Execute a system command
In this task, the goal is to run either the ls (dir on Windows) system command, or the pause system command.
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Ada
<lang ada>
with Interfaces.C; use Interfaces.C;
procedure Execute_System is
function Sys (Arg : Char_Array) return Integer;
pragma Import(C, Sys, "system");
Ret_Val : Integer;
begin
Ret_Val := Sys(To_C("ls"));
end Execute_System;
</lang>
ALGOL 68
<lang>system("ls")</lang>
Or the classic "!" shell escape can be implemented as an "!" operator:
<lang>OP ! = (STRING cmd)BOOL: system(cmd) = 0;
IF ! "touch test.tmp" ANDF ( ! "ls test.tmp" ANDF ! "rm test.tmp" ) THEN
print (("test.tmp now gone!", new line))
FI</lang>
AppleScript
do shell script "ls" without altering line endings
AutoHotkey
<lang autohotkey>Run, %comspec% /k dir & pause</lang>
AWK
<lang awk>BEGIN {
system("ls")
}</lang>
C
<lang c> #include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
system("ls");
}</lang>
C++
system("pause");
C#
Using Windows / .NET: <lang csharp>using System.Diagnostics;
namespace Execute {
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Process.Start("cmd.exe", "/c dir");
}
}
}</lang>
<lang csharp>using System;
class Execute {
static void Main() {
System.Diagnostics.Process proc = new System.Diagnostics.Process();
proc.EnableRaisingEvents=false;
proc.StartInfo.FileName="ls";
proc.Start();
}
}</lang>
dc
! ls
E
def ls := makeCommand("ls")
ls("-l")
def [results, _, _] := ls.exec(["-l"])
when (results) -> {
def [exitCode, out, err] := results
print(out)
} catch problem {
print(`failed to execute ls: $problem`)
}
Erlang
os:cmd("ls").
Forth
s" ls" system
Fortran
The SYSTEM subroutine (and function) are a GNU extension. <lang fortran>program SystemTest
call system("ls")
end program SystemTest</lang>
gnuplot
<lang gnuplot>!ls</lang>
Haskell
import System.Cmd main = system "ls"
IDL
$ls
Will execute "ls" with output to the screen.
spawn,"ls",result
will execute it and store the result in the string array "result".
spawn,"ls",unit=unit
will execute it asynchronously and direct any output from it into the LUN "unit" from whence it can be read at any (later) time.
Io
SystemCall with("ls") run
J
The system command interface in J is provided by the standard "task" script:
load'task' NB. Execute a command and wait for it to complete shell 'dir' NB. Execute a command but don't wait for it to complete fork 'notepad' NB. Execute a command and capture its stdout stdout =: shell 'dir' NB. Execute a command, provide it with stdin, NB. and capture its stdout stdin =: 'blahblahblah' stdout =: stdin spawn 'grep blah'
Java
<lang java5>import java.util.Scanner; import java.io.*;
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("cmd /C dir");//Windows command, use "ls -oa" for UNIX
Scanner sc = new Scanner(p.getInputStream());
while (sc.hasNext()) System.out.println(sc.nextLine());
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}</lang>
There are two ways to run system commands. The simple way, which will hang the JVM (I would be interested in some kind of reason). -- this happens because the the inputStream buffer fills up and blocks until it gets read. Moving your .waitFor after reading the InputStream would fix your issue (as long as your error stream doesn't fill up) <lang java>import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream;
public class MainEntry {
public static void main(String[] args) {
executeCmd("ls -oa");
}
private static void executeCmd(String string) {
InputStream pipedOut = null;
try {
Process aProcess = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(string);
aProcess.waitFor();
pipedOut = aProcess.getInputStream();
byte buffer[] = new byte[2048];
int read = pipedOut.read(buffer);
// Replace following code with your intends processing tools
while(read >= 0) {
System.out.write(buffer, 0, read);
read = pipedOut.read(buffer);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
ie.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if(pipedOut != null) {
try {
pipedOut.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
}
}
}
}</lang>
And the right way, which uses threading to read the InputStream given by the process. <lang java>import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream;
public class MainEntry {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// the command to execute
executeCmd("ls -oa");
}
private static void executeCmd(String string) {
InputStream pipedOut = null;
try {
Process aProcess = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(string);
// These two thread shall stop by themself when the process end
Thread pipeThread = new Thread(new StreamGobber(aProcess.getInputStream()));
Thread errorThread = new Thread(new StreamGobber(aProcess.getErrorStream()));
pipeThread.start();
errorThread.start();
aProcess.waitFor();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
ie.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
//Replace the following thread with your intends reader class StreamGobber implements Runnable {
private InputStream Pipe;
public StreamGobber(InputStream pipe) {
if(pipe == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("bad pipe");
}
Pipe = pipe;
}
public void run() {
try {
byte buffer[] = new byte[2048];
int read = Pipe.read(buffer);
while(read >= 0) {
System.out.write(buffer, 0, read);
read = Pipe.read(buffer);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if(Pipe != null) {
try {
Pipe.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
}
}
}
}</lang>
Logo
The lines of output of the SHELL command are returned as a list.
print first butfirst shell [ls -a] ; ..
Lua
<lang lua>
-- just executing the command
os.execute("ls")
-- to execute and capture the output, use io.popen
local f = io.popen("ls") -- store the output in a "file"
print( f:read("*a") ) -- print out the "file"'s content
</lang>
MAXScript
dosCommand "pause"
Make
make can use system command in either definition of variables or in the targets
in definition
contents=$(shell cat foo) curdir=`pwd`
in target
mytarget: cat foo | grep mytext
Modula-3
This code requires the UNSAFE keyword because M3toC deals with C strings (which are pointers), and are implemented in Modula-3 as UNTRACED, meaning they are not garbage collected, which is why the code calls FreeCopiedS().
Also note the EVAL keyword, which ignores the return value of a function.
<lang modula3>UNSAFE MODULE Exec EXPORTS Main;
IMPORT Unix, M3toC;
VAR command := M3toC.CopyTtoS("ls");
BEGIN
EVAL Unix.system(command); M3toC.FreeCopiedS(command);
END Exec.</lang>
Objective-C
NSTask runs an external process with explicit path and arguments. <lang objc> void runls()
{
[[NSTask launchedTaskWithLaunchPath:@"/bin/ls"
arguments:[NSArray array]] waitUntilExit];
}</lang>
If you need to run a system command, invoke the shell: <lang objc> void runSystemCommand(NSString *cmd)
{
[[NSTask launchedTaskWithLaunchPath:@"/bin/sh"
arguments:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"-c", cmd, nil]]
waitUntilExit];
}</lang>
Complete usage example:
<lang objc>#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
void runSystemCommand(NSString *cmd) {
[[NSTask launchedTaskWithLaunchPath:@"/bin/sh"
arguments:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"-c", cmd, nil]]
waitUntilExit];
}
int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
NSAutoreleasePool *pool; pool = [NSAutoreleasePool new]; runSystemCommand(@"ls"); [pool release]; return 0;
}</lang>
Or use the C method above.
OCaml
Just run the command:
<lang ocaml>Sys.command "ls"</lang>
To capture the output of the command:
<lang ocaml>#load "unix.cma";; let syscall cmd =
let inc, outc = Unix.open_process cmd in
let buf = Buffer.create 16 in
(try
while true do
Buffer.add_channel buf inc 1
done
with End_of_file -> ());
let _status = Unix.close_process (inc, outc) in
Buffer.contents buf;;
let listing = syscall "ls";;</lang>
Octave
<lang octave>system("ls");</lang>
Perl
my @results = qx(ls); # runs command and returns its STDOUT as a string my @results = `ls`; # ditto, alternative syntax system "ls"; # runs command and returns its exit status; its STDOUT gets output to our STDOUT print `ls`; #The same, but with back quotes exec "ls"; # replace current process with another
Also see: http://perldoc.perl.org/perlipc.html#Using-open()-for-IPC http://perldoc.perl.org/IPC/Open3.html
PHP
The first line execute the command and the second line display the output:
@exec($command,$output); echo nl2br($output);
Note:The '@' is here to prevent error messages to be displayed, 'nl2br' translate '\n' chars to 'br' in HTML.
Pop11
The sysobey function runs commands using a shell:
sysobey('ls');
Prolog
<lang prolog>shell('ls').</lang>
Python
<lang python>import os code = os.system('ls') # Just execute the command, return a success/fail code output = os.popen('ls').read() # If you want to get the output data. Deprecated.</lang>
or
<lang python>from subprocess import PIPE, Popen, STDOUT p = Popen('ls', stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT) print p.communicate()[0]</lang>
Note: The latter is the preferred method for calling external processes, although cumbersome, it gives you finer control over the process.
or
<lang python>import commands stat, out = commands.getstatusoutput('ls') if not stat:
print out</lang>
R
<lang R>system("ls")</lang>
Raven
Back tick string is auto executed:
`ls -la` as listing
Or specifically on any string:
'ls -la' shell as listing
Ruby
<lang ruby> string = `ls`
# runs command and returns its STDOUT as a string
string = %x{ls}
# ditto, alternative syntax
system "ls"
# runs command and returns its exit status; its STDOUT gets output to our STDOUT
print `ls`
#The same, but with back quotes
exec "ls"
# replace current process with another</lang>
Slate
Run a command normally through the shell:
<lang slate> Platform run: 'ls'. </lang>
Run a command (this way takes advantage of the 'does not understand' message for the shell object and calls the Platform run: command above with a specific command):
<lang slate> shell ls: '*.slate'. </lang>
Smalltalk
<lang smalltalk>Smalltalk system: 'ls'.</lang>
Standard ML
Just run the command:
<lang ocaml>OS.Process.system "ls"</lang>
Tcl
<lang tcl>puts [exec ls]</lang>
This page uses "ls" as the primary example. For what it's worth, Tcl has built-in primitives for retrieving lists of files so one would rarely ever directly exec an ls command.
It is also possible to execute a system command by "open"ing it through a pipe from whence any output of the command can be read at any (later) time. For example:
<lang tcl>set io [open "|ls" r]</lang>
would execute "ls" and pipe the result into the unit "io". From there one could receive it either line by line like this:
<lang tcl>set nextline [gets $io]</lang>
or read the whole shebang in a fell swoop:
<lang tcl>set lsoutput [read $io]</lang>
If the command is opened "rw", it is even possible to send it user input through the same handle, though care must be taken with buffering in that case.
Toka
needs shell " ls" system
UNIX Shell
UNIX shells are designed to run system commands as a default operation.
ls
If one wants to capture the command's standard output:
CAPTUREDOUTPUT=$(ls)
In C-Shell this can be achieved by
set MYCMDOUTPUT = `ls` echo $MYCMDOUTPUT
Where as in Korn Shell it becomes:
MYCMDOUTPUT=`ls` echo $MYCMDOUTPUT
Note: in these last cases, C-Shell and Korn Shell, these are "backticks" rather than quotes or apostrophes. These "backticks" can also be used in Bourne compatible shells, though the $(...) form is preferred when discussing such things in e-mail, on USENET, or in other online forums (such as this wiki). Also the $(...) form of command substitution is nestable.
If one wishes to replace the shell process with some other command (chain into some command with no return) one can use the exec shell built-in command in any of the common UNIX shells (C-Shell, and all of the Bourne-compatible shells).
exec ls
Ursala
The library function, ask, parameterized by a shell descriptor, such as bash, spawns a process that interacts with that shell by feeding it a list of commands, and returns a transcript of the interaction.
Note that the output from the spawned process is captured and returned only, not sent to the standard output stream of the parent.
Here is a self-contained command line application providing a limited replacement for the ls command. <lang Ursala>#import std
- import cli
- executable ('parameterized',)
myls = <.file$[contents: --<>]>@hm+ (ask bash)/0+ -[ls --color=no]-!</lang> The color option is needed to suppress terminal escape sequences.
Visual Basic
Shelling out a sub task in Visual Basic is rather a pain if you need to wait for the task to complete, which is probably the usual case. But it is possible. <lang vb>Attribute VB_Name = "mdlShellAndWait" Option Explicit
Private Declare Function OpenProcess Lib "kernel32" _
(ByVal dwDesiredAccess As Long, ByVal bInheritHandle As Long, _ ByVal dwProcessId As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function GetExitCodeProcess Lib "kernel32" _
(ByVal hProcess As Long, lpExitCode As Long) As Long
Private Const STATUS_PENDING = &H103& Private Const PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION = &H400
' ' Little function go get exit code given processId ' Function ProcessIsRunning( processId as Long ) as Boolean
Dim exitCode as Long Call GetExitCodeProcess(lProcessId, exitCode) ProcessIsRunning = (exitCode = STATUS_PENDING)
End Function
' Spawn subprocess and wait for it to complete. ' I believe that the command in the command line must be an exe or a bat file. ' Maybe, however, it can reference any file the system knows how to "Open" ' ' commandLine is an executable. ' expectedDuration - is for poping up a dialog for whatever ' infoText - text for progressDialog dialog
Public Function ShellAndWait( commandLine As String, _
expectedDuration As Integer ) As Boolean Dim inst As Long Dim startTime As Long Dim expirationTime As Long Dim pid As Long Dim expiresSameDay As Boolean On Error GoTo HandleError
'Deal with timeout being reset at Midnight ($hitForBrains VB folks)
startTime = CLng(Timer)
expirationTime = startTime + expectedDuration
expiresSameDay = expirationTime < 86400
If Not expiresSameDay Then
expirationTime = expirationTime - 86400
End If
inst = Shell(commandLine, vbMinimizedNoFocus)
If inst <> 0 Then
pid = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, False, inst)
Do While ProcessIsRunning( pid)
DoEvents
If Timer > expirationTime And (expiresSameDay Or Timer < startTime) Then
Exit Do
End If
Loop
ShellAndWait = True
Else
MsgBox ("Couldn't execute command: " & commandLine)
ShellAndWait = False
End If
Exit Function
HandleError:
MsgBox ("Couldn't execute command: " & commandLine)
ShellAndWait = False
End Function
Sub SpawnDir()
ShellAndWait("dir", 10)
End Sub
</lang>