Draw a cuboid
Draw a cuboid with relative dimensions of 2 × 3 × 4.
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
- Task
The cuboid can be represented graphically, or in ASCII art, depending on the language capabilities.
To fulfill the criteria of being a cuboid, three faces must be visible.
Either static or rotational projection is acceptable for this task.
- Related tasks
Ada
ASCII-Art output, one width unit is two characters long ('--'). <lang Ada>with Ada.Text_IO;
procedure Main is
type Char_Matrix is
array (Positive range <>, Positive range <>) of Character;
function Create_Cuboid
(Width, Height, Depth : Positive)
return Char_Matrix
is
Result : Char_Matrix (1 .. Height + Depth + 3,
1 .. 2 * Width + Depth + 3) := (others => (others => ' '));
begin
-- points
Result (1, 1) := '+';
Result (Height + 2, 1) := '+';
Result (1, 2 * Width + 2) := '+';
Result (Height + 2, 2 * Width + 2) := '+';
Result (Height + Depth + 3, Depth + 2) := '+';
Result (Depth + 2, 2 * Width + Depth + 3) := '+';
Result (Height + Depth + 3, 2 * Width + Depth + 3) := '+';
-- width lines
for I in 1 .. 2 * Width loop
Result (1, I + 1) := '-';
Result (Height + 2, I + 1) := '-';
Result (Height + Depth + 3, Depth + I + 2) := '-';
end loop;
-- height lines
for I in 1 .. Height loop
Result (I + 1, 1) := '|';
Result (I + 1, 2 * Width + 2) := '|';
Result (Depth + I + 2, 2 * Width + Depth + 3) := '|';
end loop;
-- depth lines
for I in 1 .. Depth loop
Result (Height + 2 + I, 1 + I) := '/';
Result (1 + I, 2 * Width + 2 + I) := '/';
Result (Height + 2 + I, 2 * Width + 2 + I) := '/';
end loop;
return Result;
end Create_Cuboid;
procedure Print_Cuboid (Width, Height, Depth : Positive) is
Cuboid : Char_Matrix := Create_Cuboid (Width, Height, Depth);
begin
for Row in reverse Cuboid'Range (1) loop
for Col in Cuboid'Range (2) loop
Ada.Text_IO.Put (Cuboid (Row, Col));
end loop;
Ada.Text_IO.New_Line;
end loop;
end Print_Cuboid;
begin
Print_Cuboid (2, 3, 4);
end Main;</lang>
- Output:
+----+
/ /|
/ / |
/ / |
/ / +
+----+ /
| | /
| | /
| |/
+----+
AutoHotkey
Some portions of code from Gdip examples.
<lang AutoHotkey>Angle := 45 C := 0.01745329252 W := 200 H := 300 L := 400 LX := L * Cos(Angle * C), LY := L * Sin(Angle * C)
If !pToken := Gdip_Startup() {
MsgBox, 48, gdiplus error!, Gdiplus failed to start. Please ensure you have gdiplus on your system ExitApp
} OnExit, Exit
A := 50, B := 650, WinWidth := 700, WinHeight := 700 TopX := (A_ScreenWidth - WinWidth) //2, TopY := (A_ScreenHeight - WinHeight) //2
Gui, 1: -Caption +E0x80000 +LastFound +AlwaysOnTop +ToolWindow +OwnDialogs Gui, 1: Show, NA hwnd1 := WinExist(), hbm := CreateDIBSection(WinWidth, WinHeight), hdc := CreateCompatibleDC() , obm := SelectObject(hdc, hbm), G := Gdip_GraphicsFromHDC(hdc), Gdip_SetSmoothingMode(G, 4)
Points := A "," B "|" A+W "," B "|" A+W "," B-H "|" A "," B-H , DrawFace(Points, 0xff0066ff, G)
Points := A+W "," B "|" A+W+LX "," B-LY "|" A+W+LX "," B-LY-H "|" A+W "," B-H , DrawFace(Points, 0xff00d400, G)
Points := A "," B-H "|" A+W "," B-H "|" A+W+LX "," B-LY-H "|" A+LX "," B-LY-H , DrawFace(Points, 0xffd40055, G)
UpdateLayeredWindow(hwnd1, hdc, TopX, TopY, WinWidth, WinHeight)
SelectObject(hdc, obm), DeleteObject(hbm), DeleteDC(hdc) , Gdip_DeleteGraphics(G) return
DrawFace(Points, Color, G) { pBrush := Gdip_BrushCreateSolid(Color) , Gdip_FillPolygon(G, pBrush, Points, 1) , Gdip_DeleteBrush(pBrush) return }
Esc:: Exit: Gdip_Shutdown(pToken) ExitApp</lang>
AWK
<lang AWK>
- syntax: GAWK -f DRAW_A_CUBOID.AWK [-v x=?] [-v y=?] [-v z=?]
- example: GAWK -f DRAW_A_CUBOID.AWK -v x=12 -v y=4 -v z=6
- converted from VBSCRIPT
BEGIN {
init_sides() draw_cuboid(2,3,4) draw_cuboid(1,1,1) draw_cuboid(6,2,1) exit (errors == 0) ? 0 : 1
} function draw_cuboid(nx,ny,nz, esf,i,i_max,j,j_max,lx,ly,lz) {
esf = errors # errors so far
if (nx !~ /^[0-9]+$/ || nx <= 0) { error(nx,ny,nz,1) }
if (ny !~ /^[0-9]+$/ || ny <= 0) { error(nx,ny,nz,2) }
if (nz !~ /^[0-9]+$/ || nz <= 0) { error(nx,ny,nz,3) }
if (errors > esf) { return }
lx = x * nx
ly = y * ny
lz = z * nz
- define the array size
i_max = ly + lz
j_max = lx + ly
delete arr
printf("%s %s %s (%d rows x %d columns)\n",nx,ny,nz,i_max+1,j_max+1)
- draw lines
for (i=0; i<=nz-1; i++) { draw_line(lx,0,z*i,"-") }
for (i=0; i<=ny; i++) { draw_line(lx,y*i,lz+y*i,"-") }
for (i=0; i<=nx-1; i++) { draw_line(lz,x*i,0,"|") }
for (i=0; i<=ny; i++) { draw_line(lz,lx+y*i,y*i,"|") }
for (i=0; i<=nz-1; i++) { draw_line(ly,lx,z*i,"/") }
for (i=0; i<=nx; i++) { draw_line(ly,x*i,lz,"/") }
- output the cuboid
for (i=i_max; i>=0; i--) {
for (j=0; j<=j_max; j++) {
printf("%1s",arr[i,j])
}
printf("\n")
}
} function draw_line(n,x,y,c, dx,dy,i,xi,yi) {
if (c == "-") { dx = 1 ; dy = 0 }
else if (c == "|") { dx = 0 ; dy = 1 }
else if (c == "/") { dx = 1 ; dy = 1 }
for (i=0; i<=n; i++) {
xi = x + i * dx
yi = y + i * dy
arr[yi,xi] = (arr[yi,xi] ~ /^ ?$/) ? c : "+"
}
} function error(x,y,z,arg) {
printf("error: '%s,%s,%s' argument %d is invalid\n",x,y,z,arg)
errors++
} function init_sides() {
- to change the defaults on the command line use: -v x=? -v y=? -v z=?
if (x+0 < 2) { x = 6 } # top
if (y+0 < 2) { y = 2 } # right
if (z+0 < 2) { z = 3 } # front
} </lang>
- Output:
2 3 4 (19 rows x 19 columns)
+-----+-----+
/ / /|
+-----+-----+ |
/ / /| +
+-----+-----+ |/|
/ / /| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/|
| | |/| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/|
| | |/| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/
| | |/| +
+-----+-----+ |/
| | | +
| | |/
+-----+-----+
1 1 1 (6 rows x 9 columns)
+-----+
/ /|
+-----+ |
| | +
| |/
+-----+
6 2 1 (8 rows x 41 columns)
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
/ / / / / / /|
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |
/ / / / / / /| +
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |/
| | | | | | | +
| | | | | | |/
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
BBC BASIC
Uses BBC BASIC's native parallelogram plot. <lang bbcbasic> ORIGIN 100, 100
PROCcuboid(200, 300, 400)
END
DEF PROCcuboid(x, y, z)
MOVE 0, 0 : MOVE 0, y
GCOL 1 : PLOT 117, x, y
GCOL 2 : PLOT 117, x + z * 0.4, y + z * 0.4
GCOL 4 : PLOT 117, x + z * 0.4, z * 0.4
ENDPROC
</lang>
- Output:
Befunge
Given a width, height, and depth, this produces an approximate isometric representation of the shape using ASCII art.
<lang befunge>" :htdiW">:#,_>&>00p" :thgieH">:#,_>&>:10p0" :htpeD">:#,_$>&>:20p55+,+:1`*:vv v\-*`0:-g01\++*`\0:-\-1g01:\-*`0:-g02\+*`\0:-\-1g02<:::::<\g3`\g01:\1\+55\1-1_v >":"\1\:20g\`!3g:30p\00g2*\::20g\`\20g1-\`+1+3g\1\30g\:20g-::0\`\2*1+*-\48*\:^v /\_ @_\#!:!#$>#$_\#!:,#-\#1 <+1\<*84g02"_"+1*2g00+551$<</lang>
- Output:
Width: 2
Height: 3
Depth: 4
_____
/ /\
/ /::\
/ /::::\
/____/:::::/
\\\\\\::::/
\\\\\\::/
\\\\\\/
Brlcad
In brlcad, we use the rpp (rectangular parallelepiped) primitive to create the cuboid. This defines the cuboid area using the parameters xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,zmin,zmax
<lang brlcad>opendb cuboid.g y # Create a database to hold our shapes units cm # Set the unit of measure in cuboid.s rpp 0 2 0 3 0 4 # Create a 2 x 3 x 4 cuboid named cuboid.s</lang>
C
Code works fine but only '.' and ':' characters show up on the cuboid. <lang c>
- include <stdio.h>
- include <stdlib.h>
- include <math.h>
const char *shades = ".:!*oe&#%@";
void vsub(double *v1, double *v2, double *s) { s[0] = v1[0] - v2[0]; s[1] = v1[1] - v2[1]; s[2] = v1[2] - v2[2]; }
double normalize(double * v) {
double len = sqrt(v[0]*v[0] + v[1]*v[1] + v[2]*v[2]);
v[0] /= len; v[1] /= len; v[2] /= len;
return len; }
double dot(double *x, double *y) {
return x[0]*y[0] + x[1]*y[1] + x[2]*y[2];
}
double * cross(double x[3], double y[3], double s[3]) { s[0] = x[1] * y[2] - x[2] * y[1]; s[1] = x[2] * y[0] - x[0] * y[2]; s[2] = x[0] * y[1] - x[1] * y[0]; return s; }
double* madd(double *x, double *y, double d, double *r) { r[0] = x[0] + y[0] * d; r[1] = x[1] + y[1] * d; r[2] = x[2] + y[2] * d; return r; }
double v000[] = { -4, -3, -2 }; double v100[] = { 4, -3, -2 }; double v010[] = { -4, 3, -2 }; double v110[] = { 4, 3, -2 }; double v001[] = { -4, -3, 2 }; double v101[] = { 4, -3, 2 }; double v011[] = { -4, 3, 2 }; double v111[] = { 4, 3, 2 };
typedef struct { double * v[4]; double norm[3]; } face_t;
face_t f[] = { { { v000, v010, v110, v100 }, { 0, 0, -1 } }, { { v001, v011, v111, v101 }, { 0, 0, 1 } }, { { v000, v010, v011, v001 }, { -1, 0, 0 } }, { { v100, v110, v111, v101 }, { 1, 0, 0 } }, { { v000, v100, v101, v001 }, { 0, -1, 0 } }, { { v010, v110, v111, v011 }, { 0, 1, 0 } }, };
int in_range(double x, double x0, double x1) { return (x - x0) * (x - x1) <= 0; }
int face_hit(face_t *face, double src[3], double dir[3], double hit[3], double *d) { int i; double dist; for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) if (face->norm[i]) dist = (face->v[0][i] - src[i]) / dir[i];
madd(src, dir, dist, hit); *d = fabs(dot(dir, face->norm) * dist);
if (face->norm[0]) { return in_range(hit[1], face->v[0][1], face->v[2][1]) && in_range(hit[2], face->v[0][2], face->v[2][2]); } else if (face->norm[1]) { return in_range(hit[0], face->v[0][0], face->v[2][0]) && in_range(hit[2], face->v[0][2], face->v[2][2]); } else if (face->norm[2]) { return in_range(hit[0], face->v[0][0], face->v[2][0]) && in_range(hit[1], face->v[0][1], face->v[2][1]); } return 0; }
int main() { int i, j, k; double eye[3] = { 7, 7, 6 }; double dir[3] = { -1, -1, -1 }, orig[3] = {0, 0, 0}; double hit[3], dx[3], dy[3] = {0, 0, 1}, proj[3]; double d, *norm, dbest, b; double light[3] = { 6, 8, 6 }, ldist[3], decay, strength = 10;
normalize(cross(eye, dy, dx));
normalize(cross(eye, dx, dy));
for (i = -10; i <= 17; i++) { for (j = -35; j < 35; j++) { vsub(orig, orig, proj); madd(madd(proj, dx, j / 6., proj), dy, i/3., proj); vsub(proj, eye, dir); dbest = 1e100; norm = 0; for (k = 0; k < 6; k++) { if (!face_hit(f + k, eye, dir, hit, &d)) continue; if (dbest > d) { dbest = d; norm = f[k].norm; } }
if (!norm) { putchar(' '); continue; }
vsub(light, hit, ldist); decay = normalize(ldist); b = dot(norm, ldist) / decay * strength; if (b < 0) b = 0; else if (b > 1) b = 1; b += .2; if (b > 1) b = 0; else b = 1 - b; putchar(shades[(int)(b * (sizeof(shades) - 2))]); } putchar('\n'); }
return 0;
}</lang>
Output :
.
................
...............................
.............................................
........................................................
...............................................................
..............................................................::
...........................................................::::
.......................................................:::::::
.....................................................::::::::
.................................................::::::::::
:..............................................::::::::::::
:............................................::::::::::::
::..........................................:::::::::::::
:........................................:::::::::::::
......................................::::::::::::::
....................................:::::::::::::
.................................::::::::::::
............................::::::::::::
.........................:::::::::::
......................::::::::::
...................:::::::::
..............:::::::::
...........:::::::::
.........:::::::
.......:::::
.....:::
.::
C#
<lang csharp>using System; using System.Drawing; using System.Drawing.Drawing2D; using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Cuboid {
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
double[][] nodes = {
new double[] {-1, -1, -1}, new double[] {-1, -1, 1}, new double[] {-1, 1, -1},
new double[] {-1, 1, 1}, new double[] {1, -1, -1}, new double[] {1, -1, 1},
new double[] {1, 1, -1}, new double[] {1, 1, 1} };
int[][] edges = {
new int[] {0, 1}, new int[] {1, 3}, new int[] {3, 2}, new int[] {2, 0}, new int[] {4, 5},
new int[] {5, 7}, new int[] {7, 6}, new int[] {6, 4}, new int[] {0, 4}, new int[] {1, 5},
new int[] {2, 6}, new int[] {3, 7}};
private int mouseX;
private int prevMouseX;
private int prevMouseY;
private int mouseY;
public Form1()
{
Width = Height = 640;
StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
SetStyle(
ControlStyles.AllPaintingInWmPaint |
ControlStyles.UserPaint |
ControlStyles.DoubleBuffer,
true);
MouseMove += (s, e) =>
{
prevMouseX = mouseX;
prevMouseY = mouseY;
mouseX = e.X;
mouseY = e.Y;
double incrX = (mouseX - prevMouseX) * 0.01;
double incrY = (mouseY - prevMouseY) * 0.01;
RotateCuboid(incrX, incrY);
Refresh();
};
MouseDown += (s, e) =>
{
mouseX = e.X;
mouseY = e.Y;
};
Scale(80, 120, 160);
RotateCuboid(Math.PI / 5, Math.PI / 9);
}
private void RotateCuboid(double angleX, double angleY)
{
double sinX = Math.Sin(angleX);
double cosX = Math.Cos(angleX);
double sinY = Math.Sin(angleY);
double cosY = Math.Cos(angleY);
foreach (var node in nodes)
{
double x = node[0];
double y = node[1];
double z = node[2];
node[0] = x * cosX - z * sinX;
node[2] = z * cosX + x * sinX;
z = node[2];
node[1] = y * cosY - z * sinY;
node[2] = z * cosY + y * sinY;
}
}
private void Scale(int v1, int v2, int v3)
{
foreach (var item in nodes)
{
item[0] *= v1;
item[1] *= v2;
item[2] *= v3;
}
}
protected override void OnPaint(PaintEventArgs args)
{
var g = args.Graphics;
g.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.HighQuality;
g.Clear(Color.White);
g.TranslateTransform(Width / 2, Height / 2);
foreach (var edge in edges)
{
double[] xy1 = nodes[edge[0]];
double[] xy2 = nodes[edge[1]];
g.DrawLine(Pens.Black, (int)Math.Round(xy1[0]), (int)Math.Round(xy1[1]),
(int)Math.Round(xy2[0]), (int)Math.Round(xy2[1]));
}
foreach (var node in nodes)
{
g.FillEllipse(Brushes.Black, (int)Math.Round(node[0]) - 4,
(int)Math.Round(node[1]) - 4, 8, 8);
}
}
}
}</lang>
C++
This code needs the BGI for Windows available at Colorado State University.
<lang cpp>
- include<graphics.h>
- include<iostream>
int main() {
int k;
initwindow(1500,810,"Rosetta Cuboid");
do{
std::cout<<"Enter ratio of sides ( 0 or -ve to exit) : ";
std::cin>>k;
if(k>0){
bar3d(100, 100, 100 + 2*k, 100 + 4*k, 3*k, 1);
}
}while(k>0);
return 0;
}
</lang>
Clojure
<lang clojure> (use 'quil.core)
(def w 500) (def h 400)
(defn setup []
(background 0))
(defn draw []
(push-matrix) (translate (/ w 2) (/ h 2) 0) (rotate-x 0.7) (rotate-z 0.5) (box 100 150 200) ; 2x3x4 relative dimensions (pop-matrix))
(defsketch main
:title "cuboid" :setup setup :size [w h] :draw draw :renderer :opengl)
</lang>
- Output:
![[1]](http://i.imgur.com/7io7wo4.png){kind=link}
D
<lang d>import std.stdio, std.array;
void printCuboid(in int dx, in int dy, in int dz) {
static cline(in int n, in int dx, in int dy, in string cde) {
writef("%*s", n+1, cde[0 .. 1]);
write(cde[1 .. 2].replicate(9*dx - 1));
write(cde[0]);
writefln("%*s", dy+1, cde[2 .. $]);
}
cline(dy+1, dx, 0, "+-");
foreach (i; 1 .. dy+1)
cline(dy-i+1, dx, i-1, "/ |");
cline(0, dx, dy, "+-|");
foreach (_; 0 .. 4*dz - dy - 2)
cline(0, dx, dy, "| |");
cline(0, dx, dy, "| +");
foreach_reverse (i; 0 .. dy)
cline(0, dx, i, "| /");
cline(0, dx, 0, "+-\n");
}
void main() {
printCuboid(2, 3, 4); printCuboid(1, 1, 1); printCuboid(6, 2, 1);
}</lang>
- Output:
+-----------------+ / /| / / | / / | +-----------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | | / | | / | |/ +-----------------+ +--------+ / /| +--------+ | | | | | | + | |/ +--------+ +-----------------------------------------------------+ / /| / / | +-----------------------------------------------------+ | | | + | | / | |/ +-----------------------------------------------------+
Elixir
<lang elixir>defmodule Cuboid do
@x 6
@y 2
@z 3
@dir %{-: {1,0}, |: {0,1}, /: {1,1}}
def draw(nx, ny, nz) do
IO.puts "cuboid #{nx} #{ny} #{nz}:"
{x, y, z} = {@x*nx, @y*ny, @z*nz}
area = Map.new
area = Enum.reduce(0..nz-1, area, fn i,acc -> draw_line(acc, x, 0, @z*i, :-) end)
area = Enum.reduce(0..ny, area, fn i,acc -> draw_line(acc, x, @y*i, z+@y*i, :-) end)
area = Enum.reduce(0..nx-1, area, fn i,acc -> draw_line(acc, z, @x*i, 0, :|) end)
area = Enum.reduce(0..ny, area, fn i,acc -> draw_line(acc, z, x+@y*i, @y*i, :|) end)
area = Enum.reduce(0..nz-1, area, fn i,acc -> draw_line(acc, y, x, @z*i, :/) end)
area = Enum.reduce(0..nx, area, fn i,acc -> draw_line(acc, y, @x*i, z, :/) end)
Enum.each(y+z..0, fn j ->
IO.puts Enum.map_join(0..x+y, fn i -> Map.get(area, {i,j}, " ") end)
end)
end
defp draw_line(area, n, sx, sy, c) do
{dx, dy} = Map.get(@dir, c)
draw_line(area, n, sx, sy, c, dx, dy)
end
defp draw_line(area, n, _, _, _, _, _) when n<0, do: area
defp draw_line(area, n, i, j, c, dx, dy) do
Map.update(area, {i,j}, c, fn _ -> :+ end)
|> draw_line(n-1, i+dx, j+dy, c, dx, dy)
end
end
Cuboid.draw(2,3,4) Cuboid.draw(1,1,1) Cuboid.draw(2,4,1) Cuboid.draw(4,2,1)</lang>
- Output:
cuboid 2 3 4:
+-----+-----+
/ / /|
+-----+-----+ |
/ / /| +
+-----+-----+ |/|
/ / /| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/|
| | |/| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/|
| | |/| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/
| | |/| +
+-----+-----+ |/
| | | +
| | |/
+-----+-----+
cuboid 1 1 1:
+-----+
/ /|
+-----+ |
| | +
| |/
+-----+
cuboid 2 4 1:
+-----+-----+
/ / /|
+-----+-----+ |
/ / /| +
+-----+-----+ |/
/ / /| +
+-----+-----+ |/
/ / /| +
+-----+-----+ |/
| | | +
| | |/
+-----+-----+
cuboid 4 2 1:
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
/ / / / /|
+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |
/ / / / /| +
+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |/
| | | | | +
| | | | |/
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Factor
<lang factor>USING: classes.struct kernel raylib.ffi ;
640 480 "cuboid" init-window
S{ Camera3D
{ position S{ Vector3 f 4.5 4.5 4.5 } }
{ target S{ Vector3 f 0 0 0 } }
{ up S{ Vector3 f 0 1 0 } }
{ fovy 45.0 }
{ type 0 }
}
60 set-target-fps
[ window-should-close ] [
begin-drawing
BLACK clear-background dup
begin-mode-3d
S{ Vector3 f 0 0 0 } 2 3 4 LIME draw-cube-wires
end-mode-3d
end-drawing
] until drop close-window</lang>
- Output:
![[2]](https://i.imgur.com/JQMPjhk.png){kind=link}
Go
<lang go>package main
import "fmt"
func cuboid(dx, dy, dz int) {
fmt.Printf("cuboid %d %d %d:\n", dx, dy, dz)
cubLine(dy+1, dx, 0, "+-")
for i := 1; i <= dy; i++ {
cubLine(dy-i+1, dx, i-1, "/ |")
}
cubLine(0, dx, dy, "+-|")
for i := 4*dz - dy - 2; i > 0; i-- {
cubLine(0, dx, dy, "| |")
}
cubLine(0, dx, dy, "| +")
for i := 1; i <= dy; i++ {
cubLine(0, dx, dy-i, "| /")
}
cubLine(0, dx, 0, "+-\n")
}
func cubLine(n, dx, dy int, cde string) {
fmt.Printf("%*s", n+1, cde[:1])
for d := 9*dx - 1; d > 0; d-- {
fmt.Print(cde[1:2])
}
fmt.Print(cde[:1])
fmt.Printf("%*s\n", dy+1, cde[2:])
}
func main() {
cuboid(2, 3, 4) cuboid(1, 1, 1) cuboid(6, 2, 1)
}</lang>
- Output:
cuboid 2 3 4:
+-----------------+
/ /|
/ / |
/ / |
+-----------------+ |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | +
| | /
| | /
| |/
+-----------------+
cuboid 1 1 1:
+--------+
/ /|
+--------+ |
| | |
| | +
| |/
+--------+
cuboid 6 2 1:
+-----------------------------------------------------+
/ /|
/ / |
+-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| | +
| | /
| |/
+-----------------------------------------------------+
Haskell
<lang haskell>import Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL import Graphics.UI.GLUT
-- Draw a cuboid. Its vertices are those of a unit cube, which is then scaled -- to the required dimensions. We only specify the visible faces, each of -- which is composed of two triangles. The faces are rotated into position and -- rendered with a perspective transformation.
type Fl = GLfloat
cuboid :: IO () cuboid = do
color red ; render front color green ; render side color blue ; render top
red,green,blue :: Color4 GLfloat red = Color4 1 0 0 1 green = Color4 0 1 0 1 blue = Color4 0 0 1 1
render :: [(Fl, Fl, Fl)] -> IO () render = renderPrimitive TriangleStrip . mapM_ toVertex
where toVertex (x,y,z) = vertex $ Vertex3 x y z
front,side,top :: [(Fl,Fl,Fl)] front = vertices [0,1,2,3] side = vertices [4,1,5,3] top = vertices [3,2,5,6]
vertices :: [Int] -> [(Fl,Fl,Fl)] vertices = map (verts !!)
verts :: [(Fl,Fl,Fl)] verts = [(0,0,1), (1,0,1), (0,1,1), (1,1,1), (1,0,0), (1,1,0), (0,1,0)]
transform :: IO () transform = do
translate $ Vector3 0 0 (-10 :: Fl) rotate (-14) $ Vector3 0 0 (1 :: Fl) rotate (-30) $ Vector3 0 1 (0 :: Fl) rotate 25 $ Vector3 1 0 (0 :: Fl) scale 2 3 (4 :: Fl) translate $ Vector3 (-0.5) (-0.5) (-0.5 :: Fl)
display :: IO () display = do
clear [ColorBuffer] perspective 40 1 1 (15 :: GLdouble) transform cuboid flush
main :: IO () main = do
let name = "Cuboid" initialize name [] createWindow name displayCallback $= display mainLoop</lang>
J
Hack alert! I haven't even bothered to center the display. With larger resolutions and the viewmat script, this code can generate reasonable 2D displays with a different color for each face. <lang j> vectors =. ((% +/&.:*:"1) _1 1 0,:_1 _1 3) +/@:*"1/~ 2 3 4*=i.3
' .*o' {~ +/ 1 2 3* (|:"2 -."_ 1~ vectors) ([:*./ 1 = 0 1 I. %.~)"_ 1"_1 _ ]4j21 ,~"0/&:i: 4j41
oooo
ooooooooooooo
oooooooooooooo....
*****oooo.........
*******...........
*******...........
*******...........
*******...........
*******...........
*******...........
*******...........
*******.........
*****.....
</lang>
Java
<lang java>import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import static java.lang.Math.*; import javax.swing.*;
public class Cuboid extends JPanel {
double[][] nodes = {{-1, -1, -1}, {-1, -1, 1}, {-1, 1, -1}, {-1, 1, 1},
{1, -1, -1}, {1, -1, 1}, {1, 1, -1}, {1, 1, 1}};
int[][] edges = {{0, 1}, {1, 3}, {3, 2}, {2, 0}, {4, 5}, {5, 7}, {7, 6},
{6, 4}, {0, 4}, {1, 5}, {2, 6}, {3, 7}};
int mouseX, prevMouseX, mouseY, prevMouseY;
public Cuboid() {
setPreferredSize(new Dimension(640, 640));
setBackground(Color.white);
scale(80, 120, 160);
rotateCube(PI / 5, PI / 9);
addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
@Override
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
mouseX = e.getX();
mouseY = e.getY();
}
});
addMouseMotionListener(new MouseAdapter() {
@Override
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) {
prevMouseX = mouseX;
prevMouseY = mouseY;
mouseX = e.getX();
mouseY = e.getY();
double incrX = (mouseX - prevMouseX) * 0.01;
double incrY = (mouseY - prevMouseY) * 0.01;
rotateCube(incrX, incrY);
repaint();
}
});
}
private void scale(double sx, double sy, double sz) {
for (double[] node : nodes) {
node[0] *= sx;
node[1] *= sy;
node[2] *= sz;
}
}
private void rotateCube(double angleX, double angleY) {
double sinX = sin(angleX);
double cosX = cos(angleX);
double sinY = sin(angleY);
double cosY = cos(angleY);
for (double[] node : nodes) {
double x = node[0];
double y = node[1];
double z = node[2];
node[0] = x * cosX - z * sinX;
node[2] = z * cosX + x * sinX;
z = node[2];
node[1] = y * cosY - z * sinY;
node[2] = z * cosY + y * sinY;
}
}
void drawCube(Graphics2D g) {
g.translate(getWidth() / 2, getHeight() / 2);
for (int[] edge : edges) {
double[] xy1 = nodes[edge[0]];
double[] xy2 = nodes[edge[1]];
g.drawLine((int) round(xy1[0]), (int) round(xy1[1]),
(int) round(xy2[0]), (int) round(xy2[1]));
}
for (double[] node : nodes) {
g.fillOval((int) round(node[0]) - 4, (int) round(node[1]) - 4, 8, 8);
}
}
@Override
public void paintComponent(Graphics gg) {
super.paintComponent(gg);
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) gg;
g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);
drawCube(g); }
public static void main(String[] args) {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
JFrame f = new JFrame();
f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
f.setTitle("Cuboid");
f.setResizable(false);
f.add(new Cuboid(), BorderLayout.CENTER);
f.pack();
f.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
f.setVisible(true);
});
}
}</lang>
JavaScript
<lang javascript><!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<style>
canvas {
background-color: black;
}
</style>
</head> <body>
<canvas></canvas>
<script>
var canvas = document.querySelector("canvas");
canvas.width = window.innerWidth;
canvas.height = window.innerHeight;
var g = canvas.getContext("2d");
canvas.addEventListener("mousemove", function (event) {
prevMouseX = mouseX;
prevMouseY = mouseY;
mouseX = event.x;
mouseY = event.y;
var incrX = (mouseX - prevMouseX) * 0.01;
var incrY = (mouseY - prevMouseY) * 0.01;
rotateCuboid(incrX, incrY);
drawCuboid();
});
var nodes = [[-1, -1, -1], [-1, -1, 1], [-1, 1, -1], [-1, 1, 1],
[1, -1, -1], [1, -1, 1], [1, 1, -1], [1, 1, 1]];
var edges = [[0, 1], [1, 3], [3, 2], [2, 0], [4, 5], [5, 7], [7, 6],
[6, 4], [0, 4], [1, 5], [2, 6], [3, 7]];
var mouseX = 0, prevMouseX, mouseY = 0, prevMouseY;
function scale(factor0, factor1, factor2) {
nodes.forEach(function (node) {
node[0] *= factor0;
node[1] *= factor1;
node[2] *= factor2;
});
}
function rotateCuboid(angleX, angleY) {
var sinX = Math.sin(angleX);
var cosX = Math.cos(angleX);
var sinY = Math.sin(angleY);
var cosY = Math.cos(angleY);
nodes.forEach(function (node) {
var x = node[0];
var y = node[1];
var z = node[2];
node[0] = x * cosX - z * sinX;
node[2] = z * cosX + x * sinX;
z = node[2];
node[1] = y * cosY - z * sinY;
node[2] = z * cosY + y * sinY;
});
}
function drawCuboid() {
g.save();
g.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
g.translate(canvas.width / 2, canvas.height / 2);
g.strokeStyle = "#FFFFFF";
g.beginPath();
edges.forEach(function (edge) {
var p1 = nodes[edge[0]];
var p2 = nodes[edge[1]];
g.moveTo(p1[0], p1[1]);
g.lineTo(p2[0], p2[1]);
});
g.closePath();
g.stroke();
g.restore();
}
scale(80, 120, 160);
rotateCuboid(Math.PI / 5, Math.PI / 9);
</script>
</body> </html></lang>
Julia
ASCII Art
<lang julia>_pr(t::Dict, x::Int, y::Int, z::Int) = join((rstrip(join(t[(n, m)] for n in range(0, 3+x+z))) for m in reverse(range(0, 3+y+z))), "\n")
function cuboid(x::Int, y::Int, z::Int)
t = Dict((n, m) => " " for n in range(0, 3 + x + z), m in range(0, 3 + y + z))
xrow = vcat("+", collect("$(i % 10)" for i in range(0, x)), "+")
for (i, ch) in enumerate(xrow) t[(i, 0)] = t[(i, 1+y)] = t[(1+z+i, 2+y+z)] = ch end
yrow = vcat("+", collect("$(j % 10)" for j in range(0, y)), "+")
for (j, ch) in enumerate(yrow) t[(0, j)] = t[(x+1, j)] = t[(2+x+z, 1+z+j)] = ch end
zdep = vcat("+", collect("$(k % 10)" for k in range(0, y)), "+")
for (k, ch) in enumerate(xrow) t[(k, 1+y+k)] = t[(1+x+k, 1+y+k)] = t[(1+x+k, k)] = ch end
return _pr(t, x, y, z)
end
for (x, y, z) in [(2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 2), (4, 2, 3), (5, 5, 6)]
println("\nCUBOID($x, $y, $z)\n")
println(cuboid(x, y, z))
end</lang>
- Output:
CUBOID(2, 3, 4)
+02
+ +1
1 1 0
0 0 +
++ ++
2+02+ +
1 1 1
0 0 0
+ ++
+01+
CUBOID(3, 4, 2)
1+011
0 02
++ ++ 1
3+013+ 0
2 2 +
1 1 1
0 0 0
+ ++
+012+
CUBOID(4, 2, 3)
2+0122
1 10
0 0 +
++ ++ 2
1+0121+ 1
0 0 0
+ ++
+0123+
CUBOID(5, 5, 6)
++0123+
4 43
3 3 2
2 2 1
1 1 0
0 0 +
++ ++ +
4+01234+ 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
+ ++
+01234+
Kotlin
<lang scala>// version 1.1
import java.awt.* import java.awt.event.MouseAdapter import java.awt.event.MouseEvent import javax.swing.*
class Cuboid: JPanel() {
private val nodes = arrayOf(
doubleArrayOf(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0),
doubleArrayOf(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0),
doubleArrayOf(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0),
doubleArrayOf(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
doubleArrayOf( 1.0, -1.0, -1.0),
doubleArrayOf( 1.0, -1.0, 1.0),
doubleArrayOf( 1.0, 1.0, -1.0),
doubleArrayOf( 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
)
private val edges = arrayOf(
intArrayOf(0, 1),
intArrayOf(1, 3),
intArrayOf(3, 2),
intArrayOf(2, 0),
intArrayOf(4, 5),
intArrayOf(5, 7),
intArrayOf(7, 6),
intArrayOf(6, 4),
intArrayOf(0, 4),
intArrayOf(1, 5),
intArrayOf(2, 6),
intArrayOf(3, 7)
)
private var mouseX: Int = 0 private var prevMouseX: Int = 0 private var mouseY: Int = 0 private var prevMouseY: Int = 0
init {
preferredSize = Dimension(640, 640)
background = Color.white
scale(80.0, 120.0, 160.0)
rotateCube(Math.PI / 5.0, Math.PI / 9.0)
addMouseListener(object: MouseAdapter() {
override fun mousePressed(e: MouseEvent) {
mouseX = e.x
mouseY = e.y
}
})
addMouseMotionListener(object: MouseAdapter() {
override fun mouseDragged(e: MouseEvent) {
prevMouseX = mouseX
prevMouseY = mouseY
mouseX = e.x
mouseY = e.y
val incrX = (mouseX - prevMouseX) * 0.01
val incrY = (mouseY - prevMouseY) * 0.01
rotateCube(incrX, incrY)
repaint()
}
})
}
private fun scale(sx: Double, sy: Double, sz: Double) {
for (node in nodes) {
node[0] *= sx
node[1] *= sy
node[2] *= sz
}
}
private fun rotateCube(angleX: Double, angleY: Double) {
val sinX = Math.sin(angleX)
val cosX = Math.cos(angleX)
val sinY = Math.sin(angleY)
val cosY = Math.cos(angleY)
for (node in nodes) {
val x = node[0]
val y = node[1]
var z = node[2]
node[0] = x * cosX - z * sinX
node[2] = z * cosX + x * sinX
z = node[2]
node[1] = y * cosY - z * sinY
node[2] = z * cosY + y * sinY
}
}
private fun drawCube(g: Graphics2D) {
g.translate(width / 2, height / 2)
for (edge in edges) {
val xy1 = nodes[edge[0]]
val xy2 = nodes[edge[1]]
g.drawLine(Math.round(xy1[0]).toInt(), Math.round(xy1[1]).toInt(),
Math.round(xy2[0]).toInt(), Math.round(xy2[1]).toInt())
}
for (node in nodes) {
g.fillOval(Math.round(node[0]).toInt() - 4, Math.round(node[1]).toInt() - 4, 8, 8)
}
}
override public fun paintComponent(gg: Graphics) {
super.paintComponent(gg)
val g = gg as Graphics2D
g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON)
g.color = Color.blue
drawCube(g)
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater {
val f = JFrame()
f.defaultCloseOperation = JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE
f.title = "Cuboid"
f.isResizable = false
f.add(Cuboid(), BorderLayout.CENTER)
f.pack()
f.setLocationRelativeTo(null)
f.isVisible = true
}
}</lang>
Liberty BASIC
Text solution <lang lb> Call cuboid 1,3,4
End
Sub cuboid width, height, depth
wd=width*7+2: hi=height*3: dp=depth
For i=1 To wd-2
w$=w$+"-":h$=h$+" "
Next
w$="+"+w$+"+":d$="/"+h$+"/":h$="|"+h$+"|"
px=dp+2:py=1:Locate dp+2,py:Print w$;
For i=2 To hi+1
Locate wd+dp+1,i:Print"|";
Next
Locate wd+dp+1, i: Print "+";
For i=dp+1 To 1 Step -1
py=py+1:Locate i,py:Print d$;
Next
For i=1 To dp
Locate wd+(dp+1)-i,hi+d+2+i:Print "/";
Next
Locate 1, dp+2: Print w$;
For i=dp+3 To hi+dp+2
Locate 1,i:Print h$;
Next
Locate 1, dp+hi+3: Print w$
End Sub </lang>
- Output:
+-------+
/ /|
/ / |
/ / |
/ / |
+-------+ |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | +
| | /
| | /
| | /
| |/
+-------+
Graphic solution <lang lb> NoMainWin Global sw, sh sw = 400: sh = 400 WindowWidth = sw+6 WindowHeight= sh+32 Open "[RC] Draw Cuboid" For graphics_nsb_nf As #g
- g "Down; Fill black; TrapClose [xit]"
- g "when leftButtonDown [xit]"
Call drawCuboid 3,4,5
Wait
[xit] Close #g End
Sub drawCuboid width, height, depth
wd = width*50 ht = height*50 dp = depth*20 sx = Int((sw-(wd+dp))/2) sy = Int((sh-(ht-dp))/2) #g "Color 0 128 255; BackColor 0 128 255" #g "Place ";sx;" ";sy #g "boxFilled ";sx+wd;" ";sy+ht x1 = sx+dp : y1 = sy-dp x2 = x1+wd-1 : y2 = y1+1 #g "Color 0 64 128" Call triFill sx,sy, x1,y1, x2,y2 Call triFill sx,sy, x2,y2, sx+wd, sy #g "Color 0 96 192" x3 = x2: y3 = y2+ht Call triFill x2,y2, x3,y3, sx+wd-1, sy+ht-1 Call triFill x2,y2, sx+wd-1, sy+ht-1, sx+wd-1, sy #g "Color white;BackColor black;Place 5 20" #g "\Size: ";width;", ";height;", ";depth
End Sub
Sub triFill x1,y1, x2,y2, x3,y3
If x2<x1 Then x=x2: y=y2: x2=x1: y2=y1: x1=x: y1=y
If x3<x1 Then x=x3: y=y3: x3=x1: y3=y1: x1=x: y1=y
If x3<x2 Then x=x3: y=y3: x3=x2: y3=y2: x2=x: y2=y
If x1<>x3 Then slope1=(y3-y1)/(x3-x1)
length=x2-x1
If length<>0 Then
slope2=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
For x = 0 To length
#g "Line ";Int(x+x1);" ";Int(x*slope1+y1);" ";Int(x+x1);" ";Int(x*slope2+y1)
Next
End If
y = length*slope1+y1 :length=x3-x2
If length<>0 Then
slope3=(y3-y2)/(x3-x2)
For x = 0 To length
#g "Line ";Int(x+x2);" ";Int(x*slope1+y);" ";Int(x+x2);" ";Int(x*slope3+y2)
Next
End If
End Sub </lang>
Logo
In Logo, we can use the perspective function to make drawing 3D-objects easier.
Simple implementation, just moving to the appropriate points every time. <lang logo>to cuboid :l1 :l2 :l3 cs perspective ;making the room ready to use setxyz :l1 0 0 setxyz :l1 :l2 0 setxyz 0 :l2 0 setxyz 0 0 0 setxyz :l1 0 0 setxyz :l1 0 -:l3 setxyz :l1 :l2 -:l3 setxyz :l1 :l2 0 setxyz 0 :l2 0 setxyz 0 :l2 -:l3 setxyz :l1 :l2 -:l3 end</lang> Example call to achieve task: <lang logo>cuboid 50 100 150</lang>
LSL
Rez a box on the ground, raise it up a few meters, add the following as a New Script. <lang LSL>vector vSCALE = <2.0, 3.0, 4.0>; default {
state_entry() {
llSetScale(vSCALE);
}
}</lang>
- Output:
Ahhhhh; I always wondered what a Cuboid looked like, now I know!
A Cuboid in a Sandbox.
Maple
This creates a cuboid with one corner at (0,0,0) and the opposite at (2,3,4): <lang Maple>plots:-display(plottools:-parallelepiped([2, 0, 0], [0, 0, 4], [0, 3, 0]), orientation = [45, 60])</lang>
Mathematica / Wolfram Language
This creates a cuboid with one corner at (0,0,0) and the opposite at (2,3,4): <lang Mathematica>Graphics3D[Cuboid[{0,0,0},{2,3,4}]]</lang> Output would be fully-rendered, rotatable 3D in the notebook. Also, many aspects of the cuboid's appearance and lighting can be controlled quite easily. For those, see Mathematica's documentation in the program or on the web.
Maxima
<lang maxima>load(draw)$
draw3d(xu_grid=100, yv_grid=100, surface_hide=true,
palette=gray, enhanced3d=[x - z / 4 - y / 4, x, y, z], implicit(max(abs(x / 4), abs(y / 6), abs(z / 8)) = 1, x,-10,10,y,-10,10,z,-10,10))$</lang>
Nim
<lang nim>import strutils
proc cline(n, x, y: int, cde: string) =
echo cde[0..0].align n+1, repeatChar(9*x-1, cde[1]), cde[0], cde[2..2].align y+1
proc cuboid(x, y, z: int) =
cline y+1, x, 0, "+-" for i in 1..y: cline y-i+1, x, i-1, "/ |" cline 0, x, y, "+-|" for i in 0..4*z-y-3: cline 0, x, y, "| |" cline 0, x, y, "| +" for i in countdown(y-1, 0): cline 0, x, i, "| /" cline 0, x, 0, "+-\n"
cuboid 2, 3, 4 cuboid 1, 1, 1 cuboid 6, 2, 1</lang>
- Output:
+-----------------+ / /| / / | / / | +-----------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | | / | | / | |/ +-----------------+ +--------+ / /| +--------+ | | | | | | + | |/ +--------+ +-----------------------------------------------------+ / /| / / | +-----------------------------------------------------+ | | | + | | / | |/ +-----------------------------------------------------+
Openscad
Drawing a cuboid is easy in openscad:
<lang openscad>// This will produce a simple cuboid cube([2,3,4]); </lang>
PARI/GP
Plotting lines and scaling in PARI/GP is not designed for "cuboids". But you are welcome to play with parameters of this Cuboid() function.
<lang parigp> \\ Simple "cuboid". Try different parameters of this Cuboid() function. \\ 4/11/16 aev Cuboid(a,b,c,u=10)={ my(dx,dy,ttl="Cuboid AxBxC: ",size=200,da=a*u,db=b*u,dc=c*u); print(" *** ",ttl,a,"x",b,"x",c,"; u=",u); plotinit(0); plotscale(0, 0,size, 0,size); plotcolor(0,7); \\grey plotmove(0, 0,0); plotrline(0,dc,da\2); plotrline(0,db,0); plotrline(0,-db,0); plotrline(0,0,da); plotcolor(0,2); \\black plotmove(0, db,da); plotrline(0,0,-da); plotrline(0,-db,0); plotrline(0,0,da); plotrline(0,db,0); plotrline(0,dc,da\2); plotrline(0,-db,0); plotrline(0,-dc,-da\2); plotmove(0, db,0); plotrline(0,dc,da\2); plotrline(0,0,da); plotdraw([0,size,size]); }
{\\ Executing: Cuboid(2,3,4,20); \\Cuboid1.png Cuboid(5,3,1,20); \\Cuboid2.png } </lang>
- Output:
> Cuboid(2,3,4,20); \\Cuboid1.png *** Cuboid AxBxC: 2x3x4; u=20 > Cuboid(5,3,1,20); \\Cuboid2.png *** Cuboid AxBxC: 5x3x1; u=20
Pascal
<lang pascal>program Cuboid_Demo(output);
procedure DoCuboid(sWidth, sHeight, Depth: integer);
const
widthScale = 4;
heightScale = 3;
type
TPage = array of array of char;
var
Cuboid: TPage;
i, j: integer;
Width, Height: integer;
totalWidth, totalHeight: integer;
begin
Width := widthScale * sWidth;
Height := heightScale * sHeight;
totalWidth := 2 * Width + Depth + 3;
totalHeight := Height + Depth + 3;
setlength (Cuboid, totalHeight + 1);
for i := 1 to totalHeight do
setlength (Cuboid[i], totalwidth + 1);
// points
for i := low(Cuboid) to high(Cuboid) do
for j := low(Cuboid[i]) to high(Cuboid[i]) do
Cuboid[i,j] := ' ';
Cuboid [1, 1] := '+';
Cuboid [Height + 2, 1] := '+';
Cuboid [1, 2 * Width + 2] := '+';
Cuboid [Height + 2, 2 * Width + 2] := '+';
Cuboid [totalHeight, Depth + 2] := '+';
Cuboid [Depth + 2, totalWidth] := '+';
Cuboid [totalHeight, totalWidth] := '+';
// width lines
for I := 1 to 2 * Width do
begin
Cuboid [1, I + 1] := '-';
Cuboid [Height + 2, I + 1] := '-';
Cuboid [totalHeight, Depth + I + 2] := '-';
end;
// height lines
for I := 1 to Height do
begin
Cuboid [I + 1, 1] := '|';
Cuboid [I + 1, 2 * Width + 2] := '|';
Cuboid [Depth + I + 2, totalWidth] := '|';
end;
// depth lines
for I := 1 to Depth do
begin
Cuboid [Height + 2 + I, 1 + I] := '/';
Cuboid [1 + I, 2 * Width + 2 + I] := '/';
Cuboid [Height + 2 + I, 2 * Width + 2 + I] := '/';
end;
for i := high(Cuboid) downto 1 do
begin
for j := 1 to high(Cuboid[i]) do
write (Cuboid[i,j]);
writeln;
end;
end;
begin
writeln('1, 1, 1:');
DoCuboid(1, 1, 1);
writeln('2, 3, 4:');
DoCuboid(2, 3, 4);
writeln('6, 2, 1:');
DoCuboid(6, 2, 1);
end.</lang>
- Output:
% ./Cuboid
1, 1, 1:
+--------+
/ /|
+--------+ |
| | |
| | +
| |/
+--------+
2, 3, 4:
+----------------+
/ /|
/ / |
/ / |
/ / |
+----------------+ |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | +
| | /
| | /
| | /
| |/
+----------------+
6, 2, 1:
+------------------------------------------------+
/ /|
+------------------------------------------------+ |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | +
| |/
+------------------------------------------------+
Perl
<lang perl>sub cubLine ($$$$) {
my ($n, $dx, $dy, $cde) = @_;
printf '%*s', $n + 1, substr($cde, 0, 1);
for (my $d = 9 * $dx - 1 ; $d > 0 ; --$d) {
print substr($cde, 1, 1);
}
print substr($cde, 0, 1); printf "%*s\n", $dy + 1, substr($cde, 2, 1);
}
sub cuboid ($$$) {
my ($dx, $dy, $dz) = @_;
printf "cuboid %d %d %d:\n", $dx, $dy, $dz; cubLine $dy + 1, $dx, 0, '+-';
for (my $i = 1 ; $i <= $dy ; ++$i) {
cubLine $dy - $i + 1, $dx, $i - 1, '/ |';
}
cubLine 0, $dx, $dy, '+-|';
for (my $i = 4 * $dz - $dy - 2 ; $i > 0 ; --$i) {
cubLine 0, $dx, $dy, '| |';
}
cubLine 0, $dx, $dy, '| +';
for (my $i = 1 ; $i <= $dy ; ++$i) {
cubLine 0, $dx, $dy - $i, '| /';
}
cubLine 0, $dx, 0, "+-\n";
}
cuboid 2, 3, 4; cuboid 1, 1, 1; cuboid 6, 2, 1;</lang>
- Output:
cuboid 2 3 4:
+-----------------+
/ /|
/ / |
/ / |
+-----------------+ |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | +
| | /
| | /
| |/
+-----------------+
cuboid 1 1 1:
+--------+
/ /|
+--------+ |
| | |
| | +
| |/
+--------+
cuboid 6 2 1:
+-----------------------------------------------------+
/ /|
/ / |
+-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| | +
| | /
| |/
+-----------------------------------------------------+
ASCII Art <lang perl>use 5.010;
- usage: script X Y Z [S]
sub cuboid {
# Constant dimnesions of the cuboid my ($x, $y, $z) = map int, @_[0 .. 2];
# ASCII characters
# $c = corner point
# $h = horizontal line
# $v = vertical line
# $d = diagonal line
# $s = space (inside the cuboid)
my ($c, $h, $v, $d, $s) = ('+', '-', '|', '/', shift(@ARGV) // q{ });
say q{ } x ($z + 1), $c, $h x $x, $c;
say q{ } x ($z - $_ + 1), $d, $s x $x, $d, $s x ($_ - ($_ > $y ? ($_ - $y) : 1)),
$_ - 1 == $y ? $c : $_ > $y ? $d : $v for 1 .. $z;
say $c, $h x $x, $c, ($s x ($z < $y ? $z : $y), $z < $y ? $v : $z == $y ? $c : $d);
say $v, $s x $x, $v, $z > $y ? $_ >= $z ? ($s x $x, $c) : ($s x ($y - $_), $d)
: $y - $_ > $z ? ($s x $z, $v) : ($s x ($y - $_), $y - $_ == $z ? $c : $d) for 1 .. $y;
say $c, $h x $x, $c;
}
cuboid shift // rand 20, shift // rand 10, shift // rand 10;</lang>
Cuboid(2,3,4)
+--+
/ /|
/ / |
/ / |
/ / +
+--+ /
| | /
| | /
| |/
+--+
Phix
Translated from XPL0.
Press space to toggle auto-rotate on and off, cursor keys to rotate manually, and +/- to zoom in/out.
Simple orthogonal projection, no perspective.
<lang Phix>-- demo\rosetta\draw_cuboid.exw include pGUI.e
Ihandle dlg, canvas, hTimer cdCanvas cd_canvas
-- arrays: 3D coordinates of vertices sequence x = {-2.0, +2.0, +2.0, -2.0, -2.0, +2.0, +2.0, -2.0},
y = {-1.5, -1.5, +1.5, +1.5, -1.5, -1.5, +1.5, +1.5},
z = {-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, +1.0, +1.0, +1.0, +1.0},
Segment = {1,2, 2,3, 3,4, 4,1, 5,6, 6,7, 7,8, 8,5, 1,5, 2,6, 3,7, 4,8}
atom Size = 50.0, -- drawing size
Sz = 0.008, -- tumbling speeds
Sx =-0.013, -- ""
Sy =-0.013, -- ""
S = 2
procedure draw_cube(integer wx, wh)
atom farthest = 0.0 -- find the farthest vertex
integer farv, v1, v2, c, style
for i=1 to 8 do
if z[i]>farthest then farthest = z[i] farv = i end if
end for
for v=1 to 2*12 by 2 do -- for all the vertices...
v1 = Segment[v] -- get vertex number
v2 = Segment[v+1]
c = CD_RED
style = CD_CONTINUOUS
if v1=farv or v2=farv then
c = CD_BLUE
style = CD_DASHED
end if
cdCanvasSetForeground(cd_canvas, c)
cdCanvasLineStyle(cd_canvas, style)
atom x1 = x[v1]*Size+wx,
y1 = y[v1]*Size+wh,
x2 = x[v2]*Size+wx,
y2 = y[v2]*Size+wh
cdCanvasLine(cd_canvas,x1,y1,x2,y2)
end for
end procedure
function canvas_action_cb(Ihandle canvas)
cdCanvasActivate(cd_canvas)
cdCanvasClear(cd_canvas)
integer {wx, wh} = sq_floor_div(IupGetIntInt(canvas, "DRAWSIZE"),2)
draw_cube(wx,wh)
cdCanvasFlush(cd_canvas)
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function canvas_map_cb(Ihandle canvas)
atom res = IupGetDouble(NULL, "SCREENDPI")/25.4
IupGLMakeCurrent(canvas)
cd_canvas = cdCreateCanvas(CD_GL, "10x10 %g", {res})
cdCanvasSetBackground(cd_canvas, CD_BLACK)
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function canvas_unmap_cb(Ihandle canvas)
cdKillCanvas(cd_canvas) return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function canvas_resize_cb(Ihandle /*canvas*/)
integer {canvas_width, canvas_height} = IupGetIntInt(canvas, "DRAWSIZE")
atom res = IupGetDouble(NULL, "SCREENDPI")/25.4
cdCanvasSetAttribute(cd_canvas, "SIZE", "%dx%d %g", {canvas_width, canvas_height, res})
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function k_any(Ihandle /*ih*/, atom c)
if c=K_ESC then
return IUP_CLOSE
elsif c=K_UP then
for i=1 to 8 do
y[i] = y[i]+z[i]*Sx*S -- rotate vertices in Y-Z plane
z[i] = z[i]-y[i]*Sx*S
end for
elsif c=K_DOWN then
for i=1 to 8 do
y[i] = y[i]-z[i]*Sx*S -- rotate vertices in Y-Z plane
z[i] = z[i]+y[i]*Sx*S
end for
elsif c=K_LEFT then
for i=1 to 8 do
x[i] = x[i]+z[i]*Sy*S -- rotate vertices in X-Z plane
z[i] = z[i]-x[i]*Sy*S
end for
elsif c=K_RIGHT then
for i=1 to 8 do
x[i] = x[i]-z[i]*Sy*S -- rotate vertices in X-Z plane
z[i] = z[i]+x[i]*Sy*S
end for
elsif c='+' then
Size += 5
elsif c='-' then
Size = max(10,Size-5)
elsif c=' ' then
IupSetInt(hTimer,"RUN",not IupGetInt(hTimer,"RUN"))
end if
IupRedraw(canvas)
return IUP_CONTINUE
end function
function timer_cb(Ihandle /*ih*/)
for i=1 to 8 do
x[i] = x[i]+y[i]*Sz*S -- rotate vertices in X-Y plane
y[i] = y[i]-x[i]*Sz*S
y[i] = y[i]+z[i]*Sx*S -- rotate vertices in Y-Z plane
z[i] = z[i]-y[i]*Sx*S
x[i] = x[i]+z[i]*Sy*S -- rotate vertices in X-Z plane
z[i] = z[i]-x[i]*Sy*S
end for
IupUpdate(canvas)
return IUP_IGNORE
end function
procedure main()
IupOpen()
IupImageLibOpen()
canvas = IupGLCanvas()
IupSetAttribute(canvas, "RASTERSIZE", "640x480")
IupSetCallback(canvas, "ACTION", Icallback("canvas_action_cb"))
IupSetCallback(canvas, "MAP_CB", Icallback("canvas_map_cb"))
IupSetCallback(canvas, "UNMAP_CB", Icallback("canvas_unmap_cb"))
IupSetCallback(canvas, "RESIZE_CB", Icallback("canvas_resize_cb"))
dlg = IupDialog(IupVbox({canvas}))
IupSetAttribute(dlg, "TITLE", "Draw Cuboid")
IupSetCallback(dlg, "K_ANY", Icallback("k_any"))
IupShow(dlg)
IupSetAttribute(canvas, "RASTERSIZE", NULL)
hTimer = IupTimer(Icallback("timer_cb"), 40)
IupMainLoop() IupClose()
end procedure main()</lang>
ascii
Two versions: the first uses a complete/rectangular grid and outputs at the end, whereas the second uses a slightly trickier line-by-line approach. <lang Phix>function draw_line(sequence res, integer x,y,dx,dy,len,c)
string line = '+'&repeat(c,len-2)&'+'
for i=1 to len do
res[y,x] = line[i]
y += dy; x += dx
end for
return res
end function
procedure ascii_cuboid(integer x,y,z)
sequence res = repeat(repeat(' ',x+z+3),y+z+3)
res = draw_line(res, 1, z+2,+1,-1,z+2,'/')
res = draw_line(res, x+2, z+2,+1,-1,z+2,'/')
res = draw_line(res, x+2,y+z+3,+1,-1,z+2,'/')
res = draw_line(res, 1, z+2, 0,+1,y+2,'|')
res = draw_line(res, x+2, z+2, 0,+1,y+2,'|')
res = draw_line(res,x+z+3, 1, 0,+1,y+2,'|')
res = draw_line(res, z+2, 1,+1, 0,x+2,'-')
res = draw_line(res, 1, z+2,+1, 0,x+2,'-')
res = draw_line(res, 1,y+z+3,+1, 0,x+2,'-')
printf(1,"%s\n",{join(res,"\n")})
end procedure ascii_cuboid(0,0,0) ascii_cuboid(1,1,1) ascii_cuboid(2,1,2) ascii_cuboid(3,2,1)</lang>
- Output:
++ +++ ++ +-+ / /| +-+ + | |/ +-+ +--+ / /| / / + +--+ / | |/ +--+ +---+ / /| +---+ | | | + | |/ +---+
And as promised a line-by-line solution. Same output. <lang Phix>procedure cuboid(integer x,y,z) -- -- +-+ -- 1) (with x -) -- / /| -- 2) (times z) -- Output an x by y by z cube such as +-+ + -- 3) (with x -) -- | |/ -- 4) (times y) -- +-+ -- 5) (with x -) -- -- Nb: trailing '+' shown on stage 3 can occur higher or lower. --
integer mn = min(y,z)+1, mx = max(y,z)+1,
stage = 1, -- (1..5 as above)
pre = z+1, pad = -1, last = 1
for l=1 to y+z+3 do
integer c = "+/+|+"[stage] -- (front/top corner/edge)
puts(1,repeat(' ',pre)&c&repeat(iff(c='+'?'-':' '),x)&c&
iff(pad>=0?repeat(' ',pad)&"|+/"[last]:"")&"\n")
pre -= pre>0 -- (shrink the initial lhs space prefix)
pad += (l<=mn)-(l>mx) -- +1 early on, -1 later, or both
stage += (c='+') + (l=z+1 or l=y+z+2) -- (can skip 2&4)
last += (last=2 or l=y+1 or l=y+z+2) -- ('|'->'+'->'/')
end for
end procedure cuboid(0, 0, 0) cuboid(1, 1, 1) cuboid(2, 1, 2) cuboid(3, 2, 1)</lang>
PicoLisp
Using ASCII
<lang PicoLisp>(de cuboid (DX DY DZ)
(cubLine (inc DY) "+" DX "-" 0)
(for I DY
(cubLine (- DY I -1) "/" DX " " (dec I) "|") )
(cubLine 0 "+" DX "-" DY "|")
(do (- (* 4 DZ) DY 2)
(cubLine 0 "|" DX " " DY "|") )
(cubLine 0 "|" DX " " DY "+")
(for I DY
(cubLine 0 "|" DX " " (- DY I) "/") )
(cubLine 0 "+" DX "-" 0) )
(de cubLine (N C DX D DY E)
(space N) (prin C) (do (dec (* 9 DX)) (prin D)) (prin C) (space DY) (prinl E) )</lang>
- Output:
: (cuboid 2 3 4)
+-----------------+
/ /|
/ / |
/ / |
+-----------------+ |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | +
| | /
| | /
| |/
+-----------------+
: (cuboid 1 1 1)
+--------+
/ /|
+--------+ |
| | |
| | +
| |/
+--------+
: (cuboid 6 2 1)
+-----------------------------------------------------+
/ /|
/ / |
+-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| | +
| | /
| |/
+-----------------------------------------------------+
Using OpenGL
<lang PicoLisp>(load "@lib/openGl.l")
(setq *AngleX -26.0 *AngleY 74.0) (setq *LastX 0 *LastY 0)
(glutInit) (glutInitDisplayMode (| GLUT_RGBA GLUT_DOUBLE GLUT_DEPTH)) (glutInitWindowSize 512 512) (glutInitWindowPosition 10 50) (glutCreateWindow "PicoLisp Cube")
(glClearColor 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0) # The background color (glEnable GL_DEPTH_TEST) (glEnable GL_LIGHTING) (glEnable GL_LIGHT0) (glDisable GL_CULL_FACE)
(glEnable GL_BLEND) (glBlendFunc GL_SRC_ALPHA GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA) (glEnable GL_LINE_SMOOTH) (glHint GL_LINE_SMOOTH_HINT GL_NICEST) (glLineWidth 2.0)
(mouseFunc
'((Btn State X Y)
(setq *LastX X *LastY Y) ) )
(motionFunc
'((X Y)
(inc '*AngleX (* (- Y *LastY) 1.0))
(inc '*AngleY (* (- X *LastX) 1.0))
(setq *LastX X *LastY Y)
(glutPostRedisplay) ) )
(reshapeFunc
'((Width Height)
(glMatrixMode GL_PROJECTION)
(glLoadIdentity)
(gluPerspective 45.0 (*/ Width 1.0 Height) 1.0 10.0)
(glMatrixMode GL_MODELVIEW)
(glViewport 0 0 Width Height) ) )
(displayPrg (glClear (| GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)) (glLoadIdentity) (glTranslatef 0.0 0.0 -3.0) (glRotatef *AngleX 1 0 0) (glRotatef *AngleY 0 1 0) (glutSolidCube 1.0)
(glDisable GL_LIGHTING) (glColor4f 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.0) (glutWireCube 1.002) (glEnable GL_LIGHTING)
(glFlush) (glutSwapBuffers) )
(glutMainLoop)</lang>
POV-Ray
<lang POV-Ray>camera { perspective location <2.6,2.2,-4.2> look_at <0,-.5,0>
aperture .05 blur_samples 100 variance 1/100000 focal_point <2,1,-2>}
light_source{< 60,20,-20> color rgb 2}
sky_sphere { pigment{ gradient z color_map{[0 rgb 0.3][.1 rgb <.7,.8,1>][1 rgb .2]} }}
box { <0,0,0> <3,2,4>
texture {
pigment{ agate }
normal { checker }
finish { reflection {0.20 metallic 0.2} }
}
translate <-1,-.5,-2>
}</lang>
Processing
A cuboid in Processing is created with box(). It may be styled with stroke, fill, and lighting.
<lang Processing>size(500, 500, P3D); background(0); // position translate(width/2, height/2, -width/2); rotateZ(radians(15)); rotateY(radians(-30)); rotateX(radians(-25)); // optional fill and lighting colors noStroke(); fill(192, 255, 192); pointLight(255, 255, 255, 400, -400, 400); // draw box box(200, 300, 400);</lang>
Prolog
Works with SWI-Prolog and XPCE. <lang Prolog>cuboid(D1,D2,D3) :- W is D1 * 50, H is D2 * 50, D is D3 * 50,
new(C, window(cuboid)),
% compute the size of the window Width is W + ceiling(sqrt(H * 48)) + 50, Height is H + ceiling(sqrt(H * 48)) + 50, send(C, size, new(_,size(Width,Height))),
%compute the top-left corner of the front face of the cuboid PX is 25, PY is 25 + ceiling(sqrt(H * 48)),
% colors of the faces new(C1, colour(@default, 65535, 0, 0)), new(C2, colour(@default, 0, 65535, 0)), new(C3, colour(@default, 0, 0, 65535)),
% the front face new(B1, box(W, H)), send(B1, fill_pattern, C1), send(C, display,B1, point(PX, PY)),
% the top face new(B2, hpara(point(PX,PY), W, D, C2)), send(C, display, B2),
% the left face PX1 is PX + W, new(B3, vpara(point(PX1,PY), H, D, C3)), send(C, display, B3),
send(C, open).
- - pce_begin_class(hpara, path, "drawing of a horizontal parallelogram").
initialise(P, Pos, Width, Height, Color) :-> send(P, send_super, initialise), send(P, append, Pos), H is ceiling(sqrt(Height * 48)), get(Pos, x, X), get(Pos, y, Y), X1 is X + H, Y1 is Y - H, send(P, append, point(X1, Y1)), X2 is X1 + Width, send(P, append, point(X2, Y1)), X3 is X2 - H, send(P, append, point(X3, Pos?y)), send(P, append, Pos), send(P, fill_pattern, Color).
- - pce_end_class.
- - pce_begin_class(vpara, path, "drawing of a vertical parallelogram").
initialise(P, Pos, Height, Depth, Color) :-> send(P, send_super, initialise), send(P, append, Pos), H is ceiling(sqrt(Depth * 48)), get(Pos, x, X), get(Pos, y, Y), X1 is X + H, Y1 is Y - H, send(P, append, point(X1, Y1)), Y2 is Y1 + Height, send(P, append, point(X1, Y2)), Y3 is Y2 + H, send(P, append, point(X, Y3)), send(P, append, Pos), send(P, fill_pattern, Color).
- - pce_end_class.</lang>
- Output:
?- cuboid(2,3,4). true.
Pure Data
Requires `Gem` <lang Pure Data>
- N canvas 1 51 450 300 10;
- X obj 66 67 gemwin;
- X obj 239 148 cuboid 2 3 4;
- X obj 239 46 gemhead;
- X obj 239 68 scale 0.3;
- X msg 66 45 lighting 1 \, create \, 1;
- X obj 61 118 gemhead;
- X obj 61 140 world_light;
- X msg 294 90 1;
- X obj 239 90 t a b;
- X obj 239 118 accumrotate;
- X connect 2 0 3 0;
- X connect 3 0 8 0;
- X connect 4 0 0 0;
- X connect 5 0 6 0;
- X connect 7 0 9 1;
- X connect 7 0 9 2;
- X connect 7 0 9 3;
- X connect 8 0 9 0;
- X connect 8 1 7 0;
- X connect 9 0 1 0;
</lang> Displays a rotating cuboid.
PureBasic
Using generic PureBasic 2D-library. <lang PureBasic>Procedure Draw_a_Cuboid(Window, X,Y,Z)
w=WindowWidth(Window) h=WindowHeight(Window) diag.f=1.9 If Not (w And h): ProcedureReturn: EndIf xscale.f = w/(x+z/diag)*0.98 yscale.f = h/(y+z/diag)*0.98 If xscale<yscale Scale.f = xscale Else Scale = yscale EndIf x*Scale: Y*Scale: Z*Scale CreateImage(0,w,h) If StartDrawing(ImageOutput(0)) c= RGB(250, 40, 5) ;- Calculate the cones in the Cuboid xk = w/50 : yk = h/50 x0 = Z/2 + xk : y0 = yk x1 = x0 + X : y1 = y0 x2 = xk : y2 = y0 + Z/2 x3 = x2 + X : y3 = y2 x4 = x2 : y4 = y2 + Y x5 = x4 + X : y5 = y4 x6 = x5 + Z/2 : y6 = y5 - Z/2 ;- Draw it LineXY(x0,y0,x1,y1,c) LineXY(x0,y0,x2,y2,c) LineXY(x2,y2,x3,y3,c) LineXY(x1,y1,x3,y3,c) LineXY(x2,y2,x4,y4,c) LineXY(x4,y4,x5,y5,c) LineXY(x5,y5,x4,y4,c) LineXY(x5,y5,x6,y6,c) LineXY(x5,y5,x3,y3,c) LineXY(x6,y6,x1,y1,c) ;- Fill the areas FillArea(x,y,-1,RGB(255, 0, 0)) FillArea(x,y-z/2,-1,RGB(0, 0, 255)) FillArea(x+z/2,y,-1,RGB(0, 255, 0)) StopDrawing() EndIf ;- Update the graphic ImageGadget(0,0,0,w,h,ImageID(0))
EndProcedure
- WFlags = #PB_Window_SystemMenu|#PB_Window_SizeGadget
- title = "PureBasic Cuboid"
MyWin = OpenWindow(#PB_Any, 0, 0, 200, 250, #title, #WFlags)
Repeat
WEvent = WaitWindowEvent() If WEvent = #PB_Event_SizeWindow Draw_a_Cuboid(MyWin, 2, 3, 4) EndIf
Until WEvent = #PB_Event_CloseWindow
- - Save the image?
UsePNGImageEncoder() respons = MessageRequester("Question","Save the image?",#PB_MessageRequester_YesNo) If respons=#PB_MessageRequester_Yes
SaveImage(0, SaveFileRequester("","","",0),#PB_ImagePlugin_PNG,9)
EndIf</lang>
Python
Ascii-Art
<lang python>def _pr(t, x, y, z):
txt = '\n'.join(.join(t[(n,m)] for n in range(3+x+z)).rstrip()
for m in reversed(range(3+y+z)))
return txt
def cuboid(x,y,z):
t = {(n,m):' ' for n in range(3+x+z) for m in range(3+y+z)}
xrow = ['+'] + ['%i' % (i % 10) for i in range(x)] + ['+']
for i,ch in enumerate(xrow):
t[(i,0)] = t[(i,1+y)] = t[(1+z+i,2+y+z)] = ch
if _debug: print(_pr(t, x, y, z))
ycol = ['+'] + ['%i' % (j % 10) for j in range(y)] + ['+']
for j,ch in enumerate(ycol):
t[(0,j)] = t[(x+1,j)] = t[(2+x+z,1+z+j)] = ch
zdepth = ['+'] + ['%i' % (k % 10) for k in range(z)] + ['+']
if _debug: print(_pr(t, x, y, z))
for k,ch in enumerate(zdepth):
t[(k,1+y+k)] = t[(1+x+k,1+y+k)] = t[(1+x+k,k)] = ch
return _pr(t, x, y, z)
_debug = False
if __name__ == '__main__':
for dim in ((2,3,4), (3,4,2), (4,2,3)):
print("CUBOID%r" % (dim,), cuboid(*dim), sep='\n')</lang>
- Output:
CUBOID(2, 3, 4)
+01+
3 32
2 2 1
1 1 0
0 0 +
+01+ 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 00
+01+
CUBOID(3, 4, 2)
+012+
1 13
0 0 2
+012+ 1
3 3 0
2 2 +
1 1 1
0 00
+012+
CUBOID(4, 2, 3)
+0123+
2 21
1 1 0
0 0 +
+0123+ 2
1 1 1
0 00
+0123+
The cuboid (otherwise known as a "box" :)
Short version
<lang python>from visual import * mybox = box(pos=(0,0,0), length=4, height=2, width=3, axis=(-0.1,-0.1,0.1) ) scene.title = "VPython: cuboid"</lang>
Cuboid viewer
This has a lot of extras around the cuboid, so you can rotate the box (stepwise and continous), change the background, color, transparancy, material, show infos about scene and object, plus a selfrunning demo-mode that cycles thru everything. <lang python> from __future__ import print_function, division from visual import * import itertools
title = "VPython: Draw a cuboid" scene.title = title print( "%s\n" % title )
msg = """ Drag with right mousebutton to rotate view. Drag up+down with middle mousebutton to zoom. Left mouseclick to show info.
Press x,X, y,Y, z,Z to rotate the box in single steps. Press b, c,o,m to change background, color, opacity, material. Press r,R to rotate, d,a for demo, automatic, space to stop. Press h to show this help, ESC or q to quit. """
- ...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5....+....6....+....7....+...
- Rotate one step per keypress:
def rotX(obj, a) :
obj.rotate( angle=a, axis=(1,0,0) )
def rotY(obj, a) :
obj.rotate( angle=a, axis=(0,1,0) )
def rotZ(obj, a) :
obj.rotate( angle=a, axis=(0,0,1) )
- Selection of background-colors:
bg_list = [color.gray(0.2), color.gray(0.4), color.gray(0.7), color.gray(0.9)] bg = itertools.cycle(bg_list) def backgr() :
b = next(bg)
print("BackgroundColor=",b)
scene.background = b
- Selection of colors:
col_list = [color.white, color.red, color.orange, color.yellow,
color.green, color.blue, color.cyan, color.magenta,
color.black]
col = itertools.cycle(col_list)
- c = col.next()
- c = next(col)
def paint(obj) :
c = next(col)
print("Color=",c)
obj.color = c
- Selection of opacity / transparancy :
opa_list = [1.0, 0.7, 0.5, 0.2] opa = itertools.cycle(opa_list) def solid(obj) :
o = next(opa)
print("opacity =",o)
obj.opacity = o
- Selection of materials:
mName_list = ["None",
"wood",
"rough",
"bricks",
"glass",
"earth",
"plastic",
"ice",
"diffuse",
"marble" ]
mat_list = [ None,
materials.wood,
materials.rough,
materials.bricks,
materials.glass,
materials.earth,
materials.plastic,
materials.ice,
materials.diffuse,
materials.marble ]
mName = itertools.cycle(mName_list) mat = itertools.cycle(mat_list) def surface(obj) :
mM = next(mat)
mN = next(mName)
print("Material:", mN)
obj.material = mM
obj.mat = mN
- Selection for rotation-angle & axis :
rotAng_list = [ 0.0, 0.005, 0.0, -0.005 ] rotDir_list = [ (1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1) ]
rotAng = itertools.cycle(rotAng_list) rotDir = itertools.cycle(rotDir_list)
rotAn = next(rotAng) # rotAn = 0.005 rotAx = next(rotDir) # rotAx = (1,0,0)
def rotAngle() :
global rotAn
rotAn = next(rotAng)
print("RotateAngle=",rotAn)
def rotAxis() :
global rotAx
rotAx = next(rotDir)
print("RotateAxis=",rotAx)
- List of keypresses for demo:
- demoC_list = [ "h", "c", "a", "o", "m", "b" ]
demoCmd_list = "rcbr"+"robr"+"rmR_r?" demoCmd = itertools.cycle(demoCmd_list) def demoStep() :
k = next(demoCmd)
print("Demo:",k)
cmd(k)
- ...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5....+....6....+....7....+...
def objCount():
n=0
for obj in scene.objects:
n=n+1
return n
def objInfo(obj) :
print( "\nObject:", obj ) print( "Pos:", obj.pos, "Size:", obj.size ) print( "Axis:", obj.axis, "Up:", obj.up ) print( "Color", obj.color, obj.opacity ) print( "Mat:", obj.mat, obj.material )
def sceneInfo(sc) :
print( "\nScene:", sc ) print( ".width x height:", sc.width, "x", sc.height ) print( ".range:", sc.range, ".scale:", sc.scale ) print( ".center:", sc.center ) # Camera print( ".forward:", sc.forward, ".fov:", sc.fov ) print( "Mouse:", sc.mouse.camera, "ray:", sc.mouse.ray ) print( ".ambient:", sc.ambient ) print( "Lights:", sc.lights ) # distant_light print( "objects:", objCount(), scene.objects )
- ...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5....+....6....+....7....+...
scene.width = 600 scene.height = 400 scene.range = 4
- scene.autocenter = True
- scene.background = color.gray(0.2)
scene.background = next(bg)
autoDemo = -1
print( msg )
- Create cuboid (aka "box") :
- c = box() # using default-values --> cube
- c = box(pos=(0,0,0), length=4, height=2, width=3, axis=(-0.1,-0.1,0.1) )
- c = box(pos =( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ),
- size=( 4, 2, 3 ), # L,H,W
- axis=( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 ),
- up =( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 ),
- color = color.orange,
- opacity = 1.0,
- material= materials.marble
- )
c = box(pos =( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ),
size=( 4, 2, 3 ), # L,H,W
axis=( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 ),
up =( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 )
)
print("Box:", c) paint(c) # c.color = color.red solid(c) # c.opacity = 1.0 surface(c) # c.material = materials.marble
rotX(c,0.4) # rotate box, to bring three faces into view rotY(c,0.6)
- sceneInfo(scene)
- objInfo(c)
print("\nPress 'a' to start auto-running demo.")
- ...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5....+....6....+....7....+...
- Processing of input:
cCount = 0 def click():
global cCount cCount=cCount+1 sceneInfo(scene) objInfo(c)
scene.bind( 'click', click )
def keyInput():
key = scene.kb.getkey() print( 'Key: "%s"' % key )
if ( (key == 'esc') or (key == 'q') ) :
print( "Bye!" )
exit(0)
else :
cmd(key)
scene.bind('keydown', keyInput)
def cmd(key):
global autoDemo if (key == 'h') : print( msg ) if (key == '?') : print( msg ) if (key == 's') : sceneInfo(scene) if (key == 'i') : objInfo(c)
if (key == 'x') : rotX(c, 0.1) if (key == 'X') : rotX(c,-0.1) if (key == 'y') : rotY(c, 0.1) if (key == 'Y') : rotY(c,-0.1) if (key == 'z') : rotZ(c, 0.1) if (key == 'Z') : rotZ(c,-0.1)
if (key == 'c') : paint(c) if (key == 'o') : solid(c) if (key == 'm') : surface(c)
if (key == 'b') : backgr() if (key == 'r') : rotAngle() if (key == 'R') : rotAxis() if (key == 'd') : demoStep() if (key == 'a') : autoDemo = -autoDemo if (key == 'A') : autoDemo = -autoDemo if (key == ' ') : stop()
def stop() :
global autoDemo, rotAn
autoDemo = -1
while rotAn <> 0 :
rotAngle()
print("**Stop**")
r=100 t=0 while True: # Animation-loop
rate(50)
t = t+1
if rotAn != 0 :
c.rotate( angle=rotAn, axis=rotAx )
if t>=r :
t=0
if autoDemo>0 :
demoStep()
</lang>
Racket
<lang Racket>#lang racket/gui (require sgl/gl)
- Macro to delimit and automatically end glBegin - glEnd contexts.
(define-syntax-rule (gl-begin-end Vertex-Mode statement ...)
(let () (glBegin Vertex-Mode) statement ... (glEnd)))
(define (resize w h)
(glViewport 0 0 w h))
(define (draw-opengl x y z)
(glClearColor 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0) (glEnable GL_DEPTH_TEST) (glClear GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) (glClear GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
(define max-axis (add1 (max x y z)))
(glMatrixMode GL_PROJECTION) (glLoadIdentity) (glOrtho (/ (- max-axis) 2) max-axis (/ (- max-axis) 2) max-axis (/ (- max-axis) 2) max-axis) (glMatrixMode GL_MODELVIEW) (glLoadIdentity) (glRotatef -45 1.0 0.0 0.0) (glRotatef 45 0.0 1.0 0.0)
(gl-begin-end GL_QUADS
(glColor3f 0 0 1)
(glVertex3d x 0.0 z)
(glVertex3d x y z)
(glVertex3d x y 0.0)
(glVertex3d x 0.0 0.0))
(gl-begin-end GL_QUADS
(glColor3f 1 0 0)
(glVertex3d x 0.0 0.0)
(glVertex3d x y 0.0)
(glVertex3d 0.0 y 0.0)
(glVertex3d 0.0 0.0 0.0))
(gl-begin-end GL_QUADS
(glColor3f 0 1 0)
(glVertex3d x y 0.0)
(glVertex3d x y z)
(glVertex3d 0.0 y z)
(glVertex3d 0.0 y 0.0)))
(define my-canvas%
(class* canvas% () (inherit with-gl-context swap-gl-buffers) (init-field (x 2) (y 3) (z 4))
(define/override (on-paint)
(with-gl-context
(lambda ()
(draw-opengl x y z)
(swap-gl-buffers))))
(define/override (on-size width height)
(with-gl-context
(lambda ()
(resize width height))))
(super-instantiate () (style '(gl)))))
(define win (new frame% (label "Racket Draw a cuboid") (min-width 300) (min-height 300))) (define gl (new my-canvas% (parent win) (x 2) (y 3) (z 4)))
(send win show #t)</lang>
Raku
(formerly Perl 6)
<lang perl6>sub braille-graphics (%a) {
my ($ylo, $yhi, $xlo, $xhi);
for %a.keys -> $y {
$ylo min= +$y; $yhi max= +$y; for %a{$y}.keys -> $x { $xlo min= +$x; $xhi max= +$x; }
}
for $ylo, $ylo + 4 ...^ * > $yhi -> \y {
for $xlo, $xlo + 2 ...^ * > $xhi -> \x { my $cell = 0x2800; $cell += 1 if %a{y + 0}{x + 0}; $cell += 2 if %a{y + 1}{x + 0}; $cell += 4 if %a{y + 2}{x + 0}; $cell += 8 if %a{y + 0}{x + 1}; $cell += 16 if %a{y + 1}{x + 1}; $cell += 32 if %a{y + 2}{x + 1}; $cell += 64 if %a{y + 3}{x + 0}; $cell += 128 if %a{y + 3}{x + 1}; print chr($cell); } print "\n";
}
}
sub cuboid ( [$x, $y, $z] ) {
my \x = $x * 4;
my \y = $y * 4;
my \z = $z * 2;
my %t;
sub horz ($X, $Y) { %t{$Y }{$X + $_} = True for 0 .. x }
sub vert ($X, $Y) { %t{$Y + $_}{$X } = True for 0 .. y }
sub diag ($X, $Y) { %t{$Y - $_}{$X + $_} = True for 0 .. z }
horz(0, z); horz(z, 0); horz( 0, z+y);
vert(0, z); vert(x, z); vert(z+x, 0);
diag(0, z); diag(x, z); diag( x, z+y);
say "[$x, $y, $z]";
braille-graphics %t;
}
cuboid $_ for [2,3,4], [3,4,2], [4,2,3], [1,1,1], [8,1,1], [1,8,1], [1,1,8];</lang>
- Output:
Retro
<lang Retro>3 elements d h w
- spaces ( n- ) &space times ;
- --- ( - ) '+ putc @w 2 * [ '- putc ] times '+ putc ;
- ? ( n- ) @h <> [ '| ] [ '+ ] if ;
- slice ( n- ) '/ putc @w 2 * spaces '/ putc @d swap - dup spaces ? putc cr ;
- |...|/ ( - ) @h [ '| putc @w 2 * spaces '| putc 1- spaces '/ putc cr ] iterd ;
- face ( - )
--- @w 1+ spaces '/ putc cr |...|/ --- cr ;
- cuboid ( whd- )
!d !h !w cr @d 1+ spaces --- cr @d [ dup spaces slice ] iterd face ;
2 3 4 cuboid</lang>
- Output:
+----+
/ /|
/ / |
/ / |
/ / +
+----+ /
| | /
| | /
| |/
+----+
REXX
<lang rexx>/*REXX program displays a cuboid (dimensions, if specified, must be positive integers).*/ parse arg x y z indent . /*x, y, z: dimensions and indentation.*/ x=p(x 2); y=p(y 3); z=p(z 4); in=p(indent 0) /*use the defaults if not specified. */ pad=left(, in) /*indentation must be non-negative. */
call show y+2 , , "+-"
do j=1 for y; call show y-j+2, j-1, "/ |" ; end /*j*/
call show , y , "+-|"
do z-1; call show , y , "| |" ; end /*z-1*/
call show , y , "| +"
do j=1 for y; call show , y-j, "| /" ; end /*j*/
call show , , "+-"
exit /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */ /*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ p: return word( arg(1), 1) /*pick the first number or word in list*/ /*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/ show: parse arg #,$,a 2 b 3 c 4 /*get the arguments (or parts thereof).*/
say pad || right(a, p(# 1) )copies(b, 4*x)a || right(c, p($ 0) + 1); return</lang>
output when using the input of: 2 3 4 35
+--------+
/ /|
/ / |
/ / |
+--------+ |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | +
| | /
| | /
| |/
+--------+
output when using the input of: 1 1 1
+----+ / /| +----+ | | | + | |/ +----+
output when using the input of: 6 2 1 25
+------------------------+
/ /|
/ / |
+------------------------+ |
| | +
| | /
| |/
+------------------------+
Ring
<lang ring>
- Project : Draw a cuboid
load "guilib.ring"
paint = null
new qapp
{
win1 = new qwidget() {
setwindowtitle("Draw a cuboid")
setgeometry(100,100,500,600)
label1 = new qlabel(win1) {
setgeometry(10,10,400,400)
settext("")
}
new qpushbutton(win1) {
setgeometry(150,500,100,30)
settext("draw")
setclickevent("draw()")
}
show()
}
exec()
}
func draw
p1 = new qpicture()
color = new qcolor() {
setrgb(0,0,255,255)
}
pen = new qpen() {
setcolor(color)
setwidth(1)
}
paint = new qpainter() {
begin(p1)
setpen(pen)
color = new qcolor()
color.setrgb(255,0,0,255)
mybrush = new qbrush() {setstyle(1) setcolor(color)}
setbrush(mybrush)
paint.drawPolygon([[200,200],[300,200],[300,100],[200,100]], 0)
color = new qcolor()
color.setrgb(0,255,0,255)
mybrush = new qbrush() {setstyle(1) setcolor(color)}
setbrush(mybrush)
paint.drawPolygon([[200,100],[250,50],[350,50],[300,100]], 0)
color = new qcolor()
color.setrgb(0, 0, 255,255)
mybrush = new qbrush() {setstyle(1) setcolor(color)}
setbrush(mybrush)
paint.drawPolygon([[350,50],[350,150],[300,200],[300,100]], 0)
endpaint()
}
label1 { setpicture(p1) show() }
return
</lang> Output:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/bdew8ihhm0c79sd/DrawCuboid.jpg?dl=0
Ruby
<lang ruby>X, Y, Z = 6, 2, 3 DIR = {"-" => [1,0], "|" => [0,1], "/" => [1,1]}
def cuboid(nx, ny, nz)
puts "cuboid %d %d %d:" % [nx, ny, nz]
x, y, z = X*nx, Y*ny, Z*nz
area = Array.new(y+z+1){" " * (x+y+1)}
draw_line = lambda do |n, sx, sy, c|
dx, dy = DIR[c]
(n+1).times do |i|
xi, yi = sx+i*dx, sy+i*dy
area[yi][xi] = (area[yi][xi]==" " ? c : "+")
end
end
nz .times {|i| draw_line[x, 0, Z*i, "-"]}
(ny+1).times {|i| draw_line[x, Y*i, z+Y*i, "-"]}
nx .times {|i| draw_line[z, X*i, 0, "|"]}
(ny+1).times {|i| draw_line[z, x+Y*i, Y*i, "|"]}
nz .times {|i| draw_line[y, x, Z*i, "/"]}
(nx+1).times {|i| draw_line[y, X*i, z, "/"]}
puts area.reverse
end
cuboid(2, 3, 4) cuboid(1, 1, 1) cuboid(6, 2, 1) cuboid(2, 4, 1)</lang>
- Output:
cuboid 2 3 4:
+-----+-----+
/ / /|
+-----+-----+ |
/ / /| +
+-----+-----+ |/|
/ / /| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/|
| | |/| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/|
| | |/| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/
| | |/| +
+-----+-----+ |/
| | | +
| | |/
+-----+-----+
cuboid 1 1 1:
+-----+
/ /|
+-----+ |
| | +
| |/
+-----+
cuboid 6 2 1:
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
/ / / / / / /|
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |
/ / / / / / /| +
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |/
| | | | | | | +
| | | | | | |/
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
cuboid 2 4 1:
+-----+-----+
/ / /|
+-----+-----+ |
/ / /| +
+-----+-----+ |/
/ / /| +
+-----+-----+ |/
/ / /| +
+-----+-----+ |/
| | | +
| | |/
+-----+-----+
Scala
Java Swing Interoperability
<lang Scala>import java.awt._ import java.awt.event.{MouseAdapter, MouseEvent}
import javax.swing._
import scala.math.{Pi, cos, sin}
object Cuboid extends App {
SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() => {
class Cuboid extends JPanel {
private val nodes: Array[Array[Double]] =
Array(Array(-1, -1, -1), Array(-1, -1, 1), Array(-1, 1, -1), Array(-1, 1, 1),
Array(1, -1, -1), Array(1, -1, 1), Array(1, 1, -1), Array(1, 1, 1))
private var mouseX, prevMouseX, mouseY, prevMouseY: Int = _
private def edges =
Seq(Seq(0, 1), Seq(1, 3), Seq(3, 2), Seq(2, 0),
Seq(4, 5), Seq(5, 7), Seq(7, 6), Seq(6, 4),
Seq(0, 4), Seq(1, 5), Seq(2, 6), Seq(3, 7))
override def paintComponent(gg: Graphics): Unit = {
val g = gg.asInstanceOf[Graphics2D]
def drawCube(g: Graphics2D): Unit = {
g.translate(getWidth / 2, getHeight / 2)
for (edge <- edges) {
g.drawLine(nodes(edge.head)(0).round.toInt, nodes(edge.head)(1).round.toInt,
nodes(edge(1))(0).round.toInt, nodes(edge(1))(1).round.toInt)
}
for (node <- nodes) g.fillOval(node(0).round.toInt - 4, node(1).round.toInt - 4, 8, 8)
}
super.paintComponent(gg)
g.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON)
drawCube(g)
}
private def scale(sx: Double, sy: Double, sz: Double): Unit = {
for (node <- nodes) {
node(0) *= sx
node(1) *= sy
node(2) *= sz
}
}
private def rotateCube(angleX: Double, angleY: Double): Unit = {
val (sinX, cosX, sinY, cosY) = (sin(angleX), cos(angleX), sin(angleY), cos(angleY))
for (node <- nodes) {
val (x, y, z) = (node.head, node(1), node(2))
node(0) = x * cosX - z * sinX
node(2) = z * cosX + x * sinX
node(1) = y * cosY - node(2) * sinY
node(2) = node(2) * cosY + y * sinY
}
}
addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
override def mousePressed(e: MouseEvent): Unit = {
mouseX = e.getX
mouseY = e.getY
}
})
addMouseMotionListener(new MouseAdapter() {
override def mouseDragged(e: MouseEvent): Unit = {
prevMouseX = mouseX
prevMouseY = mouseY
mouseX = e.getX
mouseY = e.getY
rotateCube((mouseX - prevMouseX) * 0.01, (mouseY - prevMouseY) * 0.01)
repaint()
}
})
scale(80, 120, 160)
rotateCube(Pi / 5, Pi / 9)
setPreferredSize(new Dimension(640, 640))
setBackground(Color.white)
}
new JFrame("Cuboid") {
add(new Cuboid, BorderLayout.CENTER)
pack()
setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE)
setLocationRelativeTo(null)
setResizable(false)
setVisible(true)
}
})
}</lang>
Sidef
<lang ruby>const dirs = Hash("-" => [1,0], "|" => [0,1], "/" => [1,1]) func cuboid(nx, ny, nz) {
say("cuboid %d %d %d:" % [nx, ny, nz])
var(x, y, z) = (8*nx, 2*ny, 4*nz)
var area = []
var line = func(n, sx, sy, c) {
var(dx, dy) = dirs{c}...
for i (0..n) {
var (xi, yi) = (sx + i*dx, sy + i*dy)
area[yi] \\= [" "]*(x+y+1)
area[yi][xi] = (area[yi][xi] == " " ? c : '+')
}
}
0 .. nz-1 -> each {|i| line(x, 0, 4*i, "-") }
0 .. ny -> each {|i| line(x, 2*i, z + 2*i, "-") }
0 .. nx-1 -> each {|i| line(z, 8*i, 0, "|") }
0 .. ny -> each {|i| line(z, x + 2*i, 2*i, "|") }
0 .. nz-1 -> each {|i| line(y, x, 4*i, "/") }
0 .. nx -> each {|i| line(y, 8*i, z, "/") }
area.reverse.each { |line|
say line.join()
}
} cuboid(2, 3, 4) cuboid(1, 1, 1) cuboid(6, 2, 1) cuboid(2, 4, 1)</lang>
A faster approach: <lang ruby>func cuboid (x=1,y=1,z=1,s=' ',c='+',h='-',v='|',d='/') {
say("cuboid %d %d %d:" % (x, y, z))
' ' * z+1 + c + h*x + c -> say
{ |i|
' ' * (z - i + 1) + d + s*x + d +
(s * (i - (i > y ? i-y : 1))) +
(i - 1 == y ? c : (i > y ? d : v)) -> say
}.for(1..z)
c + h*x + c + (s * (z < y ? z : y) +
(z < y ? v : (z == y ? c : d))) -> say
{ |i|
v + s*x + v + (z > y
? (i >= z ? (s*x + c) : (s * y-i + d))
: (y - i > z
? (s * z + v)
: (s * y-i + (y-i == z ? c : d))
)
) -> say;
}.for(1..y)
c + h*x + c -> say
}
cuboid(2, 3, 4) cuboid(1, 1, 1) cuboid(6, 2, 1) cuboid(2, 4, 1)</lang>
- Output:
cuboid 2 3 4:
+--+
/ /|
/ / |
/ / |
/ / +
+--+ /
| | /
| | /
| |/
+--+
cuboid 1 1 1:
+-+
/ /|
+-+ +
| |/
+-+
cuboid 6 2 1:
+------+
/ /|
+------+ |
| | +
| |/
+------+
cuboid 2 4 1:
+--+
/ /|
+--+ |
| | |
| | |
| | +
| |/
+--+
Tcl
<lang tcl>package require Tcl 8.5 package require Tk package require math::linearalgebra package require math::constants
- Helper for constructing a rectangular face in 3D
proc face {px1 py1 pz1 px2 py2 pz2 px3 py3 pz3 px4 py4 pz4 color} {
set centroidX [expr {($px1+$px2+$px3+$px4)/4.0}]
set centroidY [expr {($py1+$py2+$py3+$py4)/4.0}]
set centroidZ [expr {($pz1+$pz2+$pz3+$pz4)/4.0}]
list [list \
[list [expr {double($px1)}] [expr {double($py1)}] [expr {double($pz1)}]] \ [list [expr {double($px2)}] [expr {double($py2)}] [expr {double($pz2)}]] \ [list [expr {double($px3)}] [expr {double($py3)}] [expr {double($pz3)}]] \ [list [expr {double($px4)}] [expr {double($py4)}] [expr {double($pz4)}]]] \ [list $centroidX $centroidY $centroidZ] \ $color }
- How to make a cuboid of given size at the origin
proc makeCuboid {size} {
lassign $size x y z list \
[face 0 0 0 0 $y 0 $x $y 0 $x 0 0 "#800000"] \ [face 0 0 0 0 $y 0 0 $y $z 0 0 $z "#ff8080"] \ [face 0 0 0 $x 0 0 $x 0 $z 0 0 $z "#000080"] \ [face $x 0 0 $x $y 0 $x $y $z $x 0 $z "#008000"] \ [face 0 $y 0 $x $y 0 $x $y $z 0 $y $z "#80ff80"] \ [face 0 0 $z $x 0 $z $x $y $z 0 $y $z "#8080ff"] }
- Project a shape onto a surface (Tk canvas); assumes that the shape's faces
- are simple and non-intersecting (i.e., it sorts by centroid z-order).
proc drawShape {surface shape} {
global projection
lassign $projection pmat poff
lassign $poff px py pz
foreach side $shape {
lassign $side points centroid color set pc [::math::linearalgebra::matmul $pmat $centroid] lappend sorting [list [expr {[lindex $pc 2]+$pz}] $points $color]
}
foreach side [lsort -real -decreasing -index 0 $sorting] {
lassign $side sortCriterion points color set plotpoints {} foreach p $points { set p [::math::linearalgebra::matmul $pmat $p] lappend plotpoints \ [expr {[lindex $p 0]+$px}] [expr {[lindex $p 1]+$py}] } $surface create poly $plotpoints -outline {} -fill $color
}
}
- How to construct the projection transform.
- This is instead of using a hokey hard-coded version
namespace eval transform {
namespace import ::math::linearalgebra::*
::math::constants::constants pi
proc make {angle scale offset} {
variable pi set c [expr {cos($angle*$pi/180)}] set s [expr {sin($angle*$pi/180)}] set ms [expr {-$s}] set rotX [list {1.0 0.0 0.0} [list 0.0 $c $ms] [list 0.0 $s $c]] set rotY [list [list $c 0.0 $s] {0.0 1.0 0.0} [list $ms 0.0 $c]] set rotZ [list [list $c $s 0.0] [list $ms $c 0.0] {0.0 0.0 1.0}] set mat [scale $scale [mkIdentity 3]] set mat [matmul [matmul [matmul $mat $rotX] $rotY] $rotZ] return [list $mat $offset]
}
}
- End of definitions
- Put the pieces together
pack [canvas .c -width 400 -height 400]
set cuboid [makeCuboid {2 3 4}]
set projection [transform::make 15 50 {100 100 100}]
drawShape .c $cuboid</lang>
This becomes more engaging if the drawing is animated with a final driver piece like this (the definitions part of the code is identical to above): <lang tcl>pack [canvas .c -width 400 -height 400] set cuboid [makeCuboid {2 3 4}] wm protocol . WM_DELETE_WINDOW { exit } while 1 {
incr i
.c delete all
set projection [transform::make $i 40 {150 150 100}]
drawShape .c $cuboid
update
after 50
}</lang>
VBScript
<lang vb>x = 6 : y = 2 : z = 3
Sub cuboid(nx, ny, nz)
WScript.StdOut.WriteLine "Cuboid " & nx & " " & ny & " " & nz & ":" lx = X * nx : ly = y * ny : lz = z * nz
'define the array
Dim area(): ReDim area(ly+lz, lx+ly)
For i = 0 to ly+lz
For j = 0 to lx+ly : area(i,j) = " " : Next
Next
'drawing lines For i = 0 to nz-1 : drawLine area, lx, 0, Z*i, "-" : Next For i = 0 to ny : drawLine area, lx, y*i, lz+y*i, "-" : Next For i = 0 to nx-1 : drawLine area, lz, x*i, 0, "|" : Next For i = 0 to ny : drawLine area, lz, lx+y*i, y*i, "|" : Next For i = 0 to nz-1 : drawLine area, ly, lx, z*i, "/" : Next For i = 0 to nx : drawLine area, ly, x*i, lz, "/" : Next
'output the cuboid (in reverse)
For i = UBound(area,1) to 0 Step -1
linOut = ""
For j = 0 to UBound(area,2) : linOut = linOut & area(i,j) : Next
WScript.StdOut.WriteLine linOut
Next
End Sub
Sub drawLine(arr, n, sx, sy, c)
Select Case c
Case "-"
dx = 1 : dy = 0
Case "|"
dx = 0 : dy = 1
Case "/"
dx = 1 : dy = 1
End Select
For i = 0 to n
xi = sx + (i * dx) : yi = sy + (i * dy)
If arr(yi, xi) = " " Then
arr(yi, xi) = c
Else
arr(yi, xi) = "+"
End If
Next
End Sub
cuboid 2,3,4</lang>
- Output:
Cuboid 2 3 4:
+-----+-----+
/ / /|
+-----+-----+ |
/ / /| +
+-----+-----+ |/|
/ / /| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/|
| | |/| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/|
| | |/| + |
+-----+-----+ |/| +
| | | + |/
| | |/| +
+-----+-----+ |/
| | | +
| | |/
+-----+-----+
Wren
<lang ecmascript>import "/fmt" for Fmt
var cubLine = Fn.new { |n, dx, dy, cde|
Fmt.write("$*s", n + 1, cde[0])
for (d in 9*dx - 1...0) System.write(cde[1])
System.write(cde[0])
Fmt.print("$*s", dy + 1, cde[2..-1])
}
var cuboid = Fn.new { |dx, dy, dz|
Fmt.print("cuboid $d $d $d:", dx, dy, dz)
cubLine.call(dy+1, dx, 0, "+-")
for (i in 1..dy) cubLine.call(dy-i+1, dx, i-1, "/ |")
cubLine.call(0, dx, dy, "+-|")
for (i in 4*dz - dy - 2...0) cubLine.call(0, dx, dy, "| |")
cubLine.call(0, dx, dy, "| +")
for (i in 1..dy) cubLine.call(0, dx, dy-i, "| /")
cubLine.call(0, dx, 0, "+-\n")
}
cuboid.call(2, 3, 4) cuboid.call(1, 1, 1) cuboid.call(6, 2, 1)</lang>
- Output:
cuboid 2 3 4:
+-----------------+
/ /|
/ / |
/ / |
+-----------------+ |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | +
| | /
| | /
| |/
+-----------------+
cuboid 1 1 1:
+--------+
/ /|
+--------+ |
| | |
| | +
| |/
+--------+
cuboid 6 2 1:
+-----------------------------------------------------+
/ /|
/ / |
+-----------------------------------------------------+ |
| | +
| | /
| |/
+-----------------------------------------------------+
X86 Assembly
Sixty bytes handles it. <lang asm> 1 ;DRAWCUBE.ASM
2 ;Assemble with: tasm, tlink /t
3 0000 .model tiny
4 0000 .code
5 .386
6 org 100h
7 ;assume: ax=0000h, bx=0000h, cx=00ff, and
8 ; direction bit is clear (di increments)
9 ; ____
10 =0050 X0 equ 80 ; / /|
11 =0050 Y0 equ 80 ; / / |
12 =0050 wide equ 80 ; X0,Y0 +---+ |
13 =0050 tall equ 80 ; | | |
14 =0028 deep equ 40 ; | | /
15 ; |___|/
16
17 0100 B0 13 start: mov al, 13h ;set 320x200x8 graphic screen
18 0102 CD 10 int 10h
19 0104 68 A000 push 0A000h ;point es to graphic memory segment
20 0107 07 pop es
21
22 ;Draw front of cuboid using horizontal lines
23 0108 B3 50 mov bl, tall
24 010A BF C850 mov di, X0+(Y0+tall)*320 ;set pen to lower-left corner
25 010D B0 04 mov al, 4 ;use red ink
26 010F B1 50 dc10: mov cl, wide ;draw horizontal line
27 0111 F3> AA rep stosb ;es:[di++], al; cx--
28 0113 81 EF 0190 sub di, wide+320 ;move up to start of next line
29 0117 4B dec bx ;at top of face?
30 0118 75 F5 jne dc10 ;loop if not
31
32 011A B3 28 mov bl, deep
33 ;Draw top using horizontal lines
34 011C B0 02 dc20: mov al, 2 ;use green ink
35 011E B1 50 mov cl, wide ;draw horizontal line
36 0120 F3> AA rep stosb ;es:[di++], al; cx--
37
38 ;Draw side using vertical lines
39 0122 B0 09 mov al, 9 ;use bright blue ink
40 0124 B1 50 mov cl, tall ;draw vertical line
41 0126 AA vl10: stosb ;es:[di++], al
42 0127 81 C7 013F add di, 320-1 ;move down a pixel
43 012B E2 F9 loop vl10
44
45 012D 81 EF 658F sub di, wide+(tall+1)*320-1 ;move to start of next top line
46 0131 4B dec bx ;at deep limit?
47 0132 75 E8 jne dc20 ;loop if not
48
49 0134 CD 16 int 16h ;wait for keystroke (ah=0)
50 0136 B8 0003 mov ax, 0003h ;restore normal text-mode screen
51 0139 CD 10 int 10h
52 013B C3 ret ;return to DOS
53
54 end start
</lang>
- Output:
XPL0
<lang XPL0>include c:\cxpl\codes; \intrinsic 'code' declarations real X, Y, Z, Farthest; \arrays: 3D coordinates of vertices int I, J, K, SI, Segment; def Size=50.0, Sz=0.008, Sx=-0.013; \drawing size and tumbling speeds [X:= [-2.0, +2.0, +2.0, -2.0, -2.0, +2.0, +2.0, -2.0];
Y:= [-1.5, -1.5, +1.5, +1.5, -1.5, -1.5, +1.5, +1.5]; Z:= [-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, +1.0, +1.0, +1.0, +1.0];
Segment:= [0,1, 1,2, 2,3, 3,0, 4,5, 5,6, 6,7, 7,4, 0,4, 1,5, 2,6, 3,7]; SetVid($101); \set 640x480 graphics with 256 colors repeat Farthest:= 0.0; \find the farthest vertex
for I:= 0 to 8-1 do
if Z(I) > Farthest then [Farthest:= Z(I); SI:= I];
Clear; \erase screen
for I:= 0 to 2*12-1 do \for all the vertices...
[J:= Segment(I); I:= I+1; \get vertex number
Move(fix(X(J)*Size)+640/2, fix(Y(J)*Size)+480/2);
K:= Segment(I);
Line(fix(X(K)*Size)+640/2, fix(Y(K)*Size)+480/2,
if J=SI ! K=SI then $F009 \dashed blue\ else $C \red\);
];
Sound(0, 1, 1); \delay 1/18 second to prevent flicker
for I:= 0 to 8-1 do
[X(I):= X(I) + Y(I)*Sz; \rotate vertices in X-Y plane
Y(I):= Y(I) - X(I)*Sz;
Y(I):= Y(I) + Z(I)*Sx; \rotate vertices in Y-Z plane
Z(I):= Z(I) - Y(I)*Sx;
];
until KeyHit; \run until a key is struck SetVid(3); \restore normal text mode (for DOS) ]</lang>
zkl
Draws a wire frame PPM image, no hidden/dotted lines.
Uses the PPM class from http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bitmap/Bresenham%27s_line_algorithm#zkl
<lang zkl>var [const] M=50.0;
fcn cuboid(w,h,z){
w*=M; h*=M; z*=M; // relative to abs dimensions bitmap:=PPM(400,400);
clr:=0xff0000; // red facing rectangle bitmap.line(0,0, w,0, clr); bitmap.line(0,0, 0,h, clr); bitmap.line(0,h, w,h, clr); bitmap.line(w,0, w,h, clr);
r,a:=(w+z).toFloat().toPolar(0); // relative to the origin
a,b:=r.toRectangular((30.0).toRad() + a).apply("toInt"); c:=a; d:=b+h;
clr=0xff; // blue right side of cuboid
bitmap.line(w,0, a,b, clr); bitmap.line(a,b, c,d, clr);
bitmap.line(w,h, c,d, clr);
e:=c-w;
clr=0xfff00; // green top of cuboid
bitmap.line(0,h, e,d, clr); bitmap.line(c,d, e,d, clr);
bitmap.write(File("foo.ppm","wb"));
}(2,3,4);</lang>
- Output:
ZX Spectrum Basic
<lang zxbasic>10 LET width=50: LET height=width*1.5: LET depth=width*2 20 LET x=80: LET y=10 30 PLOT x,y 40 DRAW 0,height: DRAW width,0: DRAW 0,-height: DRAW -width,0: REM Front 50 PLOT x,y+height: DRAW depth/2,height: DRAW width,0: DRAW 0,-height: DRAW -width,-height 60 PLOT x+width,y+height: DRAW depth/2,height</lang>