X || X <- Acc, lists:member(X, Files)]. </lang>
Factor
<lang factor>USING: assocs fry io.encodings.utf8 io.files kernel sequences sets splitting vectors ; IN: rosettacode.inverted-index
- file-words ( file -- assoc )
utf8 file-contents " ,;:!?.()[]{}\n\r" split harvest ;
- add-to-file-list ( files file -- files )
over [ swap [ adjoin ] keep ] [ nip 1vector ] if ;
- add-to-index ( words index file -- )
'[ _ [ _ add-to-file-list ] change-at ] each ;
- (index-files) ( files index -- )
[ [ [ file-words ] keep ] dip swap add-to-index ] curry each ;
- index-files ( files -- index )
H{ } clone [ (index-files) ] keep ;
- query ( terms index -- files )
[ at ] curry map [ ] [ intersect ] map-reduce ;
</lang>
Example use : <lang>( scratchpad ) { "f1" "f2" "f3" } index-files
--- Data stack: H{ { "a" ~vector~ } { "is" ~vector~ } { "what" ~vector~ } { ... ( scratchpad ) { "what" "is" "it" } swap query . V{ "f1" "f2" } </lang>
F#
<lang fsharp>open System open System.IO
// Map search terms to associated set of files type searchIndexMap = Map<string, Set<string>>
let inputSearchCriteria() =
let readLine prompt =
printf "%s: " prompt
Console.ReadLine().Split()
readLine "Files", (readLine "Find") |> Array.map (fun s -> s.ToLower())
let updateIndex indexMap keyValuePair =
let k, v = keyValuePair
match Map.tryFind k indexMap with
| None -> Map.add k (Set.singleton v) indexMap
| Some set -> Map.add k (Set.add v set) indexMap
let buildIndex files =
let fileData file =
File.ReadAllText(file).Split() |> Seq.map (fun word -> word.ToLower(), file)
files |> Seq.collect fileData
|> Seq.fold updateIndex Map.empty
let searchFiles() =
let files, terms = inputSearchCriteria() let indexes = buildIndex files
let searchResults = terms |> Seq.map (fun term -> Map.find term indexes)
|> Set.intersectMany
printf "Found in: " ; searchResults |> Set.iter (printf "%s ") ; printfn ""</lang>
Sample usage:
searchFiles() Files: file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt Find: what is Found in: file1.txt file2.txt
Go
<lang go>package main
import (
"bufio" "bytes" "errors" "fmt" "io" "os"
)
// inverted index representation var index map[string][]int // ints index into indexed var indexed []doc
type doc struct {
file string title string
}
func main() {
// initialize representation index = make(map[string][]int)
// build index
if err := indexDir("docs"); err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return
}
// run user interface ui()
}
func indexDir(dir string) error {
df, err := os.Open(dir)
if err != nil {
return err
}
fis, err := df.Readdir(-1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if len(fis) == 0 {
return errors.New(fmt.Sprintf("no files in %s", dir))
}
indexed := 0
for _, fi := range fis {
if !fi.IsDir() {
if indexFile(dir + "/" + fi.Name()) {
indexed++
}
}
}
return nil
}
func indexFile(fn string) bool {
f, err := os.Open(fn)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return false // only false return
}
// register new file
x := len(indexed)
indexed = append(indexed, doc{fn, fn})
pdoc := &indexed[x]
// scan lines
r := bufio.NewReader(f)
lines := 0
for {
b, isPrefix, err := r.ReadLine()
switch {
case err == io.EOF:
return true
case err != nil:
fmt.Println(err)
return true
case isPrefix:
fmt.Printf("%s: unexpected long line\n", fn)
return true
case lines < 20 && bytes.HasPrefix(b, []byte("Title:")):
// in a real program you would write code
// to skip the Gutenberg document header
// and not index it.
pdoc.title = string(b[7:])
}
// index line of text in b
// again, in a real program you would write a much
// nicer word splitter.
wordLoop:
for _, bword := range bytes.Fields(b) {
bword := bytes.Trim(bword, ".,-~?!\"'`;:()<>[]{}\\|/=_+*&^%$#@")
if len(bword) > 0 {
word := string(bword)
dl := index[word]
for _, d := range dl {
if d == x {
continue wordLoop
}
}
index[word] = append(dl, x)
}
}
}
return true
}
func ui() {
fmt.Println(len(index), "words indexed in", len(indexed), "files")
fmt.Println("enter single words to search for")
fmt.Println("enter a blank line when done")
var word string
for {
fmt.Print("search word: ")
wc, _ := fmt.Scanln(&word)
if wc == 0 {
return
}
switch dl := index[word]; len(dl) {
case 0:
fmt.Println("no match")
case 1:
fmt.Println("one match:")
fmt.Println(" ", indexed[dl[0]].file, indexed[dl[0]].title)
default:
fmt.Println(len(dl), "matches:")
for _, d := range dl {
fmt.Println(" ", indexed[d].file, indexed[d].title)
}
}
}
}</lang> Session:
8448 words indexed in 11 files
enter single words to search for
enter a blank line when done
search word: dog
no match
search word: cat
one match:
docs/pg28554.txt Beyond Lies the Wub
search word: robot
6 matches:
docs/pg32032.txt Second Variety
docs/pg32522.txt Mr. Spaceship
docs/pg32832.txt Piper in the Woods
docs/pg28698.txt The Crystal Crypt
docs/pg28767.txt The Defenders
docs/pg32154.txt The Variable Man
Haskell
<lang haskell>import Control.Monad import Data.Char (isAlpha, toLower) import qualified Data.Map as M import qualified Data.IntSet as S import System.Environment (getArgs)
main = do
(files, _ : q) <- liftM (break (== "--")) getArgs buildII files >>= mapM_ putStrLn . queryII q
data IIndex = IIndex
[FilePath] -- Files in the index (M.Map String S.IntSet) -- Maps word to indices of the list deriving Show
buildII :: [FilePath] -> IO IIndex buildII files =
liftM (IIndex files . foldl f M.empty . zip [0..]) $
mapM readFile files
where f m (i, s) =
foldl g m $ map (lowercase . filter isAlpha) $ words s
where g m word = M.insertWith S.union word (S.singleton i) m
queryII :: [String] -> IIndex -> [FilePath] queryII q (IIndex files m) =
map (files !!) $ S.toList $ intersections $ map (\word -> M.findWithDefault S.empty (lowercase word) m) q
intersections [] = S.empty intersections xs = foldl1 S.intersection xs
lowercase = map toLower</lang>
An example of use, assuming the program is named iindex and there exist files t0, t1, and t2 with contents "It is what it is.", "What is it?", and "It is a banana.":
$ iindex t0 t1 t2 -- what is it t0 t1
Icon and Unicon
The following implements a simple case insensitive inverse index using lists simulating texts. <lang Icon>procedure main()
texts := table() # substitute for read and parse files texts["T0.txt"] := ["it", "is", "what", "it", "is"] texts["T1.txt"] := ["what", "is", "it"] texts["T2.txt"] := ["it", "is", "a", "banana"]
every textname := key(texts) do # build index for each 'text'
SII := InvertedIndex(SII,textname,texts[textname])
TermSearchUI(SII) # search UI
end
procedure InvertedIndex(ii,k,words) #: accumulate a simple inverted index
/ii := table(set()) # create lookup table and null set every w := !words do {
if *ii[w] = 0 then ii[w] := set() # new word, new set insert(ii[w],k) }
return ii end
procedure TermSearchUI(ii) #: search UI, all words must match
repeat {
writes("Enter search terms (^z to quit) : ")
terms := map(trim(read() | break))
x := []
terms ? while not pos(0) do {
tab(many(' \t'))
put(x,tab(upto('\ \t')|0))
}
show("Searching for : ",x)
show("Found in : ",s := TermSearch(ii,x)) | show("Not found : ",x)
}
write("End of search") return end
procedure TermSearch(ii,x) #: return set of matches or fail every s := !x do
( /u := ii[s] ) | (u **:= ii[s])
if *u > 0 then return u end
procedure show(s,x) # display helper every writes(s|!x) do writes(" ") write() return end</lang>
Output:
Enter search terms (^z to quit) : is it Searching for : is it Found in : T0.txt T2.txt T1.txt Enter search terms (^z to quit) : banana Searching for : banana Found in : T2.txt Enter search terms (^z to quit) : fox Searching for : fox Not found : fox Enter search terms (^z to quit) : what Searching for : what Found in : T0.txt T1.txt
The following code will build a full index. Modification of search routines is left as an exercise: <lang Unicon>record InvertedIndexRec(simple,full)
procedure FullInvertedIndex(ii,k,words) #: accumulate a full inverted index
/ii := InvertedIndexRec( table(set()), table() ) # create lookup table and null set
wc := 0 every (w := !words, wc +:= 1) do {
if *ii.simple[w] = 0 then {
ii.simple[w] := set() # new word, new set
ii.full[w] := table() # also new table
}
insert(ii.simple[w],k)
/ii.full[w,k] := set()
insert(ii.full[w,k],wc)
}
return ii end</lang>
J
This just implements the required spec, with a simplistic definition for what a word is, and with no support for stop words, nor for phrase searching.
<lang J>require'files regex strings'
rxutf8 0 NB. support latin1 searches for this example, instead of utf8 files=:words=:buckets=: wordre=: rxcomp '[\w]+' parse=: ,@:rxfrom~ wordre&rxmatches
invert=: verb define
files=: files,todo=. ~.y-.files >invert1 each todo
)
invert1=: verb define
file=. files i.<y
words=: ~.words,contents=. ~.parse tolower fread jpath y
ind=. words i. contents
buckets=: buckets,(1+words -&# buckets)#a:
#buckets=: (file,~each ind{buckets) ind}buckets
)
search=: verb define
hits=. buckets{~words i.~.parse tolower y
files {~ >([-.-.)each/hits
)</lang>
Example use:
<lang J> invert '~help/primer/cut.htm';'~help/primer/end.htm';'~help/primer/gui.htm'
>search 'finally learning'
~help/primer/end.htm ~help/primer/gui.htm
>search 'argument'
~help/primer/cut.htm ~help/primer/gui.htm
>search 'around'
~help/primer/gui.htm</lang>
Java
<lang Java> package org.rosettacode;
import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileReader; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.LinkedList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.Set;
public class InvertedIndex {
List<String> stopwords = Arrays.asList("a", "able", "about", "across", "after", "all", "almost", "also", "am", "among", "an", "and", "any", "are", "as", "at", "be", "because", "been", "but", "by", "can", "cannot", "could", "dear", "did", "do", "does", "either", "else", "ever", "every", "for", "from", "get", "got", "had", "has", "have", "he", "her", "hers", "him", "his", "how", "however", "i", "if", "in", "into", "is", "it", "its", "just", "least", "let", "like", "likely", "may", "me", "might", "most", "must", "my", "neither", "no", "nor", "not", "of", "off", "often", "on", "only", "or", "other", "our", "own", "rather", "said", "say", "says", "she", "should", "since", "so", "some", "than", "that", "the", "their", "them", "then", "there", "these", "they", "this", "tis", "to", "too", "twas", "us", "wants", "was", "we", "were", "what", "when", "where", "which", "while", "who", "whom", "why", "will", "with", "would", "yet", "you", "your");
Map<String, List<Tuple>> index = new HashMap<String, List<Tuple>>(); List<String> files = new ArrayList<String>();
public void indexFile(File file) throws IOException { int fileno = files.indexOf(file.getPath()); if (fileno == -1) { files.add(file.getPath()); fileno = files.size() - 1; }
int pos = 0; BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file)); for (String line = reader.readLine(); line != null; line = reader .readLine()) { for (String _word : line.split("\\W+")) { String word = _word.toLowerCase(); pos++; if (stopwords.contains(word)) continue; List<Tuple> idx = index.get(word); if (idx == null) { idx = new LinkedList<Tuple>(); index.put(word, idx); } idx.add(new Tuple(fileno, pos)); } } System.out.println("indexed " + file.getPath() + " " + pos + " words"); }
public void search(List<String> words) { for (String _word : words) { Set<String> answer = new HashSet<String>(); String word = _word.toLowerCase(); List<Tuple> idx = index.get(word); if (idx != null) { for (Tuple t : idx) { answer.add(files.get(t.fileno)); } } System.out.print(word); for (String f : answer) { System.out.print(" " + f); } System.out.println(""); } }
public static void main(String[] args) { try { InvertedIndex idx = new InvertedIndex(); for (int i = 1; i < args.length; i++) { idx.indexFile(new File(args[i])); } idx.search(Arrays.asList(args[0].split(","))); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
private class Tuple { private int fileno; private int position;
public Tuple(int fileno, int position) { this.fileno = fileno; this.position = position; } } }
</lang>
Example output: <lang Java> java -cp bin org.rosettacode.InvertedIndex "huntsman,merit,dog,the,gutenberg,lovecraft,olympian" pg30637.txt pg7025.txt pg82.txt pg9090.txt indexed pg30637.txt 106473 words indexed pg7025.txt 205714 words indexed pg82.txt 205060 words indexed pg9090.txt 68962 words huntsman pg82.txt pg7025.txt merit pg9090.txt pg30637.txt pg82.txt pg7025.txt dog pg30637.txt pg82.txt pg7025.txt the gutenberg pg9090.txt pg30637.txt pg82.txt pg7025.txt lovecraft pg30637.txt olympian pg30637.txt
</lang>
jq
In the first part of this section, the core functions for computing an inverted index and for searching it are presented. These functions will work with jq 1.4 as well as later (and possibly earlier) versions.
The second section shows how to accomplish the interactive task using a version of jq with support for 'input' and 'input_filename' (e.g. jq 1.5).
Part 1: inverted_index and search <lang jq># Given an array of [ doc, array_of_distinct_words ]
- construct a lookup table: { word: array_of_docs }
def inverted_index:
reduce .[] as $pair
({};
$pair[0] as $doc
| reduce $pair[1][] as $word
(.; .[$word] += [$doc]));
def search(words):
def overlap(that): . as $this
| reduce that[] as $item ([]; if $this|index($item) then . + [$item] else . end);
. as $dict
| if (words|length) == 0 then []
else reduce words[1:][] as $word
( $dict[words[0]]; overlap( $dict[$word] ) )
end ; </lang>
Part 2: Interactive Search
In this section, a solution to the task is presented using two invocations of jq: one parses the input files, and the other does everything else. If your shell does not support <(...) then you could create a temporary file to hold the parsed output.
<lang jq>def prompt_search:
"Enter a string or an array of strings to search for, quoting each string, or 0 to exit:",
( (input | if type == "array" then . elif type == "string" then [.]
else empty
end) as $in
| search($in), prompt_search ) ;
$in | inverted_index | prompt_search</lang>
Example: <lang sh>$ jq -r -c -n --argfile in <(jq -R 'split(" ") | select(length>0) | [input_filename, unique]' T?.txt) -f Inverted_index.jq Enter a string or an array of strings to search for, quoting each string, or 0 to exit: "is" ["T0.txt","T1.txt","T2.txt"] Enter a string or an array of strings to search for, quoting each string, or 0 to exit: ["is", "banana"] ["T2.txt"] Enter a string or an array of strings to search for, quoting each string, or 0 to exit: 0 $</lang>
OCaml
We store the inverted index data in the file "data.inv" using the sexplib library, so we compile with:
ocamlc -c \
-pp "camlp4o -I `ocamlc -where`/type-conv \
-I `ocamlc -where`/sexplib \
pa_type_conv.cmo pa_sexp_conv.cmo" \
unix.cma bigarray.cma nums.cma -I +sexplib sexplib.cma str.cma \
inv.ml
ocamlc -o inv.byte unix.cma bigarray.cma nums.cma -I +sexplib sexplib.cma str.cma inv.cmo
<lang ocaml>TYPE_CONV_PATH "Inverted_index"
type files = string array with sexp type inverted_index = (string * int list) list with sexp
type t = files * inverted_index with sexp
open Sexplib
let data_file = "data.inv" let data_path = Filename.concat Filename.temp_dir_name data_file
let get_inv_index() =
if Sys.file_exists data_path then t_of_sexp(Sexp.load_sexp data_path) else ([| |], [])
let load_file f =
let ic = open_in f in let n = in_channel_length ic in let s = String.create n in really_input ic s 0 n; close_in ic; (s)
let array_push ar v =
let len = Array.length ar in Array.init (succ len) (fun i -> if i < len then Array.unsafe_get ar i else v), len
let uniq lst =
let h = Hashtbl.create (List.length lst) in List.iter (fun x -> Hashtbl.replace h x ()) lst; Hashtbl.fold (fun x () xs -> x :: xs) h []
let combine words i inv_index =
let h = Hashtbl.create (List.length inv_index) in
List.iter (fun (w, from) -> Hashtbl.replace h w from) inv_index;
List.iter (fun w ->
let from =
try Hashtbl.find h w
except Not_found -> []
in
Hashtbl.replace h w (i::from)
) words;
Hashtbl.fold (fun w from acc -> (w, from) :: acc) h []
let words_of_file in_file =
let str = load_file in_file in let words = Str.split (Str.regexp "[ \r\n\t,;.?!:'/\034()]") str in let words = uniq words in (words)
let index_file in_file =
let words = words_of_file in_file in let files, inv_index = get_inv_index() in let files, i = array_push files in_file in let inv_index = combine words i inv_index in let se = sexp_of_t (files, inv_index) in Sexp.save data_path se
let search_word word =
let files, inv_index = get_inv_index() in try let is_in = List.assoc word inv_index in List.iter (fun i -> print_endline files.(i)) is_in with Not_found -> print_endline "# Not Found"
let usage() =
Printf.printf "Usage: %s \ --index-file <file.txt> / \ --search-word <some-word>\n%!" Sys.argv.(0); exit 1
let () =
let cmd, arg = try (Sys.argv.(1), Sys.argv.(2)) with _ -> usage() in match cmd, arg with | "--index-file", in_file -> index_file in_file | "--search-word", word -> search_word word | _ -> usage()</lang>
Perl
<lang perl>use Set::Object 'set';
- given an array of files, returns the index
sub createindex {
my @files = @_;
my %iindex;
foreach my $file (@files)
{
open(F, "<", $file) or die "Can't read file $file: $!"; while(<F>) {
s/\A\W+//;
foreach my $w (map {lc} grep {length() >= 3} split /\W+/) { if ( exists($iindex{$w}) ) { $iindex{$w}->insert($file); } else { $iindex{$w} = set($file); } } } close(F);
} return %iindex;
}
- given an index, search for words
sub search_words_with_index {
my %idx = %{shift()};
my @words = @_;
my $res = set();
foreach my $w (map {lc} @words)
{
$w =~ s/\W+//g; # strip non-words chars
length $w < 3 and next;
exists $idx{$w} or return set();
$res = $res->is_null
? set(@{$idx{$w}})
: $res * $idx{$w}; # set intersection
}
return @$res;
}
- TESTING
- USAGE: invidx.pl the,list,of,words file1 file2 .. fileN
my @searchwords = split /,/, shift;
- first arg is a comma-separated list of words to search for
print "$_\n"
foreach search_words_with_index({createindex(@ARGV)}, @searchwords);</lang>
Perl 6
<lang perl6>sub MAIN (*@files) {
(my %norm).push: do for @files -> $file {
$file X=> slurp($file).lc.words;
}
(my %inv).push: %norm.invert.unique;
while prompt("Search terms: ").words -> @words {
for @words -> $word {
say "$word => %inv.{$word.lc}";
}
}
}</lang>
PicoLisp
Assuming three files "file1", "file2" and "file3":
$ cat file1 it is what it is $ cat file2 what is it $ cat file3 it is a banana
we can read them into a binary tree in the global variable '*MyIndex' <lang PicoLisp>(off *MyIndex)
(use Word
(for File '("file1" "file2" "file3")
(in File
(while (skip)
(if (idx '*MyIndex (setq Word (till " ^I^J^M" T)) T)
(push1 (car @) File)
(set Word (cons File)) ) ) ) ) )
(de searchFor @
(apply sect
(extract
'((Word) (val (car (idx '*MyIndex Word))))
(rest) ) ) )</lang>
Output:
: (searchFor "what" "is" "it")
-> ("file2" "file1")
: (searchFor "a" "banana")
-> ("file3")
: (searchFor "it" "is")
-> ("file3" "file2" "file1")
Python
Simple inverted index
First the simple inverted index from here together with an implementation of a search for (multiple) terms from that index. <lang python> This implements: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_index of 28/07/10
from pprint import pprint as pp from glob import glob try: reduce except: from functools import reduce try: raw_input except: raw_input = input
def parsetexts(fileglob='InvertedIndex/T*.txt'):
texts, words = {}, set()
for txtfile in glob(fileglob):
with open(txtfile, 'r') as f:
txt = f.read().split()
words |= set(txt)
texts[txtfile.split('\\')[-1]] = txt
return texts, words
def termsearch(terms): # Searches simple inverted index
return reduce(set.intersection,
(invindex[term] for term in terms),
set(texts.keys()))
texts, words = parsetexts() print('\nTexts') pp(texts) print('\nWords') pp(sorted(words))
invindex = {word:set(txt
for txt, wrds in texts.items() if word in wrds)
for word in words}
print('\nInverted Index') pp({k:sorted(v) for k,v in invindex.items()})
terms = ["what", "is", "it"] print('\nTerm Search for: ' + repr(terms)) pp(sorted(termsearch(terms)))</lang>
Sample Output
Texts
{'T0.txt': ['it', 'is', 'what', 'it', 'is'],
'T1.txt': ['what', 'is', 'it'],
'T2.txt': ['it', 'is', 'a', 'banana']}
Words
['a', 'banana', 'is', 'it', 'what']
Inverted Index
{'a': ['T2.txt'],
'banana': ['T2.txt'],
'is': ['T0.txt', 'T1.txt', 'T2.txt'],
'it': ['T0.txt', 'T1.txt', 'T2.txt'],
'what': ['T0.txt', 'T1.txt']}
Term Search for: ['what', 'is', 'it']
['T0.txt', 'T1.txt']
Full inverted index
There is a re-write of the termsearch function to work off this type of index, as well as a new phrasesearch function
The phrasesearch function will return multiple matches in a text, and goes on to show how this can be used to pick the text with most matches.
It is assumed that the following code is added to the end of the code for the simple case above and so shares its file opening and parsing results <lang python>from collections import Counter
def termsearch(terms): # Searches full inverted index
if not set(terms).issubset(words):
return set()
return reduce(set.intersection,
(set(x[0] for x in txtindx)
for term, txtindx in finvindex.items()
if term in terms),
set(texts.keys()) )
def phrasesearch(phrase):
wordsinphrase = phrase.strip().strip('"').split()
if not set(wordsinphrase).issubset(words):
return set()
#firstword, *otherwords = wordsinphrase # Only Python 3
firstword, otherwords = wordsinphrase[0], wordsinphrase[1:]
found = []
for txt in termsearch(wordsinphrase):
# Possible text files
for firstindx in (indx for t,indx in finvindex[firstword]
if t == txt):
# Over all positions of the first word of the phrase in this txt
if all( (txt, firstindx+1 + otherindx) in finvindex[otherword]
for otherindx, otherword in enumerate(otherwords) ):
found.append(txt)
return found
finvindex = {word:set((txt, wrdindx)
for txt, wrds in texts.items()
for wrdindx in (i for i,w in enumerate(wrds) if word==w)
if word in wrds)
for word in words}
print('\nFull Inverted Index') pp({k:sorted(v) for k,v in finvindex.items()})
print('\nTerm Search on full inverted index for: ' + repr(terms)) pp(sorted(termsearch(terms)))
phrase = '"what is it"' print('\nPhrase Search for: ' + phrase) print(phrasesearch(phrase))
- Show multiple match capability
phrase = '"it is"' print('\nPhrase Search for: ' + phrase) ans = phrasesearch(phrase) print(ans) ans = Counter(ans) print(' The phrase is found most commonly in text: ' + repr(ans.most_common(1)[0][0]))</lang>
Sample Output
Full Inverted Index
{'a': [('T2.txt', 2)],
'banana': [('T2.txt', 3)],
'is': [('T0.txt', 1), ('T0.txt', 4), ('T1.txt', 1), ('T2.txt', 1)],
'it': [('T0.txt', 0), ('T0.txt', 3), ('T1.txt', 2), ('T2.txt', 0)],
'what': [('T0.txt', 2), ('T1.txt', 0)]}
Term Search on full inverted index for: ['what', 'is', 'it']
['T0.txt', 'T1.txt']
Phrase Search for: "what is it"
['T1.txt']
Phrase Search for: "it is"
['T0.txt', 'T0.txt', 'T2.txt']
The phrase is found most commonly in text: 'T0.txt'
Racket
<lang racket>
- !/usr/bin/env racket
- lang racket
(command-line
#:args (term . files)
(define rindex (make-hasheq))
(for ([file files])
(call-with-input-file file
(λ(in) (let loop ()
(define w (regexp-match #px"\\w+" in))
(when w
(let* ([w (bytes->string/utf-8 (car w))]
[w (string->symbol (string-foldcase w))]
[r (hash-ref rindex w '())])
(unless (member file r) (hash-set! rindex w (cons file r)))
(loop)))))))
(define res
(for/list ([w (regexp-match* #px"\\w+" term)])
(list->set (hash-ref rindex (string->symbol (string-foldcase w)) '()))))
(define all (set->list (apply set-intersect res)))
(if (null? all)
(printf "No matching files.\n")
(printf "Terms found at: ~a.\n" (string-join all ", "))))
</lang>
- Output:
$ echo "It is what it is." > F1 $ echo "What is it?" > F2 $ echo "It is a banana." > F3 $ ./search.rkt "what" F? Terms found at: F1, F2. $ ./search.rkt "a" F? Terms found at: F3. $ ./search.rkt "what a" F? No matching files. $ ./search.rkt "what is it" F? Terms found at: F1, F2.
REXX
Note: In this algorithm, word indices start at 1.
Note: the Burma Shave signs were created from 1930 ──► 1951 and were common among the rural byways of America.
To see more about Burma Shave signs, see the Wikipedia entry: Burma Shave signs. <lang rexx>/*REXX program illustrates building a simple inverted index & word find.*/ @.= /*dictionary of words (so far).*/ != /*a list of found words (so far).*/ call invertI 0, 'BURMA0.TXT' /*read the file: BURMA0.TXT ...*/ call invertI 1, 'BURMA1.TXT' /* " " ~ BURMA1.TXT ...*/ call invertI 2, 'BURMA2.TXT' /* " " ~ BURMA2.TXT ...*/ call invertI 3, 'BURMA3.TXT' /* " " ~ BURMA3.TXT ...*/ call invertI 4, 'BURMA4.TXT' /* " " ~ BURMA4.TXT ...*/ call invertI 5, 'BURMA5.TXT' /* " " ~ BURMA5.TXT ...*/ call invertI 6, 'BURMA6.TXT' /* " " ~ BURMA6.TXT ...*/ call invertI 7, 'BURMA7.TXT' /* " " ~ BURMA7.TXT ...*/ call invertI 8, 'BURMA8.TXT' /* " " ~ BURMA8.TXT ...*/ call invertI 9, 'BURMA9.TXT' /* " " ~ BURMA9.TXT ...*/ call findAword 'does' /*find a word. */ call findAword '60' /*find another word. */ call findAword "don't" /*and find another word. */ call findAword "burma-shave" /*and find yet another word. */ exit /*stick a fork in it, we're done.*/ /*──────────────────────────────────FINDAWORD subroutine────────────────*/ findAword: procedure expose @.; arg x /*get an uppercase version of X. */ parse arg ox /*get original (as-is) value of X*/ _=@.x; oxo='───'ox"───" if _== then do
say 'word' oxo "not found."
return 0
end
_@=_ /*save _, pass it back to invoker*/ say 'word' oxo "found in:"
do until _==; parse var _ f w _
say ' file='f ' word='w
end /*until ··· */
return _@ /*─────────────────────────────────────INVERTI subroutine───────────────*/ invertI: procedure expose @. !; parse arg #,fn /*file#, filename*/ call lineout fn /*close the file, just in case. */ w=0 /*number of words found (so far).*/
do while lines(fn)\==0 /* [↓] process the entire file.*/ _=space(linein(fn)) /*read a line, elide extra blanks*/ if _== then iterate /*if blank record, then ignore it*/ say 'file' #", record:" _ /*echo a record (to be verbose).*/
do until _== /*pick off words until done. */
parse upper var _ ? _ /*pick off a word (uppercased). */
?=stripper(?) /*strip any trailing punctuation.*/
if ?= then iterate /*is the word now blank (null) ? */
w=w+1 /*bump the word counter (index). */
@.?=@.? # w /*append the new word to a list. */
if wordpos(?,!)==0 then !=! ? /*add to the list of words found.*/
end /*until ··· */
end /*while ··· */
say; call lineout fn /*close the file, just to be neat*/ return w /*return the index of the word. */ /*─────────────────────────────────────STRIPPER subroutine──────────────*/ stripper: procedure; parse arg q /*remove punctuation at word-end.*/ @punctuation='.,:;?¿!¡∙·'; do j=1 for length(@punctuation)
q=strip(q,'T',substr(@punctuation,j,1))
end /*j*/
return q</lang> output
file 0, record: Rip a fender
file 0, record: Off your Car
file 0, record: Send it in
file 0, record: For a half-pound jar
file 0, record: Burma-Shave
file 1, record: A peach
file 1, record: Looks good
file 1, record: With lots of fuzz
file 1, record: Man's no peach
file 1, record: And never was
file 1, record: Burma-Shave
file 2, record: Does your husband
file 2, record: Misbehave
file 2, record: Grunt and grumble
file 2, record: Rant and rave ?
file 2, record: Shoot the brute some
file 2, record: Burma-Shave
file 3, record: Don't take a curve
file 3, record: At 60 per
file 3, record: We hate to lose
file 3, record: A customer
file 3, record: Burma-Shave
file 4, record: Every shaver
file 4, record: Now can snore
file 4, record: Six more minutes
file 4, record: Than before
file 4, record: By using
file 4, record: Burma-Shave
file 5, record: He played
file 5, record: a sax
file 5, record: Had no B.O.
file 5, record: But his whiskers scratched
file 5, record: So she let him go
file 5, record: Burma-Shave
file 6, record: Henry the Eighth
file 6, record: Prince of Friskers
file 6, record: Lost five wives
file 6, record: But kept his whiskers
file 6, record: Burma-Shave
file 7, record: Listen birds
file 7, record: These signs cost
file 7, record: Money
file 7, record: So roost a while
file 7, record: But don't get funny
file 7, record: Burma-Shave
file 8, record: My man
file 8, record: Won't shave
file 8, record: Sez Hazel Huz
file 8, record: But I should worry
file 8, record: Dora's does
file 8, record: Burma-Shave
file 9, record: Past
file 9, record: Schoolhouses
file 9, record: Take it slow
file 9, record: Let the little
file 9, record: Shavers grow
file 9, record: Burma-Shave
word ───does─── found in:
file=2 word=1
file=8 word=13
word ───60─── found in:
file=3 word=6
word ───don't─── found in:
file=3 word=1
file=7 word=12
word ───burma-shave─── found in:
file=0 word=14
file=1 word=15
file=2 word=15
file=3 word=14
file=4 word=13
file=5 word=17
file=6 word=14
file=7 word=15
file=8 word=14
file=9 word=11
Ruby
I broke this into two parts, storing the index as a file on disk to better represent how this might actually be used in practice. The indexmerge part will create or update the index data file with any files given on the command line, and then indexsearch will use the data file to search for any terms listed on the command line. The example is based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_index of 2010/09/10.
indexmerge.rb <lang ruby>if File.exist? "index.dat"
@data = Marshal.load open("index.dat")
else
@data = {}
end
- Let's give the string class the ability to tokenize itsself into lowercase
- words with no punctuation.
class String
def index_sanitize
self.split.collect do |token|
token.downcase.gsub(/\W/, )
end
end
end
- Just implementing a simple inverted index here.
ARGV.each do |filename|
open filename do |file|
file.read.index_sanitize.each do |word|
@data[word] ||= []
@data[word] << filename unless @data[word].include? filename
end
end
end
open("index.dat", "w") do |index|
index.write Marshal.dump(@data)
end</lang>
indexsearch.rb <lang ruby>if File.exist? "index.dat"
@data = Marshal.load open("index.dat")
else
raise "The index data file could not be located."
end
class String
def index_sanitize
self.split.collect do |token|
token.downcase.gsub(/\W/, )
end
end
end
- Take anything passed in on the command line in any form and break it
- down the same way we did when making the index.
ARGV.join(' ').index_sanitize.each do |word|
@result ||= @data[word] @result &= @data[word]
end
p @result</lang>
Output
> ./indexmerge.rb file1 > ./indexmerge.rb file2 file3 > ./indexsearch.rb what is it ["file1", "file2"] > ./indexsearch.rb "a banana" ["file3"] > ./indexsearch.rb It iS\! ["file1", "file2", "file3"]
Scala
<lang Scala>object InvertedIndex extends App {
import java.io.File
// indexer
val WORD = raw"(\w+)".r
def parse(s: String) = WORD.findAllIn(s).map(_.toString.toLowerCase)
def invertedIndex(files: Seq[File]): Map[String,Set[File]] = {
var i = Map[String,Set[File]]() withDefaultValue Set.empty
files.foreach{f => scala.io.Source.fromFile(f).getLines flatMap parse foreach
(w => i = i + (w -> (i(w) + f)))}
i
}
// user interface
args match {
case _ if args.length < 2 => println("Usage: InvertedIndex ALLSEARCHWORDS FILENAME...")
case Array(searchwords, filenames @ _*) =>
val queries = parse(searchwords).toList
val files = filenames.map(new File(_)).filter{f => if (!f.exists) println(s"Ignoring $f"); f.exists}
(queries, files) match {
case (q, _) if q.isEmpty => println("Missing search words")
case (_, f) if f.isEmpty => println("Missing extant files")
case _ => val index = invertedIndex(files)
println(s"""Searching for ${queries map ("\""+_+"\"") mkString " and "} in ${files.size} files:""")
queries.map(index).foldLeft(files.toSet)(_ intersect _) match {
case m if m.isEmpty => println("No matching files")
case m => println(m mkString "\n")
}
}
}
}</lang>
- Output:
> InvertedIndex "the" file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt Searching for "the" in 3 files: data/file1.txt data/file2.txt data/file3.txt > InvertedIndex "the cat sat" file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt Searching for "the" and "cat" and "sat" in 3 files: file1.txt file2.txt > InvertedIndex fox file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt Searching for "fox" in 3 files: file3.txt > InvertedIndex abc file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt Searching for "abc" in 3 files: No matching files
Tcl
<lang tcl>package require Tcl 8.5 proc wordsInString str {
# We define "words" to be "maximal sequences of 'word' characters".
# The other possible definition is to use 'non-space' characters.
regexp -all -inline {\w+} $str
}
- Adds a document to the index. The index is a map from words to a map
- from filenames to lists of word locations.
proc addDocumentToIndex {filename} {
global index set f [open $filename] set data [read $f] close $f
set i 0
array set localidx {}
foreach word [wordsInString $data] {
lappend localidx($word) $i incr i
}
# Transcribe into global index
foreach {word places} [array get localidx] {
dict set index($word) $filename $places
}
}
- How to use the index to find files containing a word
proc findFilesForWord {word} {
global index
if {[info exists index($word)]} {
return [dict keys $index($word)]
}
}
- How to use the index to find files containing all words from a list.
- Note that this does not use the locations within the file.
proc findFilesWithAllWords {words} {
set files [findFilesForWord [lindex $words 0]]
foreach w [lrange $words 1 end] {
set wf [findFilesForWord $w] set newfiles {} foreach f $files { if {$f in $wf} {lappend newfiles $f} } set files $newfiles
} return $files
}
- How to use the index to find a sequence of words in a file.
proc findFilesWithWordSequence {words} {
global index
set files {}
foreach w $words {
if {![info exist index($w)]} { return }
}
dict for {file places} $index([lindex $words 0]) {
if {$file in $files} continue foreach start $places { set gotStart 1 foreach w [lrange $words 1 end] { incr start set gotNext 0 foreach {f ps} $index($w) { if {$f ne $file} continue foreach p $ps { if {$p == $start} { set gotNext 1 break } } if {$gotNext} break } if {!$gotNext} { set gotStart 0 break } } if {$gotStart} { lappend files $file break } }
} return $files
}</lang> For the GUI: <lang tcl>package require Tk pack [labelframe .files -text Files] -side left -fill y pack [listbox .files.list -listvariable files] pack [button .files.add -command AddFile -text "Add File to Index"] pack [labelframe .found -text Found] -side right -fill y pack [listbox .found.list -listvariable found] -fill x pack [entry .found.entry -textvariable terms] -fill x pack [button .found.findAll -command FindAll \ -text "Find File with All"] -side left pack [button .found.findSeq -command FindSeq \ -text "Find File with Sequence"] -side right
- The actions invoked by various GUI buttons
proc AddFile {} {
global files
set f [tk_getOpenFile]
if {$f ne ""} {
addDocumentToIndex $f lappend files $f
}
} proc FindAll {} {
global found terms
set words [wordsInString $terms]
set fs [findFilesWithAllWords $words]
lappend found "Searching for files with all $terms" {*}$fs \
"---------------------" } proc FindSeq {} {
global found terms
set words [wordsInString $terms]
set fs [findFilesWithWordSequence $words]
lappend found "Searching for files with \"$terms\"" {*}$fs \
"---------------------" }</lang>
TUSCRIPT
<lang tuscript> $$ MODE TUSCRIPT
files="file1'file2'file3" LOOP file=files ERROR/STOP CREATE (file,seq-o,-std-) ENDLOOP
content1="it is what it is" content2="what is it" content3="it is a banana"
FILE/ERASE "file1" = content1 FILE/ERASE "file2" = content2 FILE/ERASE "file3" = content3
ASK "search for": search="" IF (search=="") STOP
BUILD R_TABLE/USER/AND search = * DATA {search}
LOOP/CLEAR file=files
ACCESS q: READ/RECORDS $file s.z/u,content,count LOOP COUNT/NEXT/EXIT q (-; search;-;-) IF (count!=0) files=APPEND (files," ",file) ENDLOOP ENDACCESs q
ENDLOOP PRINT "-> ",files </lang> Output:
search for >what is it -> file1 file2 search for >banana -> file3 search for >it is -> file1 file2 file3
UNIX Shell
Associative array
<lang bash>#!/bin/ksh
typeset -A INDEX
function index {
typeset num=0
for file in "$@"; do
tr -s '[:punct:]' ' ' < "$file" | while read line; do
for token in $line; do
INDEX[$token][$num]=$file
done
done
((++num))
done
}
function search {
for token in "$@"; do
for file in "${INDEX[$token][@]}"; do
echo "$file"
done
done | sort | uniq -c | while read count file; do
(( count == $# )) && echo $file
done
}</lang>
Example use: <lang korn>index *.txt search hello world </lang>
Directory on filesystem
The following is an attempt (not yet complete) to port the above script to pdksh, and perhaps other Bourne-compatible shells.
- TODO Fill in "search.sh".
- Add note about slowness.
<lang bash>#!/bin/sh
- index.sh - create an inverted index
unset IFS
- ${INDEX:=index}
- Prohibit '\n' in filenames (because '\n' is
- the record separator for $INDEX/all.tab).
for file in "$@"; do # Use printf(1), not echo, because "$file" might start with # a hyphen and become an option to echo. test 0 -eq $(printf %s "$file" | wc -l) || { printf '%s\n' "$file: newline in filename" >&2 exit 1 } done
- Make a new directory for the index, or else
- exit with the error message from mkdir(1).
mkdir "$INDEX" || exit $?
fi=1 for file in "$@"; do printf %s "Indexing $file." >&2
# all.tab maps $fi => $file echo "$fi $file" >> "$INDEX/all.tab"
# Use punctuation ([:punct:]) and whitespace (IFS) # to split tokens. ti=1 tr -s '[:punct:]' ' ' < "$file" | while read line; do for token in $line; do # Index token by position ($fi, $ti). Ignore # error from mkdir(1) if directory exists. mkdir "$INDEX/$token" 2>/dev/null echo $ti >> "$INDEX/$token/$fi" : $((ti += 1))
# Show progress. Print a dot per 1000 tokens. case "$ti" in *000) printf . esac done done
echo >&2 : $((fi += 1)) done</lang>
<lang bash>#!/bin/sh
- search.sh - search an inverted index
unset IFS
- ${INDEX:=index}
want=sequence while getopts aos name; do case "$name" in a) want=all;; o) want=one;; s) want=sequence;; *) exit 2;; esac done shift $((OPTIND - 1))
all() { echo "TODO" exit 2 }
one() { echo "TODO" exit 2 }
sequence() { echo "TODO" exit 2 }
$want "$@"</lang>
- Programming Tasks
- Classic CS problems and programs
- Search
- Ada
- AutoHotkey
- BBC BASIC
- C
- C sharp
- Clojure
- CoffeeScript
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