Draw a sphere
Draw a sphere.
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
- Task
The sphere can be represented graphically, or in ASCII art, depending on the language capabilities.
Either static or rotational projection is acceptable for this task.
Ada
Translation from the C code at http://cairographics.org/samples/gradient Uses the Cairo component of GtkAda to create and save as png
<lang Ada>with Glib; use Glib; with Cairo; use Cairo; with Cairo.Png; use Cairo.Png; with Cairo.Pattern; use Cairo.Pattern; with Cairo.Image_Surface; use Cairo.Image_Surface; with Ada.Numerics;
procedure Sphere is
subtype Dub is Glib.Gdouble;
Surface : Cairo_Surface; Cr : Cairo_Context; Pat : Cairo_Pattern; Status_Out : Cairo_Status; M_Pi : constant Dub := Dub (Ada.Numerics.Pi);
begin
Surface := Create (Cairo_Format_ARGB32, 512, 512);
Cr := Create (Surface);
Pat :=
Cairo.Pattern.Create_Radial (230.4, 204.8, 51.1, 204.8, 204.8, 256.0);
Cairo.Pattern.Add_Color_Stop_Rgba (Pat, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
Cairo.Pattern.Add_Color_Stop_Rgba (Pat, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
Cairo.Set_Source (Cr, Pat);
Cairo.Arc (Cr, 256.0, 256.0, 153.6, 0.0, 2.0 * M_Pi);
Cairo.Fill (Cr);
Cairo.Pattern.Destroy (Pat);
Status_Out := Write_To_Png (Surface, "SphereAda.png");
pragma Assert (Status_Out = Cairo_Status_Success);
end Sphere;</lang>
This uses a very loose binding to SDL as found in any GPS installation. For it to work, you must choose New Project From Templte|Empty Game
<lang Ada> with Display; use Display; with Display.Basic; use Display.Basic;
procedure Main is
Ball : Shape_Id := New_Circle
(X => 0.0,
Y => 0.0,
Radius => 20.0,
Color => Blue);
begin
null;
end Main; </lang>
ALGOL W
with some changes inspired by other samples.
<lang algolw>begin
% draw a sphere %
% returns the next integer larger than x or x if x is an integer %
integer procedure ceil( real value x ) ;
begin
integer tmp;
tmp := truncate( x );
if tmp not = x then tmp + 1 else tmp
end ciel ;
% returns the absolute value of the dot product of x and y or 0 if it is not negative %
real procedure dot( real array x, y ( * ) ) ;
begin
real tmp;
tmp := x( 1 ) * y( 1 ) + x( 2 ) * y( 2 ) + x( 3 ) * y( 3 );
if tmp < 0 then - tmp else 0
end dot ;
% normalises the vector v %
procedure normalize( real array v ( * ) ) ;
begin
real tmp;
tmp := sqrt( v( 1 ) * v( 1 ) + v( 2 ) * v( 2 ) + v( 3 ) * v( 3 ) );
for i := 1 until 3 do v( i ) := v( i ) / tmp
end normalize ;
% draws a sphere using ASCII art %
procedure drawSphere( real value radius
; integer value k
; real value ambient
; real array light ( * )
; string(10) value shades
) ;
begin
real array vec ( 1 :: 3 );
integer intensity, maxShades;
real diameter, r2;
maxShades := 9;
diameter := 2 * radius;
r2 := radius * radius;
for i := entier( - radius ) until ceil( radius ) do begin
real x, x2;
integer linePos;
string(256) line;
linePos := 0;
x := i + 0.5;
x2 := x * x;
line := "";
for j := entier( - diameter ) until ceil( diameter ) do begin
real y, y2;
y := j / 2 + 0.5;
y2 := y * y;
if x2 + y2 <= r2 then begin
real b, dp;
vec( 1 ) := x;
vec( 2 ) := y;
vec( 3 ) := sqrt( r2 - x2 - y2 );
normalize( vec );
dp := dot( light, vec );
b := dp;
for p := 2 until k do b := b * dp;
b := b + ambient;
intensity := round( ( 1 - b ) * maxShades );
if intensity < 0 then intensity := 0;
if intensity > maxShades then intensity := maxShades;
line( linePos // 1 ) := shades( intensity // 1 );
end
else line( linePos // 1 ) := " "
;
if linePos < 255 then linePos := linePos + 1
end for_j ;
write( s_w := 0, line( 0 // 1 ) );
for c := 1 until if linePos > 255 then 255 else linePos - 1 do writeon( s_w := 0, line( c // 1 ) )
end for_i
end drawSphere ;
% test drawSphere %
begin
real array light ( 1 :: 3 );
integer maxShades;
light( 1 ) := 30;
light( 2 ) := 30;
light( 3 ) := -59;
normalize( light );
drawSphere( 20, 4, 0.1, light, ".:!*oe&#%@" );
drawSphere( 10, 2, 0.4, light, ".:!*oe&#%@" )
end test
end.</lang>
- Output:
#############%%%%
##&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#######%%%%%
#&&eeeeeooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%
&&eeooooo*******oooooooeeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%
&&eooo*****!!!!!!!******oooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%
&eeoo**!!!!!!!:::!!!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%
&eoo**!!!:::::::::::::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%
&eeo**!!!::::.........::::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%
&eoo*!!!:::..............:::::!!!!***ooooeee&&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%
#&eo**!!:::..................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&eo**!!:::...................::::!!!!***oooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&eo**!!:::....................::::!!!!***oooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&eoo**!!::.....................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeo**!!:::....................::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&eoo**!!::::..................::::!!!!****oooeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eoo**!!!::::...............:::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eoo***!!!:::::..........::::::!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeoo**!!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeooo***!!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeeooo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******oooooeeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&eeeooo******!!!!!!!!!!!********oooooeeeee&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&eeeooooo******************oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%##&&&eeeeooooooo*********oooooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%###&&&&eeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%####&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%####&&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%#######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%####################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%#############################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
!!::::!!!**oo
:...........:::!!**oe
:.................::!!*ooee
:....................::!!**ooee
......................::!!**ooeee
........................::!!**ooeee
:........................::!!**ooeeee
!........................::!!!**ooeeeee
:.......................:::!!**oooeeeee
:......................:::!!***ooeeeeee
!:....................:::!!***oooeeeeee
*!:.................:::!!!***oooeeeeeee
o*!:::..........:::::!!!***ooooeeeeeeee
o*!!!:::::::::::!!!!!***ooooeeeeeeeee
o***!!!!!!!!!!!!*****ooooeeeeeeeeee
eoo*************ooooooeeeeeeeeeee
eeoooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
Arendelle
[ #j ,
[ #i ,
{ ( #x - 19 ) ^ 2 +
( #y - 14 ) ^ 2 < 125 , p
} r
] [ #i , l ] d
]
ATS
<lang> (*
- Solution to Draw_a_sphere.dats
- )
(* ****** ****** *) //
- include
"share/atspre_define.hats" // defines some names
- include
"share/atspre_staload.hats" // for targeting C
- include
"share/HATS/atspre_staload_libats_ML.hats" // for ...
- include
"share/HATS/atslib_staload_libats_libc.hats" // for libc // (* ****** ****** *)
extern fun Draw_a_sphere (
R: double, k: double, ambient: double
) : void // end of [Draw_a_sphere]
(* ****** ****** *)
implement Draw_a_sphere (
R: double, k: double, ambient: double
) = let
fun normalize(v0: double, v1: double, v2: double): (double, double, double) = let
val len = sqrt(v0*v0+v1*v1+v2*v2)
in
(v0/len, v1/len, v2/len)
end // end of [normalize]
fun dot(v0: double, v1: double, v2: double, x0: double, x1: double, x2: double): double = let
val d = v0*x0+v1*x1+v2*x2
val sgn = gcompare_val_val<double> (d, 0.0)
in
if sgn < 0 then ~d else 0.0
end // end of [dot]
fun print_char(i: int): void =
if i = 0 then print!(".") else
if i = 1 then print!(":") else
if i = 2 then print!("!") else
if i = 3 then print!("*") else
if i = 4 then print!("o") else
if i = 5 then print!("e") else
if i = 6 then print!("&") else
if i = 7 then print!("#") else
if i = 8 then print!("%") else
if i = 9 then print!("@") else print!(" ")
val i_start = floor(~R)
val i_end = ceil(R)
val j_start = floor(~2 * R)
val j_end = ceil(2 * R)
val (l0, l1, l2) = normalize(30.0, 30.0, ~50.0)
fun loopj(j: int, j_end: int, x: double): void = let
val y = j / 2.0 + 0.5;
val sgn = gcompare_val_val<double> (x*x + y*y, R*R)
val (v0, v1, v2) = normalize(x, y, sqrt(R*R - x*x - y*y))
val b = pow(dot(l0, l1, l2, v0, v1, v2), k) + ambient
val intensity = 9.0 - 9.0*b
val sgn2 = gcompare_val_val<double> (intensity, 0.0)
val sgn3 = gcompare_val_val<double> (intensity, 9.0)
in
( if sgn > 0 then print_char(10) else
if sgn2 < 0 then print_char(0) else
if sgn3 >= 0 then print_char(8) else
print_char(g0float2int(intensity));
if j < j_end then loopj(j+1, j_end, x)
)
end // end of [loopj]
fun loopi(i: int, i_end: int, j: int, j_end: int): void = let
val x = i + 0.5
val () = loopj(j, j_end, x)
val () = println!()
in
if i < i_end then loopi(i+1, i_end, j, j_end)
end // end of [loopi]
in
loopi(g0float2int(i_start), g0float2int(i_end), g0float2int(j_start), g0float2int(j_end))
end
(* ****** ****** *)
implement main0() = () where {
val () = DrawSphere(20.0, 4.0, .1) val () = DrawSphere(10.0, 2.0, .4)
} (* end of [main0] *)
(* ****** ****** *) </lang>
AutoHotkey
<lang ahk>#NoEnv SetBatchLines, -1
- SingleInstance, Force
- Uncomment if Gdip.ahk is not in your standard library
- Include, Gdip.ahk
- Settings
X := 200, Y := 200, Width := 200, Height := 200 ; Location and size of sphere rotation := -30 ; degrees ARGB := 0xFFFF0000 ; Color=Solid Red
If !pToken := Gdip_Startup() ; Start gdi+ { MsgBox, 48, gdiplus error!, Gdiplus failed to start. Please ensure you have gdiplus on your system ExitApp } OnExit, Exit
Gui, -Caption +E0x80000 +LastFound +AlwaysOnTop +ToolWindow +OwnDialogs ; Create GUI Gui, Show, NA ; Show GUI hwnd1 := WinExist() ; Get a handle to this window we have created in order to update it later hbm := CreateDIBSection(A_ScreenWidth, A_ScreenHeight) ; Create a gdi bitmap drawing area hdc := CreateCompatibleDC() ; Get a device context compatible with the screen obm := SelectObject(hdc, hbm) ; Select the bitmap into the device context pGraphics := Gdip_GraphicsFromHDC(hdc) ; Get a pointer to the graphics of the bitmap, for use with drawing functions Gdip_SetSmoothingMode(pGraphics, 4) ; Set the smoothing mode to antialias = 4 to make shapes appear smother
Gdip_TranslateWorldTransform(pGraphics, X, Y) Gdip_RotateWorldTransform(pGraphics, rotation)
- Base ellipse
pBrush := Gdip_CreateLineBrushFromRect(0, 0, Width, Height, ARGB, 0xFF000000) Gdip_FillEllipse(pGraphics, pBrush, 0, 0, Width, Height)
- First highlight ellipse
pBrush := Gdip_CreateLineBrushFromRect(Width*0.1, Height*0.01, Width*0.8, Height*0.6, 0x33FFFFFF, 0x00FFFFFF) Gdip_FillEllipse(pGraphics, pBrush, Width*0.1, Height*0.01, Width*0.8, Height*0.6)
- Second highlight ellipse
pBrush := Gdip_CreateLineBrushFromRect(Width*0.3, Height*0.02, Width*0.3, Height*0.2, 0xBBFFFFFF, 0x00FFFFFF) Gdip_FillEllipse(pGraphics, pBrush, Width*0.3, Height*0.02, Width*0.3, Height*0.2)
UpdateLayeredWindow(hwnd1, hdc, 0, 0, A_ScreenWidth, A_ScreenHeight)
SelectObject(hdc, obm) ; Select the object back into the hdc
Gdip_DeletePath(Path)
Gdip_DeleteBrush(pBrush)
DeleteObject(hbm) ; Now the bitmap may be deleted
DeleteDC(hdc) ; Also the device context related to the bitmap may be deleted
Gdip_DeleteGraphics(G) ; The graphics may now be deleted
Return
Exit:
- gdi+ may now be shutdown on exiting the program
Gdip_Shutdown(pToken) ExitApp</lang>
AWK
<lang AWK>
- syntax: GAWK -f DRAW_A_SPHERE.AWK
- converted from VBSCRIPT
BEGIN {
draw_sphere(20,4,0.1) draw_sphere(10,2,0.4) exit(0)
} function draw_sphere(radius,k,ambient, b,i,intensity,j,leng_shades,light,line,shades,vec,x,y) {
leng_shades = split0(".:!*oe&#%@",shades,"")
split("30,30,-50",light,",")
normalize(light)
for (i=int(-radius); i<=ceil(radius); i++) {
x = i + 0.5
line = ""
for (j=int(-2*radius); j<=ceil(2*radius); j++) {
y = j / 2 + 0.5
if (x*x + y*y <= radius*radius) {
vec[1] = x
vec[2] = y
vec[3] = sqrt(radius*radius - x*x - y*y)
normalize(vec)
b = dot(light,vec) ^ k + ambient
intensity = int((1-b) * leng_shades)
if (intensity < 0) {
intensity = 0
}
if (intensity >= leng_shades) {
intensity = leng_shades
}
line = line shades[intensity]
}
else {
line = line " "
}
}
printf("%s\n",line)
}
} function ceil(x, tmp) {
tmp = int(x) return (tmp != x) ? tmp+1 : tmp
} function dot(x,y, tmp) {
tmp = x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2] + x[3]*y[3] return (tmp < 0) ? -tmp : 0
} function normalize(v, tmp) {
tmp = sqrt(v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2] + v[3]*v[3]) v[1] /= tmp v[2] /= tmp v[3] /= tmp
} function split0(str,array,fs, arr,i,n) { # same as split except indices start at zero
n = split(str,arr,fs)
for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
array[i-1] = arr[i]
}
return(n)
} </lang>
- Output:
############%%%%%
#&&&eeeeeeeee&&&&&&#####%%%%%%%
&eeeoooooooooooooeeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%
&eoo***************oooooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%
&eo***!!!!!:::!!!!!!!****ooooeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%
eoo*!!!::::::::::::::!!!!****oooeeee&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%
eo**!!:::............::::!!!!***oooeeee&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!::.................:::!!!!***oooeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%%%
eo*!!::...................::::!!!***oooeeee&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#eo*!!::.....................:::!!!***oooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@
&eo*!!::......................:::!!!***oooeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@
&eo*!!::......................::::!!!***oooeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@
#eo**!!::......................:::!!!****oooeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@
&eo**!:::....................::::!!!!***oooeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@
&eoo**!!::...................::::!!!!***ooooeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@
&eoo**!!:::................::::!!!!****ooooeee&&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@
#&eoo**!!!::::...........:::::!!!!!****oooeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@
#&eeoo**!!!!::::::::::::::::!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@
#&eeooo***!!!!!::::::::!!!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@
#&&eeooo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******oooooeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@
##&&eeoooo********************oooooeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@
##&&&eeeoooooo***********oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@
%##&&&eeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@
%%###&&&&eeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@
%%###&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@
%%%#####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@
%%%%#######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@
%%%%%%#############################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@
%%%%%%%%######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%#####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
::..::::!!**o
.............::!!**oe
..................::!!*ooee
.....................::!!*ooeee
.......................:!!**ooeee
........................:!!**ooeeee
........................::!!**ooeeee&
:........................::!!**ooeeee&&
........................::!!**oooeeee&&
:......................::!!***ooeeeee&&
:....................::!!!***ooeeeee&&&
!::................:::!!***oooeeeeee&&&
*!!::..........::::!!!****oooeeeeee&&&&
**!!::::::::::!!!!!***ooooeeeeee&&&&&
o***!!!!!!!!!!*****ooooeeeeeee&&&&&
eooo*********ooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&
eeeoooooooooooeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&
&eeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&
BASIC
BASIC256
This is based, but not exactly, on the Tcl implementation. Thus, the output is almost the same to the output of Tcl implementation below. <lang basic256>clg color white rect 0,0,graphwidth, graphheight for n = 1 to 100 color rgb(2*n,2*n,2*n) circle 150-2*n/3,150-n/2,150-n next n</lang>
BBC BASIC
Using Direct3D. <lang bbcbasic> MODE 8
INSTALL @lib$+"D3DLIB"
D3DTS_VIEW = 2
D3DTS_PROJECTION = 3
D3DRS_SPECULARENABLE = 29
SYS "LoadLibrary", @lib$+"D3DX8BBC.DLL" TO d3dx%
IF d3dx%=0 ERROR 100, "Couldn't load D3DX8BBC.DLL"
SYS "GetProcAddress", d3dx%, "D3DXCreateSphere" TO `D3DXCreateSphere`
SYS "GetProcAddress", d3dx%, "D3DXMatrixLookAtLH" TO `D3DXMatrixLookAtLH`
SYS "GetProcAddress", d3dx%, "D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH" TO `D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH`
DIM eyepos%(2), lookat%(2), up%(2), mat%(3,3)
DIM D3Dlight8{Type%, Diffuse{r%,g%,b%,a%}, Specular{r%,g%,b%,a%}, \
\ Ambient{r%,g%,b%,a%}, Position{x%,y%,z%}, Direction{x%,y%,z%}, \
\ Range%, Falloff%, Attenuation0%, Attenuation1%, Attenuation2%, \
\ Theta%, Phi%}
DIM D3Dmaterial8{Diffuse{r%,g%,b%,a%}, Ambient{r%,g%,b%,a%}, \
\ Specular{r%,g%,b%,a%}, Emissive{r%,g%,b%,a%}, Power%}
DIM D3Dbasemesh8{QueryInterface%, Addref%, Release%, \
\ DrawSubset%, GetNumFaces%, GetNumVertices%, GetFVF%, \
\ GetDeclaration%, GetOptions%, GetDevice%, \
\ CloneMeshFVF%, CloneMesh%, GetVertexBuffer%, GetIndexBuffer%, \
\ LockVertexBuffer%, UnlockVertexBuffer%, LockIndexBuffer%, \
\ UnlockIndexBuffer%, GetAttributeTable%}
DIM D3Ddevice8{QueryInterface%, AddRef%, Release%, TestCooperativeLevel%, \
\ GetAvailableTextureMem%, ResourceManagerDiscardBytes%, GetDirect3D%, \
\ GetDeviceCaps%, GetDisplayMode%, GetCreationParameters%, SetCursorProperties%, \
\ SetCursorPosition%, ShowCursor%, CreateAdditionalSwapChain%, Reset%, \
\ Present%, GetBackBuffer%, GetRasterStatus%, SetGammaRamp%, GetGammaRamp%, \
\ CreateTexture%, CreateVolumeTexture%, CreateCubeTexture%, CreateVertexBuffer%, \
\ CreateIndexBuffer%, CreateRenderTarget%, CreateDepthStencilSurface%, \
\ CreateImageSurface%, CopyRects%, UpdateTexture%, GetFrontBuffer%, \
\ SetRenderTarget%, GetRenderTarget%, GetDepthStencilSurface%, BeginScene%, \
\ EndScene%, Clear%, SetTransform%, GetTransform%, MultiplyTransform%, \
\ SetViewport%, GetViewport%, SetMaterial%, GetMaterial%, SetLight%, GetLight%, \
\ LightEnable%, GetLightEnable%, SetClipPlane%, GetClipPlane%, SetRenderState%, \
\ GetRenderState%, BeginStateBlock%, EndStateBlock%, ApplyStateBlock%, \
\ CaptureStateBlock%, DeleteStateBlock%, CreateStateBlock%, SetClipStatus%, \
\ GetClipStatus%, GetTexture%, SetTexture%, GetTextureStageState%, \
\ SetTextureStageState%, ValidateDevice%, GetInfo%, SetPaletteEntries%, \
\ GetPaletteEntries%, SetCurrentTexturePalette%, GetCurrentTexturePalette%, \
\ DrawPrimitive%, DrawIndexedPrimitive%, DrawPrimitiveUP%, \
\ DrawIndexedPrimitiveUP%, ProcessVertices%, CreateVertexShader%, \
\ SetVertexShader%, GetVertexShader%, DeleteVertexShader%, \
\ SetVertexShaderConstant%, GetVertexShaderConstant%, GetVertexShaderDeclaration%, \
\ GetVertexShaderFunction%, SetStreamSource%, GetStreamSource%, SetIndices%, \
\ GetIndices%, CreatePixelShader%, SetPixelShader%, GetPixelShader%, \
\ DeletePixelShader%, SetPixelShaderConstant%, GetPixelShaderConstant%, \
\ GetPixelShaderFunction%, DrawRectPatch%, DrawTriPatch%, DeletePatch%}
pDevice%=FN_initd3d(@hwnd%, 1, 1)
IF pDevice%=0 ERROR 100, "Couldn't create Direct3D8 device"
!(^D3Ddevice8{}+4) = !pDevice%
SYS `D3DXCreateSphere`, pDevice%, FN_f4(1), 50, 50, ^meshSphere%, 0
IF meshSphere% = 0 ERROR 100, "D3DXCreateSphere failed"
!(^D3Dbasemesh8{}+4) = !meshSphere%
REM. Point-source light:
D3Dlight8.Type%=1 : REM. point source
D3Dlight8.Diffuse.r% = FN_f4(1)
D3Dlight8.Diffuse.g% = FN_f4(1)
D3Dlight8.Diffuse.b% = FN_f4(1)
D3Dlight8.Specular.r% = FN_f4(1)
D3Dlight8.Specular.g% = FN_f4(1)
D3Dlight8.Specular.b% = FN_f4(1)
D3Dlight8.Position.x% = FN_f4(2)
D3Dlight8.Position.y% = FN_f4(1)
D3Dlight8.Position.z% = FN_f4(4)
D3Dlight8.Range% = FN_f4(10)
D3Dlight8.Attenuation0% = FN_f4(1)
REM. Material:
D3Dmaterial8.Diffuse.r% = FN_f4(0.2)
D3Dmaterial8.Diffuse.g% = FN_f4(0.6)
D3Dmaterial8.Diffuse.b% = FN_f4(1.0)
D3Dmaterial8.Specular.r% = FN_f4(0.4)
D3Dmaterial8.Specular.g% = FN_f4(0.4)
D3Dmaterial8.Specular.b% = FN_f4(0.4)
D3Dmaterial8.Power% = FN_f4(100)
fovy = RAD(30)
aspect = 5/4
znear = 1
zfar = 1000
bkgnd% = &7F7F7F
eyepos%() = 0, 0, FN_f4(6)
lookat%() = 0, 0, 0
up%() = 0, FN_f4(1), 0
SYS D3Ddevice8.Clear%, pDevice%, 0, 0, 3, bkgnd%, FN_f4(1), 0
SYS D3Ddevice8.BeginScene%, pDevice%
SYS D3Ddevice8.SetLight%, pDevice%, 0, D3Dlight8{}
SYS D3Ddevice8.LightEnable%, pDevice%, 0, 1
SYS D3Ddevice8.SetMaterial%, pDevice%, D3Dmaterial8{}
SYS D3Ddevice8.SetRenderState%, pDevice%, D3DRS_SPECULARENABLE, 1
SYS `D3DXMatrixLookAtLH`, ^mat%(0,0), ^eyepos%(0), ^lookat%(0), ^up%(0)
SYS D3Ddevice8.SetTransform%, pDevice%, D3DTS_VIEW, ^mat%(0,0)
SYS `D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH`, ^mat%(0,0), FN_f4(fovy), \
\ FN_f4(aspect), FN_f4(znear), FN_f4(zfar)
SYS D3Ddevice8.SetTransform%, pDevice%, D3DTS_PROJECTION, ^mat%(0,0)
SYS D3Dbasemesh8.DrawSubset%, meshSphere%, 0
SYS D3Ddevice8.EndScene%, pDevice%
SYS D3Ddevice8.Present%, pDevice%, 0, 0, 0, 0
SYS D3Ddevice8.Release%, pDevice%
SYS D3Dbasemesh8.Release%, meshSphere%
SYS "FreeLibrary", d3dx%
END
</lang>
- Output:
DarkBASIC
Some simple 3D objects are built into DarkBASIC. Creating a sphere only takes 1 line:
<lang darkbasic>MAKE OBJECT SPHERE 1,1</lang>
FreeBASIC
<lang FreeBASIC>' "\" = a integer division (CPU) ' "/" = a floating point division (FPU) ' the compiler takes care of the conversion between floating point and integer ' compile with: FBC -s console "filename.bas" or FBC -s GUI "filename.bas" ' filename is whatever name you give it, .bas is mandatory
' Sphere using XPL0 code from rosetacode sphere page ' Altered freebasic version to compile in default mode ' version 17-06-2015 ' compile with: fbc -s console or fbc -s gui
- Define W 640
- Define H 480
ScreenRes W, H, 32 ' set 640x480x32 graphics mode, 32 bits color mode WindowTitle "32 bpp Cyan Sphere FreeBASIC"
' wait until keypress ' Color(RGB(255,255,255),RGB(0,0,0)) ' default white foreground, black background Locate 50,2 Print "Enter any key to start" Sleep
Dim As UInteger R = 100, R2 = R * R ' radius, in pixels; radius squared Dim As UInteger X0 = W \ 2, Y0 = H \ 2 ' coordinates of center of screen Dim As Integer X, Y, C, D2 ' coords, color, distance from center squared
For Y = -R To R ' for all the coordinates near the circle
For X = -R To R ' which is under the sphere
D2 = X * X + Y * Y
If D2 <= R2 Then ' coordinate is inside circle under sphere
' height of point on surface of sphere above X,Y
C = Sqr(R2 - D2) - ( X + Y) / 2 + 130 ' color is proportional; offset X and Y, and
Color C Shl 8 + C ' = color RGB(0, C, C)
' green + blue = cyan
PSet(X + X0, Y + Y0)
End If
Next
Next
' wait until keypress Locate 50,2 Color(RGB(255,255,255),RGB(0,0,0)) ' foreground color is changed ' empty keyboard buffer While InKey <> "" : Wend Print : Print "hit any key to end program" Sleep End</lang>
needs #Lang "fblite", #Lang "qb" or #Lang "deprecated" to compile. <lang FreeBASIC>'Sphere for FreeBASIC May 2015 'spherefb4.bas 'Sphere using XPL0 code from rosetacode sphere page ' screenres 640,480,32 '\set 640x480x32 graphics mode windowtitle "32 bpp Blue Sphere FreeBASIC" ' ' wait until keypress locate 50,2 color(rgb(255,255,255),rgb(0,0,0)) Print "Enter any key to start" sleep
R=100 : R2=R*R '\radius, in pixels; radius squared X0=640/2 : Y0=480/2 '\coordinates of center of screen dim as integer X, Y, Z, C, D2 '\coords, color, distance from center squared
' for Y= -R to +R '\for all the coordinates near the circle
for X = -R to +R '\ which is under the sphere
D2 = X*X + Y*Y '
C = 0 '\default color is black
if D2 <= R2 then '\coordinate is inside circle under sphere
Z = sqr(R2-D2) '\height of point on surface of sphere above X,Y
C = Z-(X+Y)/2+130 ' \color is proportional; offset X and Y, and
endif
color c ' \ shift color to upper limit of its range
'\green + blue = cyan orginal line don't understand
Pset(X+X0, Y+Y0)
next x
next y
' ' wait until keypress locate 50,2 color(rgb(255,255,255),rgb(0,0,0)) Print "Enter any key to exit " sleep END</lang>
Liberty BASIC
<lang lb> WindowWidth =420 WindowHeight =460
nomainwin
open "Sphere" for graphics_nsb_nf as #w
- w "down ; fill lightgray"
xS =200 yS =200 for radius =150 to 0 step -1
level$ =str$( int( 256 -256 *radius /150)) c$ =level$ +" " +level$ +" " +level$ #w "color "; c$ #w "backcolor "; c$ #w "place "; xS; " "; yS xS =xS -0.5 yS =yS -0.2 #w "circlefilled "; radius
next radius
- w "flush"
wait close #w end </lang>
Locomotive Basic
Translated from ERRE version, this will print a 39x20 text sphere onscreen. The variables in line 80 can be used to adjust size (r), spotlight (k), reflective light (ambient). <lang locobasic> 10 MODE 2:s$=".:!*oe&#%@" 20 DIM v(2),vec(2) 30 v(0)=30:v(1)=30:v(2)=-50 40 lung=SQR(v(0)*v(0)+v(1)*v(1)+v(2)*v(2)) 50 v(0)=v(0)/lung 60 v(1)=v(1)/lung 70 v(2)=v(2)/lung 80 r=10:k=2:ambient=0.4 90 FOR i=INT(-r) TO INT(r) 100 x=i+0.5 110 FOR j=INT(-2*r) TO INT(2*r) 120 y=j/2+0.5 130 IF (x*x+y*y<=r*r) THEN GOSUB 1000 ELSE PRINT" "; 140 NEXT j 150 PRINT 160 NEXT i 170 END 1000 vec(0)=x 1010 vec(1)=y 1020 vec(2)=SQR(r*r-x*x-y*y) 1030 GOSUB 2000 1040 GOSUB 3000 1050 b=d^k+ambient 1060 intensity%=(1-b)*(LEN(s$)-1) 1070 IF (intensity%<0) THEN intensity%=0 1080 IF (intensity%>LEN(s$)-1) THEN intensity%=LEN(s$)-2 1090 PRINT MID$(s$,intensity%+1,1); 1100 RETURN 2000 lung=SQR(vec(0)*vec(0)+vec(1)*vec(1)+vec(2)*vec(2)) 2010 vec(0)=vec(0)/lung 2020 vec(1)=vec(1)/lung 2030 vec(2)=vec(2)/lung 2040 RETURN 3000 d=v(0)*vec(0)+v(1)*vec(1)+v(2)*vec(2) 3010 IF d<0 THEN d=-d ELSE d=0 3020 RETURN </lang>
PureBasic
3D Sphere animation. <lang PureBasic>; Original by Comtois @ 28/03/06
- Updated/Formated by Fluid Byte @ March.24,2009
- http://www.purebasic.fr/english/viewtopic.php?p=281258#p281258
Declare CreateSphere(M,P) Declare UpdateMesh()
- _SIZEVERT = 36
- _SIZETRIS = 6
- FULLSCREEN = 0
Structure VECTOR
X.f Y.f Z.f
EndStructure
Structure VERTEX
X.f Y.f Z.f NX.f NY.f NZ.f Color.l U.f V.f
EndStructure
Structure TRIANGLE
V1.w V2.w V3.w
EndStructure
Macro CALC_NORMALS
*PtrV\NX = *PtrV\X *PtrV\NY = *PtrV\Y *PtrV\NZ = *PtrV\Z
EndMacro
Global *VBuffer, *IBuffer Global Meridian = 50, Parallele = 50, PasLength = 4, Length
Define EventID, i, NbSommet, CameraMode, Angle.f, Pas.f = 0.5
InitEngine3D() : InitSprite() : InitKeyboard()
Add3DArchive(GetTemporaryDirectory(),#PB_3DArchive_FileSystem) Add3DArchive(#PB_Compiler_Home + "Examples\Sources\Data\",#PB_3DArchive_FileSystem)
If #FULLSCREEN
OpenScreen(800,600,32,"Sphere 3D")
Else
OpenWindow(0,0,0,800,600,"Sphere 3D",#PB_Window_SystemMenu | 1) OpenWindowedScreen(WindowID(0),0,0,800,600,0,0,0)
EndIf
- -Texture
CreateImage(0,128,128) StartDrawing(ImageOutput(0)) For i = 0 To 127 Step 4
Box(0,i,ImageWidth(0),2,RGB(255,255,255)) Box(0,i + 2,ImageWidth(0),2,RGB(0,0,155))
Next i StopDrawing() SaveImage(0,GetTemporaryDirectory() + "temp.bmp") : FreeImage(0)
- -Material
CreateMaterial(0,LoadTexture(0,"temp.bmp")) RotateMaterial(0,0.1,#PB_Material_Animated)
- -Mesh
CreateSphere(Meridian,Parallele)
- -Entity
CreateEntity(0,MeshID(0),MaterialID(0)) ScaleEntity(0,60,60,60)
- -Camera
CreateCamera(0,0,0,100,100) MoveCamera(0,0,0,-200) CameraLookAt(0,EntityX(0),EntityY(0),EntityZ(0))
- -Light
AmbientColor(RGB(105, 105, 105)) CreateLight(0, RGB(255, 255, 55), EntityX(0) + 150, EntityY(0) , EntityZ(0)) CreateLight(1, RGB( 55, 255, 255), EntityX(0) - 150, EntityY(0) , EntityZ(0)) CreateLight(2, RGB( 55, 55, 255), EntityX(0) , EntityY(0) + 150, EntityZ(0)) CreateLight(3, RGB(255, 55, 255), EntityX(0) , EntityY(0) - 150, EntityZ(0))
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- MAINLOOP
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Repeat
If #FULLSCREEN = 0
Repeat
EventID = WindowEvent()
Select EventID
Case #PB_Event_CloseWindow : End
EndSelect
Until EventID = 0
EndIf
Angle + Pas
RotateEntity(0, Angle, Angle,Angle)
If PasLength > 0 : UpdateMesh() : EndIf
If ExamineKeyboard()
If KeyboardReleased(#PB_Key_F1)
CameraMode = 1 - CameraMode
CameraRenderMode(0, CameraMode)
EndIf
EndIf
RenderWorld()
FlipBuffers()
Until KeyboardPushed(#PB_Key_Escape)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- FUNCTIONS
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Procedure CreateSphere(M,P)
; M = Meridian
; P = Parallele
; The radius is 1. Front to remove it later, it's just for the demo.
If M < 3 Or P < 2 : ProcedureReturn 0 : EndIf
Protected Normale.VECTOR, NbSommet, i, j, Theta.f, cTheta.f, sTheta.f
Protected Alpha.f, cAlpha.f, sAlpha.f, *PtrV.VERTEX, *PtrF.TRIANGLE, NbTriangle
NbSommet = 2 + ((M + 1) * P)
*VBuffer = AllocateMemory(#_SIZEVERT * Nbsommet)
For i = 0 To M
Theta = i * #PI * 2.0 / M
cTheta = Cos(theta)
sTheta = Sin(theta)
For j = 1 To P
Alpha = j * #PI / (P + 1)
cAlpha = Cos(Alpha)
sAlpha = Sin(Alpha)
*PtrV = *VBuffer + #_SIZEVERT * ((i * P) + (j - 1))
*PtrV\X = sAlpha * cTheta
*PtrV\Y = sAlpha * sTheta
*PtrV\Z = cAlpha
*PtrV\U = Theta / (2.0 * #PI)
*PtrV\V = Alpha / #PI
CALC_NORMALS
Next j
Next i
; Southpole
*PtrV = *VBuffer + #_SIZEVERT * ((M + 1) * P)
*PtrV\X = 0
*PtrV\Y = 0
*PtrV\Z = -1
*PtrV\U = 0
*PtrV\V = 0
CALC_NORMALS
; Northpole
*PtrV + #_SIZEVERT
*PtrV\X = 0
*PtrV\Y = 0
*PtrV\Z = 1
*PtrV\U = 0
*PtrV\V = 0
CALC_NORMALS
; Les facettes
NbTriangle = 4 * M * P
*IBuffer = AllocateMemory(#_SIZETRIS * NbTriangle)
*PtrF = *IBuffer
For i = 0 To M - 1
For j = 1 To P - 1
*PtrF\V1 = ((i + 1) * P) + j
*PtrF\V2 = ((i + 1) * P) + (j - 1)
*PtrF\V3 = (i * P) + (j - 1)
*PtrF + #_SIZETRIS
*PtrF\V3 = ((i + 1) * P) + j ;Recto
*PtrF\V2 = ((i + 1) * P) + (j - 1) ;Recto
*PtrF\V1 = (i * P) + (j - 1) ;Recto
*PtrF + #_SIZETRIS
*PtrF\V1 = i * P + j
*PtrF\V2 = ((i + 1) * P) + j
*PtrF\V3 = (i * P) + (j - 1)
*PtrF + #_SIZETRIS
*PtrF\V3 = i * P + j ;Recto
*PtrF\V2 = ((i + 1) * P) + j ;Recto
*PtrF\V1 = (i * P) + (j - 1) ;Recto
*PtrF + #_SIZETRIS
Next j
Next i
; The Poles
For i = 0 To M - 1
*PtrF\V3 = (M + 1) * P + 1
*PtrF\V2 = (i + 1) * P
*PtrF\V1 = i * P
*PtrF + #_SIZETRIS
*PtrF\V1 = (M + 1) * P + 1 ;Recto
*PtrF\V2 = (i + 1) * P ;Recto
*PtrF\V3 = i * P ;Recto
*PtrF + #_SIZETRIS
Next i
For i = 0 To M - 1
*PtrF\V3 = (M + 1) * P
*PtrF\V2 = i * P + (P - 1)
*PtrF\V1 = (i + 1) * P + (P - 1)
*PtrF + #_SIZETRIS
*PtrF\V1 = (M + 1) * P ;Recto
*PtrF\V2 = i * P + (P - 1) ;Recto
*PtrF\V3 = (i + 1) * P + (P - 1) ;Recto
*PtrF + #_SIZETRIS
Next i
If CreateMesh(0,100)
Protected Flag = #PB_Mesh_Vertex | #PB_Mesh_Normal | #PB_Mesh_UVCoordinate | #PB_Mesh_Color
SetMeshData(0,Flag,*VBuffer,NbSommet)
SetMeshData(0,#PB_Mesh_Face,*IBuffer,NbTriangle)
ProcedureReturn 1
EndIf
ProcedureReturn 0
EndProcedure
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Procedure UpdateMesh()
Protected NbTriangle = 4 * Meridian * Parallele Length + PasLength If Length >= NbTriangle PasLength = 0 Length = Nbtriangle EndIf SetMeshData(0,#PB_Mesh_Face,*IBuffer,Length)
EndProcedure</lang>
QBasic
<lang QBASIC>SCREEN 13 ' enter high-color graphic mode
' sets palette colors B/N FOR i = 0 TO 255
PALETTE 255 - i, INT(i / 4) + INT(i / 4) * 256 + INT(i / 4) * 65536
NEXT i PALETTE 0, 0
' draw the sphere FOR i = 255 TO 0 STEP -1
x = 50 + i / 3 y = 99 CIRCLE (x, y), i / 3, i PAINT (x, y), i
NEXT i
' wait until keypress DO: LOOP WHILE INKEY$ = "" END</lang>
Run BASIC
<lang runbasic>'Run BASIC White Sphere, Black background 'runbasic.com graphic #win, 300, 300
- win size(1)
R=100 R2=R*R X0=300/2 Y0=300/2
for Y = -150 to 150 for X = -150 to 150
D2 = X*X + Y*Y C = 0 if D2 <= R2 then Z = sqr(R2-D2) : C = int(Z-(X+Y)/2+130) #win color(C,C,C) #win set(X+X0, Y+Y0)
next X next Y render #win</lang>
<lang Runbasic>'This is a simple Circle graphic #g, 300, 300 'create a graphic object
- g place(100,100) 'place the drawing pen at 100,100
- g circle(75) 'make a circle with radius 75
render #g 'show it</lang>
Sinclair ZX81 BASIC
Works with 1k of RAM. A screenshot of the output is here. <lang basic>10 LET I=21 20 LET J=2 30 FOR K=-PI TO PI STEP 0.07 40 PLOT 21+I*SIN K,22+21*COS K 50 PLOT 21+21*SIN K,22+(I-1)*COS K 60 NEXT K 70 LET I=I-J 80 LET J=J+1 90 IF I>0 THEN GOTO 30</lang>
Batch File
Since Batch Files do not support floating point, the input parameters for drawing the sphere are limited to integers only. The k parameter has been hardcoded to 2. The ambient variable for this code is scaled up 10 times of its value in C implementation. For example, ambient = 0.1 in C code corresponds to ambient = 1 here.
Lastly, the variables used in calculations are scaled up 100 times of the actual values in C implementation, and then scaled down 100 times back for determination of shades.
<lang dos>:: Draw a Sphere Task from Rosetta Code
- Batch File Implementation
@echo off rem -------------- define arithmetic "functions" rem more info: https://www.dostips.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=6744
rem integer sqrt arithmetic function by Aacini and penpen rem source: https://www.dostips.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=5819&start=30#p44016 set "sqrt(N)=( M=(N),j=M/(11*1024)+40, j=(M/j+j)>>1, j=(M/j+j)>>1, j=(M/j+j)>>1, j=(M/j+j)>>1, j=(M/j+j)>>1, j+=(M-j*j)>>31 )"
rem -------------- define batch file macros with parameters appended rem more info: https://www.dostips.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=2518 setlocal disabledelayedexpansion % == required for macro ==% (set \n=^^^ %== this creates escaped line feed for macro ==% )
rem normalize macro rem argument: v set normalize=for %%# in (1 2) do if %%#==2 ( %\n%
for /f "tokens=1" %%a in ("!args!") do set "v=%%a" %\n%
set /a "length_sqrd=!v![0]*!v![0]+!v![1]*!v![1]+!v![2]*!v![2]" %\n%
set /a "length=%sqrt(N):N=!length_sqrd!%" %== sqrt(N) applied ==% %\n%
set /a "!v![0]*=100", "!v![1]*=100", "!v![2]*=100" %== normalized elements mult. by 100 ==% %\n%
set /a "!v![0]/=length", "!v![1]/=length", "!v![2]/=length" %\n%
) else set args=
rem dot macro rem arguments: s t outputvar set dot=for %%# in (1 2) do if %%#==2 ( %\n%
for /f "tokens=1,2,3" %%a in ("!args!") do ( %\n%
set "s=%%a" %\n%
set "t=%%b" %\n%
set "outputvar=%%c" %\n%
) %\n%
set /a "d=!s![0]*!t![0]+!s![1]*!t![1]+!s![2]*!t![2]" %\n%
if !d! lss 0 (set /a "!outputvar!=-d") else (set "!outputvar!=0") %\n%
) else set args=
rem -------------- define pseudo-arrays set "shades[0]=." set "shades[1]=:" set "shades[2]=!" set "shades[3]=*" set "shades[4]=o" set "shades[5]=e" set "shades[6]=&" set "shades[7]=#" set "shades[8]=%%" set "shades[9]=@" set "num_shades=9" %== start at 0 ==%
set "light[0]=30" & set "light[1]=30" & set "light[2]=-50"
rem -------------- main thing: execute drawSphere setlocal enabledelayedexpansion %normalize% light %== normalize macro applied ==% call :drawSphere 20 1 exit /b 0
rem -------------- the function to draw the sphere rem arguments: R ambient
- drawSphere
rem initialize variables from arguments set /a "R=%1", "negR=-R", "twiceR=R*2", "twiceNegR=negR*2" set /a "sqrdR=R*R*100*100" %== R*R is mult. by 100*100 ==% set "k=2" %== k is hardcoded to 2 ==% set "ambient=%3" rem start draw line-by-line for /l %%i in (%negR%, 1, %R%) do (
set /a "x=100*%%i+(100/2)" %== x is mult. by 100 ==%
set "line="
for /l %%j in (%twiceNegR%, 1, %twiceR%) do (
set /a "y=(100/2)*%%j+(100/2)" %== y is mult. by 100 ==%
set /a "pythag = x*x + y*y"
if !pythag! lss !sqrdR! (
set /a "vec[0]=x"
set /a "vec[1]=y"
set /a "vec[2]=sqrdR-pythag"
set /a "vec[2]=%sqrt(N):N=!vec[2]!%" %== sqrt(N) applied ==%
%normalize% vec %== normalize macro applied ==%
%dot% light vec dot_out %== dot macro applied ==%
rem since both light and vec are normalized to 100,
rem then dot_out is scaled up by 100*100 now.
set /a "dot_out/=100" %== scale-down to 100*[actual] to prevent overflow before exponentiation ==%
set "scaleup=1" %== after exponentiation, b would be scaleup*[actual] ==%
set "b=1"
for /l %%? in (1,1,%k%) do set /a "b*=dot_out","scaleup*=100" %== exponentiation ==%
set /a "b+=ambient*scaleup/10" %== add ambient/10 to b ==%
set /a "b/=scaleup/100" %== scale-down to 100*[actual] ==%
set /a "intensity=(100-b)*num_shades"
set /a "intensity/=100" %== final scale-down ==%
if !intensity! lss 0 set "intensity=0"
if !intensity! gtr %num_shades% set "intensity=%num_shades%"
for %%c in (!intensity!) do set "line=!line!!shades[%%c]!"
) else (
set "line=!line! "
)
)
echo(!line!
) goto :EOF</lang>
- Output:
eeeeeeeeee&&&&&##
eoooo*****ooooooooeeeee&&&&###%
oo******!!!!!********oooooeeee&&&&###%%
o**!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeee&&&&###%%%
o**!!!!:::::::::::!!!!!!!!!****oooooeee&&&&&###%%%%
o*!!!:::::::::::::::::::!!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&####%%%%
o*!!!:::::........:::::::::!!!!!!*****oooeeee&&&&&####%%%%@
o*!!!::::.............::::::::!!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&####%%%%%@@
**!!::::.................::::::!!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%@
e*!!!::::..................:::::::!!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&#####%%%%%@@@
o*!!!:::....................::::::!!!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&####%%%%%%@@@
e**!!::::....................::::::!!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%@@@@
e**!!!::::..................::::::::!!!!!!****ooooeeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%@@@@
o**!!:::::..................:::::::!!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%@@@@
eo*!!!::::::...............::::::::!!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&#####%%%%%%%@@@@@
o**!!!!:::::::.........::::::::::!!!!!!!*****oooooeeee&&&&&&####%%%%%%%%@@@@@
eo**!!!!!:::::::::::::::::::::::!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&#####%%%%%%%%@@@@@@
eoo**!!!!!::::::::::::::::::::!!!!!!!!******oooooeeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%@@@@@@@
eoo***!!!!!:::::::::::::::::!!!!!!!!*******ooooeeeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@
eoo****!!!!!!!!!!:::!:!!!!!!!!!!!!*******oooooeeeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@
eeoo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!********oooooeeeeee&&&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@
&eeoo******!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*********ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@
&eeeooo********!*!!!!!************oooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@
#&eeeooooo********************ooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@
&&eeeeoooooooo*********oooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@
#&&&eeeeeooooooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@
#&&&&eeeeeeeeoooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@
%##&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
%###&&&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
%%####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
%%%#######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
%%%##############################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
%%%%%%%####################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@@%%%%%%%%%%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Befunge
While based on the C implementation, the algorithm has been considerably simplified to try and avoid floating point (which Befunge doesn't support) and minimise the need for sqrt calculations (which we approximate using the Babylonian method).
The first four values on the stack define the radius (45* = 20) and the light vector (65*65*"2" = 30;30;50). The k parameter has been hardcoded to 2, and the ambient light is approximated by adjusting the shade characters (defined on the last line).
Also note that the z-coordinate of the light vector is negated at runtime to more closely match the C defaults. This is preferable to making the initial constant negative since negative data values aren't supported across all Befunge implementations.
<lang befunge>45*65*65*"2"30p20p10p::00p2*40p4*5vv< >60p140g->:::*00g50g*60g40g-:*-\-v0>1 ^_@#`\g0<|`\g04:+1, <*84$$_v#`\0:<>p^ >v>g2+:5^$>g:*++*/7g^>*:9$#<"~"/:"~"v g:^06,+55<^03*<v09p07%"~"p09/"~"p08%< ^>#0 *#12#<0g:^>+::"~~"90g*80g+*70gv| g-10g*+:9**00gv|!*`\2\`-20::/2-\/\+<> %#&eo*!:..^g05<>$030g-*9/\20g*+60g40^</lang>
- Output:
eeeeeeeeeee&&&&&#
eooo********oooooooeeee&&&&###%
oo****!!!!!!!!********ooooeeeee&&&###%%
o**!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeee&&&####%%
o*!!!!:::::::::::::::!!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&####%%%
**!!:::::::....::::::::::!!!!!!****ooooeeeee&&&####%%%%
**!!::::.............::::::::!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&####%%%%%
o*!!::::.................::::::!!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%
*!!::::....................::::::!!!!!****ooooeeeee&&&&####%%%%%%
e*!!:::......................::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%
o*!!:::.......................::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%
o*!!::::.......................::::::!!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%
e**!!:::.......................::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%
o*!!!:::......................:::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%
o**!!!::::...................::::::::!!!!!*****oooooeeee&&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%
o**!!!:::::................::::::::!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%%
eo**!!!:::::::............:::::::::!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%%%
eo***!!!:::::::::::::::::::::::::!!!!!!******oooooeeeee&&&&&#####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
eoo**!!!!!::::::::::::::::::::!!!!!!!!******oooooeeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
eoo***!!!!!!:::::::::::::::!!!!!!!!!******ooooooeeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
eeoo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*******ooooooeeeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eooo*****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!********ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeoooo*******!!!!!!!!!!***********oooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%#
&&eeeoooo***********************ooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%#
&&eeeooooooo**************ooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%#
#&&eeeeeoooooooooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%##
#&&&eeeeeeeooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%##
%##&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%##&
%###&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%##&
%####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%##&
%%######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%##e
%%%################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%##&
%%%%%########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%###&
%%%%%%%%%###########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%###&
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%###&
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%##&&
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%###&
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%####&
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%####&
%%%%%%%%%%%%#####
Brlcad
<lang brlcad>opendb balls.g y # Create a database to hold our shapes units cm # Set the unit of measure in ball.s sph 0 0 0 3 # Create a sphere of radius 3 cm named ball.s with its centre at 0,0,0 </lang>
C
The lighting calculation is somewhere between crude and bogus, but hey, I'm shading it with ASCII characters, don't expect too much. <lang C>#include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <string.h>
- include <ctype.h>
- include <math.h>
const char *shades = ".:!*oe&#%@";
double light[3] = { 30, 30, -50 }; void normalize(double * v) {
double len = sqrt(v[0]*v[0] + v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2]);
v[0] /= len; v[1] /= len; v[2] /= len;
}
double dot(double *x, double *y) {
double d = x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2];
return d < 0 ? -d : 0;
}
void draw_sphere(double R, double k, double ambient) {
int i, j, intensity;
double b;
double vec[3], x, y;
for (i = floor(-R); i <= ceil(R); i++) {
x = i + .5;
for (j = floor(-2 * R); j <= ceil(2 * R); j++) {
y = j / 2. + .5;
if (x * x + y * y <= R * R) {
vec[0] = x;
vec[1] = y;
vec[2] = sqrt(R * R - x * x - y * y);
normalize(vec);
b = pow(dot(light, vec), k) + ambient;
intensity = (1 - b) * (sizeof(shades) - 1);
if (intensity < 0) intensity = 0;
if (intensity >= sizeof(shades) - 1)
intensity = sizeof(shades) - 2;
putchar(shades[intensity]);
} else
putchar(' ');
}
putchar('\n');
}
}
int main()
{
normalize(light);
draw_sphere(20, 4, .1);
draw_sphere(10, 2, .4);
return 0;
}</lang>
- Output:
#############%%%%
##&&eeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&####%%%%%%%%
&&eeooooooooooooooeeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%
eeoo**************oooooooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%
&&oo**!!!!!!::!!!!!!!!****oooooee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%
eeoo!!!!::::::::::::::!!!!*****ooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%
ee**!!::::............::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&oo!!::..................::!!!!*****ooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
oo!!::....................::::!!*****ooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
ee**!!::....................::::!!*****ooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&oo!!::......................::::!!*****ooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
ee**!!::......................::::!!*****ooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##oo**!!::......................::!!!!*****ooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&oo**::::....................::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
eeoo**!!::..................::::!!!!*****ooooee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
eeoo**!!::................::::!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#eeoo**!!::::............::::!!!!!!****oooeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#eeoo**!!!!::::::::::::::::!!!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#eeoooo**!!!!!!::::::::!!!!!!******ooooeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeoo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******ooooeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeoooo********************ooooooeeee&&&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&&&eeoooooo************ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%##&&eeeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%####&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%##&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%########&&&&&&&&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%##############################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%####%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
::..:::::!!**
.............::!!**oo
...................::!!**ooee
.......................::!!ooeeee
.......................::!!**ooee
.........................::!!**ooeeee
.........................::!!**ooeeee
:.........................::!!**ooeeeeee
........................::!!**ooooeeeeee
:.......................::!!**ooeeeeeeee
:.....................::!!****ooeeeeeeee
!::................:::!!****ooeeeeeeeeee
*!!::..........::::!!!****ooooeeeeeeeeee
**!!::::::::::!!!!*****ooooeeeeeeeeee
oo**!!!!!!!!!!*******ooooeeeeeeeeeeee
oooo********oooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
Fun with 3D noise texture
<lang c>#include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <math.h>
- define MAXD 8
int g[] = { -1, 1, -1, 1 }; /* Perlin-like noise */ static inline void hashed(int *data, int *out, int len) {
- define ror(a, d) ((a << (d)) | (a >> (32 - d)))
register unsigned int h = 0x12345678, tmp; unsigned int *d = (void*)data; int i = len;
while (i--) { tmp = *d++; h += ror(h, 15) ^ ror(tmp, 5); }
h ^= ror(h, 7); h += ror(h, 23); h ^= ror(h, 19); h += ror(h, 11); h ^= ror(h, 13); h += ror(h, 17);
- undef ror
for (i = len; i--; ) { out[i] = g[h & 3]; h >>= 2; } }
double scale[MAXD], scale_u[MAXD]; void noise_init() { int i; for (i = 1; i < MAXD; i++) { scale[i] = 1 / (1 + sqrt(i + 1)); scale_u[i] = scale[i] / sqrt(i + 1); } }
double noise(double *x, int d) {
- define sum(s, x) for (s = 0, j = 0; j < d; j++) s += x
register int i, j; int n[MAXD], o[MAXD], g[MAXD], tmp; double s, r, t, w, ret, u[MAXD];
sum(s, x[j]); s *= scale[d];
for (i = 0; i < d; i++) { o[i] = i; t = x[i] + s; u[i] = t - (n[i] = floor(t)); } o[d] = 0;
for (i = 0; i < d - 1; i++) for (j = i; j < d; j++) if (u[o[i]] < u[o[j]]) tmp = o[i], o[i] = o[j], o[j] = tmp;
ret = w = 0, r = 1; for (s = 0, j = 0; j < d; j++) s += n[j]; s *= scale_u[d];
for (i = 0; i <= d; i++) { for (j = 0; j < d; j++) u[j] = x[j] + s - n[j];
for (t = (d + 1.) / (2 * d), j = 0; j < d; j++) { t -= u[j] * u[j]; if (t <= 0) break; }
if (t >= 0) { r = 0; hashed(n, g, d); for (j = 0; j < d; j++) if (g[j]) r += (g[j] == 1 ? u[j] : -u[j]); t *= t; ret += r * t * t; }
if (i < d) { n[o[i]]++; s += scale_u[d]; } } return ret * (d * d); }
double get_noise2(double x, double y) { int i, ws; double r = 0, v[2];
for (i = 1, ws = 0; i <= 128; i <<= 1) { v[0] = x * i, v[1] = y * i; r += noise(v, 2); ws ++; } r /= ws; return r; }
double get_noise3(double x, double y, double z) { int i, ws; double r = 0, v[3], w;
for (i = 1, ws = 0; i <= 32; i <<= 1) { v[0] = x * i, v[1] = y * i, v[2] = z * i; w = 1./sqrt(i); r += noise(v, 3) * w; ws += w; } return r / ws; }
int main(int c, char** v)
{
unsigned char pix[256 * 256], *p;
int i, j;
double x, y, z, w;
FILE *fp;
noise_init();
for (p = pix, i = 0; i < 256 * 256; i++) *p++ = 0;
for (p = pix, i = 0; i < 256; i++) { y = (i - 128) / 125.; for (j = 0; j < 256; j++, p++) { x = (j - 128) / 125.; *p = (get_noise2(i/256., j/256.) + 1) / 6 * i;
z = 1- x*x - y*y; if (z < 0) continue;
z = sqrt(z);
w = get_noise3(x, y, z);
w = (w + 1) / 2; w *= (1 + x - y + z) / 3.5; if (w < 0) w = 0;
*p = w * 255; } }
fp = fopen("out.pgm", "w+"); fprintf(fp, "P5\n256 256\n255\n"); fwrite(pix, 1, 256 * 256, fp); fclose(fp);
return 0; }</lang>
C#
<lang java>using System;
namespace Sphere {
internal class Program {
private const string Shades = ".:!*oe%&#@";
private static readonly double[] Light = {30, 30, -50};
private static void Normalize(double[] v) {
double len = Math.Sqrt(v[0]*v[0] + v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2]);
v[0] /= len;
v[1] /= len;
v[2] /= len;
}
private static double Dot(double[] x, double[] y) {
double d = x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2];
return d < 0 ? -d : 0;
}
public static void DrawSphere(double r, double k, double ambient) {
var vec = new double[3];
for(var i = (int)Math.Floor(-r); i <= (int)Math.Ceiling(r); i++) {
double x = i + .5;
for(var j = (int)Math.Floor(-2*r); j <= (int)Math.Ceiling(2*r); j++) {
double y = j/2.0 + .5;
if(x*x + y*y <= r*r) {
vec[0] = x;
vec[1] = y;
vec[2] = Math.Sqrt(r*r - x*x - y*y);
Normalize(vec);
double b = Math.Pow(Dot(Light, vec), k) + ambient;
int intensity = (b <= 0)
? Shades.Length - 2
: (int)Math.Max((1 - b)*(Shades.Length - 1), 0);
Console.Write(Shades[intensity]);
}
else
Console.Write(' ');
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
private static void Main() {
Normalize(Light);
DrawSphere(6, 4, .1);
DrawSphere(10, 2, .4);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}</lang>
C++
<lang cpp>// Based on https://www.cairographics.org/samples/gradient/
- include <QImage>
- include <QPainter>
int main() {
const QColor black(0, 0, 0); const QColor white(255, 255, 255);
const int size = 300; const double diameter = 0.6 * size;
QImage image(size, size, QImage::Format_RGB32); QPainter painter(&image); painter.setRenderHint(QPainter::Antialiasing);
QLinearGradient linearGradient(0, 0, 0, size); linearGradient.setColorAt(0, white); linearGradient.setColorAt(1, black);
QBrush brush(linearGradient); painter.fillRect(QRect(0, 0, size, size), brush);
QPointF point1(0.4 * size, 0.4 * size); QPointF point2(0.45 * size, 0.4 * size); QRadialGradient radialGradient(point1, size * 0.5, point2, size * 0.1); radialGradient.setColorAt(0, white); radialGradient.setColorAt(1, black);
QBrush brush2(radialGradient); painter.setPen(Qt::NoPen); painter.setBrush(brush2); painter.drawEllipse(QRectF((size - diameter)/2, (size - diameter)/2, diameter, diameter));
image.save("sphere.png");
return 0;
}</lang>
- Output:
See: sphere.png (offsite PNG image)
Clojure
<lang clojure> (use 'quil.core)
(def w 500) (def h 400)
(defn setup []
(background 0))
(defn draw []
(push-matrix) (translate 250 200 0) (sphere 100) (pop-matrix))
(defsketch main
:title "sphere" :setup setup :size [w h] :draw draw :renderer :opengl)
</lang>
- Output:
![[1]](http://i.imgur.com/fkzH5wM.png){kind=link}
Common Lisp
Saved as a png file and rendered in a X-Window. Unfortunately the file upload isn't working anymore for like four years so I cannot show my results directly.
<lang lisp>;; * Loading the cairo bindings (eval-when (:compile-toplevel :load-toplevel)
(ql:quickload '("cl-cairo2" "cl-cairo2-xlib")))
- * The package definition
(defpackage :sphere
(:use :common-lisp :cl-cairo2))
(in-package :sphere)
(defparameter *context* nil) (defparameter *size* 400) (defparameter *middle* (/ *size* 2))
- Opening a display and draw a sphere
(let ((width *size*)
(height *size*))
;; Draw to a X-Window
(setf *context*
(create-xlib-image-context width height :window-name "Sphere"))
;; Clear the whole canvas with gray
(rectangle 0 0 width height)
(set-source-rgb 127 127 127)
(fill-path)
;; Draw a the sphere as circa with a radial pattern
(with-patterns ((pat (create-radial-pattern (* 0.9 *middle*) (* 0.8 *middle*) (* 0.2 *middle*)
(* 0.8 *middle*) (* 0.8 *middle*) *middle*)))
(pattern-add-color-stop-rgba pat 0 1 1 1 1)
(pattern-add-color-stop-rgba pat 1 0 0 0 1)
(set-source pat)
(arc *middle* *middle* 180 0 (* 2 pi))
(fill-path))
;; Draw to a png file
(with-png-file ("sphere.png" :rgb24 width height)
;; Clear the whole canvas with gray
(rectangle 0 0 width height)
(set-source-rgb 127 127 127)
(fill-path)
;; Draw a the sphere as circa with a radial pattern
(with-patterns ((pat (create-radial-pattern (* 0.9 *middle*) (* 0.8 *middle*) (* 0.2 *middle*)
(* 0.8 *middle*) (* 0.8 *middle*) *middle*)))
(pattern-add-color-stop-rgba pat 0 1 1 1 1)
(pattern-add-color-stop-rgba pat 1 0 0 0 1)
(set-source pat)
(arc *middle* *middle* 180 0 (* 2 pi))
(fill-path))))</lang>
ContextFree
<lang contextFree> startshape SPHERE
shape SPHERE { CIRCLE[] SPHERE[x 0.1% y 0.1%s 0.99 0.99 b 0.05] } </lang>
D
<lang d>import std.stdio, std.math, std.algorithm, std.numeric;
alias V3 = double[3]; immutable light = normalize([30.0, 30.0, -50.0]);
V3 normalize(V3 v) pure @nogc {
v[] /= dotProduct(v, v) ^^ 0.5; return v;
}
double dot(in ref V3 x, in ref V3 y) pure nothrow @nogc {
immutable double d = dotProduct(x, y); return d < 0 ? -d : 0;
}
void drawSphere(in double R, in double k, in double ambient) @nogc {
enum shades = ".:!*oe&#%@";
foreach (immutable i; cast(int)floor(-R) .. cast(int)ceil(R) + 1) {
immutable double x = i + 0.5;
foreach (immutable j; cast(int)floor(-2 * R) ..
cast(int)ceil(2 * R) + 1) {
immutable double y = j / 2. + 0.5;
if (x ^^ 2 + y ^^ 2 <= R ^^ 2) {
immutable vec = [x, y, (R^^2 - x^^2 - y^^2) ^^ 0.5]
.normalize;
immutable double b = dot(light, vec) ^^ k + ambient;
int intensity = cast(int)((1 - b) * (shades.length-1));
intensity = min(shades.length - 1, max(intensity, 0));
shades[intensity].putchar;
} else
' '.putchar;
}
'\n'.putchar;
}
}
void main() {
drawSphere(20, 4, 0.1); drawSphere(10, 2, 0.4);
}</lang>
Delphi
Under Microsoft Windows: If you notice the big sphere loses its roundness, then try increasing the width of the Windows console. By default it’s 80; so put it to something bigger, let’s say 90.
Steps: Run the CMD Windows shell. Then follow this path to setup the new width: Main Menu-> Properties -> Layout -> Window Size -> Width.
<lang Delphi> program DrawASphere;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses
SysUtils, Math;
type
TDouble3 = array[0..2] of Double; TChar10 = array[0..9] of Char;
var
shades: TChar10 = ('.', ':', '!', '*', 'o', 'e', '&', '#', '%', '@');
light: TDouble3 = (30, 30, -50 );
procedure normalize(var v: TDouble3); var len: Double; begin len:= sqrt(v[0]*v[0] + v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2]); v[0] := v[0] / len; v[1] := v[1] / len; v[2] := v[2] / len; end;
function dot(x, y: TDouble3): Double; begin Result:= x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2]; Result:= IfThen(Result < 0, -Result, 0 ); end;
procedure drawSphere(R, k, ambient: Double);
var
vec: TDouble3;
x, y, b: Double;
i, j,
intensity: Integer;
begin
for i:= Floor(-R) to Ceil(R) do
begin
x := i + 0.5;
for j:= Floor(-2*R) to Ceil(2 * R) do
begin
y:= j / 2 + 0.5;
if(x * x + y * y <= R * R) then
begin
vec[0]:= x;
vec[1]:= y;
vec[2]:= sqrt(R * R - x * x - y * y);
normalize(vec);
b:= Power(dot(light, vec), k) + ambient;
intensity:= IfThen(b <= 0,
Length(shades) - 2,
Trunc(max( (1 - b) * (Length(shades) - 1), 0 )));
Write(shades[intensity]);
end
else
Write(' ');
end;
Writeln;
end;
end;
begin
normalize(light); drawSphere(19, 4, 0.1); drawSphere(10, 2, 0.4); Readln;
end. </lang>
- Output:
&&&&&&&&&&#######
&eeeeeooeeeeeeee&&&&&&#######
eeooo*********oooooeeeee&&&&&#######%
eo***!!!!!!!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&&#######%%
eo**!!!::::::::::!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&########%%%
eo*!!::::........:::::!!!!****oooeeee&&&&########%%%%
eo*!!::..............:::::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%%
eo*!!::..................:::!!!!***oooeeee&&&&&########%%%%%%
eo*!::....................::::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%%%%
o**!::.....................::::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%%%%%
eo*!::......................::::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&##########%%%%%%%
eo*!!::......................:::!!!!***ooooeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%
eo**!!::.....................:::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%
&eo**!!::...................::::!!!!****oooeeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
eeo**!!:::................:::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%%
&eoo**!!!::::............:::::!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeo***!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!!****ooooeeeee&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeoo***!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeoo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeeooo*****!!!!!!!!!!*******ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeeoooo*****************oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&&eeeeoooooooooooooooooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&eeeeeoooooooooooooooeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
###&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
####&&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
########&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&####################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
############################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%#######################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%##################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%###########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%#################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
::...:::!!!*o
..............::!!*oo
..................::!!**ooe
.....................::!!**ooee
.......................::!!**ooee
........................::!!**oooee
.........................::!!**oooeee
:........................::!!!**oooeeee
........................::!!!**ooooeeee
:......................::!!!***oooeeeee
:....................:::!!!***oooeeeeee
!:.................:::!!!****oooeeeeeee
*!:::...........::::!!!!***ooooeeeeeeee
*!!!:::::::::::!!!!!****oooooeeeeeeee
o**!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeeeeeee
oo**************ooooooeeeeeeeeeee
eoooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
DWScript
but adapted to spit out a PGM image
<lang delphi> type
TFloat3 = array[0..2] of Float;
var
light : TFloat3 = [ 30, 30, -50 ];
procedure normalize(var v : TFloat3); var
len: Float;
begin
len := sqrt(v[0]*v[0] + v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2]); v[0] /= len; v[1] /= len; v[2] /= len;
end;
function dot(x, y : TFloat3) : Float; begin
Result := x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2];
if Result<0 then
Result:=-Result
else Result:=0;
end;
procedure drawSphere(R, k, ambient : Float); var
vec : TFloat3; x, y, b : Float; i, j, size, intensity : Integer;
begin
size:=Trunc(Ceil(R)-Floor(-R)+1);
PrintLn('P2');
PrintLn(IntToStr(size)+' '+IntToStr(size));
PrintLn('255');
for i := Floor(-R) to Ceil(R) do begin
x := i + 0.5;
for j := Floor(-R) to Ceil(R) do begin
y := j + 0.5;
if (x * x + y * y <= R * R) then begin
vec[0] := x;
vec[1] := y;
vec[2] := sqrt(R * R - x * x - y * y);
normalize(vec);
b := Power(dot(light, vec), k) + ambient;
intensity := ClampInt( Round(b*255), 0, 255);
Print(intensity);
Print(' ')
end else Print('0 ');
end;
PrintLn();
end;
end;
normalize(light); drawSphere(19, 4, 0.1); </lang>
ERRE
Using ASCII art: output is written to 'SPHERE.PRN' sequential file. <lang ERRE>PROGRAM SPHERE
CONST SHADES$=".:!*oe&#%@"
DIM LIGHT[2],X[2],Y[2],V[2],VEC[2]
PROCEDURE DOT(X[],Y[]->D)
D=X[0]*Y[0]+X[1]*Y[1]+X[2]*Y[2]
IF D<0 THEN D=-D ELSE D=0 END IF
END PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE NORMALIZE(V[]->V[])
LUNG=SQR(V[0]*V[0]+V[1]*V[1]+V[2]*V[2])
V[0]=V[0]/LUNG
V[1]=V[1]/LUNG
V[2]=V[2]/LUNG
END PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE PDRAW(R,K,AMBIENT)
FOR I=INT(-R) TO INT(R) DO
X=I+0.5
FOR J=INT(-2*R) TO INT(2*R) DO
Y=J/2+0.5
IF (X*X+Y*Y<=R*R) THEN
VEC[0]=X
VEC[1]=Y
VEC[2]=SQR(R*R-X*X-Y*Y)
NORMALIZE(VEC[]->VEC[])
DOT(LIGHT[],VEC[]->D)
B=D^K+AMBIENT
INTENSITY%=(1-B)*(LEN(SHADES$)-1)
IF (INTENSITY%<0) THEN INTENSITY%=0 END IF
IF (INTENSITY%>=LEN(SHADES$)-1) THEN
INTENSITY%=LEN(SHADES$)-2
END IF
PRINT(#1,MID$(SHADES$,INTENSITY%+1,1);)
ELSE
PRINT(#1,(" ");)
END IF
END FOR
PRINT(#1,)
END FOR
END PROCEDURE
BEGIN
LIGHT[]=(30,30,-50)
OPEN("O",1,"SPHERE.PRN")
NORMALIZE(LIGHT[]->LIGHT[])
PDRAW(10,2,0.4)
PRINT(#1,STRING$(79,"="))
PDRAW(20,4,0.1)
CLOSE(1)
END PROGRAM </lang>
- Output:
!::::::!!!**o
............:::!!**oe
:................::!!**ooee
:...................::!!**ooeee
......................::!!**ooeee
.......................::!!**ooeeee
.......................:::!!**ooeeeee
:.......................::!!***ooeeeeee
:......................::!!!**oooeeeeee
:....................:::!!!**oooeeeeeee
!:..................:::!!***oooeeeeeeee
!!:..............::::!!!***oooeeeeeeeee
*!!::::.....::::::!!!!***ooooeeeeeeeeee
o*!!!!::::::!!!!!!****ooooeeeeeeeeeee
o****!!!!!!!******oooooeeeeeeeeeeee
eooo********oooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeoooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
===============================================================================
##############%%%
#&&eeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%
&eeeoooooooooooooeeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%
&eooo**************oooooeeee&&&&&#####%%%%%%%
&eoo**!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%
eoo**!!!::::::::::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%
eoo*!!!::::.......::::::!!!!****oooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!:::..............::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%
eo**!!::.................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!:::..................::::!!!!***oooeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!:::...................::::!!!!***oooeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eo**!!::....................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#eoo*!!:::...................::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eo**!!:::.................:::::!!!!****oooeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eoo**!!::::...............:::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eoo**!!!::::...........::::::!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&eoo***!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!!****ooooeeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&eeoo***!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&eeooo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******ooooeeeee&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeooo******!!!!!!!!!!!*******ooooooeeeee&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&&eeooooo******************ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&eeeooooooo********oooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
###&&&eeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%###&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%####&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%############&&&&&###################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%##############################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%#######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Factor
<lang factor>USING: classes.struct kernel raylib.ffi ;
640 480 "sphere" init-window
S{ Camera3D
{ position S{ Vector3 f 4.5 4.5 4.5 } }
{ target S{ Vector3 f 0 0 0 } }
{ up S{ Vector3 f 0 1 0 } }
{ fovy 45.0 }
{ type 0 }
}
60 set-target-fps
[ window-should-close ] [
begin-drawing
BLACK clear-background dup
begin-mode-3d
S{ Vector3 f 0 0 0 } 2 20 20 LIME draw-sphere-wires
end-mode-3d
end-drawing
] until drop close-window</lang>
- Output:
![[2]](https://i.imgur.com/FXHkZm6.png){kind=link}
FutureBasic
<lang futurebasic> include "Tlbx agl.incl" include "Tlbx glut.incl"
output file "Rotating Sphere"
local fn SphereDraw '~'1 begin globals dim as double sRotation // 'static' var end globals
// Speed of rotation sRotation += 2.9 glMatrixMode( _GLMODELVIEW )
glLoadIdentity()
// Position parameters: x axis, y axis, z axis // Set to center of screen: glTranslated( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 )
// Rotation (wobble) parameters: angle, x, y glRotated( sRotation, -0.45, -0.8, -0.6 )
// Set color of sphere's wireframe glColor3d( 1.0, 0.0, 0.3 )
// Set width of sphere's wireframe lines glLineWidth( 1.5 )
// Apply above to GLUT's built-in sphere wireframe // Size & frame parameters: radius, slices, stack fn glutWireSphere( 0.8, 25, 25 )
end fn
// main program dim as GLint attrib(2) dim as CGrafPtr port dim as AGLPixelFormat fmt dim as AGLContext glContext dim as EventRecord ev dim as GLboolean yesOK
// Make a window window 1, @"Rotating Sphere", (0,0) - (500,500)
// Minimal setup of OpenGL attrib(0) = _AGLRGBA attrib(1) = _AGLDOUBLEBUFFER attrib(2) = _AGLNONE
fmt = fn aglChoosePixelFormat( 0, 0, attrib(0) ) glContext = fn aglCreateContext( fmt, 0 ) aglDestroyPixelFormat( fmt )
// Set the FB window as port for drawing port = window( _wndPort ) yesOK = fn aglSetDrawable( glContext, port ) yesOK = fn aglSetCurrentContext( glContext )
// Background color: red, green, blue, alpha glClearColor( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 )
// 60/s HandleEvents Trigger poke long event - 8, 1 do // Clear window glClear( _GLCOLORBUFFERBIT ) // Run animation fn SphereDraw aglSwapBuffers( glContext ) HandleEvents until gFBquit </lang>
Go
Using image library rather than ASCII art. <lang go>package main
import (
"fmt" "image" "image/color" "image/png" "math" "os"
)
type vector [3]float64
func normalize(v *vector) {
invLen := 1 / math.Sqrt(dot(v, v)) v[0] *= invLen v[1] *= invLen v[2] *= invLen
}
func dot(x, y *vector) float64 {
return x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2]
}
func drawSphere(r int, k, amb float64, dir *vector) *image.Gray {
w, h := r*4, r*3
img := image.NewGray(image.Rect(-w/2, -h/2, w/2, h/2))
vec := new(vector)
for x := -r; x < r; x++ {
for y := -r; y < r; y++ {
if z := r*r - x*x - y*y; z >= 0 {
vec[0] = float64(x)
vec[1] = float64(y)
vec[2] = math.Sqrt(float64(z))
normalize(vec)
s := dot(dir, vec)
if s < 0 {
s = 0
}
lum := 255 * (math.Pow(s, k) + amb) / (1 + amb)
if lum < 0 {
lum = 0
} else if lum > 255 {
lum = 255
}
img.SetGray(x, y, color.Gray{uint8(lum)})
}
}
}
return img
}
func main() {
dir := &vector{-30, -30, 50}
normalize(dir)
img := drawSphere(200, 1.5, .2, dir)
f, err := os.Create("sphere.png")
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
return
}
if err = png.Encode(f, img); err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
if err = f.Close(); err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
}</lang>
Haskell
<lang haskell>import Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL.GL import Graphics.UI.GLUT.Objects import Graphics.UI.GLUT
setProjection :: IO () setProjection = do
matrixMode $= Projection
ortho (-1) 1 (-1) 1 0 (-1)
grey1,grey9,red,white :: Color4 GLfloat grey1 = Color4 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 grey9 = Color4 0.9 0.9 0.9 1 red = Color4 1 0 0 1 white = Color4 1 1 1 1
setLights :: IO () setLights = do
let l = Light 0 ambient l $= grey1 diffuse l $= white specular l $= white position l $= Vertex4 (-4) 4 3 (0 :: GLfloat) light l $= Enabled lighting $= Enabled
setMaterial :: IO () setMaterial = do
materialAmbient Front $= grey1 materialDiffuse Front $= red materialSpecular Front $= grey9 materialShininess Front $= (32 :: GLfloat)
display :: IO() display = do
clear [ColorBuffer] renderObject Solid $ Sphere' 0.8 64 64 swapBuffers
main :: IO() main = do
_ <- getArgsAndInitialize _ <- createWindow "Sphere" clearColor $= Color4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 setProjection setLights setMaterial displayCallback $= display mainLoop</lang>
Icon and Unicon
Unicon provides a built-in interface to openGL including some higher level abstractions (for more information see Unicon Technical References, 3D Graphics). The example below draws a blue sphere on a black background and waits for input to quit.
<lang Unicon>procedure main() W := open("Demo", "gl", "size=400,400", "bg=black") | stop("can't open window!") WAttrib(W, "slices=40", "rings=40", "light0=on, ambient white; diffuse gold; specular gold; position 5, 0, 0" ) Fg(W, "emission blue") DrawSphere(W, 0, 0, -5, 1) Event(W) end</lang>
HTML
J
Demo Solution
The simplest way to draw a sphere is to run the sphere demo code from J's simple demos. (This assumes J version 6.)
Normally you would bring up this demo by using the menu system:
Studio
> Demos...
> opengl simple... [ok]
> sphere [Run]
But bringing up the example with a line of code is trivial enough:
<lang j>load 'system/examples/graphics/opengl/simple/sphere.ijs'</lang>
Raytracing Solution
Here's a version using raytracing computed in J. luminosity is an array of luminosity values with theoretical maximum 1 and minimum 0, and viewmat is used to display this.
<lang j>'R k ambient' =. 10 2 0.4 light =. (% +/&.:*:) 30 30 _50 pts =. (0&*^:(0={:))@:(,,(0>.(*:R)-+)&.*:)"0/~ i:15j200 luminosity =. (>:ambient) %~ (ambient * * +/&.:*:"1 pts) + k^~ 0>. R%~ pts +/@:*"1 -light
load 'viewmat' torgb =. 256 #. [: <. 255 255 255 *"1 0 ] 'rgb' viewmat torgb luminosity</lang>
Java
<lang java>public class Sphere{
static char[] shades = {'.', ':', '!', '*', 'o', 'e', '&', '#', '%', '@'};
static double[] light = { 30, 30, -50 };
private static void normalize(double[] v){
double len = Math.sqrt(v[0]*v[0] + v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2]);
v[0] /= len; v[1] /= len; v[2] /= len;
}
private static double dot(double[] x, double[] y){
double d = x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2];
return d < 0 ? -d : 0;
}
public static void drawSphere(double R, double k, double ambient){
double[] vec = new double[3];
for(int i = (int)Math.floor(-R); i <= (int)Math.ceil(R); i++){
double x = i + .5;
for(int j = (int)Math.floor(-2 * R); j <= (int)Math.ceil(2 * R); j++){
double y = j / 2. + .5;
if(x * x + y * y <= R * R) {
vec[0] = x;
vec[1] = y;
vec[2] = Math.sqrt(R * R - x * x - y * y);
normalize(vec);
double b = Math.pow(dot(light, vec), k) + ambient;
int intensity = (b <= 0) ?
shades.length - 2 :
(int)Math.max((1 - b) * (shades.length - 1), 0);
System.out.print(shades[intensity]);
} else
System.out.print(' ');
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
normalize(light);
drawSphere(20, 4, .1);
drawSphere(10, 2, .4);
}
}</lang>
- Output:
&&&&&&&&&&#######
&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&#######%
&eoooo*******oooooooeeeee&&&&&########%
eoo****!!!!!!!!******oooooeeee&&&&&########%%
eoo**!!!!::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%
eo**!!::::::...:::::::!!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%%
eo*!!:::.............:::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%%%
eo*!!:::.................::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%%%%
eo*!!::....................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&#########%%%%%%
&o**!::......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%
&o**!::.......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%
&oo*!!::.......................:::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!::.......................::::!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
eo**!!::......................::::!!!!***ooooeeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
&eo**!!:::...................:::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%
eeo**!!::::................:::::!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeo***!!:::::...........::::::!!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeoo**!!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeooo***!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeooo***!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******oooooeeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeeooo******!!!!!!!!!!********ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeeooooo******************oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&&eeeeoooooooo******oooooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&eeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
####&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%#######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&###################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%###########&&&&&&&&&&&&&#######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%############################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#######################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%#########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
::...:::!!!*o
..............::!!*oo
..................::!!**ooe
.....................::!!**ooee
.......................::!!**ooee
........................::!!**oooee
.........................::!!**oooeee
:........................::!!!**oooeeee
........................::!!!**ooooeeee
:......................::!!!***oooeeeee
:....................:::!!!***oooeeeeee
!:.................:::!!!****oooeeeeeee
*!:::...........::::!!!!***ooooeeeeeeee
*!!!:::::::::::!!!!!****oooooeeeeeeee
o**!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeeeeeee
oo**************ooooooeeeeeeeeeee
eoooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
JavaScript
This Javascript entry uses an HTML wrapper to offer easy running and some interactivity. It is made as such, though, that the entire HTML wrapper can be removed (except for a canvas with id c) and still work. If you remove the HTML, call the draw_sphere function to draw the thing.
<lang javascript><!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Draw a sphere</title> <script> var light=[30,30,-50],gR,gk,gambient;
function normalize(v){ var len=Math.sqrt(v[0]*v[0]+v[1]*v[1]+v[2]*v[2]); v[0]/=len; v[1]/=len; v[2]/=len; return v; }
function dot(x,y){ var d=x[0]*y[0]+x[1]*y[1]+x[2]*y[2]; return d<0?-d:0; }
function draw_sphere(R,k,ambient){ var i,j,intensity,b,vec,x,y,cvs,ctx,imgdata,idx; cvs=document.getElementById("c"); ctx=cvs.getContext("2d"); cvs.width=cvs.height=2*Math.ceil(R)+1; imgdata=ctx.createImageData(2*Math.ceil(R)+1,2*Math.ceil(R)+1); idx=0; for(i=Math.floor(-R);i<=Math.ceil(R);i++){ x=i+.5; for(j=Math.floor(-R);j<=Math.ceil(R);j++){ y=j+.5; if(x*x+y*y<=R*R){ vec=[x,y,Math.sqrt(R*R-x*x-y*y)]; vec=normalize(vec); b=Math.pow(dot(light,vec),k)+ambient; intensity=(1-b)*256; if(intensity<0)intensity=0; if(intensity>=256)intensity=255; imgdata.data[idx++]=imgdata.data[idx++]=255-~~(intensity); //RG imgdata.data[idx++]=imgdata.data[idx++]=255; //BA } else { imgdata.data[idx++]=imgdata.data[idx++]=imgdata.data[idx++]=imgdata.data[idx++]=255; //RGBA } } } ctx.putImageData(imgdata,0,0); }
light=normalize(light);
</script>
</head>
<body onload="gR=200;gk=4;gambient=.2;draw_sphere(gR,gk,gambient)">
R=<input type="range" id="R" name="R" min="5" max="500" value="200" step="5" onchange="document.getElementById('lR').innerHTML=gR=parseFloat(this.value);draw_sphere(gR,gk,gambient)">
<label for="R" id="lR">200</label>
k=<input type="range" id="k" name="k" min="0" max="10" value="4" step=".25" onchange="document.getElementById('lk').innerHTML=gk=parseFloat(this.value);draw_sphere(gR,gk,gambient)">
<label for="k" id="lk">4</label>
ambient=<input type="range" id="ambient" name="ambient" min="0" max="1" value=".2" step=".05" onchange="document.getElementById('lambient').innerHTML=gambient=parseFloat(this.value);draw_sphere(gR,gk,gambient)">
<label for="ambient" id="lambient">0.2</label>
<canvas id="c">Unsupportive browser...</canvas>
</body>
</html></lang>
jq
The approach adopted here is to generate an SVG file, which may then be viewed, for example, in a web browser. <lang jq>def svg:
"<svg width='100%' height='100%' version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'>" ;
- A radial gradient to make a circle look like a sphere.
- "colors" should be [startColor, intermediateColor, endColor]
- or null for ["white", "teal", "black"]
def sphericalGradient(id; colors):
"<defs>
<radialGradient id = '\(id)' cx = '30%' cy = '30%' r = '100%' fx='10%' fy='10%' >
<stop stop-color = '\(colors[0]//"white")' offset = '0%'/>
<stop stop-color = '\(colors[1]//"teal")' offset = '50%'/>
<stop stop-color = '\(colors[1]//"black")' offset = '100%'/>
</radialGradient>
</defs>" ;
def sphere(cx; cy; r; gradientId):
"<circle fill='url(#\(gradientId))' cx='\(cx)' cy='\(cy)' r='\(r)' />" ;</lang>
Example: <lang jq>def draw_sphere:
svg,
"<title>Teal sphere</title>",
sphericalGradient("tealGradient"; null), # define the gradient to use
sphere(100;100;100; "tealGradient"), # draw a sphere using the gradient
sphere(100;300;100; "tealGradient"), # draw another sphere using the same gradient
"</svg>" ;
draw_sphere</lang>
- Output:
<lang sh>$ jq -r -n -f spheres.jq > spheres.svg</lang>
One way to view the output as an image is to point your browser to the generated SVG.
Julia
ASCII Text
<lang julia>function draw_sphere(r, k, ambient, light)
shades = ('.', ':', '!', '*', 'o', 'e', '&', '#', '%', '@')
for i in floor(Int, -r):ceil(Int, r)
x = i + 0.5
line = IOBuffer()
for j in floor(Int, -2r):ceil(2r)
y = j / 2 + 0.5
if x ^ 2 + y ^ 2 ≤ r ^ 2
v = normalize([x, y, sqrt(r ^ 2 - x ^ 2 - y ^ 2)])
b = dot(light, v) ^ k + ambient
intensity = ceil(Int, (1 - b) * (length(shades) - 1))
if intensity < 1
intensity = 1 end
if intensity > length(shades)
intensity = length(shades) end
print(shades[intensity])
else
print(' ')
end
end
println()
end
end
light = normalize([30, 30, -50]) draw_sphere(20, 4, 0.1, light) draw_sphere(10, 2, 0.4, light) </lang>
Graphical
<lang julia># run from REPL
using Makie
φ = 0:π/100:2π
θ = 0:π/200:π
x = [cos(θ) * sin(φ) for θ in θ, φ in φ] y = [sin(θ)*sin(φ) for θ in θ, φ in φ] z = [cos(φ) for θ in θ, φ in φ]
surface(x, y, z, backgroundcolor = :black, show_axis = false) </lang>
Kotlin
<lang scala>// version 1.0.6
const val shades = ".:!*oe&#%@" val light = doubleArrayOf(30.0, 30.0, -50.0)
fun normalize(v: DoubleArray) {
val len = Math.sqrt(v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2]) v[0] /= len; v[1] /= len; v[2] /= len
}
fun dot(x: DoubleArray, y: DoubleArray): Double {
val d = x[0] * y[0] + x[1] * y[1] + x[2] * y[2] return if (d < 0.0) -d else 0.0
}
fun drawSphere(r: Double, k: Double, ambient: Double) {
val vec = DoubleArray(3)
var intensity: Int
var b : Double
var x: Double
var y: Double
for (i in Math.floor(-r).toInt() .. Math.ceil(r).toInt()) {
x = i + 0.5
for (j in Math.floor(-2.0 * r).toInt() .. Math.ceil(2.0 * r).toInt()) {
y = j / 2.0 + 0.5
if (x * x + y * y <= r * r) {
vec[0] = x
vec[1] = y
vec[2] = Math.sqrt(r * r - x * x - y * y)
normalize(vec)
b = Math.pow(dot(light, vec), k) + ambient
intensity = ((1.0 - b) * (shades.length - 1)).toInt()
if (intensity < 0) intensity = 0
if (intensity >= shades.length - 1) intensity = shades.length - 2
print(shades[intensity])
}
else print(' ')
}
println()
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
normalize(light) drawSphere(20.0, 4.0, 0.1) drawSphere(10.0, 2.0, 0.4)
}</lang>
- Output:
&&&&&&&&&&#######
&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&#######%
&eoooo*******oooooooeeeee&&&&&########%
eoo****!!!!!!!!******oooooeeee&&&&&########%%
eoo**!!!!::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%
eo**!!::::::...:::::::!!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%%
eo*!!:::.............:::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%%%
eo*!!:::.................::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%%%%
eo*!!::....................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&#########%%%%%%
&o**!::......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%
&o**!::.......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%
&oo*!!::.......................:::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!::.......................::::!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
eo**!!::......................::::!!!!***ooooeeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
&eo**!!:::...................:::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%
eeo**!!::::................:::::!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeo***!!:::::...........::::::!!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeoo**!!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeooo***!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeooo***!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******oooooeeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeeooo******!!!!!!!!!!********ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeeooooo******************oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&&eeeeoooooooo******oooooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&eeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
####&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%#######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&###################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%###########&&&&&&&&&&&&&#######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%############################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#######################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%#########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
::...:::!!!*o
..............::!!*oo
..................::!!**ooe
.....................::!!**ooee
.......................::!!**ooee
........................::!!**oooee
.........................::!!**oooeee
:........................::!!!**oooeeee
........................::!!!**ooooeeee
:......................::!!!***oooeeeee
:....................:::!!!***oooeeeeee
!:.................:::!!!****oooeeeeeee
*!:::...........::::!!!!***ooooeeeeeeee
*!!!:::::::::::!!!!!****oooooeeeeeeee
o**!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeeeeeee
oo**************ooooooeeeeeeeeeee
eoooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
Lingo
<lang lingo>---------------------------------------- -- Draw a circle -- @param {image} img -- @param {integer} x -- @param {integer} y -- @param {integer} r -- @param {integer} lineSize -- @param {color} drawColor
on circle (img, x, y, r, lineSize, drawColor)
props = [:] props[#shapeType] = #oval props[#lineSize] = lineSize props[#color] = drawColor img.draw(x-r, y-r, x+r, y+r, props)
end</lang>
Logo
Drawing a sphere is actually very simple in logo, using the perspective function to make life easier.
<lang logo>to sphere :r cs perspective ht ;making the room ready to use repeat 180 [polystart circle :r polyend down 1] polyview end</lang>
Lua
<lang Lua>require ("math")
shades = {'.', ':', '!', '*', 'o', 'e', '&', '#', '%', '@'}
function normalize (vec)
len = math.sqrt(vec[1]^2 + vec[2]^2 + vec[3]^2)
return {vec[1]/len, vec[2]/len, vec[3]/len}
end
light = normalize{30, 30, -50}
function dot (vec1, vec2)
d = vec1[1]*vec2[1] + vec1[2]*vec2[2] + vec1[3]*vec2[3] return d < 0 and -d or 0
end
function draw_sphere (radius, k, ambient)
for i = math.floor(-radius),-math.floor(-radius) do
x = i + .5
local line =
for j = math.floor(-2*radius),-math.floor(-2*radius) do
y = j / 2 + .5
if x^2 + y^2 <= radius^2 then
vec = normalize{x, y, math.sqrt(radius^2 - x^2 - y^2)}
b = dot(light,vec) ^ k + ambient
intensity = math.floor ((1 - b) * #shades)
line = line .. (shades[intensity] or shades[1])
else
line = line .. ' '
end
end
print (line)
end
end
draw_sphere (20, 4, 0.1) draw_sphere (10, 2, 0.4)</lang>
- Output:
&&&&&&&&&&&&#####
&eeeoooooooooeeeeee&&&&&#######
eooo*************oooooeeee&&&&&########
eo**!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&#########
eo*!!!:::::...:::::::!!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########
o**!:::..............::::!!!!***ooooeee&&&&&###########
o*!!::...................::::!!!***ooooeee&&&&&############
eo*!::......................::::!!!***oooeeee&&&&&#############
o*!::.........................:::!!!***ooooeee&&&&&##############
&o*!::..........................:::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&###############%
eo*!::...........................:::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&###############%
eo*!::............................:::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&###############%%
&o*!!::...........................:::!!!!***oooeeee&&&&&#################%%
eo*!!:...........................::::!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&#################%%
eo**!!::.........................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&&#################%%%
eo**!!::.......................::::!!!!****oooeeeee&&&&&##################%%%
&eo**!!:::....................:::::!!!!***ooooeeeee&&&&&&##################%%%%
&eoo**!!::::................:::::!!!!****ooooeeeee&&&&&&###################%%%%
&eoo***!!!:::::........:::::::!!!!!****oooooeeeee&&&&&&###################%%%%%
&eeoo***!!!!:::::::::::::::!!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&&&####################%%%%%
&&eeoo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeeee&&&&&&######################%%%%%
&&eeeooo******!!!!!!!!!!!*******ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&######################%%%%%%
#&&eeeooooo******************oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&#######################%%%%%%%
##&&&eeeeoooooooooo*ooooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#######################%%%%%%%%
##&&&eeeeeeooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&########################%%%%%%%%
###&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&##########################%%%%%%%%%
####&&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&&############################%%%%%%%%%
######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&##############################%%%%%%%%%%
########&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&################################%%%%%%%%%%%
###############&&&&&#######################################%%%%%%%%%%%%
#########################################################%%%%%%%%%%%%
#####################################################%%%%%%%%%%%%
#################################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#############################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
########################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%##########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
........::!!*
...............::!!*o
....................::!**oo
.......................::!**ooo
........................::!!**ooo
.........................::!!**oooo
..........................::!!**ooooe
...........................::!!**ooooee
..........................::!!***ooooee
.........................::!!!**oooooee
.......................:::!!!**oooooeee
:.....................::!!!***ooooooeee
!::................:::!!!!***ooooooeeee
!!::..........:::::!!!****ooooooeeeee
*!!!::::::::::!!!!!****oooooooeeeee
o***!!!!!!!!!******ooooooooeeeeee
ooo***********ooooooooooeeeeeee
oooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeee
eooooooooooeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
M2000 Interpreter
<lang M2000 Interpreter> Module CheckIt {
Er$="Pset is a new statement"
If Version<9.4 Then Error Er$
If Version=9.4 then If revision<26 then Error Er$
Form 60, 40
Cls 0 ' Black
Gradient 0,1
Pen 14 ' Yellow
Set Fast !
Refresh 500
Module Sphere (R as long, X0 as long, Y0 as long, fun){
R2 = R * R
Def Long X, Y, D2
Let Scale=twipsx/R*13.5
For Y = -R To R step twipsx {
Move X0-R, Y+Y0
For X = -R To R step twipsy {
D2 = X **2 + Y **2
IF R2>D2 THEN Pset Fun(Max.Data(Min.Data((Sqrt(R2 - D2) - ( X + Y) / 2 )*Scale ,255),0))
Step twipsx
}
}
}
Blue=lambda (c)->{
c1=c/4+192
=Color(c,c,c1)
}
Blue1=lambda (c)->{
c1=c/4+Random(150,192)
=Color(c,c,c1)
}
Mystery=lambda m=1 (c)->{
c1=c/4+m
m+=10
if m>192 then m=1
=Color(c,c,c1)
}
Mystery2=lambda m=1, p=true (c)->{
c1=c/4+m
if p then m+=10
Else m=-10
if m>192 then m-=10 : p=false
If m<0 then m+=10: p=true
=Color(c,c,c1)
}
Buffer Alfa as byte*8
Trans =lambda Alfa (c) -> {
Return Alfa, 0:=-point as long
Return Alfa, 4:=-color(c,c, c/4+192) as long
for i=0 to 2: Return Alfa, i:=(Eval(Alfa, i)+Eval(Alfa, i+4))/2: Next i
=-Eval(Alfa, 0 as long)
}
Sphere 2400, 9000,7000, Blue
Sphere 800, 6000, 7000, Blue1
Sphere 1200, 5000,5000, Mystery
Sphere 1200, 10000,6000, Mystery2
Sphere 1200, 8000,5000, trans
} Checkit </lang>
[[3]image]
![[3]](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZWy2xDxXbzg/W98lAuNSY9I/AAAAAAAAHZ0/DFYluvWtz_cwwAUKfblujnW6mTC5XVs1QCLcBGAs/s1600/sphere.png){kind=link}
Maple
<lang maple>plots[display](plottools[sphere](), axes = none, style = surface);</lang>
Mathematica / Wolfram Language
Mathematica has many 3D drawing capabilities. To create a sphere with radius one centered at (0,0,0): <lang Mathematica>Graphics3D[Sphere[{0,0,0},1]]</lang>
MATLAB
To create the unit sphere: <lang MATLAB>figure; sphere</lang>
Maxima
<lang maxima>/* Two solutions */ plot3d(1, [theta, 0, %pi], [phi, 0, 2 * %pi], [transform_xy, spherical_to_xyz], [grid, 30, 60], [box, false], [legend, false])$
load(draw)$ draw3d(xu_grid=30, yv_grid=60, surface_hide=true,
parametric_surface(cos(phi)*sin(theta),
sin(phi)*sin(theta),
cos(theta),
theta, 0, %pi, phi, 0, 2 * %pi))$</lang>
Nim
<lang nim>import math
type Point = tuple[x,y,z: float]
const shades = ".:!*oe&#%@"
proc normalize(x, y, z: float): Point =
let len = sqrt(x*x + y*y + z*z) (x / len, y / len, z / len)
proc dot(a, b: Point): float =
result = max(0, - a.x*b.x - a.y*b.y - a.z*b.z)
let light = normalize(30.0, 30.0, -50.0)
proc drawSphere(r, k, ambient) =
for i in -r .. r:
let x = i.float + 0.5
for j in -2*r .. 2*r:
let y = j.float / 2.0 + 0.5
if x*x + y*y <= float r*r:
let
v = normalize(x, y, sqrt(float(r*r) - x*x - y*y))
b = pow(dot(light, v), k) + ambient
i = clamp(int((1.0 - b) * shades.high.float), 0, shades.high)
stdout.write shades[i]
else: stdout.write ' '
stdout.write "\n"
drawSphere 20, 4.0, 0.1 drawSphere 10, 2.0, 0.4</lang>
- Output:
&&&&&&&&&&#######
&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&#######%
&eoooo*******oooooooeeeee&&&&&########%
eoo****!!!!!!!!******oooooeeee&&&&&########%%
eoo**!!!!::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%
eo**!!::::::...:::::::!!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%%
eo*!!:::.............:::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%%%
eo*!!:::.................::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%%%%
eo*!!::....................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&#########%%%%%%
&o**!::......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%
&o**!::.......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%
&oo*!!::.......................:::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!::.......................::::!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
eo**!!::......................::::!!!!***ooooeeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
&eo**!!:::...................:::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%
eeo**!!::::................:::::!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeo***!!:::::...........::::::!!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeoo**!!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeooo***!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeooo***!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******oooooeeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeeooo******!!!!!!!!!!********ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeeooooo******************oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&&eeeeoooooooo******oooooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&eeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
####&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%#######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&###################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%###########&&&&&&&&&&&&&#######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%############################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#######################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%#########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
::...:::!!!*o
..............::!!*oo
..................::!!**ooe
.....................::!!**ooee
.......................::!!**ooee
........................::!!**oooee
.........................::!!**oooeee
:........................::!!!**oooeeee
........................::!!!**ooooeeee
:......................::!!!***oooeeeee
:....................:::!!!***oooeeeeee
!:.................:::!!!****oooeeeeeee
*!:::...........::::!!!!***ooooeeeeeeee
*!!!:::::::::::!!!!!****oooooeeeeeeee
o**!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeeeeeee
oo**************ooooooeeeeeeeeeee
eoooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
Ol
<lang scheme> (import (lib gl)) (import (OpenGL version-1-0))
- init
(glClearColor 0.3 0.3 0.3 1) (glPolygonMode GL_FRONT_AND_BACK GL_FILL)
(define quadric (gluNewQuadric))
- draw loop
(gl:set-renderer (lambda (mouse)
(glClear GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
(glColor3f 0.7 0.7 0.7) (gluSphere quadric 0.4 32 10)
)) </lang>
Openscad
Drawing a sphere is easy in openscad:
<lang openscad>// This will produce a sphere of radius 5 sphere(5);</lang>
Pascal
After changing "{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}" to "{$mode delphi}" or "{$mode objfpc}" the Delphi example works with FreePascal.
Perl
This produces a PGM image which can't be uploaded on rosettacode at the moment. It looks similar as the Raku solution, though.
<lang perl>use strict; use warnings;
my $x = my $y = 255; $x |= 1; # must be odd my $depth = 255;
my $light = Vector->new(rand, rand, rand)->normalized;
print "P2\n$x $y\n$depth\n";
my ($r, $ambient) = (($x - 1)/2, 0); my ($r2) = $r ** 2; {
for my $x (-$r .. $r) {
my $x2 = $x**2; for my $y (-$r .. $r) { my $y2 = $y**2; my $pixel = 0; if ($x2 + $y2 < $r2) { my $v = Vector->new($x, $y, sqrt($r2 - $x2 - $y2))->normalized; my $I = $light . $v + $ambient; $I = $I < 0 ? 0 : $I > 1 ? 1 : $I; $pixel = int($I * $depth); } print $pixel; print $y == $r ? "\n" : " "; }
}
}
package Vector {
sub new {
my $class = shift; bless ref($_[0]) eq 'Array' ? $_[0] : [ @_ ], $class;
}
sub normalized {
my $this = shift; my $norm = sqrt($this . $this); ref($this)->new( map $_/$norm, @$this );
}
use overload q{.} => sub {
my ($a, $b) = @_; my $sum = 0; for (0 .. @$a - 1) { $sum += $a->[$_] * $b->[$_] } return $sum;
},
q{""} => sub { sprintf "Vector:[%s]", join ' ', @{shift()} };
}</lang>
Phix
(Go gets credit for the dot/normalize/drawSphere routines, but this draws on screen rather than to png file)
Sphere will resize to match the window. <lang Phix>-- demo\rosetta\Draw_a_sphere.exw include pGUI.e
Ihandle dlg, canvas cdCanvas cddbuffer, cdcanvas
function dot(sequence x, sequence y)
return sum(sq_mul(x,y))
end function
function normalize(sequence v)
atom len = sqrt(dot(v, v))
if len=0 then return {0,0,0} end if
return sq_mul(v,1/len)
end function
procedure drawSphere(integer width, height, atom k, atom amb, sequence direction) integer r = floor((min(width,height)-20)/2) integer cx = floor(width/2) integer cy = floor(height/2) integer lum
for x=-r to r do
for y=-r to r do
integer z = r*r-x*x-y*y
if z>=0 then
atom s = dot(direction, normalize({x,y,sqrt(z)}))
lum = and_bits(#FF,255*(power(iff(s<0?0:s),k)+amb)/(1+amb))
lum += lum*#100+lum*#10000
cdCanvasPixel(cddbuffer, x+cx, y+cy, lum)
end if
end for
end for
end procedure
function redraw_cb(Ihandle /*ih*/, integer /*posx*/, integer /*posy*/) integer {width, height} = IupGetIntInt(canvas, "DRAWSIZE")
cdCanvasActivate(cddbuffer)
cdCanvasClear(cddbuffer)
drawSphere(width,height,1.5,0.2,normalize({-30,-30,50}))
cdCanvasFlush(cddbuffer)
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function map_cb(Ihandle ih)
cdcanvas = cdCreateCanvas(CD_IUP, ih) cddbuffer = cdCreateCanvas(CD_DBUFFER, cdcanvas) cdCanvasSetBackground(cddbuffer, CD_BLACK) return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
procedure main()
IupOpen()
canvas = IupCanvas(NULL)
IupSetAttribute(canvas, "RASTERSIZE", "340x340") -- initial size
IupSetCallback(canvas, "MAP_CB", Icallback("map_cb"))
dlg = IupDialog(canvas)
IupSetAttribute(dlg, "TITLE", "Draw a sphere")
IupCloseOnEscape(dlg)
IupSetCallback(canvas, "ACTION", Icallback("redraw_cb"))
IupMap(dlg) IupSetAttribute(canvas, "RASTERSIZE", NULL) -- release the minimum limitation IupShowXY(dlg,IUP_CENTER,IUP_CENTER) IupMainLoop() IupClose()
end procedure
main()</lang>
PicoLisp
This is for the 64-bit version. <lang PicoLisp>(load "@lib/openGl.l")
(glutInit) (glutInitDisplayMode (| GLUT_RGBA GLUT_DOUBLE GLUT_ALPHA GLUT_DEPTH)) (glutInitWindowSize 400 400) (glutCreateWindow "Sphere")
(glEnable GL_LIGHTING) (glEnable GL_LIGHT0) (glLightiv GL_LIGHT0 GL_POSITION (10 10 -10 0))
(glEnable GL_COLOR_MATERIAL) (glColorMaterial GL_FRONT_AND_BACK GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE)
(glClearColor 0.3 0.3 0.5 0) (glColor4f 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.0)
(displayPrg
(glClear (| GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)) (glutSolidSphere 0.9 40 32) (glFlush) (glutSwapBuffers) )
- Exit upon mouse click
(mouseFunc '((Btn State X Y) (bye))) (glutMainLoop)</lang>
<lang PicoLisp>(scl 24)
(setq *Shades
(list "." ":" "!" "*" "o" "e" "&" "#" "%" "@"))
(setq *Light
(list 30.0 30.0 -50.0))
(de normalize (V)
(let Len
(sqrt
(sum
(quote (X)
(** X 2))
V))
(mapcar
(quote (X)
(*/ X 1.0 Len))
V)))
(de dot (X Y)
(let D (sum (quote (A B) (*/ A B 1.0)) X Y) (if (< D 0) (- D) 0)))
(de floor (N)
(* 1.0 (*/ (- N 0.5) 1.0)))
(de ceil (N)
(* 1.0 (*/ (+ N 0.5) 1.0)))
(de drawSphere (R K Ambient)
(let Vec NIL
(for (I (floor (- R)) (<= I (ceil R)) (+ I 1.0))
(let X (+ I 0.5)
(for (J (floor (* -2 R)) (<= J (ceil (* 2 R))) (+ J 1.0))
(let Y (+ (/ J 2) 0.5)
(if (<= (+ (*/ X X 1.0) (*/ Y Y 1.0)) (*/ R R 1.0))
(prog
(setq Vec
(list X Y
(sqrt
(* 1.0
(- (*/ R R 1.0)
(*/ X X 1.0)
(*/ Y Y 1.0))))))
(setq Vec (normalize Vec))
(let (B NIL
Intensity NIL)
(setq B (+ (/ (** (dot *Light Vec) K) (** 1.0 (- K 1))) Ambient))
(setq Intensity
(if (<= B 0)
(- (length *Shades) 2)
(max (format (round (*/ (- 1.0 B) (* (- (length *Shades) 1) 1.0) 1.0) 0)) 0)))
(prin (nth *Shades (+ Intensity 1) 1))))
(prin " "))))
(prinl)))))
(setq *Light (normalize *Light)) (drawSphere 20.0 4 0.1) (drawSphere 10.0 2 0.4)</lang>
- Output:
##############%%%
#&&eeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&######%%%%%
&eeeoooooooooooooeeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%
&eooo**************oooooeeee&&&&&#####%%%%%%%
&eoo**!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%
eoo**!!!::::::::::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%
eoo*!!!::::.......::::::!!!!****oooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!:::..............::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%
eo**!!::.................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!:::..................::::!!!!***oooeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!:::...................::::!!!!***oooeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eo**!!::....................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#eoo*!!:::...................::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eo**!!:::.................:::::!!!!****oooeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eoo**!!::::...............:::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eoo**!!!::::...........::::::!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&eoo***!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!!****ooooeeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&eeoo***!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&eeooo****!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******ooooeeeee&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeooo******!!!!!!!!!!!*******ooooooeeeee&&&&&&#######%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&&eeooooo******************ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&eeeooooooo********oooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
###&&&eeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%###&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%####&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%############&&&&&###################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%##############################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%#######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%#########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
!::::::!!!**o
............:::!!**oe
:................::!!**ooee
:...................::!!**ooeee
......................::!!**ooeee
.......................::!!**ooeeee
.......................:::!!**ooeeeee
:.......................::!!***ooeeeeee
:......................::!!!**oooeeeeee
:....................:::!!!**oooeeeeeee
!:..................:::!!***oooeeeeeeee
!!:..............::::!!!***oooeeeeeeeee
*!!::::.....::::::!!!!***ooooeeeeeeeeee
o*!!!!::::::!!!!!!****ooooeeeeeeeeeee
o****!!!!!!!******oooooeeeeeeeeeeee
eooo********oooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeoooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
PostScript
Gradient filled circle: <lang PostScript>%!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%BoundingBox 0 0 300 300
150 150 translate 0 0 130 0 360 arc
/Pattern setcolorspace << /PatternType 2
/Shading <<
/ShadingType 3
/ColorSpace /DeviceRGB
/Coords [-60 60 0 0 0 100]
/Function <<
/FunctionType 2
/Domain [0 1]
/C0 [1 1 1]
/C1 [0 0 0]
/N 2
>>
>>
>> matrix makepattern setcolor fill
showpage %%EOF </lang>
POV-Ray
This is what POVray was made for. An example with a sky, surface and transparency:
<lang POVray> camera { location <0.0 , .8 ,-3.0> look_at 0}
light_source{< 3,3,-3> color rgb 1}
sky_sphere { pigment{ gradient <0,1,0> color_map {[0 color rgb <.2,.1,0>][.5 color rgb 1]} scale 2}}
plane {y,-2 pigment { hexagon color rgb .7 color rgb .5 color rgb .6 }}
sphere { 0,1
texture {
pigment{ color rgbft <.8,1,1,.4,.4> }
finish { phong 1 reflection {0.40 metallic 0.5} }
}
interior { ior 1.5}
} </lang>
Yields this:
Processing
3D rendering is built into Processing.
<lang java>void setup() {
size(500, 500, P3D);
} void draw() {
background(192); translate(width/2, height/2); // optional color and lighting style stroke(200); fill(255); lights(); // draw sphere sphere(200);
}</lang> A sphere build from triangles (to for instance allow distortion) <lang java>float rotX, rotY;
PVector[][] sphere; int detail = 50;
void setup() {
size(600, 600, P3D); background(50, 50, 200); fill(255, 0, 200); stroke(0, 40); sphere = new PVector[detail+1][detail+1];
}
void draw() {
pointLight(255, 255, 255, -width, -height, 2*height);
translate(width/2, height/2);
rotateX(rotX);
rotateY(rotY);
float r = 200;
for (int i = 0; i <= detail; i++) {
float rows = map(i, 0, detail, 0, PI);
for (int j = 0; j <= detail; j++) {
float columns = map(j, 0, detail, 0, TWO_PI);
float x = r * sin(rows) * cos(columns);
float y = r * sin(rows) * sin(columns);
float z = r * cos(rows);
sphere[i][j] = new PVector(x, y, z);
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < detail; i++) {
beginShape(TRIANGLE_STRIP);
for (int j = 0; j <= detail; j++) {
PVector v1 = sphere[i][j];
vertex(v1.x, v1.y, v1.z);
PVector v2 = sphere[i+1][j];
vertex(v2.x, v2.y, v2.z);
}
endShape();
}
}
void mouseDragged() {
rotY -= (mouseX - pmouseX) * 0.01; rotX -= (mouseY - pmouseY) * 0.01;
}</lang>
Python
Ascii-Art
<lang python>import math
shades = ('.',':','!','*','o','e','&','#','%','@')
def normalize(v): len = math.sqrt(v[0]**2 + v[1]**2 + v[2]**2) return (v[0]/len, v[1]/len, v[2]/len)
def dot(x,y): d = x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2] return -d if d < 0 else 0
def draw_sphere(r, k, ambient, light): for i in range(int(math.floor(-r)),int(math.ceil(r)+1)): x = i + 0.5 line =
for j in range(int(math.floor(-2*r)),int(math.ceil(2*r)+1)): y = j/2 + 0.5 if x*x + y*y <= r*r: vec = normalize((x,y,math.sqrt(r*r - x*x - y*y))) b = dot(light,vec)**k + ambient intensity = int((1-b)*(len(shades)-1)) line += shades[intensity] if 0 <= intensity < len(shades) else shades[0] else: line += ' '
print(line)
light = normalize((30,30,-50)) draw_sphere(20,4,0.1, light) draw_sphere(10,2,0.4, light)</lang>
- Output:
&&&&&&&&&&######
&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&######%%
&&oooo********ooooooeeeeee&&&&########%%
oo****!!!!!!!!******ooooooeeee&&&&########%%
eeoo**!!!!::::::::!!!!******ooooeeee&&&&########%%%%
ee**!!::::::....::::::!!!!!!**ooooeeee&&&&&&########%%%%
ee**!!::..............::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&########%%%%%%
ee**!!::..................::::!!!!**ooooeeee&&&&##########%%%%%%
oo!!::....................::::!!!!****ooeeee&&&&&&########%%%%%%
oo**::......................::::!!!!****ooeeee&&&&&&##########%%%%%%
&&**!!::......................::::!!!!****ooeeee&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%
oo**!!::......................::::!!!!**ooooeeee&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%
&&oo!!::........................::::!!****ooooeeee&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
ee**!!::......................::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
ee**!!::::..................::::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%
ee**!!::::................::::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%
&&ee****!!::::............::::::!!!!****ooooooeeee&&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeoo**!!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!******ooooeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeoo****!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!******ooooeeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeoooo**!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******ooooeeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeeeoo******!!!!!!!!!!********ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&eeoooooo******************ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&eeeeoooooooo******ooooooooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&eeeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
####&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&##################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&####################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
############&&&&&&&&&&&&########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%############################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%######################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
::..::::!!**
..............::!!oo
..................::!!**ooee
......................::!!**ooee
......................::!!**ooee
........................::!!**ooooee
........................::!!**ooooee
::........................::!!**ooooeeee
........................::!!!!**ooooeeee
::......................::!!****ooeeeeee
::....................::!!!!**ooooeeeeee
!!..................::!!!!****ooeeeeeeee
**::::..........::::!!!!****ooooeeeeeeee
!!!!::::::::::!!!!!!****ooooeeeeeeee
oo**!!!!!!!!!!!!******ooooeeeeeeeeee
oo**************ooooooeeeeeeeeee
eeooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeee
Renders a sphere with random Perlin noise.
This code contains unnecessary functions which are part of a 3D graphics library I wrote.
Uses Pygame and Python 3.2.2
<lang python>
import pygame
from pygame.locals import *
import time
import sys
import random
import math
</lang>
<lang python>
class Tricubic:
def __init__(self,pts):
self.coefficients = []
for plane in pts:
planecoeffs = []
for line in plane:
p = (line[3]-line[2])-(line[0]-line[1])
q = (line[0]-line[1])-p
r = line[2]-line[0]
s = line[1]
planecoeffs.append([p,q,r,s])
self.coefficients.append(planecoeff)
def Eval(at):
return Misc.Cubic([CoeffBicubic(coeffs[0],d),CoeffBicubic(coeffs[1],d),CoeffBicubic(coeffs[2],d),CoeffBicubic(coeffs[3],d)],d.z)
def CoeffCubic(coeffs,d):
return (coeffs[0]*(d.x**3))+(coeffs[1]*(d.x**2))+(coeffs[2]*d.x)+coeffs[3]
def CoeffBicubic(coeffs,d):
return Misc.Cubic([CoeffCubic(coeffs[0],d),CoeffCubic(coeffs[1],d),CoeffCubic(coeffs[2],d),CoeffCubic(coeffs[3],d)],d.y)
class Misc:
def LinePara(line,t):
return Vector3.Add(line[0],Vector3.Scale(Vector3.Subtract(line[1],line[0]),t))
def LUR(at,above):
look = at.Unit()
right = Vector3.Cross(look,above).Unit()
up = Vector3.Scale(Vector3.Cross(look,right),-1)
return [look,up,right]
def LinePlane(line,triangle,cp=True):
try:
u = Vector3.Subtract(triangle.points[1].point,triangle.points[0])
v = Vector3.Subtract(triangle.points[2],triangle.points[0])
n = Vector3.Cross(u,v)
r = (Vector3.Dot(n,Vector3.Subtract(triangle.points[0],line.start))/Vector3.Dot(n,line.direction))
if stp:
point = Vector3.Add(Vector3.Scale(line.direction,r),line.start)
w = Vector3.Subtract(point,triangle.points[0])
udv = Vector3.Dot(u,v)
wdv = Vector3.Dot(w,v)
vdv = Vector3.Dot(v,v)
wdu = Vector3.Dot(w,u)
udu = Vector3.Dot(u,u)
denominator = (udv**2)-(udu*vdv)
s = ((udv*wdv)-(vdv*wdu))/denominator
t = ((udv*wdu)-(udu*wdv))/denominator
return [r,Vector2(s,t),point]
print('hooray')
else:
return [r]
except:
return None
def Cubic(pts,d):
p = (pts[3]-pts[2])-(pts[0]-pts[1])
q = (pts[0]-pts[1])-p
r = pts[2]-pts[0]
s = pts[1]
return (p*(d**3))+(q*(d**2))+(r*d)+s
def Bicubic(pts,d):
return Misc.Cubic([Misc.Cubic(pts[0],d.x),Misc.Cubic(pts[1],d.x),Misc.Cubic(pts[2],d.x),Misc.Cubic(pts[3],d.x)],d.y)
def Tricubic(pts,d):
return Misc.Cubic([Misc.Bicubic(pts[0],d),Misc.Bicubic(pts[1],d),Misc.Bicubic(pts[2],d),Misc.Bicubic(pts[3],d)],d.z)
def Quadcubic(pts,d):
return Misc.Cubic([Misc.Tricubic(pts[0],d),Misc.Tricubic(pts[1],d),Misc.Tricubic(pts[2],d),Misc.Tricubic(pts[3],d)],d.w)
def Linear(pts,d):
return (pts[2]*d)+(pts[1]*(1-d))
def Bilinear(pts,d):
return Misc.Linear([0,Misc.Linear(pts[1],d.x),Misc.Linear(pts[2],d.x)],d.y)
def Trilinear(pts,d):
return Misc.Linear([0,Misc.Bilinear(pts[1],d),Misc.Bilinear(pts[2],d)],d.z)
def LP2(line,triangle,cp=True):
try:
bla = triangle.points[1]
bla = triangle.points[0]
u = Vector3.Subtract(triangle.points[1].point,triangle.points[0].point)
v = Vector3.Subtract(triangle.points[2].point,triangle.points[0].point)
n = Vector3.Cross(u,v)
d = Vector3.Subtract(line[1],line[0])
r = (Vector3.Dot(n,Vector3.Subtract(triangle.points[0].point,line[0]))/Vector3.Dot(n,d))
if cp:
point = Vector3.Add(Vector3.Scale(d,r),line[0])
w = Vector3.Subtract(point,triangle.points[0].point)
udv = Vector3.Dot(u,v)
wdv = Vector3.Dot(w,v)
vdv = Vector3.Dot(v,v)
wdu = Vector3.Dot(w,u)
udu = Vector3.Dot(u,u)
denominator = (udv**2)-(udu*vdv)
s = ((udv*wdv)-(vdv*wdu))/denominator
t = ((udv*wdu)-(udu*wdv))/denominator
return (r,Vector2(s,t),point)
else:
return (r)
except:
return None
def Phong(normal,viewer,light,material,term):
# light (vector_to,diffuse,specular)
# material (ambient,diffuse,specular,shininess)
n = normal.Unit()
v = viewer.Unit()
l = light[0].Unit()
ldn = Vector3.Dot(l,n)
#print(ldn)
val = 0
if ldn > 0:
val += material[1][term]*ldn*light[1][term]
rdv = Vector3.Dot(Vector3.Subtract(Vector3.Scale(n,2*ldn),l),v)
if rdv > 0:
val += (material[2][term]*(rdv**material[3])*light[2][term])
#print(val)
return val
def Lighting(ambient,normal,viewer,lights,material,term):
# lights [(vector_to,diffuse,specular)]
# material (ambient,diffuse,specular,shininess)
val = material[0][term]*ambient[term]
for light in lights:
val += Misc.Phong(normal,viewer,light,material,term)
return val
def Lighting2(start,direction,ambient,intersect,triangle,lights):
coord = intersect[1]
val = Color.Add(Color.Multiply(ambient,Color.Multiply(triangle.material.color['ambient'],triangle.Map('ambient',coord))),
Color.Multiply(triangle.material.color['glow'],triangle.Map('glow',coord)))
for light in lights:
for n in range(3):
val[n] += Misc.Phong(triangle.InterpolatedNormal(coord),
Vector3.Scale(direction,-1),
(light.To(intersect[2]),light.Diffuse(intersect[2]),light.Specular(intersect[2])),
(Color(),
Color.Multiply(triangle.material.color['diffuse'],triangle.Map('diffuse',coord)),
Color.Multiply(triangle.material.color['specular'],triangle.Map('specular',coord)),
triangle.material.shiny),n)
return val
def Ray(start,direction,scene,color=True,sector=None):
intersect = None
intersected = None
col = None
for triangle in scene.triangles:
possible = True
if sector != None:
possible = False
for point in triangle.points:
if not(point.sector.x < sector.x):
possible = True
if possible:
possible = False
for point in triangle.points:
if not(point.sector.x > sector.x):
possible = True
if possible:
possible = False
for point in triangle.points:
if not(point.sector.y < sector.y):
possible = True
if possible:
possible = False
for point in triangle.points:
if not(point.sector.y > sector.y):
possible = True
possible = True
if possible:
tmp = Misc.LP2([start,Vector3.Add(start,direction)],triangle,color)
write = False
if type(tmp) == type(5.1):
tmp = None
if (tmp != None):
if (intersect == None):
if (tmp[0] > 0) and (tmp[1].x >= 0) and (tmp[1].y >= 0) and (tmp[1].x+tmp[1].y <= 1):
write = True
elif (tmp[0] > 0) and (tmp[0] < intersect[0]) and (tmp[1].x >= 0) and (tmp[1].y >= 0) and (tmp[1].x+tmp[1].y <= 1):
write = True
if write:
intersect = tmp
intersected = triangle
if color and (intersect != None):
applicable = []
for light in scene.lights:
block = Misc.Ray(intersect[2],light.To(intersect[2]),scene,False)
if block == None:
applicable.append(light)
elif light.location != None:
if Vector3.Subtract(light.location,intersect[2]).Magnitude() < block[0]:
applicable.append(light)
col = Misc.Lighting2(start,direction,scene.ambient,intersect,intersected,applicable)
return (intersect,col)
else:
return intersect
class DirLight:
def __init__(self,direction,diffuse,specular):
self.location = None
self.direction = direction.Unit()
self.diffuse = diffuse
self.specular = specular
def To(self,frm):
return Vector3.Scale(self.direction,-1)
def Diffuse(self,to):
return self.diffuse
def Specular(self,to):
return self.specular
class Material:
def __init__(self):
self.color = {'ambient':Color(1,1,1),
'diffuse':Color(1,1,1),
'specular':Color(1,1,1),
'glow':Color(1,1,1)}
self.maps = {'ambient':Map(),
'diffuse':Map(),
'specular':Map(),
'glow':Map(),
'bump':Map()}
self.shiny = 10
class Map:
def __init__(self,surface=None):
self.surface = surface
if self.surface != None:
self.width = self.surface.get_width()
self.height = self.surface.get_height()
def __getitem__(self,index):
if self.surface == None:
return Color(1,1,1)
else:
try:
return Color.From255(self.surface.get_at((int(index.x*(self.width-1)),int(index.y*(self.height-1)))))
except:
return Color(0,0,1)
class Color:
def __init__(self,r=0,g=0,b=0):
self.r = r
self.g = g
self.b = b
def __getitem__(self,index):
if index == 0:
return self.r
elif index == 1:
return self.g
elif index == 2:
return self.b
def __setitem__(self,index,value):
if index == 0:
self.r = value
elif index == 1:
self.g = value
elif index == 2:
self.b = value
def Multiply(A,B):
return Color(A.r*B.r,A.g*B.g,A.b*B.b)
def Add(A,B):
return Color(A.r+B.r,A.g+B.g,A.b+B.b)
def From255(A):
return Color(A.r/255,A.g/255,A.b/255)
class Vertex:
def __init__(self,point,normal,maps):
self.bpoint = point
self.bnormal = normal
self.maps = maps
for name in ['ambient','diffuse','specular','glow','bump']:
try:
bla = self.maps[name]
except:
self.maps[name] = Vector2()
self.sector = None
def Transform(self,points,norms):
self.point = Matrix2.Multiply(self.bpoint.Horizontal(),points).Vectorize()
self.normal = Matrix2.Multiply(self.bnormal.Horizontal(),norms).Vectorize()
class Triangle:
def __init__(self,vertices,material=Material()):
self.points = vertices
self.material = material
def Map(self,name,coord):
pts = []
for n in range(3):
pts.append(self.points[n].maps[name])
loc = Vector2.Add(pts[0],
Vector2.Add(Vector2.Scale(Vector2.Subtract(pts[1],pts[0]),coord.x),
Vector2.Scale(Vector2.Subtract(pts[2],pts[0]),coord.y)))
#print(loc.x,loc.y)
return self.material.maps[name][loc]
def InterpolatedNormal(self,coord):
return Vector3.Add(Vector3.Scale(self.points[0].normal,1-coord.x-coord.y),
Vector3.Add(Vector3.Scale(self.points[1].normal,coord.x),Vector3.Scale(self.points[2].normal,coord.y))).Unit()
class Line:
def __init__(self,A,B=None,direction=None):
self.start = A
if B != None:
self.direction = Vector3.Subtract(B,A).Unit()
elif direction != None:
self.direction = direction
else:
raise RuntimeError('Neither B nor direction are specified')
class Scene:
def __init__(self):
self.triangles = []
self.vertices = []
self.lights = []
self.exterior = []
self.ambient = 0
class Matrix2:
def __init__(self,data=[[]]):
self.FromData(data)
def __getitem__(self,index):
return self.data[index[1]][index[0]]
def __setitem__(self,index,value):
self.data[index[1]][index[0]]=value
def Dimension(self):
self.rows = len(self.data)
self.cols = len(self.data[0])
def FromData(self,data):
self.data = data
length=len(data[0])
for row in data:
if len(row)!=length:
self.data=None
raise RuntimeError('Data rows are not of uniform length.')
self.Dimension()
def Multiply(A,B):
if A.cols!=B.rows:
raise RuntimeError('Column count of Matrix2 \"A\" does not match row count of Matrix2 \"B\".')
matrix = Matrix2.Empty(B.cols,A.rows)
x=0
while x<matrix.cols:
y=0
while y<matrix.rows:
val=0
n=0
while n<A.cols:
val+=A[(n,y)]*B[(x,n)]
n+=1
matrix[(x,y)]=val
y+=1
x+=1
return matrix
def Scalar(A,n):
pass
def Empty(rows,cols):
data = []
row = [0]*rows
n = 0
while n < cols:
data.append(row[:])
n+=1
matrix=Matrix2(data)
matrix.Dimension()
return matrix
def Identity(cols):
matrix = Matrix2.Empty(cols,cols)
n = 0
while n < cols:
matrix[(n,n)]=1
n += 1
return matrix
def Vectorize(self):
if self.cols==1:
if self.rows!=4:
raise RuntimeError('Only 1 by 4 or 4 by 1 Matrix2s can be cast to Vector3s.')
vertical=True
elif self.rows==1:
if self.cols!=4:
raise RuntimeError('Only 1 by 4 or 4 by 1 Matrix2s can be cast to Vector3s.')
vertical = False
else:
raise RuntimeError('Only 1 by 4 or 4 by 1 Matrix2s can be cast to Vector3s.')
vector=[0]*4
n=0
while n<4:
if vertical:
vector[n]=self[(0,n)]
else:
vector[n]=self[(n,0)]
n+=1
return Vector3(vector[0],vector[1],vector[2],vector[3])
def Print(self,decimals,spaces):
length=0
for row in self.data:
for val in row:
string=str(round(val,decimals))
if length<len(string):
length=len(string)
text=
for row in self.data:
temp=
for value in row:
val=str(round(float(value),decimals))
pads=length-len(val)
pad=int(pads/2)
temp+=(' '*pad)+val+(' '*(pads-pad))+(' '*spaces)
text+=(' '*spaces)+temp[0:len(temp)-1]+(' '*spaces)+'\n'
return(text[0:len(text)-1])
def RotX(angle):
return Matrix2([
[1,0,0,0],
[0,math.cos(angle),0-math.sin(angle),0],
[0,math.sin(angle),math.cos(angle),0],
[0,0,0,1]])
def RotY(angle):
return Matrix2([
[math.cos(angle),0,0-math.sin(angle),0],
[0,1,0,0],
[math.sin(angle),0,math.cos(angle),0],
[0,0,0,1]])
def RotZ(angle):
return Matrix2([
[math.cos(angle),0-math.sin(angle),0,0],
[math.sin(angle),math.cos(angle),0,0],
[0,0,1,0],
[0,0,0,1]])
def Translate(vector):
return Matrix2([
[1,0,0,0],
[0,1,0,0],
[0,0,1,0],
[vector.x,vector.y,vector.z,1]])
def Scale(vector):
return Matrix2([
[vector.x,0,0,0],
[0,vector.y,0,0],
[0,0,vector.z,0],
[0,0,0,1]])
def Clone(self):
data = []
for row in self.data:
data.append(row[:])
return Matrix2(data)
def Inverse(self):
adjoint = self.Adjoint()
det = self.Determinant()
if det == 0:
raise RuntimeError('Cannot find the inverse of a matrix with a determinant of 0')
inverse = Matrix2.Empty(self.rows,self.cols)
x = 0
while x < self.cols:
y = 0
while y < self.rows:
inverse[(x,y)] = adjoint[(x,y)]/det
y += 1
x += 1
return inverse
def Transpose(self):
transpose = Matrix2.Empty(self.cols,self.rows)
x = 0
while x < self.cols:
y = 0
while y < self.rows:
transpose[(y,x)] = self[(x,y)]
y += 1
x += 1
return transpose
def Adjoint(self):
return self.Cofactors().Transpose()
def Determinant(self):
if self.rows != self.cols:
raise RuntimeError('Cannot find the determinant of a non-square matrix')
if self.rows == 1:
return self[(0,0)]
cofactors = self.Cofactors()
determinant = 0
n = 0
while n < self.cols:
determinant += self[(n,0)]*cofactors[(n,0)]
n += 1
return determinant
def Minors(self):
if self.rows != self.cols:
raise RuntimeError('Cannot find the minors of a non-square matrix')
if self.rows == 1:
raise RuntimeError('Cannot find the minors of a 1 by 1 matrix')
minors = Matrix2.Empty(self.rows,self.cols)
lines = range(self.rows)
x = 0
while x < self.cols:
y = 0
while y < self.cols:
tiny = Matrix2.Empty(self.rows-1,self.cols-1)
ox = 0
nx = 0
while ox < self.cols:
oy = 0
ny = 0
while oy < self.cols:
if not((ox == x) or (oy == y)):
tiny[(nx,ny)] = self[(ox,oy)]
if oy != y:
ny += 1
oy += 1
if ox != x:
nx += 1
ox += 1
minors[(x,y)] = tiny.Determinant()
y += 1
x += 1
return minors
def Cofactors(self):
minors = self.Minors()
cofactors = Matrix2.Empty(self.rows,self.cols)
x = 0
while x < self.cols:
y = 0
while y < self.rows:
if int((x+y)/2) == ((x+y)/2):
cofactors[(x,y)] = minors[(x,y)]
else:
cofactors[(x,y)] = -1*minors[(x,y)]
y += 1
x += 1
return cofactors
def Perspective(e):
return Matrix2([
[1,0,0,0],
[0,1,0,0],
[0,0,1,1/e[2]],
[-e[0],-e[1],0,0]])
def Add(A,B):
if A.rows != B.rows:
RuntimeError('The row counts of Matrix \"A\" and Matrix \"B\" are not identical.')
if A.cols != B.cols:
RuntimeError('The column counts of Matrix \"A\" and Matrix \"B\" are not identical.')
matrix = Matrix.Empty(A.rows,A.cols)
for x in range(A.cols):
for y in range(A.rows):
matrix[(x,y)] = A[(x,y)]+B[(x,y)]
return matrix
def Subtract(A,B):
if A.rows != B.rows:
RuntimeError('The row counts of Matrix \"A\" and Matrix \"B\" are not identical.')
if A.cols != B.cols:
RuntimeError('The column counts of Matrix \"A\" and Matrix \"B\" are not identical.')
matrix = Matrix.Empty(A.rows,A.cols)
for x in range(A.cols):
for y in range(A.rows):
matrix[(x,y)] = A[(x,y)]+B[(x,y)]
return matrix
def DivHomogeneous(self):
if (self.cols,self.rows) == (1,4):
for y in range(3):
self[(0,y)] = self[(0,y)]/self[(0,3)]
self[(0,3)] = 1
if (self.cols,self.rows) == (4,1):
for x in range(3):
self[(x,0)] = self[(x,0)]/self[(3,0)]
self[(3,0)] = 1
else:
raise RuntimeError('1 by 4 or 4 by 1 Matrix2 expected')
def Object(pos,look,up,right):
return Matrix2([
[right.x,right.y,right.z,0],
[up.x,up.y,up.z,0],
[look.x,look.y,look.z,0],
[pos.x,pos.y,pos.z,1]])
def Camera(eye,look,up,right):
return Matrix2([
[right.x,up.x,look.x,0],
[right.y,up.y,look.y,0],
[right.z,up.z,look.z,0],
[-Vector3.Dot(eye,right),
-Vector3.Dot(eye,up),
-Vector3.Dot(eye,look),1]])
def YPR(rot):
return Matrix2.Multiply(
Matrix2.Multiply(Matrix2.RotZ(rot.z),
Matrix2.RotX(rot.x)),
Matrix2.RotY(rot.y))
class Vector2:
def __init__(self,data=0,y=0):
if (type(data) == type(5)) or (type(data) == type(5.1)):
self.x = data
self.y = y
else:
self.x = data[0]
self.y = data[1]
def __getitem__(self,index):
if index == 0:
return self.x
elif index == 1:
return self.y
def __setitem__(self,index,value):
if index == 0:
self.x = value
elif index == 1:
self.y = 1
def Add(A,B):
return Vector2(A.x+B.x,A.y+B.y)
def Subtract(A,B):
return Vector2(A.x-B.x,A.y-B.y)
def Scale(A,n):
return Vector2(A.x*n,A.y*n)
def Magnitude(self):
return ((self.x**2)+(self.y**2))**.5
def Unit(self):
return Vector2.Scale(self,1/self.Magnitude())
def Clone(self):
return Vector2(self.x,self.y)
class Vector3:
def __init__(self,data=0,y=0,z=0,w=1):
if (type(data) == type(5)) or (type(data) == type(5.1)):
self.x = data/w
self.y = y/w
self.z = z/w
else:
try:
temp = data[3]
except:
temp = 1
self.x = data[0]/temp
self.y = data[1]/temp
self.z = data[2]/temp
def __getitem__(self,index):
if index == 0:
return self.x
elif index == 1:
return self.y
elif index == 2:
return self.z
def __setitem__(self,index,value):
if index == 0:
self.x = value
elif index == 1:
self.y = value
elif index == 2:
self.z = value
def Vertical(self):
return Matrix2([[self.x],[self.y],[self.z],[1]])
def Horizontal(self):
return Matrix2(self.x,self.y,self.z,1)
def Dot(A,B):
return (A.x*B.x)+(A.y*B.y)+(A.z*B.z)
def Cross(A,B):
return Vector3([
(A.y*B.z)-(A.z*B.y),
(A.z*B.x)-(A.x*B.z),
(A.x*B.y)-(A.y*B.x)])
def Add(A,B):
return Vector3(A.x+B.x,A.y+B.y,A.z+B.z)
def Subtract(A,B):
return Vector3(A.x-B.x,A.y-B.y,A.z-B.z)
def Scale(A,n):
return Vector3(A.x*n,A.y*n,A.z*n)
def Magnitude(self):
return ((self.x**2)+(self.y**2)+(self.z**2))**.5
def Print(self,decimals,spaces):
return self.Horizontal().Print(decimals,spaces)
def Same(A,B):
same = False
if A.x == B.x:
if A.y == B.y:
if A.z == B.z:
same = True
return same
def Unit(self):
return Vector3.Scale(self,1/self.Magnitude())
def Clone(self):
return Vector3(self.x,self.y,self.z)
class Vector4:
def __init__(self,data=0,y=0,z=0,w=0):
if (type(data) == type(5)) or (type(data) == type(5.1)):
self.x = data
self.y = y
self.z = z
self.w = w
else:
self.x = data[0]
self.y = data[0]
self.z = data[0]
self.w = data[0]
points = [Vector3([-1,-1,0]),Vector3([1,-1,0]),Vector3([0,1,0])] width = 255 height = width screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width,height),0,32) scl = 2 pos = Vector3([0,0,5]) view = Vector3([0,0,1]) frames = 0
def Transform(point,mat):
return Matrix2.Multiply(point.Horizontal(),mat).Vectorize()
def RV():
return Vector3([random.random(),random.random(),random.random()])
green = pygame.Color(0,255,0) def XY(bla):
return (((width*bla[0])+width)/2,((height*bla[1])+width)/2)
screen.fill(pygame.Color(0,0,0)) size = 255
world = Matrix2.Identity(4) inv = world.Inverse() invt = world.Inverse().Transpose() center = Vector3(0,0,2)
def Texture(size):
texture = []
for pa in range(size):
plane = []
for pb in range(size):
line = []
for pc in range(size):
line.append(random.random())
plane.append(line)
texture.append(plane)
return texture
lights = [(Vector3(-10,6,-9),[.7,.7*.9,.7*.8],[.7,.7*.9,.9*.8])] lights = [(Vector3(-10,6,-9),[.8,.8,.8],[.7,.7,.7])]
depth = 3 groups = [] for n in range(1):
textures = []
for n in range(depth):
textures.append(Texture(4**(n+1)))
groups.append(textures)
def Select(texture,at):
sel = []
for pa in range(4):
aplane = texture[pa+math.floor(at.z)]
bplane = []
for pb in range(4):
aline = aplane[pb+math.floor(at.y)]
bline = []
for pc in range(4):
bline.append(aline[pc+math.floor(at.x)])
bplane.append(bline)
sel.append(bplane)
return (sel,Vector3(at.x%1,at.y%1,at.z%1))
def Round(val):
return val-(val-math.floor(val))
theta = math.tan(70*math.pi/360) for x in range(width):
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == QUIT:
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
if event.type == KEYDOWN:
pass
for y in range(height):
l = Vector3(theta*2*((x/width)-.5),theta*2*((y/width)-.5),1).Unit()
ldc = Vector3.Dot(l,center)
d = ldc-(((ldc**2)-Vector3.Dot(center,center)+1)**.5)
if type(d) != type((-1)**.5):
intersection = Vector3.Scale(l,d)
normal = Vector3.Subtract(intersection,center).Unit()
point = Transform(normal,world)
s = Vector3.Scale(Vector3.Add(point,Vector3(1,1,1)),.5)
val = 0
for i in range(depth):
sel = Select(groups[0][i],Vector3.Scale(s,4**i))
val += Misc.Tricubic(sel[0],sel[1])*((1/2)**i)/4
val = (25*val)%1
vals = [0,Misc.Linear([0,.3,1],val),1]
coloring = []
for i in range(3):
#light = Misc.Lighting([1,1,1],normal,Vector3.Scale(intersection,-1),lights,([0,.03*val,.03],[0,.7*val,.7],[.3,.3,.3],7),i)
light = Misc.Lighting([.1,.1,.1],normal,Vector3.Scale(intersection,-1),lights,(vals,vals,[1,1,1],10),i)
if light > 1:
light = 1
elif light < 0:
light = 0
coloring.append(round(255*light))
screen.set_at((x,height-y),pygame.Color(coloring[0],coloring[1],coloring[2]))
pygame.display.update()
pygame.image.save(screen,"PythonSphere.png") while True:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == QUIT:
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
if event.type == KEYDOWN:
pass
</lang>
Short version: <lang python>from visual import * scene.title = "VPython: Draw a sphere" sphere() # using defaults, see http://www.vpython.org/contents/docs/defaults.html </lang>
Regular version, with some window-dressing: <lang python> from __future__ import print_function, division from visual import *
title = "VPython: Draw a sphere" scene.title = title print( "%s\n" % title )
print( 'Drag with right mousebutton to rotate view' ) print( 'Drag up+down with middle mousebutton to zoom')
scene.autocenter = True
- uncomment any (or all) of those variants:
S1 = sphere(pos=(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), radius=1.0, color=color.blue)
- S2 = sphere(pos=(2.0, 0.0, 0.0), radius=1.0, material=materials.earth)
- S3 = sphere(pos=(0.0, 2.0, 0.0), radius=1.0, material=materials.BlueMarble)
- S4 = sphere(pos=(0.0, 0.0, 2.0), radius=1.0,
- color=color.orange, material=materials.marble)
while True: # Animation-loop
rate(100) pass # no animation in this demo
</lang>
Racket
Using the Typed Racket language with the plot library:
<lang racket>
- lang typed/racket
(require plot/typed) (plot3d (polar3d (λ (θ ρ) 1)) #:altitude 25) </lang>
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
Pure Raku
The C code is modified to output a .pgm file.
<lang perl6>my $width = my $height = 255; # must be odd
my @light = normalize([ 3, 2, -5 ]);
my $depth = 255;
sub MAIN ($outfile = 'sphere-perl6.pgm') {
spurt $outfile, "P5\n$width $height\n$depth\n"; # .pgm header my $out = open( $outfile, :a, :bin ) orelse .die; $out.write( Blob.new(draw_sphere( ($width-1)/2, .9, .2) ) ); $out.close;
}
sub normalize (@vec) { @vec »/» ([+] @vec »*« @vec).sqrt }
sub dot (@x, @y) { -([+] @x »*« @y) max 0 }
sub draw_sphere ( $rad, $k, $ambient ) {
my @pixels[$height];
my $r2 = $rad * $rad;
my @range = -$rad .. $rad;
@range.hyper.map: -> $x {
my @row[$width];
@range.map: -> $y {
if (my $x2 = $x * $x) + (my $y2 = $y * $y) < $r2 {
my @vector = normalize([$x, $y, ($r2 - $x2 - $y2).sqrt]);
my $intensity = dot(@light, @vector) ** $k + $ambient;
my $pixel = (0 max ($intensity * $depth).Int) min $depth;
@row[$y+$rad] = $pixel;
}
else {
@row[$y+$rad] = 0;
}
}
@pixels[$x+$rad] = @row;
}
flat |@pixels.map: *.list;
}</lang>
Cairo graphics library
<lang perl6>use Cairo;
given Cairo::Image.create(Cairo::FORMAT_ARGB32, 256, 256) {
given Cairo::Context.new($_) {
my Cairo::Pattern::Solid $bg .= create(.5,.5,.5);
.rectangle(0, 0, 256, 256);
.pattern($bg);
.fill;
$bg.destroy;
my Cairo::Pattern::Gradient::Radial $shadow .=
create(105.2, 102.4, 15.6, 102.4, 102.4, 128.0);
$shadow.add_color_stop_rgba(0, .3, .3, .3, .3);
$shadow.add_color_stop_rgba(1, .1, .1, .1, .02);
.pattern($shadow);
.arc(136.0, 134.0, 110, 0, 2 * pi);
.fill;
$shadow.destroy;
my Cairo::Pattern::Gradient::Radial $sphere .=
create(115.2, 102.4, 25.6, 102.4, 102.4, 128.0);
$sphere.add_color_stop_rgba(0, 1, 1, .698, 1);
$sphere.add_color_stop_rgba(1, .923, .669, .144, 1);
.pattern($sphere);
.arc(128.0, 128.0, 110, 0, 2 * pi);
.fill;
$sphere.destroy;
};
.write_png('sphere2-perl6.png');
}</lang> See sphere2-perl6.png (offsite .png image)
REXX
This program is modeled after the C version.
The REXX language doesn't have a SQRT function, so a version is included here.
Same with the CEILing and FLOOR functions.
Programming note: the output will appear slightly different when executed on an EBCDIC machine (due to different dithering characters). <lang rexx>/*REXX program expresses a lighted sphere with simple characters used for shading. */ call drawSphere 19, 4, 2/10, '30 30 -50' /*draw a sphere with a radius of 19. */ call drawSphere 10, 2, 4/10, '30 30 -50' /* " " " " " " " ten. */ exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */ /*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ ceil: procedure; parse arg x; _= trunc(x); return _ +(x>0) * (x\=_) floor: procedure; parse arg x; _= trunc(x); return _ -(x<0) * (x\=_) norm: parse arg $a $b $c; _= sqrt($a**2 + $b**2 + $c**2); return $a/_ $b/_ $c/_ /*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ drawSphere: procedure; parse arg r, k, ambient, lightSource /*obtain the four arguments*/
if 8=='f8'x then shading= ".:!*oe&#%@" /* EBCDIC dithering chars. */
else shading= "·:!°oe@░▒▓" /* ASCII " " */
parse value norm(lightSource) with s1 s2 s3 /*normalize light source. */
shadeLen= length(shading) - 1; rr= r**2; r2= r+r /*handy─dandy variables. */
do i=floor(-r ) to ceil(r ); x= i + .5; xx= x**2; $=
do j=floor(-r2) to ceil(r2); y= j * .5 + .5; yy= y**2; z= xx+yy
if z<=rr then do /*is point within sphere ? */
parse value norm(x y sqrt(rr - xx - yy) ) with v1 v2 v3
dot= min(0, s1*v1 + s2*v2 + s3*v3) /*the dot product of above.*/
b= -dot**k + ambient /*calculate the brightness.*/
if b<=0 then brite= shadeLen
else brite= max(0, (1-b) * shadeLen) % 1
$= $ || substr(shading, brite + 1, 1)
end /* [↑] build display line.*/
else $= $' ' /*append a blank to line. */
end /*j*/ /*[↓] strip trailing blanks*/
say strip($, 'T') /*show a line of the sphere*/
end /*i*/ /* [↑] display the sphere.*/
return
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ sqrt: procedure; parse arg x; if x=0 then return 0; d= digits(); numeric digits; h= d+6
numeric form; m.=9; parse value format(x,2,1,,0) 'E0' with g "E" _ .; g= g*.5'e'_%2
do j=0 while h>9; m.j=h; h=h%2+1; end /*j*/
do k=j+5 to 0 by -1; numeric digits m.k; g=(g+x/g)*.5; end /*k*/; return g</lang>
- output when using the default input and executed on an ASCII machine:
(Shown at 1/2 size.)
eeeeeeeeee@@@@@@@
eoooooooooooooooeeeee@@@@@@@░
oo°°°!!!!!!!!°°°°°°ooooeeeee@@@@@@@░░
o°°!!!:::::::::!!!!!°°°°°ooooeeee@@@@@@@░░░
o°!!::::·········:::::!!!!°°°ooooeeeee@@@@@@@░░░░
o°!:::················::::!!!°°°°oooeeeee@@@@@@@░░░░░
o°!::····················::::!!!°°°°oooeeeee@@@@@@@░░░░░░
o°!::·······················:::!!!!°°°ooooeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░
o°!::·························:::!!!°°°ooooeeeee@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░
o°!:···························:::!!!°°°°oooeeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░
o°!::··························::::!!!°°°ooooeeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░
o°!::···························:::!!!!°°°ooooeeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░
o°!!::··························::::!!!°°°°ooooeeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░
eo°!!::·························::::!!!°°°°ooooeeeee@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░
oo°!!::························::::!!!°°°°ooooeeeeee@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░
eoo°!!:::·····················::::!!!!°°°°oooooeeeee@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
eoo°°!!:::·················:::::!!!!!°°°°ooooeeeeee@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
eoo°°!!!:::::··········:::::::!!!!!°°°°oooooeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
eeoo°°°!!!:::::::::::::::::!!!!!!°°°°°oooooeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
eeooo°°°!!!!!!!:::::::!!!!!!!!°°°°°°oooooeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
@eeooo°°°°°!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!°°°°°°°ooooooeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
@@eeeoooo°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°oooooooeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
@@@eeeoooooo°°°°°°°°°°°°°oooooooooeeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
@@@eeeeeooooooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
@@@@@eeeeeeeooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
@@@@@@eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
@@@@@@@@@eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
::···:::!!!°o
··············::!!°oo
··················::!!°°ooe
·····················::!!°°ooee
·······················::!!°°ooee
························::!!°°oooee
·························::!!°°oooeee
:························::!!!°°oooeeee
························::!!!°°ooooeeee
:······················::!!!°°°oooeeeee
:····················:::!!!°°°oooeeeeee
!:·················:::!!!°°°°oooeeeeeee
°!:::···········::::!!!!°°°ooooeeeeeeee
°!!!:::::::::::!!!!!°°°°oooooeeeeeeee
o°°!!!!!!!!!!!!!°°°°°oooooeeeeeeeee
oo°°°°°°°°°°°°°°ooooooeeeeeeeeeee
eoooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
Ruby
Shoes comes with this sample program.
<lang ruby>Shoes.app :width => 500, :height => 500, :resizable => false do
image 400, 470, :top => 30, :left => 50 do
nostroke
fill "#127"
image :top => 230, :left => 0 do
oval 70, 130, 260, 40
blur 30
end
oval 10, 10, 380, 380
image :top => 0, :left => 0 do
fill "#46D"
oval 30, 30, 338, 338
blur 10
end
fill gradient(rgb(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.7), rgb(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0))
oval 80, 14, 240, 176
image :top => 0, :left => 0 do
fill "#79F"
oval 134, 134, 130, 130
blur 40
end
image :top => 150, :left => 40, :width => 320, :height => 260 do
fill gradient(rgb(0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 0.0), rgb(0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 0.6))
oval 60, 60, 200, 136
blur 20
end
end
end</lang>
Rust
<lang rust>// [dependencies] // image = "0.23"
use image::{GrayImage, Luma};
type Vector = [f64; 3];
fn normalize(v: &mut Vector) {
let inv_len = 1.0/dot_product(v, v).sqrt(); v[0] *= inv_len; v[1] *= inv_len; v[2] *= inv_len;
}
fn dot_product(v1: &Vector, v2: &Vector) -> f64 {
v1.iter().zip(v2.iter()).map(|(x, y)| *x * *y).sum()
}
fn draw_sphere(radius: u32, k: f64, ambient: f64, dir: &Vector) -> GrayImage {
let width = radius * 4;
let height = radius * 3;
let mut image = GrayImage::new(width, height);
let mut vec = [0.0; 3];
let diameter = radius * 2;
let r = radius as f64;
let xoffset = (width - diameter)/2;
let yoffset = (height - diameter)/2;
for i in 0..diameter {
let x = i as f64 - r;
for j in 0..diameter {
let y = j as f64 - r;
let z = r * r - x * x - y * y;
if z >= 0.0 {
vec[0] = x;
vec[1] = y;
vec[2] = z.sqrt();
normalize(&mut vec);
let mut s = dot_product(&dir, &vec);
if s < 0.0 {
s = 0.0;
}
let mut lum = 255.0 * (s.powf(k) + ambient)/(1.0 + ambient);
if lum < 0.0 {
lum = 0.0;
} else if lum > 255.0 {
lum = 255.0;
}
image.put_pixel(i + xoffset, j + yoffset, Luma([lum as u8]));
}
}
}
image
}
fn main() {
let mut dir = [-30.0, -30.0, 50.0];
normalize(&mut dir);
match draw_sphere(200, 1.5, 0.2, &dir).save("sphere.png") {
Ok(()) => {}
Err(error) => eprintln!("{}", error),
}
}</lang>
- Output:
See: sphere_rust.png (offsite PNG image)
Scala
<lang Scala>object Sphere extends App {
private val (shades, light) = (Seq('.', ':', '!', '*', 'o', 'e', '&', '#', '%', '@'), Array(30d, 30d, -50d))
private def drawSphere(r: Double, k: Double, ambient: Double): Unit = {
def dot(x: Array[Double], y: Array[Double]) = {
val d = x.head * y.head + x(1) * y(1) + x.last * y.last
if (d < 0) -d else 0D
}
for (i <- math.floor(-r).toInt to math.ceil(r).toInt; x = i + .5)
println(
(for (j <- math.floor(-2 * r).toInt to math.ceil(2 * r).toInt; y = j / 2.0 + .5)
yield if (x * x + y * y <= r * r) {
def intensity(vec: Array[Double]) = {
val b = math.pow(dot(light, vec), k) + ambient
if (b <= 0) shades.length - 2
else math.max((1 - b) * (shades.length - 1), 0).toInt
}
shades(intensity(normalize(Array(x, y, scala.math.sqrt(r * r - x * x - y * y)))))
} else ' ').mkString)
}
private def normalize(v: Array[Double]): Array[Double] = {
val len = math.sqrt(v.head * v.head + v(1) * v(1) + v.last * v.last)
v.map(_ / len)
}
normalize(light).copyToArray(light) drawSphere(20, 4, .1) drawSphere(10, 2, .4)
}</lang>
- Output:
See it in running in your browser by ScalaFiddle (JavaScript) or by Scastie (JVM).
Sidef
Produces a PGM image. <lang ruby>func normalize (vec) { vec »/» (vec »*« vec -> sum.sqrt) } func dot (x, y) { -(x »*« y -> sum) `max` 0 } var x = var y = 255 x += 1 if x.is_even # must be odd var light = normalize([ 3, 2, -5 ]) var depth = 255 func draw_sphere(rad, k, ambient) {
var pixels = []
var r2 = (rad * rad)
var range = (-rad .. rad)
for x,y in (range ~X range) {
if ((var x2 = x*x) + (var y2 = y*y) < r2) {
var vector = normalize([x, y, (r2 - x2 - y2).sqrt])
var intensity = (dot(light, vector)**k + ambient)
var pixel = (0 `max` (intensity*depth -> int) `min` depth)
pixels << pixel
}
else {
pixels << 0
}
}
return pixels
} var outfile = %f'sphere-sidef.pgm' var out = outfile.open('>:raw') out.say("P5\n#{x} #{y}\n#{depth}") # .pgm header out.print(draw_sphere((x-1)/2, .9, .2).map{.chr}.join) out.close</lang>
Smalltalk
there are various OpenGL bindings available; here is a translation of the bare-bones code from C/Go:
although there is a Point3 class in some loadable library, here is some self contained code, defining a local anon Point3D class. <lang Smalltalk> Point3D :=
Point subclass:#Point3D
instanceVariableNames:'z'
classVariableNames:
poolDictionaries:
category:
inEnvironment:nil.
Point3D compile:'z ^ z'. Point3D compile:'z:v z := v'.
normalize := [:v | |invLen|
invLen := 1 / (dot value:v value:v) sqrt. v x: v x * invLen. v y: v y * invLen. v z: v z * invLen.
].
dot := [:a :b |
(a x * b x) + (a y * b y) + (a z * b z)
].
drawSphere := [:r :k :amb :dir |
|w h imh vec img|
w := r*4. h := r*3.
img := Image width:w height:h depth:8.
img photometric:#blackIs0; createPixelStore.
vec := Point3D new.
0-r to:r do:[:x |
0-r to:r do:[:y |
|z s lum|
(z := (r*r) - (x*x) - (y*y)) >= 0 ifTrue:[
vec x: x.
vec y: y.
vec z: z sqrt.
normalize value:vec.
s := dot value:dir value:vec.
s < 0 ifTrue:[ s := 0 ].
lum := 255 * ((s raisedTo: k) + amb) / (1 + amb).
lum < 0 ifTrue:[
lum := 0
] ifFalse:[ lum > 255 ifTrue:[
lum := 255
]].
img atX:(x+(w//2)) y:(y+(h//2)) put:(Color greyByte:lum).
]
]
].
img
].
main := [
|dir img|
dir := Point3D new x:-30; y:-30; z:50; yourself. normalize value:dir. img := drawSphere value: 100 value: 1.5 value: 0.2 value: dir. img displayOn:(View new extent:400@400; openAndWait). img saveOn:'sphere.png'.
].
main value.
</lang>
SVG
Not quite a sphere.
Swift
In Playground for example: <lang Swift> class Sphere: UIView{
override func drawRect(rect: CGRect)
{
let context = UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext()
let locations: [CGFloat] = [0.0, 1.0]
let colors = [UIColor.whiteColor().CGColor,
UIColor.blueColor().CGColor]
let colorspace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceRGB()
let gradient = CGGradientCreateWithColors(colorspace,
colors, locations)
var startPoint = CGPoint()
var endPoint = CGPoint()
startPoint.x = self.center.x - (self.frame.width * 0.1)
startPoint.y = self.center.y - (self.frame.width * 0.15)
endPoint.x = self.center.x
endPoint.y = self.center.y
let startRadius: CGFloat = 0
let endRadius: CGFloat = self.frame.width * 0.38
CGContextDrawRadialGradient (context, gradient, startPoint,
startRadius, endPoint, endRadius,
0)
}
}
var s = Sphere(frame: CGRectMake(0, 0, 200, 200)) </lang>
In SwiftUI: <lang Swift> struct ContentView: View {
var body: some View {
let gradient = RadialGradient(gradient: Gradient(colors:[.white, .black]),
center: .init(x: 0.4, y: 0.4), startRadius: 10, endRadius: 100)
return Circle()
.fill(gradient)
.frame(width: 200, height: 200)
}
} </lang>
Tcl
Assuming the task is to draw a likeness of a sphere, this would usually do:
<lang Tcl>proc grey {n} {format "#%2.2x%2.2x%2.2x" $n $n $n}
pack [canvas .c -height 400 -width 640 -background white]
for {set i 0} {$i < 255} {incr i} {
set h [grey $i]
.c create arc [expr {100+$i/5}] [expr {50+$i/5}] [expr {400-$i/1.5}] [expr {350-$i/1.5}] \
-start 0 -extent 359 -fill $h -outline $h
}</lang> Results in this image:
Plain TeX
The PGF shadings library includes a "ball" for a 3-D style highlight. For example with LaTeX,
<lang TeX>\documentclass{article} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{shadings} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}
\shade[ball color=black] (0,0) circle (4);
\end{tikzpicture} \end{document}</lang>
VBScript
<lang vb>shades = Array(".", ":", "!", "*", "o", "e", "&", "#", "%", "@") light = Array(30, 30, -50)
Sub Normalize(v)
length = Sqr(v(0)*v(0) + v(1)*v(1) + v(2)*v(2)) v(0) = v(0)/length : v(1) = v(1)/length : v(2) = v(2)/length
End Sub
Function Dot(x, y)
d = x(0)*y(0) + x(1)*y(1) + x(2)*y(2) If d < 0 Then Dot = -d Else Dot = 0 End If
End Function
'floor function is the Int function 'ceil function implementation Function Ceil(x)
Ceil = Int(x) If Ceil <> x Then Ceil = Ceil + 1 End if
End Function
Sub DrawSphere(R, k, ambient)
Dim i, j, intensity, inten, b, x, y
Dim vec(3)
For i = Int(-R) to Ceil(R)
x = i + 0.5
line = ""
For j = Int(-2*R) to Ceil(2*R)
y = j / 2 + 0.5
If x * x + y * y <= R*R Then
vec(0) = x
vec(1) = y
vec(2) = Sqr(R * R - x * x - y * y)
Normalize vec
b = dot(light, vec)^k + ambient
intensity = Int((1 - b) * UBound(shades))
If intensity < 0 Then intensity = 0 End If
If intensity >= UBound(shades) Then
intensity = UBound(shades)
End If
line = line & shades(intensity)
Else
line = line & " "
End If
Next
WScript.StdOut.WriteLine line
Next
End Sub
Normalize light DrawSphere 20, 4, 0.1 DrawSphere 10,2,0.4</lang>
- Output:
&&&&&&&&&&#######
&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&#######%
&eoooo*******oooooooeeeee&&&&&########%
eoo****!!!!!!!!******oooooeeee&&&&&########%%
eoo**!!!!::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%
eo**!!::::::...:::::::!!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%%
eo*!!:::.............:::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%%%
eo*!!:::.................::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%%%%
eo*!!::....................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&#########%%%%%%
&o**!::......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%
&o**!::.......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%
&oo*!!::.......................:::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!::.......................::::!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
eo**!!::......................::::!!!!***ooooeeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
&eo**!!:::...................:::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%
eeo**!!::::................:::::!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeo***!!:::::...........::::::!!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeoo**!!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeooo***!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeooo***!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******oooooeeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeeooo******!!!!!!!!!!********ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeeooooo******************oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&&eeeeoooooooo******oooooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&eeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
####&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%#######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&###################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%###########&&&&&&&&&&&&&#######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%############################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#######################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%#########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
::...:::!!!*o
..............::!!*oo
..................::!!**ooe
.....................::!!**ooee
.......................::!!**ooee
........................::!!**oooee
.........................::!!**oooeee
:........................::!!!**oooeeee
........................::!!!**ooooeeee
:......................::!!!***oooeeeee
:....................:::!!!***oooeeeeee
!:.................:::!!!****oooeeeeeee
*!:::...........::::!!!!***ooooeeeeeeee
*!!!:::::::::::!!!!!****oooooeeeeeeee
o**!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeeeeeee
oo**************ooooooeeeeeeeeeee
eoooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
Wren
<lang ecmascript>var shades = ".:!*oe&#\%@" var light = [30, 30, -50]
var normalize = Fn.new { |v|
var len = (v[0]*v[0] + v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2]).sqrt for (i in 0..2) v[i] = v[i] / len
}
var dot = Fn.new { |x, y|
var d = x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2] return (d < 0) ? -d : 0
}
var drawSphere = Fn.new { |r, k, ambient|
var vec = [0] * 3
for (i in (-r).floor..r.ceil) {
var x = i + 0.5
for (j in (-2*r).floor..(2*r).ceil) {
var y = j/2 + 0.5
if (x*x + y*y <= r*r) {
var vec = [x, y, (r*r - x*x - y*y).sqrt]
normalize.call(vec)
var b = dot.call(light, vec).pow(k) + ambient
var intensity = ((1 - b) * (shades.count - 1)).truncate
if (intensity < 0) intensity = 0
if (intensity >= shades.count - 1) intensity = shades.count - 2
System.write(shades[intensity])
} else {
System.write(" ")
}
}
System.print()
}
}
normalize.call(light) drawSphere.call(20, 4, 0.1) drawSphere.call(10, 2, 0.4)</lang>
- Output:
&&&&&&&&&&#######
&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&#######%
&eoooo*******oooooooeeeee&&&&&########%
eoo****!!!!!!!!******oooooeeee&&&&&########%%
eoo**!!!!::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%
eo**!!::::::...:::::::!!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%%
eo*!!:::.............:::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&########%%%%%
eo*!!:::.................::::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&#########%%%%%%
eo*!!::....................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&#########%%%%%%
&o**!::......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%
&o**!::.......................::::!!!****oooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%
&oo*!!::.......................:::!!!!***ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%
&eo*!!::.......................::::!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
eo**!!::......................::::!!!!***ooooeeeee&&&&&##########%%%%%%%%%%
&eo**!!:::...................:::::!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%
eeo**!!::::................:::::!!!!!****ooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeo***!!:::::...........::::::!!!!!****oooooeeee&&&&&&###########%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeoo**!!!!::::::::::::::::::!!!!!*****ooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&eeooo***!!!!::::::::::::!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeooo***!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!******oooooeeeeee&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&&eeeooo******!!!!!!!!!!********ooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&eeeooooo******************oooooooeeeeee&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#&&&eeeeoooooooo******oooooooooooeeeeeee&&&&&&&&#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&eeeeeooooooooooooooooooeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&##############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
##&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
####&&&&&&eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee&&&&&&&&&&&################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
#####&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%#######&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&###################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%###########&&&&&&&&&&&&&#######################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%############################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#######################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%#################################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%#########################%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%#############%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
::...:::!!!*o
..............::!!*oo
..................::!!**ooe
.....................::!!**ooee
.......................::!!**ooee
........................::!!**oooee
.........................::!!**oooeee
:........................::!!!**oooeeee
........................::!!!**ooooeeee
:......................::!!!***oooeeeee
:....................:::!!!***oooeeeeee
!:.................:::!!!****oooeeeeeee
*!:::...........::::!!!!***ooooeeeeeeee
*!!!:::::::::::!!!!!****oooooeeeeeeee
o**!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****oooooeeeeeeeee
oo**************ooooooeeeeeeeeeee
eoooooooooooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeooooooooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
eeeeeeeeeeeee
XPL0
<lang XPL0>include c:\cxpl\codes; \intrinsic 'code' declarations def R=100, R2=R*R; \radius, in pixels; radius squared def X0=640/2, Y0=480/2; \coordinates of center of screen int X, Y, Z, C, D2; \coords, color, distance from center squared [SetVid($112); \set 640x480x24 graphics mode for Y:= -R to +R do \for all the coordinates near the circle
for X:= -R to +R do \ which is under the sphere
[D2:= X*X + Y*Y;
C:= 0; \default color is black
if D2 <= R2 then \coordinate is inside circle under sphere
[Z:= sqrt(R2-D2); \height of point on surface of sphere above X,Y
C:= Z-(X+Y)/2+130; \color is proportional; offset X and Y, and
]; \ shift color to upper limit of its range
Point(X+X0, Y+Y0, C<<8+C); \green + blue = cyan
];
repeat until KeyHit; \wait for keystroke SetVid($03); \restore normal text mode ]</lang>
Yabasic
<lang Yabasic>ancho = 640 : alto = 480 open window 640,480 backcolor 16,16,16 clear window sphera()
sub sphera() local n
for n = 1 to 100 color 2*n, 2*n, 2*n fill circle ancho/2-2*n/3, alto/2-n/2, 150-n next n end sub</lang>
zkl
Uses the PPM class from http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bitmap/Bresenham%27s_line_algorithm#zkl
<lang zkl>img:=PPM(640,480); R:=100; R2:=R*R; //radius, in pixels; radius squared X0:=640/2; Y0:=480/2; //coordinates of center of screen foreach Y in ([-R..R]){ //for all the coordinates near the circle
foreach X in ([-R..R]){ // which is under the sphere
D2:=X*X + Y*Y;
C:=0; //default color is black
if(D2<=R2){ //coordinate is inside circle under sphere
Z:=(R2-D2).toFloat().sqrt();//height of point on surface of sphere above X,Y C=0x82+Z-(X+Y)/2; //color is proportional; offset X and Y, and
} // shift color to upper limit of its range
img[X+X0,Y+Y0]=C.shiftLeft(8)+C; //green + blue = cyan
}
} img.write(File("foo.ppm","wb"));</lang> The radius of 100 is the max before the color calculation overflows 24 bits so for a radius (R) of, say 200, use <lang zkl>img[X+X0,Y+Y0]=C*140+C;</lang> Perhaps a more useful solution is to use GnuPlot (I grabbed the code from http://ayapin-film.sakura.ne.jp/Gnuplot/):
<lang zkl>#<<< cmd:=0'| set term wxt set parametric set urange [0:pi] set vrange [0:2*pi] set xyplane 0 set view equal xyz set pm3d hidden3d 100 depthorder set style line 100 lt 7 lw 0.1 set palette defined (0 "dark-blue", 1 "light-blue") unset key set samples 24 set isosamples 36 set title 'sphere (pm3d)' font "Times,20" R = 3 splot R*sin(u)*cos(v), R*sin(u)*sin(v), R*cos(u) w pm3d |;
- <<<
gnuplot:=System.popen("gnuplot","w"); gnuplot.write(cmd); gnuplot.flush(); ask("Hit return to finish"); gnuplot.close();</lang> Where "term wxt" is X11 on my Linux box. A window pops up and stays until the pipe is closed.
ZX Spectrum Basic
<lang zxbasic>1 REM fast 50 REM spheer with hidden lines and rotation 100 CLS 110 PRINT "sphere with lenght&wide-circles" 120 PRINT "_______________________________" 200 INPUT "rotate x-as:";a 210 INPUT "rotate y-as:";b 220 INPUT "rotate z-as:";c 225 INPUT "distance lines(10-45):";d 230 LET u=128: LET v=87: LET r=87: LET bm=PI/180: LET h=.5 240 LET s1=SIN (a*bm): LET s2=SIN (b*bm): LET s3=SIN (c*bm) 250 LET c1=COS (a*bm): LET c2=COS (b*bm): LET c3=COS (c*bm) 260 REM calc rotate matrix 270 LET ax=c2*c3: LET ay=-c2*s3: LET az=s2 280 LET bx=c1*s3+s1*s2*c3 290 LET by=c1*c3-s1*s2*s3: LET bz=-s1*c2 300 LET cx=s1*s3-c1*s2*c3 310 LET cy=s1*c3+c1*s2*s3: LET cz=c1*c2 400 REM draw outer 410 CLS : CIRCLE u,v,r 500 REM draw lenght-circle 510 FOR l=0 TO 180-d STEP d 515 LET f1=0 520 FOR p=0 TO 360 STEP 5 530 GO SUB 1000: REM xx,yy,zz calc 540 IF yy>0 THEN LET f2=0: LET f1=0: GO TO 580 550 LET xb=INT (u+xx+h): LET yb=INT (v+zz+h): LET f2=1 560 IF f1=0 THEN LET x1=xb: LET y1=yb: LET f1=1: GO TO 580 570 PLOT x1,y1: DRAW xb-x1,yb-y1: LET x1=xb: LET y1=yb: LET f1=f2 580 NEXT p 590 NEXT l 600 REM draw wide-circle 610 FOR p=-90+d TO 90-d STEP d 615 LET f1=0 620 FOR l=0 TO 360 STEP 5 630 GO SUB 1000: REM xx,yy,zz 640 IF yy>0 THEN LET f2=0: LET f1=0: GO TO 680 650 LET xb=INT (u+xx+h): LET yb=INT (v+zz+h): LET f2=1 660 IF f1=0 THEN LET x1=xb: LET y1=yb: LET f1=1: GO TO 680 670 PLOT x1,y1: DRAW xb-x1,yb-y1: LET x1=xb: LET y1=yb: LET f1=f2 680 NEXT l 690 NEXT p 700 PRINT #0;"...press any key...": PAUSE 0: RUN 999 REM sfere-coordinates>>>Cartesis Coordinate 1000 LET x=r*COS (p*bm)*COS (l*bm) 1010 LET y=r*COS (p*bm)*SIN (l*bm) 1020 LET z=r*SIN (p*bm) 1030 REM p(x,y,z) rotate to p(xx,yy,zz) 1040 LET xx=ax*x+ay*y+az*z 1050 LET yy=bx*x+by*y+bz*z 1060 LET zz=cx*x+cy*y+cz*z 1070 RETURN</lang>