Convex hull: Difference between revisions
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{{
Find the points which form a [[wp:Convex hull|convex hull]] from a set of arbitrary two dimensional points.
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<br><br>
;See also
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRTGDig3jx8 Convex Hull (youtube)]
* http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/convex-hull-set-2-graham-scan/
<br><br>
=={{header|11l}}==
{{trans|Nim}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="11l">F orientation(p, q, r)
V val = (q.y - p.y) * (r.x - q.x) - (q.x - p.x) * (r.y - q.y)
I val == 0
R 0
R I val > 0 {1} E 2
F calculateConvexHull(points)
[(Int, Int)] result
I points.len < 3
R points
V indexMinX = 0
L(p) points
V i = L.index
I p.x < points[indexMinX].x
indexMinX = i
V p = indexMinX
V q = 0
L
result.append(points[p])
q = (p + 1) % points.len
L(i) 0 .< points.len
I orientation(points[p], points[i], points[q]) == 2
q = i
p = q
I p == indexMinX
L.break
R result
V points = [(16, 3),
(12, 17),
(0, 6),
(-4, -6),
(16, 6),
(16, -7),
(17, -4),
(5, 19),
(19, -8),
(3, 16),
(12, 13),
(3, -4),
(17, 5),
(-3, 15),
(-3, -9),
(0, 11),
(-9, -3),
(-4, -2),
(12, 10)]
V hull = calculateConvexHull(points)
L(i) hull
print(i)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
(-9, -3)
(-3, -9)
(19, -8)
(17, 5)
(12, 17)
(5, 19)
(-3, 15)
</pre>
=={{header|Action!}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="action!">DEFINE POINTSIZE="4"
TYPE PointI=[INT x,y]
CARD FUNC GetAddr(INT ARRAY points BYTE index)
RETURN (points+POINTSIZE*index)
BYTE FUNC GetMinXIndex(INT ARRAY points BYTE pLen)
PointI POINTER p
BYTE i,index
INT minX
p=GetAddr(points,0)
minX=p.x
index=0
FOR i=1 TO pLen-1
DO
p=GetAddr(points,i)
IF p.x<minX THEN
minX=p.x
index=i
FI
OD
RETURN (index)
BYTE FUNC Orientation(PointI POINTER p,q,r)
INT v
v=(q.y-p.y)*(r.x-q.x)
v==-(q.x-p.x)*(r.y-q.y)
IF v=0 THEN
RETURN (0)
ELSEIF v>0 THEN
RETURN (1)
FI
RETURN (2)
PROC ConvexHull(INT ARRAY points BYTE pLen
INT ARRAY res BYTE POINTER resLen)
PointI POINTER pSrc,pDst,p1,p2,p3
BYTE minIndex,i,p,q
IF pLen<3 THEN
resLen^=pLen
MoveBlock(res,points,pLen*POINTSIZE)
RETURN
FI
resLen^=0
minIndex=GetMinXIndex(points,pLen)
p=minIndex q=0
DO
pSrc=GetAddr(points,p)
pDst=GetAddr(res,resLen^)
pDst.x=pSrc.x
pDst.y=pSrc.y
resLen^==+1
q=(p+1) MOD pLen
FOR i=0 TO pLen-1
DO
p1=GetAddr(points,p)
p2=GetAddr(points,i)
p3=GetAddr(points,q)
IF Orientation(p1,p2,p3)=2 THEN
q=i
FI
OD
p=q
UNTIL p=minIndex
OD
RETURN
PROC PrintPoints(INT ARRAY points BYTE len)
PointI POINTER p
BYTE i
FOR i=0 TO len-1
DO
p=GetAddr(points,i)
PrintF("(%I,%I) ",p.x,p.y)
OD
RETURN
PROC Main()
INT ARRAY points=[
16 3 12 17 0 6 65532 65530
16 6 16 65529 17 65532 5 19
19 65528 3 16 12 13 3 65532
17 5 65533 15 65533 65527
0 11 65527 65533 65532 65534
12 10]
INT ARRAY result(38)
BYTE pLen=[19],rlen
ConvexHull(points,pLen,result,@rlen)
PrintE("Points:")
PrintPoints(points,pLen)
PutE() PutE()
PrintE("Convex hull:")
PrintPoints(result,rLen)
RETURN</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
[https://gitlab.com/amarok8bit/action-rosetta-code/-/raw/master/images/Convex_hull.png Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer]
<pre>
Points:
(16,3) (12,17) (0,6) (-4,-6) (16,6) (16,-7) (17,-4) (5,19) (19,-8) (3,16) (12,13) (3,-4) (17,5) (-3,15) (-3,-9) (0,11) (-9,-3) (-4,-2) (12,10)
Convex hull:
(-9,-3) (-3,-9) (19,-8) (17,5) (12,17) (5,19) (-3,15)
</pre>
=={{header|Ada}}==
{{trans|D}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="ada">with Ada.Text_IO;
with Ada.Containers.Vectors;
procedure Convex_Hull is
type Point is record
X, Y : Integer;
end record;
package Point_Vectors is
new Ada.Containers.Vectors (Index_Type => Positive,
Element_Type => Point);
use Point_Vectors;
function Find_Convex_Hull (Vec : in Vector) return Vector is
function Counter_Clock_Wise (A, B, C : in Point) return Boolean is
((B.X - A.X) * (C.Y - A.Y) > (B.Y - A.Y) * (C.X - A.X));
function Less_Than (Left, Right : Point) return Boolean is
(Left.X < Right.X);
package Sorter is
new Point_Vectors.Generic_Sorting (Less_Than);
Sorted : Vector := Vec;
Result : Vector := Empty_vector;
use type Ada.Containers.Count_Type;
begin
if Vec = Empty_Vector then
return Empty_Vector;
end if;
Sorter.Sort (Sorted);
-- Lower hull
for Index in Sorted.First_Index .. Sorted.Last_Index loop
while
Result.Length >= 2 and then
not Counter_Clock_Wise (Result (Result.Last_Index - 1),
Result (Result.Last_Index),
Sorted (Index))
loop
Result.Delete_Last;
end loop;
Result.Append (Sorted (Index));
end loop;
-- Upper hull
declare
T : constant Ada.Containers.Count_Type := Result.Length + 1;
begin
for Index in reverse Sorted.First_Index .. Sorted.Last_Index loop
while
Result.Length >= T and then
not Counter_Clock_Wise (Result (Result.Last_Index - 1),
Result (Result.Last_Index),
Sorted (Index))
loop
Result.Delete_Last;
end loop;
Result.Append (Sorted (Index));
end loop;
end;
Result.Delete_Last;
return Result;
end Find_Convex_Hull;
procedure Show (Vec : in Vector) is
use Ada.Text_IO;
begin
Put ("[ ");
for Point of Vec loop
Put ("(" & Point.X'Image & "," & Point.Y'Image & ")");
end loop;
Put (" ]");
end Show;
Vec : constant Vector :=
(16, 3) & (12,17) & ( 0, 6) & (-4,-6) & (16, 6) &
(16,-7) & (16,-3) & (17,-4) & ( 5,19) & (19,-8) &
( 3,16) & (12,13) & ( 3,-4) & (17, 5) & (-3,15) &
(-3,-9) & ( 0,11) & (-9,-3) & (-4,-2) & (12,10);
begin
Show (Find_Convex_Hull (Vec));
Ada.Text_IO.New_Line;
end Convex_Hull;</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>[ (-9,-3)(-3,-9)( 19,-8)( 17, 5)( 12, 17)( 5, 19)(-3, 15) ]
</pre>
=={{header|Arturo}}==
{{trans|Rust}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="rebol">define :point [x y][]
orientation: function [P Q R][
val: sub (Q\y - P\y)*(R\x - Q\x) (Q\x - P\x)*(R\y - Q\y)
if val=0 -> return 0
if val>0 -> return 1
return 2
]
calculateConvexHull: function [points][
result: new []
if 3 > size points [
loop points 'p -> 'result ++ p
]
indexMinX: 0
loop.with:'i points 'p [
if p\x < get points\[indexMinX] 'x ->
indexMinX: i
]
p: indexMinX
q: 0
while [true][
'result ++ points\[p]
q: (p + 1) % size points
loop 0..dec size points 'i [
if 2 = orientation points\[p] points\[i] points\[q] ->
q: i
]
p: q
if p=indexMinX -> break
]
return result
]
points: @[
to :point [16 3],
to :point [12 17],
to :point [0 6],
to :point @[neg 4 neg 6],
to :point [16 6],
to :point @[16 neg 7],
to :point @[17 neg 4],
to :point [5 19],
to :point @[19 neg 8],
to :point [3 16],
to :point [12 13],
to :point @[3 neg 4],
to :point [17 5],
to :point @[neg 3 15],
to :point @[neg 3 neg 9],
to :point [0 11],
to :point @[neg 9 neg 3],
to :point @[neg 4 neg 2],
to :point [12 10]
]
hull: calculateConvexHull points
loop hull 'i ->
print i</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>[x:-9 y:-3]
[x:-3 y:-9]
[x:19 y:-8]
[x:17 y:5]
[x:12 y:17]
[x:5 y:19]
[x:-3 y:15]</pre>
=={{header|ATS}}==
{{trans|Standard ML}}
I purposely demonstrate various features, although I personally do not favor the syntax of the '''.x''' and '''.y''' overloads. (I have sometimes had this syntax get confused with record field syntax.)
<syntaxhighlight lang="ats">//
// Convex hulls by Andrew's monotone chain algorithm.
//
// For a description of the algorithm, see
// https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain&stableid=40169
//
//
// The implementation is designed for use with a garbage collector.
// In other words, some of the memory is allowed to leak.
//
// Sometimes, where it is slightly easier if one does so, we do try to
// free memory. Boehm GC sometimes cannot free allocated memory
// itself, so perhaps it is just as well if an ATS program explicitly
// frees some of its memory.
//
#include "share/atspre_staload.hats"
#define NIL list_nil ()
#define :: list_cons
(* Make the floating point type big, so use of a boxed representation
for points makes some sense. *)
typedef floatpt = ldouble
extern castfn int2floatpt : int -<> floatpt
overload i2fp with int2floatpt
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
//
// Enough plane geometry for our purpose.
//
(* Let us make the point type boxed. Here is one way to do that. The
name of the type will be "plane_point_t". The constructor will be
named "plane_point". *)
datatype plane_point_t =
| plane_point of (floatpt, floatpt)
fn {}
plane_point_x (p : plane_point_t) :<> floatpt =
let
val+ plane_point (x, _) = p
in
x
end
fn {}
plane_point_y (p : plane_point_t) :<> floatpt =
let
val+ plane_point (_, y) = p
in
y
end
fn {}
plane_point_eq (p : plane_point_t,
q : plane_point_t) :<> bool =
let
val+ plane_point (xp, yp) = p
val+ plane_point (xq, yq) = q
in
xp = xq && yp = yq
end
(* Impose a total order on points, making it one that will work for
Andrew's monotone chain algorithm. *)
fn {}
plane_point_order (p : plane_point_t,
q : plane_point_t) :<> bool =
let
val+ plane_point (xp, yp) = p
val+ plane_point (xq, yq) = q
in
xp < xq || (xp = xq && yp < yq)
end
(* Subtraction is really a vector or multivector operation. *)
fn {}
plane_point_sub (p : plane_point_t,
q : plane_point_t) :<> plane_point_t =
let
val+ plane_point (xp, yp) = p
val+ plane_point (xq, yq) = q
in
plane_point (xp - xq, yp - yq)
end
(* Cross product is really a multivector operation. *)
fn {}
plane_point_cross (p : plane_point_t,
q : plane_point_t) :<> floatpt =
let
val+ plane_point (xp, yp) = p
val+ plane_point (xq, yq) = q
in
(xp * yq) - (yp * xq)
end
overload .x with plane_point_x
overload .y with plane_point_y
overload = with plane_point_eq
overload order with plane_point_order
overload < with plane_point_order
overload - with plane_point_sub
(* Make "cross" a left-associative infix operator with the same
precedence as "*". *)
infixl ( * ) cross
overload cross with plane_point_cross
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
//
// Sorting an array of points.
//
fn
plane_point_array_sort
{n : int}
(arr : &(@[plane_point_t][n]) >> _,
n : size_t n) :<!wrt> void =
let
(* The comparison will be inlined by template expansion. *)
implement
array_quicksort$cmp<plane_point_t> (p, q) =
if order (p, q) then (* An overload for plane_point_order. *)
~1
else if q < p then (* Another overload for plane_point_order. *)
1
else
0
in
(* The following sort routine is in the ATS2 prelude. *)
array_quicksort<plane_point_t> (arr, n)
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
//
// Removing duplicates from a sorted array. Returns a new array.
//
extern fun {a : t@ype}
array_delete_neighbor_dups$eq (p : a, q : a) :<> bool
fn {a : t@ype}
array_delete_neighbor_dups
{n : int}
(arr : &(@[a][n]),
n : size_t n)
:<!wrt> [m : nat | m <= n]
[parr1 : addr]
@(@[a][m] @ parr1,
mfree_gc_v parr1 |
ptr parr1,
size_t m) =
let
macdef eq = array_delete_neighbor_dups$eq<a>
fn
nondups_list {n : int}
(arr : &(@[a][n]),
n : size_t n)
:<> [m : nat | m <= n] list (a, m) =
let
fun
loop {i : nat | i < n}
{k : nat | k < n - i}
.<i>. (* <-- proof of termination. *)
(arr : &(@[a][n]),
i : size_t i,
lst : list (a, k))
:<> [m : nat | m <= n] list (a, m) =
(* Cons a list of non-duplicates, going backwards through
the array so the list will be in forwards order. (The
order does not really matter in ATS, though, because in
the prelude there are both array_initize_list *and*
array_initize_rlist. *)
if i = i2sz 0 then
arr[i] :: lst
(* The "\" in the following line makes eq temporarily
infix. *)
else if arr[i - 1] \eq arr[i] then
loop (arr, pred i, lst)
else
loop (arr, pred i, arr[i] :: lst)
prval () = lemma_array_param arr
in
if n = i2sz 0 then
NIL
else
loop (arr, pred n, NIL)
end
val lst = nondups_list (arr, n)
prval () = lemma_list_param lst
val m = i2sz (length lst)
val @(pfarr1, pfgc1 | parr1) = array_ptr_alloc<a> (m)
val () = array_initize_list<a> (!parr1, sz2i m, lst)
in
@(pfarr1, pfgc1 | parr1, m)
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
//
// Removing duplicates from a sorted plane_point_t array. Returns a
// new array.
//
fn
plane_point_array_delete_neighbor_dups
{n : int}
(arr : &(@[plane_point_t][n]),
n : size_t n)
:<!wrt> [m : nat | m <= n]
[parr1 : addr]
@(@[plane_point_t][m] @ parr1,
mfree_gc_v parr1 |
ptr parr1,
size_t m) =
let
implement
array_delete_neighbor_dups$eq<plane_point_t> (p, q) =
p = q (* Here = is an overload for plane_point_eq. *)
in
array_delete_neighbor_dups<plane_point_t> (arr, n)
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
//
// The convex hull algorithm.
//
fn
cross_test {m, k : int | 1 <= k; k < m}
(pt_i : plane_point_t,
hull : &(@[plane_point_t][m]),
k : size_t k) :<> bool =
let
val hull_k = hull[k]
and hull_k1 = hull[k - 1]
in
i2fp 0 < (hull_k - hull_k1) cross (pt_i - hull_k1)
end
fn
construct_lower_hull {n : int | 2 <= n}
(pt : &(@[plane_point_t][n]),
n : size_t n)
:<!wrt> [m : int | 2 <= m; m <= n]
[phull : addr]
@(@[plane_point_t][n] @ phull,
mfree_gc_v phull |
ptr phull,
size_t m) =
let
val @(pfhull, pfgc | phull) = array_ptr_alloc<plane_point_t> n
(* It is easier to work with an array if it is fully
initialized. (Yes, there are also ways to cheat and so merely
pretend the array has been initialized.) *)
val arbitrary_point = plane_point (i2fp 0, i2fp 0)
val () = array_initize_elt<plane_point_t> (!phull, n,
arbitrary_point)
(* The macro "hull" can be used with index notation "[]". *)
macdef hull = !phull
val () = hull[0] := pt[0]
val () = hull[1] := pt[1]
fun
outer_loop {i : int | 0 <= i; i <= n}
{j : int | 1 <= j; j < n}
.<n - i>. (* <-- proof of termination. *)
(pt : &(@[plane_point_t][n]),
hull : &(@[plane_point_t][n]),
i : size_t i,
j : size_t j)
:<!wrt> [m : int | 2 <= m; m <= n] size_t m =
if i = n then
succ j
else
let
val pt_i = pt[i]
fun
inner_loop {k : int | 0 <= k; k < n - 1}
.<k>. (* <-- proof of termination. *)
(hull : &(@[plane_point_t][n]),
k : size_t k)
:<!wrt> [j : int | 1 <= j; j < n] size_t j =
if k = i2sz 0 then
begin
hull[succ k] := pt_i;
succ k
end
else if cross_test (pt_i, hull, k) then
begin
hull[succ k] := pt_i;
succ k
end
else
inner_loop (hull, pred k)
(* I do not know how to write a proof of the following, so
let us test it at runtime. *)
val () = $effmask_exn assertloc (j < n - 1)
in
outer_loop (pt, hull, succ i, inner_loop (hull, j))
end
val hull_size = outer_loop (pt, hull, i2sz 2, i2sz 1)
in
@(pfhull, pfgc | phull, hull_size)
end
fn
construct_upper_hull {n : int | 2 <= n}
(pt : &(@[plane_point_t][n]),
n : size_t n)
:<!wrt> [m : int | 2 <= m; m <= n]
[phull : addr]
@(@[plane_point_t][n] @ phull,
mfree_gc_v phull |
ptr phull,
size_t m) =
let
val @(pfhull, pfgc | phull) = array_ptr_alloc<plane_point_t> n
(* It is easier to work with an array if it is fully
initialized. (Yes, there are also ways to cheat and so merely
pretend the array has been initialized.) *)
val arbitrary_point = plane_point (i2fp 0, i2fp 0)
val () = array_initize_elt<plane_point_t> (!phull, n,
arbitrary_point)
(* The macro "hull" can be used with index notation "[]". *)
macdef hull = !phull
val () = hull[0] := pt[n - 1]
val () = hull[1] := pt[n - 2]
fun
outer_loop {i1 : int | 0 <= i1; i1 <= n - 2}
{j : int | 1 <= j; j < n}
.<i1>. (* <-- proof of termination. *)
(pt : &(@[plane_point_t][n]),
hull : &(@[plane_point_t][n]),
i1 : size_t i1,
j : size_t j)
:<!wrt> [m : int | 2 <= m; m <= n] size_t m =
if i1 = i2sz 0 then
succ j
else
let
val i = pred i1
val pt_i = pt[i]
fun
inner_loop {k : int | 0 <= k; k < n - 1}
.<k>. (* <-- proof of termination. *)
(hull : &(@[plane_point_t][n]),
k : size_t k)
:<!wrt> [j : int | 1 <= j; j < n] size_t j =
if k = i2sz 0 then
begin
hull[succ k] := pt_i;
succ k
end
else if cross_test (pt_i, hull, k) then
begin
hull[succ k] := pt_i;
succ k
end
else
inner_loop (hull, pred k)
(* I do not know how to write a proof of the following, so
let us test it at runtime. *)
val () = $effmask_exn assertloc (j < n - 1)
in
outer_loop (pt, hull, pred i1, inner_loop (hull, j))
end
val hull_size = outer_loop (pt, hull, n - i2sz 2, i2sz 1)
in
@(pfhull, pfgc | phull, hull_size)
end
fn
construct_hull {n : int | 2 <= n}
(pt : &(@[plane_point_t][n]),
n : size_t n)
:<!wrt> [hull_size : int | 2 <= hull_size]
[phull : addr]
@(@[plane_point_t][hull_size] @ phull,
mfree_gc_v phull |
ptr phull,
size_t hull_size) =
(* The following implementation demonstrates slightly complicated
"safe" initialization. By "safe" I mean so one never *reads* from
an uninitialized entry. Elsewhere in the program I did this more
simply, with prelude routines.
I also demonstrate freeing of a linear object. If you remove the
calls to array_ptr_free, you cannot compile the program. *)
let
(* Side note: Construction of the lower and upper hulls can be
done in parallel. *)
val [lower_hull_size : int]
[p_lower_hull : addr]
@(pf_lower_hull, pfgc_lower | p_lower_hull, lower_hull_size) =
construct_lower_hull (pt, n)
and [upper_hull_size : int]
[p_upper_hull : addr]
@(pf_upper_hull, pfgc_upper | p_upper_hull, upper_hull_size) =
construct_upper_hull (pt, n)
stadef hull_size = lower_hull_size + upper_hull_size - 2
val hull_size : size_t hull_size =
lower_hull_size + upper_hull_size - i2sz 2
val [phull : addr] @(pfhull, pfgc_hull | phull) =
array_ptr_alloc<plane_point_t> hull_size
(* Split off the part of each partial hull's view that we actually
will use. *)
prval @(pf_lower, pf_lower_rest) =
array_v_split {plane_point_t} {p_lower_hull} {n}
{lower_hull_size - 1}
pf_lower_hull
prval @(pf_upper, pf_upper_rest) =
array_v_split {plane_point_t} {p_upper_hull} {n}
{upper_hull_size - 1}
pf_upper_hull
(* Split the new array's view in two. The question mark means
that the array elements are uninitialized. *)
prval @(pfleft, pfright) =
array_v_split {plane_point_t?} {phull} {hull_size}
{lower_hull_size - 1}
pfhull
(* Copy the lower hull, thus initializing the left side of the new
array. *)
val () = array_copy<plane_point_t> (!phull, !p_lower_hull,
pred lower_hull_size)
(* Copy the upper hull, thus initializing the left side of the new
array. *)
val phull_right =
ptr_add<plane_point_t> (phull, pred lower_hull_size)
val () = array_copy<plane_point_t> (!phull_right, !p_upper_hull,
pred upper_hull_size)
(* Join the views of the initialized halves. *)
prval pfhull = array_v_unsplit (pfleft, pfright)
(* Restore the views of the partial hulls. *)
prval () = pf_lower_hull :=
array_v_unsplit (pf_lower, pf_lower_rest)
prval () = pf_upper_hull :=
array_v_unsplit (pf_upper, pf_upper_rest)
(* We do not need the lower and upper hulls anymore, and so can
free them. (Of course, if there is a garbage collector, you
could make freeing be a no-operation.) *)
val () = array_ptr_free (pf_lower_hull, pfgc_lower | p_lower_hull)
val () = array_ptr_free (pf_upper_hull, pfgc_upper | p_upper_hull)
in
@(pfhull, pfgc_hull | phull, hull_size)
end
fn
plane_convex_hull {num_points : int}
(points_lst : list (plane_point_t, num_points))
:<!wrt> [hull_size : int | 0 <= hull_size]
[phull : addr]
@(@[plane_point_t][hull_size] @ phull,
mfree_gc_v phull |
ptr phull,
size_t hull_size) =
(* Takes an arbitrary list of points, which may be in any order and
may contain duplicates. Returns an ordered array of points that
make up the convex hull. If the initial list of points is empty,
the returned array is empty. *)
let
prval () = lemma_list_param points_lst
val num_points = i2sz (length points_lst)
(* Copy the list to an array. *)
val @(pf_points, pfgc_points | p_points) =
array_ptr_alloc<plane_point_t> num_points
val () =
array_initize_list<plane_point_t> (!p_points, sz2i num_points,
points_lst)
(* Sort the array. *)
val () = plane_point_array_sort (!p_points, num_points)
(* Create a new sorted array that has the duplicates removed. *)
val @(pf_pt, pfgc_pt | p_pt, n) =
plane_point_array_delete_neighbor_dups (!p_points, num_points)
(* The original array no longer is needed. *)
val () = array_ptr_free (pf_points, pfgc_points | p_points)
in
if n <= 2 then
@(pf_pt, pfgc_pt | p_pt, n)
else
let
val @(pfhull, pfgc_hull | phull, hull_size) =
construct_hull (!p_pt, n)
val () = array_ptr_free (pf_pt, pfgc_pt | p_pt)
in
@(pfhull, pfgc_hull | phull, hull_size)
end
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
implement
main0 () =
{
val example_points =
$list (plane_point (i2fp 16, i2fp 3),
plane_point (i2fp 12, i2fp 17),
plane_point (i2fp 0, i2fp 6),
plane_point (i2fp ~4, i2fp ~6),
plane_point (i2fp 16, i2fp 6),
plane_point (i2fp 16, i2fp ~7),
plane_point (i2fp 16, i2fp ~3),
plane_point (i2fp 17, i2fp ~4),
plane_point (i2fp 5, i2fp 19),
plane_point (i2fp 19, i2fp ~8),
plane_point (i2fp 3, i2fp 16),
plane_point (i2fp 12, i2fp 13),
plane_point (i2fp 3, i2fp ~4),
plane_point (i2fp 17, i2fp 5),
plane_point (i2fp ~3, i2fp 15),
plane_point (i2fp ~3, i2fp ~9),
plane_point (i2fp 0, i2fp 11),
plane_point (i2fp ~9, i2fp ~3),
plane_point (i2fp ~4, i2fp ~2),
plane_point (i2fp 12, i2fp 10))
val (pf_hull, pfgc_hull | p_hull, hull_size) =
plane_convex_hull example_points
macdef hull = !p_hull
val () =
let
var i : [i : nat] size_t i
in
for (i := i2sz 0; i < hull_size; i := succ i)
println! ("(", hull[i].x(), " ", hull[i].y(), ")")
end
val () = array_ptr_free (pf_hull, pfgc_hull | p_hull)
}
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>$ patscc -O3 -DATS_MEMALLOC_GCBDW convex_hull_task.dats -lgc && ./a.out
(-9.000000 -3.000000)
(-3.000000 -9.000000)
(19.000000 -8.000000)
(17.000000 5.000000)
(12.000000 17.000000)
(5.000000 19.000000)
(-3.000000 15.000000)</pre>
=={{header|C}}==
{{trans|C++}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="c">#include <assert.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef struct tPoint {
int x, y;
} Point;
bool ccw(const Point *a, const Point *b, const Point *c) {
return (b->x - a->x) * (c->y - a->y)
> (b->y - a->y) * (c->x - a->x);
}
int comparePoints(const void *lhs, const void *rhs) {
const Point* lp = lhs;
const Point* rp = rhs;
if (lp->x < rp->x)
return -1;
if (rp->x < lp->x)
return 1;
if (lp->y < rp->y)
return -1;
if (rp->y < lp->y)
return 1;
return 0;
}
void fatal(const char* message) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", message);
exit(1);
}
void* xmalloc(size_t n) {
void* ptr = malloc(n);
if (ptr == NULL)
fatal("Out of memory");
return ptr;
}
void* xrealloc(void* p, size_t n) {
void* ptr = realloc(p, n);
if (ptr == NULL)
fatal("Out of memory");
return ptr;
}
void printPoints(const Point* points, int len) {
printf("[");
if (len > 0) {
const Point* ptr = points;
const Point* end = points + len;
printf("(%d, %d)", ptr->x, ptr->y);
++ptr;
for (; ptr < end; ++ptr)
printf(", (%d, %d)", ptr->x, ptr->y);
}
printf("]");
}
Point* convexHull(Point p[], int len, int* hsize) {
if (len == 0) {
*hsize = 0;
return NULL;
}
int i, size = 0, capacity = 4;
Point* hull = xmalloc(capacity * sizeof(Point));
qsort(p, len, sizeof(Point), comparePoints);
/* lower hull */
for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
while (size >= 2 && !ccw(&hull[size - 2], &hull[size - 1], &p[i]))
--size;
if (size == capacity) {
capacity *= 2;
hull = xrealloc(hull, capacity * sizeof(Point));
}
assert(size >= 0 && size < capacity);
hull[size++] = p[i];
}
/* upper hull */
int t = size + 1;
for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
while (size >= t && !ccw(&hull[size - 2], &hull[size - 1], &p[i]))
--size;
if (size == capacity) {
capacity *= 2;
hull = xrealloc(hull, capacity * sizeof(Point));
}
assert(size >= 0 && size < capacity);
hull[size++] = p[i];
}
--size;
assert(size >= 0);
hull = xrealloc(hull, size * sizeof(Point));
*hsize = size;
return hull;
}
int main() {
Point points[] = {
{16, 3}, {12, 17}, { 0, 6}, {-4, -6}, {16, 6},
{16, -7}, {16, -3}, {17, -4}, { 5, 19}, {19, -8},
{ 3, 16}, {12, 13}, { 3, -4}, {17, 5}, {-3, 15},
{-3, -9}, { 0, 11}, {-9, -3}, {-4, -2}, {12, 10}
};
int hsize;
Point* hull = convexHull(points, sizeof(points)/sizeof(Point), &hsize);
printf("Convex Hull: ");
printPoints(hull, hsize);
printf("\n");
free(hull);
return 0;
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]</pre>
=={{header|C sharp|C#}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="csharp">using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace ConvexHull {
class Point : IComparable<Point> {
private int x, y;
public Point(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
public int X { get => x; set => x = value; }
public int Y { get => y; set => y = value; }
public int CompareTo(Point other) {
return x.CompareTo(other.x);
}
public override string ToString() {
return string.Format("({0}, {1})", x, y);
}
}
class Program {
private static List<Point> ConvexHull(List<Point> p) {
if (p.Count == 0) return new List<Point>();
p.Sort();
List<Point> h = new List<Point>();
// lower hull
foreach (var pt in p) {
while (h.Count >= 2 && !Ccw(h[h.Count - 2], h[h.Count - 1], pt)) {
h.RemoveAt(h.Count - 1);
}
h.Add(pt);
}
// upper hull
int t = h.Count + 1;
for (int i = p.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
Point pt = p[i];
while (h.Count >= t && !Ccw(h[h.Count - 2], h[h.Count - 1], pt)) {
h.RemoveAt(h.Count - 1);
}
h.Add(pt);
}
h.RemoveAt(h.Count - 1);
return h;
}
private static bool Ccw(Point a, Point b, Point c) {
return ((b.X - a.X) * (c.Y - a.Y)) > ((b.Y - a.Y) * (c.X - a.X));
}
static void Main(string[] args) {
List<Point> points = new List<Point>() {
new Point(16, 3),
new Point(12, 17),
new Point(0, 6),
new Point(-4, -6),
new Point(16, 6),
new Point(16, -7),
new Point(16, -3),
new Point(17, -4),
new Point(5, 19),
new Point(19, -8),
new Point(3, 16),
new Point(12, 13),
new Point(3, -4),
new Point(17, 5),
new Point(-3, 15),
new Point(-3, -9),
new Point(0, 11),
new Point(-9, -3),
new Point(-4, -2),
new Point(12, 10)
};
List<Point> hull = ConvexHull(points);
Console.Write("Convex Hull: [");
for (int i = 0; i < hull.Count; i++) {
if (i > 0) {
Console.Write(", ");
}
Point pt = hull[i];
Console.Write(pt);
}
Console.WriteLine("]");
}
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]</pre>
=={{header|C++}}==
{{trans|D}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <ostream>
#include <vector>
#include <tuple>
typedef std::tuple<int, int> point;
std::ostream& print(std::ostream& os, const point& p) {
return os << "(" << std::get<0>(p) << ", " << std::get<1>(p) << ")";
}
std::ostream& print(std::ostream& os, const std::vector<point>& v) {
auto it = v.cbegin();
auto end = v.cend();
os << "[";
if (it != end) {
print(os, *it);
it = std::next(it);
}
while (it != end) {
os << ", ";
print(os, *it);
it = std::next(it);
}
return os << "]";
}
// returns true if the three points make a counter-clockwise turn
bool ccw(const point& a, const point& b, const point& c) {
return ((std::get<0>(b) - std::get<0>(a)) * (std::get<1>(c) - std::get<1>(a)))
> ((std::get<1>(b) - std::get<1>(a)) * (std::get<0>(c) - std::get<0>(a)));
}
std::vector<point> convexHull(std::vector<point> p) {
if (p.size() == 0) return std::vector<point>();
std::sort(p.begin(), p.end(), [](point& a, point& b){
if (std::get<0>(a) < std::get<0>(b)) return true;
return false;
});
std::vector<point> h;
// lower hull
for (const auto& pt : p) {
while (h.size() >= 2 && !ccw(h.at(h.size() - 2), h.at(h.size() - 1), pt)) {
h.pop_back();
}
h.push_back(pt);
}
// upper hull
auto t = h.size() + 1;
for (auto it = p.crbegin(); it != p.crend(); it = std::next(it)) {
auto pt = *it;
while (h.size() >= t && !ccw(h.at(h.size() - 2), h.at(h.size() - 1), pt)) {
h.pop_back();
}
h.push_back(pt);
}
h.pop_back();
return h;
}
int main() {
using namespace std;
vector<point> points = {
make_pair(16, 3), make_pair(12, 17), make_pair(0, 6), make_pair(-4, -6), make_pair(16, 6),
make_pair(16, -7), make_pair(16, -3), make_pair(17, -4), make_pair(5, 19), make_pair(19, -8),
make_pair(3, 16), make_pair(12, 13), make_pair(3, -4), make_pair(17, 5), make_pair(-3, 15),
make_pair(-3, -9), make_pair(0, 11), make_pair(-9, -3), make_pair(-4, -2), make_pair(12, 10)
};
auto hull = convexHull(points);
auto it = hull.cbegin();
auto end = hull.cend();
cout << "Convex Hull: ";
print(cout, hull);
cout << endl;
return 0;
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]</pre>
=={{header|Common Lisp}}==
{{trans|Scheme}}
The program is wrapped in a [https://roswell.github.io/ Roswell] script, which is one of the popular ways to get around differences between Common Lisp implementations.
(Side note: It occurs to me that the "complete with tail recursions" comment in the code is not meant to include the Scheme '''do''' constructs, which are secretly really tail recursions. How Common Lisps implement the '''loop''' macro I do not know; it might be tail recursion, or it might not. Note also how the Scheme uses "named '''let'''" syntactic sugar, where the Common Lisp has '''defun''' fully written out.)
<syntaxhighlight lang="lisp">#!/bin/sh
#|-*- mode:lisp -*-|#
#|
exec ros -Q -- $0 "$@"
|#
(progn ;;init forms
(ros:ensure-asdf)
#+quicklisp(ql:quickload '() :silent t)
)
(defpackage :ros.script.convex-hull-task.3861520611
(:use :cl))
(in-package :ros.script.convex-hull-task.3861520611)
;;;
;;; Convex hulls by Andrew's monotone chain algorithm.
;;;
;;; For a description of the algorithm, see
;;; https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain&stableid=40169
;;;
;;; This program is translated rather faithfully from the Scheme,
;;; complete with tail recursions.
;;;
;; x and y coordinates of a "point". A "point" is represented by a
;; list of length 2.
(defun x@ (u) (car u))
(defun y@ (u) (cadr u))
(defun cross (u v)
;; Cross product (as a signed scalar).
(- (* (x@ u) (y@ v)) (* (y@ u) (x@ v))))
(defun point- (u v)
(list (- (x@ u) (x@ v)) (- (y@ u) (y@ v))))
(defun sort-points-vector (points-vector)
;; Ascending sort on x-coordinates, followed by ascending sort
;; on y-coordinates.
(sort points-vector #'(lambda (u v)
(or (< (x@ u) (x@ v))
(and (= (x@ u) (x@ v))
(< (y@ u) (y@ v)))))))
(defun construct-lower-hull (sorted-points-vector)
(let* ((pt sorted-points-vector)
(n (length pt))
(hull (make-array n))
(j 1))
(setf (aref hull 0) (aref pt 0))
(setf (aref hull 1) (aref pt 1))
(loop for i from 2 to (1- n)
do (progn
(defun inner-loop ()
(if (or (zerop j)
(plusp
(cross (point- (aref hull j)
(aref hull (1- j)))
(point- (aref pt i)
(aref hull (1- j))))))
(progn
(setf j (1+ j))
(setf (aref hull j) (aref pt i)))
(progn
(setf j (1- j))
(inner-loop))))
(inner-loop)))
(values (+ j 1) hull))) ; Hull size, hull points.
(defun construct-upper-hull (sorted-points-vector)
(let* ((pt sorted-points-vector)
(n (length pt))
(hull (make-array n))
(j 1))
(setf (aref hull 0) (aref pt (- n 1)))
(setf (aref hull 1) (aref pt (- n 2)))
(loop for i from (- n 3) downto 0
do (progn
(defun inner-loop ()
(if (or (zerop j)
(plusp
(cross (point- (aref hull j)
(aref hull (1- j)))
(point- (aref pt i)
(aref hull (1- j))))))
(progn
(setf j (1+ j))
(setf (aref hull j) (aref pt i)))
(progn
(setf j (1- j))
(inner-loop))))
(inner-loop)))
(values (+ j 1) hull))) ; Hull size, hull points.
(defun construct-hull (sorted-points-vector)
;; Notice that the lower and upper hulls could be constructed in
;; parallel. (The Scheme "let-values" macro made this apparent,
;; despite not actually doing the computation in parallel. The
;; coding here makes it less obvious.)
(multiple-value-bind (lower-hull-size lower-hull)
(construct-lower-hull sorted-points-vector)
(multiple-value-bind (upper-hull-size upper-hull)
(construct-upper-hull sorted-points-vector)
(let* ((hull-size (+ lower-hull-size upper-hull-size -2))
(hull (make-array hull-size)))
(loop for i from 0 to (- lower-hull-size 2)
do (setf (aref hull i) (aref lower-hull i)))
(loop for i from 0 to (- upper-hull-size 2)
do (setf (aref hull (+ i (1- lower-hull-size)))
(aref upper-hull i)))
hull))))
(defun vector-delete-neighbor-dups (elt= v)
;; A partial clone of the SRFI-132 procedure of the same name. This
;; implementation is similar to the reference implementation for
;; SRFI-132, and may use a bunch of stack space. That reference
;; implementation is by Olin Shivers and rests here:
;; https://github.com/scheme-requests-for-implementation/srfi-132/blob/master/sorting/delndups.scm
;; The license is:
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; This code is
;;; Copyright (c) 1998 by Olin Shivers.
;;; The terms are: You may do as you please with this code, as long as
;;; you do not delete this notice or hold me responsible for any outcome
;;; related to its use.
;;;
;;; Blah blah blah. Don't you think source files should contain more lines
;;; of code than copyright notice?
;;;
(let ((start 0)
(end (length v)))
(let ((x (aref v start)))
(defun recur (x i j)
(if (< i end)
(let ((y (aref v i))
(nexti (1+ i)))
(if (funcall elt= x y)
(recur x nexti j)
(let ((ansvec (recur y nexti (1+ j))))
(setf (aref ansvec j) y)
ansvec)))
(make-array j)))
(let ((ans (recur x start 1)))
(setf (aref ans 0) x)
ans))))
(defun vector-convex-hull (points)
(let* ((points-vector (coerce points 'vector))
(sorted-points-vector
(vector-delete-neighbor-dups
#'equalp
(sort-points-vector points-vector))))
(if (<= (length sorted-points-vector) 2)
sorted-points-vector
(construct-hull sorted-points-vector))))
(defun list-convex-hull (points)
(coerce (vector-convex-hull points) 'list))
(defconstant example-points
'((16 3) (12 17) (0 6) (-4 -6) (16 6)
(16 -7) (16 -3) (17 -4) (5 19) (19 -8)
(3 16) (12 13) (3 -4) (17 5) (-3 15)
(-3 -9) (0 11) (-9 -3) (-4 -2) (12 10)))
(defun main (&rest argv)
(declare (ignorable argv))
(write (list-convex-hull example-points))
(terpri))
;;; vim: set ft=lisp lisp:</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>$ ./convex-hull-task.ros
((-9 -3) (-3 -9) (19 -8) (17 5) (12 17) (5 19) (-3 15))</pre>
=={{header|D}}==
{{trans|Kotlin}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="d">import std.algorithm.sorting;
import std.stdio;
struct Point {
int x;
int y;
int opCmp(Point rhs) {
if (x < rhs.x) return -1;
if (rhs.x < x) return 1;
return 0;
}
void toString(scope void delegate(const(char)[]) sink) const {
import std.format;
sink("(");
formattedWrite(sink, "%d", x);
sink(",");
formattedWrite(sink, "%d", y);
sink(")");
}
}
Point[] convexHull(Point[] p) {
if (p.length == 0) return [];
p.sort;
Point[] h;
// lower hull
foreach (pt; p) {
while (h.length >= 2 && !ccw(h[$-2], h[$-1], pt)) {
h.length--;
}
h ~= pt;
}
// upper hull
auto t = h.length + 1;
foreach_reverse (i; 0..(p.length - 1)) {
auto pt = p[i];
while (h.length >= t && !ccw(h[$-2], h[$-1], pt)) {
h.length--;
}
h ~= pt;
}
h.length--;
return h;
}
/* ccw returns true if the three points make a counter-clockwise turn */
auto ccw(Point a, Point b, Point c) {
return ((b.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y)) > ((b.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x));
}
void main() {
auto points = [
Point(16, 3), Point(12, 17), Point( 0, 6), Point(-4, -6), Point(16, 6),
Point(16, -7), Point(16, -3), Point(17, -4), Point( 5, 19), Point(19, -8),
Point( 3, 16), Point(12, 13), Point( 3, -4), Point(17, 5), Point(-3, 15),
Point(-3, -9), Point( 0, 11), Point(-9, -3), Point(-4, -2), Point(12, 10)
];
auto hull = convexHull(points);
writeln("Convex Hull: ", hull);
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9,-3), (-3,-9), (19,-8), (17,5), (12,17), (5,19), (-3,15)]</pre>
=={{header|Delphi}}==
{{trans|C#}}
{{works with|Delphi|XE10}}
{{libheader| System.Types}}
{{libheader| System.SysUtils}}
{{libheader| System.Generics.Defaults}}
{{libheader| System.Generics.Collections}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="delphi">
program ConvexHulls;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
{$R *.res}
uses
System.Types,
System.SysUtils,
System.Generics.Defaults,
System.Generics.Collections;
function Ccw(const a, b, c: TPoint): Boolean;
begin
Result := ((b.X - a.X) * (c.Y - a.Y)) > ((b.Y - a.Y) * (c.X - a.X));
end;
function ConvexHull(const p: TList<TPoint>): TList<TPoint>;
var
pt: TPoint;
i, t: Integer;
begin
Result := TList<TPoint>.Create;
if (p.Count = 0) then Exit;
p.Sort(TComparer<TPoint>.Construct(
function(const Left, Right: TPoint): Integer
begin
Result := Left.X - Right.X;
end
));
// lower hull
for i := 0 to p.Count-1 do
begin
pt := p[i];
while ((Result.Count >= 2) and (not Ccw(Result[Result.Count - 2], Result[Result.Count - 1], pt))) do
begin
Result.Delete(Result.Count - 1);
end;
Result.Add(pt);
end;
// upper hull
t := Result.Count + 1;
for i := p.Count-1 downto 0 do
begin
pt := p[i];
while ((Result.Count >= t) and (not Ccw(Result[Result.Count - 2], Result[Result.Count - 1], pt))) do
begin
Result.Delete(Result.Count - 1);
end;
Result.Add(pt);
end;
Result.Delete(Result.Count - 1);
end;
var
points: TList<TPoint>;
hull: TList<TPoint>;
i: Integer;
begin
hull := nil;
points := TList<TPoint>.Create;
try
points.AddRange([
Point(16, 3),
Point(12, 17),
Point(0, 6),
Point(-4, -6),
Point(16, 6),
Point(16, -7),
Point(16, -3),
Point(17, -4),
Point(5, 19),
Point(19, -8),
Point(3, 16),
Point(12, 13),
Point(3, -4),
Point(17, 5),
Point(-3, 15),
Point(-3, -9),
Point(0, 11),
Point(-9, -3),
Point(-4, -2),
Point(12, 10)
]);
hull := ConvexHull(points);
// Output the result
Write('Convex Hull: [');
for i := 0 to hull.Count-1 do
begin
if (i > 0) then Write(', ');
Write(Format('(%d, %d)', [hull[i].X, hull[i].Y]));
end;
WriteLn(']');
finally
hull.Free;
points.Free;
end;
end.
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]</pre>
=={{header|EasyLang}}==
{{trans|Nim}}
<syntaxhighlight>
func orientation p[] q[] r[] .
return (q[2] - p[2]) * (r[1] - q[1]) - (q[1] - p[1]) * (r[2] - q[2])
.
proc calcConvexHull . pts[][] res[][] .
res[][] = [ ]
indMinX = 1
for i to len pts[][]
if pts[i][1] < pts[indMinX][1]
indMinX = i
.
.
p = indMinX
repeat
res[][] &= pts[p][]
q = (p + 1) mod1 len pts[][]
for i to len pts[][]
if orientation pts[p][] pts[i][] pts[q][] < 0
q = i
.
.
p = q
until p = indMinX
.
.
#
pts[][] = [ [ 16 3 ] [ 12 17 ] [ 0 6 ] [ -4 -6 ] [ 16 6 ] [ 16 -7 ] [ 16 -3 ] [ 17 -4 ] [ 5 19 ] [ 19 -8 ] [ 3 16 ] [ 12 13 ] [ 3 -4 ] [ 17 5 ] [ -3 15 ] [ -3 -9 ] [ 0 11 ] [ -9 -3 ] [ -4 -2 ] [ 12 10 ] ]
calcConvexHull pts[][] res[][]
print res[][]
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
[
[ -9 -3 ]
[ -3 -9 ]
[ 19 -8 ]
[ 17 5 ]
[ 12 17 ]
[ 5 19 ]
[ -3 15 ]
]
</pre>
=={{header|F_Sharp|F#}}==
{{trans|C}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="f#">open System
type Point =
struct
val X : int
val Y : int
new (x : int, y : int ) = {X = x; Y = y}
end
let (poly : Point list) = [ Point(16, 3); Point(12, 17); Point( 0, 6); Point(-4, -6); Point(16, 6);
Point(16, -7); Point(16, -3); Point(17, -4); Point( 5, 19); Point(19, -8);
Point( 3, 16); Point(12, 13); Point( 3, -4); Point(17, 5); Point(-3, 15);
Point(-3, -9); Point( 0, 11); Point(-9, -3); Point(-4, -2); Point(12, 10)]
let affiche (lst : Point list) =
let mutable (str : string) = List.fold (fun acc (p : Point) -> acc + sprintf "(%d, %d) " p.X p.Y) "Convex Hull: [" lst
printfn "%s" (str.[0.. str.Length - 2] + "]")
let ccw (p1 : Point) (p2 : Point) (p3 : Point) =
(p2.X - p1.X) * (p3.Y - p1.Y) > (p2.Y - p1.Y) * (p3.X - p1.X)
let convexHull (poly : Point list) =
let mutable (outHull : Point list) = List.Empty
let mutable (k : int) = 0
for p in poly do
while k >= 2 && not (ccw outHull.[k-2] outHull.[k-1] p) do
k <- k - 1
if k >= outHull.Length
then outHull <- outHull @ [p]
else outHull <- outHull.[0..k - 1] @ [p]
k <- k + 1
let (t : int) = k + 1
for p in List.rev poly do
while k >= t && not (ccw outHull.[k-2] outHull.[k-1] p) do
k <- k - 1
if k >= outHull.Length
then outHull <- outHull @ [p]
else outHull <- outHull.[0..k - 1] @ [p]
k <- k + 1
outHull.[0 .. k - 2]
affiche (convexHull (List.sortBy (fun (x : Point) -> x.X, x.Y) poly))
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9,-3), (-3,-9), (19,-8), (17,5), (12,17), (5,19), (-3,15)]</pre>
=={{header|Fortran}}==
{{trans|Scheme}}
{{works with|gfortran|11.3.0}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="fortran">module convex_hulls
!
! Convex hulls by Andrew's monotone chain algorithm.
!
! For a description of the algorithm, see
! https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain&stableid=40169
!
! For brevity in the task, I shall use the built-in "complex" type
! to represent objects in the plane. One could have fun rewriting
! this implementation in terms of geometric algebra.
!
implicit none
private
public :: find_convex_hull
contains
elemental function x (u)
complex, intent(in) :: u
real :: x
x = real (u)
end function x
elemental function y (u)
complex, intent(in) :: u
real :: y
y = aimag (u)
end function y
elemental function cross (u, v) result (p)
complex, intent(in) :: u, v
real :: p
! The cross product as a signed scalar.
p = (x (u) * y (v)) - (y (u) * x (v))
end function cross
subroutine sort_points (num_points, points)
integer, intent(in) :: num_points
complex, intent(inout) :: points(0:*)
! Sort first in ascending order by x-coordinates, then in
! ascending order by y-coordinates. Any decent sort algorithm will
! suffice; for the sake of interest, here is the Shell sort of
! https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shellsort&oldid=1084744510
integer, parameter :: gaps(1:8) = (/ 701, 301, 132, 57, 23, 10, 4, 1 /)
integer :: i, j, k, gap, offset
complex :: temp
logical :: done
do k = 1, 8
gap = gaps(k)
do offset = 0, gap - 1
do i = offset, num_points - 1, gap
temp = points(i)
j = i
done = .false.
do while (.not. done)
if (j < gap) then
done = .true.
else if (x (points(j - gap)) < x (temp)) then
done = .true.
else if (x (points(j - gap)) == x (temp) .and. &
& (y (points(j - gap)) <= y (temp))) then
done = .true.
else
points(j) = points(j - gap)
j = j - gap
end if
end do
points(j) = temp
end do
end do
end do
end subroutine sort_points
subroutine delete_neighbor_duplicates (n, pt)
integer, intent(inout) :: n
complex, intent(inout) :: pt(0:*)
call delete_trailing_duplicates
call delete_nontrailing_duplicates
contains
subroutine delete_trailing_duplicates
integer :: i
logical :: done
i = n - 1
done = .false.
do while (.not. done)
if (i == 0) then
n = 1
done = .true.
else if (pt(i - 1) /= pt(i)) then
n = i + 1
done = .true.
else
i = i - 1
end if
end do
end subroutine delete_trailing_duplicates
subroutine delete_nontrailing_duplicates
integer :: i, j, num_deleted
logical :: done
i = 0
do while (i < n - 1)
j = i + 1
done = .false.
do while (.not. done)
if (j == n) then
done = .true.
else if (pt(j) /= pt(i)) then
done = .true.
else
j = j + 1
end if
end do
if (j /= i + 1) then
num_deleted = j - i - 1
do while (j /= n)
pt(j - num_deleted) = pt(j)
j = j + 1
end do
n = n - num_deleted
end if
i = i + 1
end do
end subroutine delete_nontrailing_duplicates
end subroutine delete_neighbor_duplicates
subroutine construct_lower_hull (n, pt, hull_size, hull)
integer, intent(in) :: n ! Number of points.
complex, intent(in) :: pt(0:*)
integer, intent(inout) :: hull_size
complex, intent(inout) :: hull(0:*)
integer :: i, j
logical :: done
j = 1
hull(0:1) = pt(0:1)
do i = 2, n - 1
done = .false.
do while (.not. done)
if (j == 0) then
j = j + 1
hull(j) = pt(i)
done = .true.
else if (0.0 < cross (hull(j) - hull(j - 1), &
& pt(i) - hull(j - 1))) then
j = j + 1
hull(j) = pt(i)
done = .true.
else
j = j - 1
end if
end do
end do
hull_size = j + 1
end subroutine construct_lower_hull
subroutine construct_upper_hull (n, pt, hull_size, hull)
integer, intent(in) :: n ! Number of points.
complex, intent(in) :: pt(0:*)
integer, intent(inout) :: hull_size
complex, intent(inout) :: hull(0:*)
integer :: i, j
logical :: done
j = 1
hull(0:1) = pt(n - 1 : n - 2 : -1)
do i = n - 3, 0, -1
done = .false.
do while (.not. done)
if (j == 0) then
j = j + 1
hull(j) = pt(i)
done = .true.
else if (0.0 < cross (hull(j) - hull(j - 1), &
& pt(i) - hull(j - 1))) then
j = j + 1
hull(j) = pt(i)
done = .true.
else
j = j - 1
end if
end do
end do
hull_size = j + 1
end subroutine construct_upper_hull
subroutine contruct_hull (n, pt, hull_size, hull)
integer, intent(in) :: n ! Number of points.
complex, intent(in) :: pt(0:*)
integer, intent(inout) :: hull_size
complex, intent(inout) :: hull(0:*)
integer :: lower_hull_size, upper_hull_size
complex :: lower_hull(0 : n - 1), upper_hull(0 : n - 1)
integer :: ihull0
ihull0 = lbound (hull, 1)
! A side note: the calls to construct_lower_hull and
! construct_upper_hull could be done in parallel.
call construct_lower_hull (n, pt, lower_hull_size, lower_hull)
call construct_upper_hull (n, pt, upper_hull_size, upper_hull)
hull_size = lower_hull_size + upper_hull_size - 2
hull(:ihull0 + lower_hull_size - 2) = &
& lower_hull(:lower_hull_size - 2)
hull(ihull0 + lower_hull_size - 1 : ihull0 + hull_size - 1) = &
& upper_hull(0 : upper_hull_size - 2)
end subroutine contruct_hull
subroutine find_convex_hull (n, points, hull_size, hull)
integer, intent(in) :: n ! Number of points.
complex, intent(in) :: points(*) ! Input points.
integer, intent(inout) :: hull_size ! The size of the hull.
complex, intent(inout) :: hull(*) ! Points of the hull.
!
! Yes, you can call this with something like
!
! call find_convex_hull (n, points, n, points)
!
! and in the program below I shall demonstrate that.
!
complex :: pt(0 : n - 1)
integer :: ipoints0, ihull0, numpt
ipoints0 = lbound (points, 1)
ihull0 = lbound (hull, 1)
pt = points(:ipoints0 + n - 1)
numpt = n
call sort_points (numpt, pt)
call delete_neighbor_duplicates (numpt, pt)
if (numpt == 0) then
hull_size = 0
else if (numpt <= 2) then
hull_size = numpt
hull(:ihull0 + numpt - 1) = pt(:numpt - 1)
else
call contruct_hull (numpt, pt, hull_size, hull)
end if
end subroutine find_convex_hull
end module convex_hulls
program convex_hull_task
use, non_intrinsic :: convex_hulls
implicit none
complex, parameter :: example_points(20) = &
& (/ (16, 3), (12, 17), (0, 6), (-4, -6), (16, 6), &
& (16, -7), (16, -3), (17, -4), (5, 19), (19, -8), &
& (3, 16), (12, 13), (3, -4), (17, 5), (-3, 15), &
& (-3, -9), (0, 11), (-9, -3), (-4, -2), (12, 10) /)
integer :: n, i
complex :: points(0:100)
character(len = 100) :: fmt
n = 20
points(1:n) = example_points
call find_convex_hull (n, points(1:n), n, points(1:n))
write (fmt, '("(", I20, ''("(", F3.0, 1X, F3.0, ") ")'', ")")') n
write (*, fmt) (points(i), i = 1, n)
end program convex_hull_task</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
If you compile with -Wextra you may get warnings about the use of == on floating-point numbers. I hate those warnings and turn them off if I am using -Wextra. (Unfortunately, there is much incorrect information about == and floating point that is widely taught as inviolable doctrine.)
<pre>$ gfortran -fcheck=all -std=f2018 convex_hull_task.f90 && ./a.out
(-9. -3.) (-3. -9.) (19. -8.) (17. 5.) (12. 17.) ( 5. 19.) (-3. 15.)</pre>
=={{header|FreeBASIC}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="freebasic">
#include "crt.bi"
Screen 20
Window (-20,-20)-(30,30)
Type Point
As Single x,y
As Long done
End Type
#macro rotate(pivot,p,a,scale)
Type<Point>(scale*(Cos(a*.0174533)*(p.x-pivot.x)-Sin(a*.0174533)*(p.y-pivot.y))+pivot.x, _
scale*(Sin(a*.0174533)*(p.x-pivot.x)+Cos(a*.0174533)*(p.y-pivot.y))+pivot.y)
#endmacro
Dim As Point p(1 To ...)={(16,3),(12,17),(0,6),(-4,-6),(16,6),(16,-7),(16,-3),(17,-4),(5,19), _
(19,-8),(3,16),(12,13),(3,-4),(17,5),(-3,15),(-3,-9),(0,11),(-9,-3),(-4,-2),(12,10)}
Function south(p() As Point,Byref idx As Long) As Point
Dim As Point s=Type(0,100)
For n As Long=Lbound(p) To Ubound(p)
Circle(p(n).x,p(n).y),.2,7,,,,f
If s.y>p(n).y Then s=p(n):idx=n
Next n
Return s
End Function
Function segment_distance(lx1 As Single, _
ly1 As Single, _
lx2 As Single, _
ly2 As Single, _
px As Single,_
py As Single, _
Byref ox As Single=0,_
Byref oy As Single=0) As Single
Dim As Single M1,M2,C1,C2,B
B=(Lx2-Lx1):If B=0 Then B=1e-20
M2=(Ly2-Ly1)/B:If M2=0 Then M2=1e-20
M1=-1/M2
C1=py-M1*px
C2=(Ly1*Lx2-Lx1*Ly2)/B
Var L1=((px-lx1)*(px-lx1)+(py-ly1)*(py-ly1)),L2=((px-lx2)*(px-lx2)+(py-ly2)*(py-ly2))
Var a=((lx1-lx2)*(lx1-lx2) + (ly1-ly2)*(ly1-ly2))
Var a1=a+L1
Var a2=a+L2
Var f1=a1>L2,f2=a2>L1
If f1 Xor f2 Then
Var d1=((px-Lx1)*(px-Lx1)+(py-Ly1)*(py-Ly1))
Var d2=((px-Lx2)*(px-Lx2)+(py-Ly2)*(py-Ly2))
If d1<d2 Then Ox=Lx1:Oy=Ly1 : Return Sqr(d1) Else Ox=Lx2:Oy=Ly2:Return Sqr(d2)
End If
Var M=M1-M2:If M=0 Then M=1e-20
Ox=(C2-C1)/(M1-M2)
Oy=(M1*C2-M2*C1)/M
Return Sqr((px-Ox)*(px-Ox)+(py-Oy)*(py-Oy))
End Function
Dim As Long idx
Var s= south(p(),idx)
p(idx).done=1
Redim As Point ans(1 To 1)
ans(1)=s
Dim As Point e=s
e.x=1000
Dim As Long count=1
Dim As Single z
Circle(s.x,s.y),.4,5
Do
z+=.05
Var pt=rotate(s,e,z,1)
For n As Long=Lbound(p) To Ubound(p)
If segment_distance(s.x,s.y,pt.x,pt.y,p(n).x,p(n).y)<.05 Then
s=p(n)
If p(n).done=0 Then
count+=1
Redim Preserve ans(1 To count)
ans(count)=p(n)
p(n).done=1
End If
End If
Circle(s.x,s.y),.4,5
Next n
Loop Until z>360
For n As Long=Lbound(ans) To Ubound(ans)
printf (!"(%2.0f , %2.0f )\n", ans(n).x, ans(n).y)
Next
Sleep
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Graphical, plus console:
(-3 , -9 )
(19 , -8 )
(17 , 5 )
(12 , 17 )
( 5 , 19 )
(-3 , 15 )
(-9 , -3 )
</pre>
=={{header|Go}}==
<
import (
Line 72 ⟶ 2,218:
hull := pts.ConvexHull()
fmt.Println("Convex Hull:", hull)
}</
{{out}}
<pre>
Convex Hull: [(-9,-3) (-3,-9) (19,-8) (17,5) (12,17) (5,19) (-3,15)]
</pre>
=={{header|Groovy}}==
{{trans|Java}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="groovy">class ConvexHull {
private static class Point implements Comparable<Point> {
private int x, y
Point(int x, int y) {
this.x = x
this.y = y
}
@Override
int compareTo(Point o) {
return Integer.compare(x, o.x)
}
@Override
String toString() {
return String.format("(%d, %d)", x, y)
}
}
private static List<Point> convexHull(List<Point> p) {
if (p.isEmpty()) return Collections.emptyList()
p.sort(new Comparator<Point>() {
@Override
int compare(Point o1, Point o2) {
return o1 <=> o2
}
})
List<Point> h = new ArrayList<>()
// lower hull
for (Point pt : p) {
while (h.size() >= 2 && !ccw(h.get(h.size() - 2), h.get(h.size() - 1), pt)) {
h.remove(h.size() - 1)
}
h.add(pt)
}
// upper hull
int t = h.size() + 1
for (int i = p.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
Point pt = p.get(i)
while (h.size() >= t && !ccw(h.get(h.size() - 2), h.get(h.size() - 1), pt)) {
h.remove(h.size() - 1)
}
h.add(pt)
}
h.remove(h.size() - 1)
return h
}
// ccw returns true if the three points make a counter-clockwise turn
private static boolean ccw(Point a, Point b, Point c) {
return ((b.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y)) > ((b.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x))
}
static void main(String[] args) {
List<Point> points = Arrays.asList(new Point(16, 3),
new Point(12, 17),
new Point(0, 6),
new Point(-4, -6),
new Point(16, 6),
new Point(16, -7),
new Point(16, -3),
new Point(17, -4),
new Point(5, 19),
new Point(19, -8),
new Point(3, 16),
new Point(12, 13),
new Point(3, -4),
new Point(17, 5),
new Point(-3, 15),
new Point(-3, -9),
new Point(0, 11),
new Point(-9, -3),
new Point(-4, -2),
new Point(12, 10))
List<Point> hull = convexHull(points)
println("Convex Hull: $hull")
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]</pre>
=={{header|Haskell}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="haskell">import Data.List (sortBy, groupBy, maximumBy)
import Data.Ord (comparing)
(x, y) = ((!! 0), (!! 1))
compareFrom
:: (Num a, Ord a)
=> [a] -> [a] -> [a] -> Ordering
compareFrom o l r =
compare ((x l - x o) * (y r - y o)) ((y l - y o) * (x r - x o))
distanceFrom
:: Floating a
=> [a] -> [a] -> a
distanceFrom from to = ((x to - x from) ** 2 + (y to - y from) ** 2) ** (1 / 2)
convexHull
:: (Floating a, Ord a)
=> [[a]] -> [[a]]
convexHull points =
let o = minimum points
presorted = sortBy (compareFrom o) (filter (/= o) points)
collinears = groupBy (((EQ ==) .) . compareFrom o) presorted
outmost = maximumBy (comparing (distanceFrom o)) <$> collinears
in dropConcavities [o] outmost
dropConcavities
:: (Num a, Ord a)
=> [[a]] -> [[a]] -> [[a]]
dropConcavities (left:lefter) (right:righter:rightest) =
case compareFrom left right righter of
LT -> dropConcavities (right : left : lefter) (righter : rightest)
EQ -> dropConcavities (left : lefter) (righter : rightest)
GT -> dropConcavities lefter (left : righter : rightest)
dropConcavities output lastInput = lastInput ++ output
main :: IO ()
main =
mapM_ print $
convexHull
[ [16, 3]
, [12, 17]
, [0, 6]
, [-4, -6]
, [16, 6]
, [16, -7]
, [16, -3]
, [17, -4]
, [5, 19]
, [19, -8]
, [3, 16]
, [12, 13]
, [3, -4]
, [17, 5]
, [-3, 15]
, [-3, -9]
, [0, 11]
, [-9, -3]
, [-4, -2]
, [12, 10]
]</syntaxhighlight>
{{Out}}
<pre>[-3.0,-9.0]
[19.0,-8.0]
[17.0,5.0]
[12.0,17.0]
[5.0,19.0]
[-3.0,15.0]
[-9.0,-3.0]</pre>
=={{header|Haxe}}==
{{trans|Nim}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="haxe">typedef Point = {x:Float, y:Float};
class Main {
// Calculate orientation for 3 points
// 0 -> Straight line
// 1 -> Clockwise
// 2 -> Counterclockwise
static function orientation(pt1:Point, pt2:Point, pt3:Point): Int
{
var val = ((pt2.x - pt1.x) * (pt3.y - pt1.y)) -
((pt2.y - pt1.y) * (pt3.x - pt1.x));
if (val == 0)
return 0;
else if (val > 0)
return 1;
else return 2;
}
static function convexHull(pts:Array<Point>):Array<Point> {
var result = new Array<Point>();
// There must be at least 3 points
if (pts.length < 3)
for (i in pts) result.push(i);
// Find the leftmost point
var indexMinX = 0;
for (i in 0...(pts.length - 1))
if (pts[i].x < pts[indexMinX].x)
indexMinX = i;
var p = indexMinX;
var q = 0;
while (true) {
// The leftmost point must be part of the hull.
result.push(pts[p]);
q = (p + 1) % pts.length;
for (i in 0...(pts.length - 1))
if (orientation(pts[p], pts[i], pts[q]) == 2) q = i;
p = q;
// Break from loop once we reach the first point again.
if (p == indexMinX)
break;
}
return result;
}
static function main() {
var pts = new Array<Point>();
pts.push({x: 16, y: 3});
pts.push({x: 12, y: 17});
pts.push({x: 0, y: 6});
pts.push({x: -4, y: -6});
pts.push({x: 16, y: 6});
pts.push({x: 16, y: -7});
pts.push({x: 16, y: -3});
pts.push({x: 17, y: -4});
pts.push({x: 5, y: 19});
pts.push({x: 19, y: -8});
pts.push({x: 3, y: 16});
pts.push({x: 12, y: 13});
pts.push({x: 3, y: -4});
pts.push({x: 17, y: 5});
pts.push({x: -3, y: 15});
pts.push({x: -3, y: -9});
pts.push({x: 0, y: 11});
pts.push({x: -9, y: -3});
pts.push({x: -4, y: -2});
pts.push({x: 12, y: 10});
var hull = convexHull(pts);
Sys.print('Convex Hull: [');
var length = hull.length;
var i = 0;
while (length > 0) {
if (i > 0)
Sys.print(', ');
Sys.print('(${hull[i].x}, ${hull[i].y})');
length--;
i++;
}
Sys.println(']');
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, 15), (5, 19), (12, 17), (17, 5), (19, -8), (-3, -9)]</pre>
=={{header|Icon}}==
{{trans|ObjectIcon}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="icon">#
# Convex hulls by Andrew's monotone chain algorithm.
#
# For a description of the algorithm, see
# https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain&stableid=40169
#
record PlanePoint (x, y)
######################################################################
#
# Merge sort adapted from the Object Icon IPL (public domain code).
#
# A merge sort implementation. This returns a sorted copy, leaving the
# original unchanged.
#
# :Parameters :
# : `l` - the list to sort
# : `cmp` - a comparator function
#
procedure mergesort (l, cmp)
return mergesort1 (l, cmp, 1, *l)
end
procedure mergesort1 (l, cmp, first, last)
local l1, l2, l3, m, v1
if last <= first then
return l[first:last + 1]
m := (first + last) / 2
l1 := mergesort1 (l, cmp, first, m)
l2 := mergesort1 (l, cmp, m + 1, last)
l3 := []
every v1 := !l1 do {
while cmp (v1, l2[1]) > 0 do
put (l3, get(l2))
put (l3, v1)
}
every put(l3, !l2)
return l3
end
######################################################################
procedure point_equals (p, q)
if p.x = q.x & p.y = q.y then return else fail
end
# Impose a total order on points, making it one that will work for
# Andrew's monotone chain algorithm. *)
procedure point_comes_before (p, q)
if (p.x < q.x) | (p.x = q.x & p.y < q.y) then return else fail
end
# Subtraction is really a vector or multivector operation.
procedure point_subtract (p, q)
return PlanePoint (p.x - q.x, p.y - q.y)
end
# Cross product is really a multivector operation.
procedure point_cross (p, q)
return (p.x * q.y) - (p.y * q.x)
end
procedure point_to_string (p)
return "(" || string (p.x) || " " || string (p.y) || ")"
end
######################################################################
# Comparison like C's strcmp(3).
procedure compare_points (p, q)
local cmp
if point_comes_before (p, q) then
cmp := -1
else if point_comes_before (q, p) then
cmp := 1
else
cmp := 0
return cmp
end
procedure sort_points (points)
# Non-destructive sort.
return mergesort (points, compare_points)
end
procedure delete_neighbor_dups (arr, equals)
local arr1, i
if *arr = 0 then {
arr1 := []
} else {
arr1 := [arr[1]]
i := 2
while i <= *arr do {
if not (equals (arr[i], arr1[-1])) then
put (arr1, arr[i])
i +:= 1
}
}
return arr1
end
procedure construct_lower_hull (pt)
local hull, i, j
hull := list (*pt)
hull[1] := pt[1]
hull[2] := pt[2]
j := 2
every i := 3 to *pt do {
while (j ~= 1 &
point_cross (point_subtract (hull[j], hull[j - 1]),
point_subtract (pt[i], hull[j - 1])) <= 0) do j -:= 1
j +:= 1
hull[j] := pt[i]
}
return hull[1 : j + 1]
end
procedure construct_upper_hull (pt)
local hull, i, j
hull := list (*pt)
hull[1] := pt[-1]
hull[2] := pt[-2]
j := 2
every i := 3 to *pt do {
while (j ~= 1 &
point_cross (point_subtract (hull[j], hull[j - 1]),
point_subtract (pt[-i], hull[j - 1])) <= 0) do j -:= 1
j +:= 1
hull[j] := pt[-i]
}
return hull[1 : j + 1]
end
procedure construct_hull (pt)
local lower_hull, upper_hull
lower_hull := construct_lower_hull (pt)
upper_hull := construct_upper_hull (pt)
return lower_hull[1 : -1] ||| upper_hull [1 : -1]
end
procedure find_convex_hull (points)
local pt, hull
if *points = 0 then {
hull := []
} else {
pt := delete_neighbor_dups (sort_points (points), point_equals)
if *pt <= 2 then {
hull := pt
} else {
hull := construct_hull (pt)
}
}
return hull
end
procedure main ()
local example_points, hull
example_points :=
[PlanePoint (16.0, 3.0),
PlanePoint (12.0, 17.0),
PlanePoint (0.0, 6.0),
PlanePoint (-4.0, -6.0),
PlanePoint (16.0, 6.0),
PlanePoint (16.0, -7.0),
PlanePoint (16.0, -3.0),
PlanePoint (17.0, -4.0),
PlanePoint (5.0, 19.0),
PlanePoint (19.0, -8.0),
PlanePoint (3.0, 16.0),
PlanePoint (12.0, 13.0),
PlanePoint (3.0, -4.0),
PlanePoint (17.0, 5.0),
PlanePoint (-3.0, 15.0),
PlanePoint (-3.0, -9.0),
PlanePoint (0.0, 11.0),
PlanePoint (-9.0, -3.0),
PlanePoint (-4.0, -2.0),
PlanePoint (12.0, 10.0)]
hull := find_convex_hull (example_points)
every write (point_to_string (!hull))
end
######################################################################</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>$ icon convex_hull_task-Icon.icn
(-9.0 -3.0)
(-3.0 -9.0)
(19.0 -8.0)
(17.0 5.0)
(12.0 17.0)
(5.0 19.0)
(-3.0 15.0)</pre>
=={{header|J}}==
Restated from the implementation at [https://web.archive.org/web/20150919194242/http://kukuruku.co/hub/funcprog/introduction-to-j-programming-language-2004] which in turn is
<
crossproduct =: 11
removeinner =: #~ (1 , (0 > 3 crossproduct\ ]) , 1:)
hull =: [: removeinner^:_ counterclockwise</
Example use:
<
_9j_3 _3j_9 19j_8 17j5 12j17 5j19 _3j15
] A =: ~. 20 2 ?.@$ 9
0 2
1 3
2 1
4 1
8 7
3 5
4 8
7 5
6 1
2 6
1 7
0 1
6 8
4 0
8 6
7 6
5 8
0 4
5 3
hull&.:(+.inv"1) A
0 1
4 0
6 1
8 6
8 7
6 8
4 8
1 7
0 4
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Java}}==
{{trans|Kotlin}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="java">import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import static java.util.Collections.emptyList;
public class ConvexHull {
private static class Point implements Comparable<Point> {
private int x, y;
public Point(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
@Override
public int compareTo(Point o) {
return Integer.compare(x, o.x);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("(%d, %d)", x, y);
}
}
private static List<Point> convexHull(List<Point> p) {
if (p.isEmpty()) return emptyList();
p.sort(Point::compareTo);
List<Point> h = new ArrayList<>();
// lower hull
for (Point pt : p) {
while (h.size() >= 2 && !ccw(h.get(h.size() - 2), h.get(h.size() - 1), pt)) {
h.remove(h.size() - 1);
}
h.add(pt);
}
// upper hull
int t = h.size() + 1;
for (int i = p.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
Point pt = p.get(i);
while (h.size() >= t && !ccw(h.get(h.size() - 2), h.get(h.size() - 1), pt)) {
h.remove(h.size() - 1);
}
h.add(pt);
}
h.remove(h.size() - 1);
return h;
}
// ccw returns true if the three points make a counter-clockwise turn
private static boolean ccw(Point a, Point b, Point c) {
return ((b.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y)) > ((b.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x));
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Point> points = Arrays.asList(new Point(16, 3),
new Point(12, 17),
new Point(0, 6),
new Point(-4, -6),
new Point(16, 6),
new Point(16, -7),
new Point(16, -3),
new Point(17, -4),
new Point(5, 19),
new Point(19, -8),
new Point(3, 16),
new Point(12, 13),
new Point(3, -4),
new Point(17, 5),
new Point(-3, 15),
new Point(-3, -9),
new Point(0, 11),
new Point(-9, -3),
new Point(-4, -2),
new Point(12, 10));
List<Point> hull = convexHull(points);
System.out.printf("Convex Hull: %s\n", hull);
}
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]</pre>
=={{header|Javascript}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript">
function convexHull(points) {
points.sort(comparison);
var L = [];
for (var i = 0; i < points.length; i++) {
while (L.length >= 2 && cross(L[L.length - 2], L[L.length - 1], points[i]) <= 0) {
L.pop();
}
L.push(points[i]);
}
var U = [];
for (var i = points.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
while (U.length >= 2 && cross(U[U.length - 2], U[U.length - 1], points[i]) <= 0) {
U.pop();
}
U.push(points[i]);
}
L.pop();
U.pop();
return L.concat(U);
}
function comparison(a, b) {
return a.x == b.x ? a.y - b.y : a.x - b.x;
}
function cross(a, b, o) {
return (a.x - o.x) * (b.y - o.y) - (a.y - o.y) * (b.x - o.x);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
'''For usage''':
<nowiki>convexhull.js</nowiki>
<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript">
var points = [];
var hull = [];
function setup() {
createCanvas(1132, 700);
frameRate(10);
strokeWeight(4);
stroke(220);
}
function draw() {
background(40);
// draw points
for (i = 0; i < points.length; i++) {
point(points[i].x, points[i].y);
};
console.log(hull);
// draw hull
noFill();
beginShape();
for (i = 0; i < hull.length; i++) {
vertex(hull[i].x, hull[i].y);
};
endShape(CLOSE);
}
function mouseClicked() {
points.push(createVector(mouseX, mouseY));
hull = convexHull(points);
noFill();
//console.log(hull);
beginShape();
for (var i = 0; i < hull.length; i++) {
vertex(hull[i].x, hull[i].y);
}
endShape(CLOSE);
return false;
}
// https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain
function convexHull(points) {
points.sort(comparison);
var L = [];
for (var i = 0; i < points.length; i++) {
while (L.length >= 2 && cross(L[L.length - 2], L[L.length - 1], points[i]) <= 0) {
L.pop();
}
L.push(points[i]);
}
var U = [];
for (var i = points.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
while (U.length >= 2 && cross(U[U.length - 2], U[U.length - 1], points[i]) <= 0) {
U.pop();
}
U.push(points[i]);
}
L.pop();
U.pop();
return L.concat(U);
}
function comparison(a, b) {
return a.x == b.x ? a.y - b.y : a.x - b.x;
}
function cross(a, b, o) {
return (a.x - o.x) * (b.y - o.y) - (a.y - o.y) * (b.x - o.x);
}
</syntaxhighlight>
<nowiki>convexhull.html</nowiki>
<syntaxhighlight lang="html">
<html>
<head>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/p5.js/0.7.2/p5.js"></script>
<script src="convexhull.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<tr>
<th><h1>Convex Hull</h4></th>
<th><h4>Left mouse: Add points</h6></th>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|jq}}==
{{trans|Wren}}
{{works with|jq}}
'''Works with gojq, the Go implementation of jq'''
<syntaxhighlight lang="jq"># ccw returns true if the three points make a counter-clockwise turn
def ccw(a; b; c):
a as [$ax, $ay]
| b as [$bx, $by]
| c as [$cx, $cy]
| (($bx - $ax) * ($cy - $ay)) > (($by - $ay) * ($cx - $ax)) ;
def convexHull:
if . == [] then []
else sort as $pts
# lower hull:
| reduce $pts[] as $pt ([];
until (length < 2 or ccw(.[-2]; .[-1]; $pt); .[:-1] )
| . + [$pt] )
# upper hull
| (length + 1) as $t
| reduce range($pts|length-2; -1; -1) as $i (.;
$pts[$i] as $pt
| until (length < $t or ccw(.[-2]; .[-1]; $pt); .[:-1] )
| . + [$pt])
| .[:-1]
end ;</syntaxhighlight>
'''The task'''
<syntaxhighlight lang="jq">def pts: [
[16, 3], [12, 17], [ 0, 6], [-4, -6], [16, 6],
[16, -7], [16, -3], [17, -4], [ 5, 19], [19, -8],
[ 3, 16], [12, 13], [ 3, -4], [17, 5], [-3, 15],
[-3, -9], [ 0, 11], [-9, -3], [-4, -2], [12, 10]
];
"Convex Hull: \(pts|convexHull)"</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Convex Hull: [[-9,-3],[-3,-9],[19,-8],[17,5],[12,17],[5,19],[-3,15]]
</pre>
=={{header|Julia}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="julia"># v1.0.4
# https://github.com/JuliaPolyhedra/Polyhedra.jl/blob/master/examples/operations.ipynb
using Polyhedra, CDDLib
A = vrep([[16,3], [12,17], [0,6], [-4,-6], [16,6], [16,-7], [16,-3], [17,-4], [5,19], [19,-8], [3,16], [12,13], [3,-4], [17,5], [-3,15], [-3,-9], [0,11], [-9,-3], [-4,-2], [12,10]])
P = polyhedron(A, CDDLib.Library())
Pch = convexhull(P, P)
removevredundancy!(Pch)
println("$Pch")</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>convexhull([5.0, 19.0], [19.0, -8.0], [17.0, 5.0], [-3.0, 15.0], [-9.0, -3.0], [12.0, 17.0], [-3.0, -9.0])</pre>
=={{header|Kotlin}}==
{{trans|Go}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="scala">// version 1.1.3
class Point(val x: Int, val y: Int) : Comparable<Point> {
override fun compareTo(other: Point) = this.x.compareTo(other.x)
override fun toString() = "($x, $y)"
}
fun convexHull(p: Array<Point>): List<Point> {
if (p.isEmpty()) return emptyList()
p.sort()
val h = mutableListOf<Point>()
// lower hull
for (pt in p) {
while (h.size >= 2 && !ccw(h[h.size - 2], h.last(), pt)) {
h.removeAt(h.lastIndex)
}
h.add(pt)
}
// upper hull
val t = h.size + 1
for (i in p.size - 2 downTo 0) {
val pt = p[i]
while (h.size >= t && !ccw(h[h.size - 2], h.last(), pt)) {
h.removeAt(h.lastIndex)
}
h.add(pt)
}
h.removeAt(h.lastIndex)
return h
}
/* ccw returns true if the three points make a counter-clockwise turn */
fun ccw(a: Point, b: Point, c: Point) =
((b.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y)) > ((b.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x))
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val points = arrayOf(
Point(16, 3), Point(12, 17), Point( 0, 6), Point(-4, -6), Point(16, 6),
Point(16, -7), Point(16, -3), Point(17, -4), Point( 5, 19), Point(19, -8),
Point( 3, 16), Point(12, 13), Point( 3, -4), Point(17, 5), Point(-3, 15),
Point(-3, -9), Point( 0, 11), Point(-9, -3), Point(-4, -2), Point(12, 10)
)
val hull = convexHull(points)
println("Convex Hull: $hull")
}</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]
</pre>
WARRNING: Wrong results for case:
<pre>
val points = arrayOf(
Point(1387, 2842),
Point(1247, 2842), // A
Point(1247, 2382), // B (it should be in result)
Point(1387, 2462),
Point(1247, 2462),
Point(1527, 2762),
Point(1387, 2382),
)
</pre>
Also if we swap points A and B then result will be different (!). Probably the problem is that when we use p.sort() we sort only by x - but for case when A.x == B.x we should also sort by y (like in e.g. JavaScript version). So below code in class Point method compareTo probably should be used
<pre>
override fun compareTo(other: Point): Int {
val x = this.x.compareTo(other.x)
if (x==0) {
return this.y.compareTo(other.y)
} else {
return x
}
}
</pre>
=={{header|Lua}}==
{{trans|C++}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="lua">function print_point(p)
io.write("("..p.x..", "..p.y..")")
return nil
end
function print_points(pl)
io.write("[")
for i,p in pairs(pl) do
if i>1 then
io.write(", ")
end
print_point(p)
end
io.write("]")
return nil
end
function ccw(a,b,c)
return (b.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y) > (b.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x)
end
function pop_back(ta)
table.remove(ta,#ta)
return ta
end
function convexHull(pl)
if #pl == 0 then
return {}
end
table.sort(pl, function(left,right)
return left.x < right.x
end)
local h = {}
-- lower hull
for i,pt in pairs(pl) do
while #h >= 2 and not ccw(h[#h-1], h[#h], pt) do
table.remove(h,#h)
end
table.insert(h,pt)
end
-- upper hull
local t = #h + 1
for i=#pl, 1, -1 do
local pt = pl[i]
while #h >= t and not ccw(h[#h-1], h[#h], pt) do
table.remove(h,#h)
end
table.insert(h,pt)
end
table.remove(h,#h)
return h
end
-- main
local points = {
{x=16,y= 3},{x=12,y=17},{x= 0,y= 6},{x=-4,y=-6},{x=16,y= 6},
{x=16,y=-7},{x=16,y=-3},{x=17,y=-4},{x= 5,y=19},{x=19,y=-8},
{x= 3,y=16},{x=12,y=13},{x= 3,y=-4},{x=17,y= 5},{x=-3,y=15},
{x=-3,y=-9},{x= 0,y=11},{x=-9,y=-3},{x=-4,y=-2},{x=12,y=10}
}
local hull = convexHull(points)
io.write("Convex Hull: ")
print_points(hull)
print()</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]</pre>
=={{header|Maple}}==
Function are available in the geometry, ComputationalGeometry and simplex packages.
<syntaxhighlight lang="maple">pts:=[[16,3],[12,17],[0,6],[-4,-6],[16,6],[16,-7],[16,-3],[17,-4],[5,19],[19,-8],
[3,16],[12,13],[3,-4],[17,5],[-3,15],[-3,-9],[0,11],[-9,-3],[-4,-2],[12,10]]:
with(geometry):
map(coordinates,convexhull([seq(point(P||i,pts[i]),i=1..nops(pts))]));
# [[-9, -3], [-3, -9], [19, -8], [17, 5], [12, 17], [5, 19], [-3, 15]]
with(ComputationalGeometry):
pts[ConvexHull(pts)];
# [[12, 17], [5, 19], [-3, 15], [-9, -3], [-3, -9], [19, -8], [17, 5]]
simplex:-convexhull(pts);
# [[-9, -3], [-3, -9], [19, -8], [17, 5], [12, 17], [5, 19], [-3, 15]]</syntaxhighlight>
=={{header|Mathematica}}/{{header|Wolfram Language}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="mathematica">hullPoints[data_] := MeshCoordinates[ConvexHullMesh[data]];
hullPoints[{{16, 3}, {12, 17}, {0, 6}, {-4, -6}, {16, 6}, {16, -7}, {16, -3}, {17, -4}, {5, 19}, {19, -8}, {3, 16}, {12, 13}, {3, -4}, {17, 5}, {-3, 15}, {-3, -9}, {0, 11}, {-9, -3}, {-4, -2}, {12, 10}}]</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}{{12., 17.}, {5., 19.}, {19., -8.}, {17., 5.}, {-3., 15.}, {-3., -9.}, {-9., -3.}}
=={{header|Mercury}}==
{{trans|Standard ML}}
{{works with|Mercury|20.06.1}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="mercury">:- module convex_hull_task.
:- interface.
:- import_module io.
:- pred main(io, io).
:- mode main(di, uo) is det.
:- implementation.
:- import_module exception.
:- import_module float.
:- import_module int.
:- import_module list.
:- import_module pair.
:- import_module string.
:- import_module version_array.
%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%% fetch_items/3 for version_array, similar to the library function
%% for regular array.
:- func fetch_items(version_array(T), int, int) = list(T).
fetch_items(Arr, I, J) = fetch_items_(Arr, I, J, []).
:- func fetch_items_(version_array(T), int, int, list(T)) = list(T).
fetch_items_(Arr, I, J, Lst0) = Lst :-
if (J < I) then (Lst = Lst0)
else (J1 = J - 1,
Lst = fetch_items_(Arr, I, J1, [Arr^elem(J) | Lst0])).
%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
:- type point == pair(float).
:- type point_list == list(point).
:- type point_array == version_array(point).
:- pred point_comes_before(point, point).
:- mode point_comes_before(in, in) is semidet.
point_comes_before(P, Q) :-
(fst(P) < fst(Q); fst(P) - fst(Q) = (0.0),
snd(P) < snd(Q)).
:- pred point_compare(point, point, comparison_result).
:- mode point_compare(in, in, out) is det.
point_compare(P, Q, Cmp) :-
if (point_comes_before(P, Q)) then (Cmp = (<))
else if (point_comes_before(Q, P)) then (Cmp = (>))
else (Cmp = (=)).
:- func point_subtract(point, point) = point.
point_subtract(P, Q) = pair(fst(P) - fst(Q),
snd(P) - snd(Q)).
:- func point_cross_product(point, point) = float.
point_cross_product(P, Q) = (fst(P) * snd(Q)) - (snd(P) * fst(Q)).
:- func point_to_string(point) = string.
point_to_string(P) = ("(" ++ from_float(fst(P)) ++
" " ++ from_float(snd(P)) ++ ")").
%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
:- func convex_hull(point_list) = point_list.
convex_hull(Pt) = Hull :-
Pt1 = unique_points_sorted(Pt),
(if (Pt1 = []; Pt1 = [_]; Pt1 = [_, _]) then (Hull = Pt1)
else (Hull = construct_hull(Pt1))).
:- func unique_points_sorted(point_list) = point_list.
unique_points_sorted(Pt0) = Pt :-
sort_and_remove_dups(point_compare, Pt0, Pt).
:- func construct_hull(point_list) = point_list.
construct_hull(Pt) = (construct_lower_hull(Pt) ++
construct_upper_hull(Pt)).
:- func construct_lower_hull(point_list) = point_list.
construct_lower_hull(Pt) = Hull :-
if (Pt = [P0, P1 | Rest])
then (N = length(Pt),
Arr0 = (version_array.init(N, P0)),
Arr1 = (Arr0^elem(1) := P1),
hull_construction(Rest, Arr1, Arr2, 1, N_Hull),
%% In the fetch_items/3 call, we leave out the last item. It
%% is redundant with the first item of the upper hull.
N_Hull2 = N_Hull - 2,
Hull = fetch_items(Arr2, 0, N_Hull2))
else throw("construct_lower_hull expects list of length >= 3").
:- func construct_upper_hull(point_list) = point_list.
%% An upper hull is merely a lower hull for points going the other
%% way.
construct_upper_hull(Pt) = construct_lower_hull(reverse(Pt)).
:- pred hull_construction(point_list, point_array, point_array,
int, int).
:- mode hull_construction(in, in, out, in, out) is det.
hull_construction([], Arr0, Arr, J, N_Hull) :-
Arr = Arr0,
N_Hull = J + 1.
hull_construction([P | Rest], Arr0, Arr, J, N_Hull) :-
if cross_test(P, Arr0, J)
then (J1 = J + 1,
Arr1 = (Arr0^elem(J1) := P),
hull_construction(Rest, Arr1, Arr, J1, N_Hull))
else (J1 = J - 1,
hull_construction([P | Rest], Arr0, Arr, J1, N_Hull)).
:- pred cross_test(point, point_array, int).
:- mode cross_test(in, in, in) is semidet.
cross_test(P, Arr, J) :-
if (J = 0) then true
else (Elem_J = Arr^elem(J),
J1 = J - 1,
Elem_J1 = Arr^elem(J1),
0.0 < point_cross_product(point_subtract(Elem_J, Elem_J1),
point_subtract(P, Elem_J1))).
%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
main(!IO) :-
Example_points = [pair(16.0, 3.0),
pair(12.0, 17.0),
pair(0.0, 6.0),
pair(-4.0, -6.0),
pair(16.0, 6.0),
pair(16.0, -7.0),
pair(16.0, -3.0),
pair(17.0, -4.0),
pair(5.0, 19.0),
pair(19.0, -8.0),
pair(3.0, 16.0),
pair(12.0, 13.0),
pair(3.0, -4.0),
pair(17.0, 5.0),
pair(-3.0, 15.0),
pair(-3.0, -9.0),
pair(0.0, 11.0),
pair(-9.0, -3.0),
pair(-4.0, -2.0),
pair(12.0, 10.0)],
Hull = convex_hull(Example_points),
HullStr = join_list(" ", map(point_to_string, Hull)),
write_string(HullStr, !IO),
nl(!IO).
%%%-------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% local variables:
%%% mode: mercury
%%% prolog-indent-width: 2
%%% end:</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>$ mmc convex_hull_task.m && ./convex_hull_task
(-9.0 -3.0) (-3.0 -9.0) (19.0 -8.0) (17.0 5.0) (12.0 17.0) (5.0 19.0) (-3.0 15.0)</pre>
=={{header|Modula-2}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang="modula2">MODULE ConvexHull;
FROM FormatString IMPORT FormatString;
FROM Storage IMPORT ALLOCATE, DEALLOCATE;
FROM SYSTEM IMPORT TSIZE;
FROM Terminal IMPORT WriteString,WriteLn,ReadChar;
PROCEDURE WriteInt(n : INTEGER);
VAR buf : ARRAY[0..15] OF CHAR;
BEGIN
FormatString("%i", buf, n);
WriteString(buf);
END WriteInt;
TYPE
Point = RECORD
x, y : INTEGER;
END;
PROCEDURE WritePoint(pt : Point);
BEGIN
WriteString("(");
WriteInt(pt.x);
WriteString(", ");
WriteInt(pt.y);
WriteString(")");
END WritePoint;
TYPE
NextNode = POINTER TO PNode;
PNode = RECORD
value : Point;
next : NextNode;
END;
PROCEDURE WriteNode(it : NextNode);
BEGIN
IF it = NIL THEN
RETURN
END;
WriteString("[");
WritePoint(it^.value);
it := it^.next;
WHILE it # NIL DO
WriteString(", ");
WritePoint(it^.value);
it := it^.next
END;
WriteString("]")
END WriteNode;
PROCEDURE AppendNode(pn : NextNode; p : Point) : NextNode;
VAR it,nx : NextNode;
BEGIN
IF pn = NIL THEN
ALLOCATE(it,TSIZE(PNode));
it^.value := p;
it^.next := NIL;
RETURN it
END;
it := pn;
WHILE it^.next # NIL DO
it := it^.next
END;
ALLOCATE(nx,TSIZE(PNode));
nx^.value := p;
nx^.next := NIL;
it^.next := nx;
RETURN pn
END AppendNode;
PROCEDURE DeleteNode(VAR pn : NextNode);
BEGIN
IF pn = NIL THEN RETURN END;
DeleteNode(pn^.next);
DEALLOCATE(pn,TSIZE(PNode));
pn := NIL
END DeleteNode;
PROCEDURE SortNode(VAR pn : NextNode);
VAR
it : NextNode;
tmp : Point;
done : BOOLEAN;
BEGIN
REPEAT
done := TRUE;
it := pn;
WHILE (it # NIL) AND (it^.next # NIL) DO
IF it^.next^.value.x < it^.value.x THEN
tmp := it^.value;
it^.value := it^.next^.value;
it^.next^.value := tmp;
done := FALSE
END;
it := it^.next;
END
UNTIL done;
END SortNode;
PROCEDURE NodeLength(it : NextNode) : INTEGER;
VAR length : INTEGER;
BEGIN
length := 0;
WHILE it # NIL DO
INC(length);
it := it^.next;
END;
RETURN length
END NodeLength;
PROCEDURE ReverseNode(fp : NextNode) : NextNode;
VAR rp,tmp : NextNode;
BEGIN
IF fp = NIL THEN RETURN NIL END;
ALLOCATE(tmp,TSIZE(PNode));
tmp^.value := fp^.value;
tmp^.next := NIL;
rp := tmp;
fp := fp^.next;
WHILE fp # NIL DO
ALLOCATE(tmp,TSIZE(PNode));
tmp^.value := fp^.value;
tmp^.next := rp;
rp := tmp;
fp := fp^.next;
END;
RETURN rp
END ReverseNode;
(* ccw returns true if the three points make a counter-clockwise turn *)
PROCEDURE CCW(a,b,c : Point) : BOOLEAN;
BEGIN
RETURN ((b.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y)) > ((b.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x))
END CCW;
PROCEDURE ConvexHull(p : NextNode) : NextNode;
VAR
hull,it,h1,h2 : NextNode;
t : INTEGER;
BEGIN
IF p = NIL THEN RETURN NIL END;
SortNode(p);
hull := NIL;
(* lower hull *)
it := p;
WHILE it # NIL DO
IF hull # NIL THEN
WHILE hull^.next # NIL DO
(* At least two points in the list *)
h2 := hull;
h1 := hull^.next;
WHILE h1^.next # NIL DO
h2 := h1;
h1 := h2^.next;
END;
IF CCW(h2^.value, h1^.value, it^.value) THEN
BREAK
ELSE
h2^.next := NIL;
DeleteNode(h1);
h1 := NIL
END
END
END;
hull := AppendNode(hull, it^.value);
it := it^.next;
END;
(* upper hull *)
t := NodeLength(hull) + 1;
p := ReverseNode(p);
it := p;
WHILE it # NIL DO
WHILE NodeLength(hull) >= t DO
h2 := hull;
h1 := hull^.next;
WHILE h1^.next # NIL DO
h2 := h1;
h1 := h2^.next;
END;
IF CCW(h2^.value, h1^.value, it^.value) THEN
BREAK
ELSE
h2^.next := NIL;
DeleteNode(h1);
h1 := NIL
END
END;
hull := AppendNode(hull, it^.value);
it := it^.next;
END;
DeleteNode(p);
h2 := hull;
h1 := h2^.next;
WHILE h1^.next # NIL DO
h2 := h1;
h1 := h1^.next;
END;
h2^.next := NIL;
DeleteNode(h1);
RETURN hull
END ConvexHull;
(* Main *)
VAR nodes,hull : NextNode;
BEGIN
nodes := AppendNode(NIL, Point{16, 3});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{12,17});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{ 0, 6});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{-4,-6});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{16, 6});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{16,-7});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{16,-3});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{17,-4});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{ 5,19});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{19,-8});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{ 3,16});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{12,13});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{ 3,-4});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{17, 5});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{-3,15});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{-3,-9});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{ 0,11});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{-9,-3});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{-4,-2});
AppendNode(nodes, Point{12,10});
hull := ConvexHull(nodes);
WriteNode(hull);
DeleteNode(hull);
DeleteNode(nodes);
ReadChar
END ConvexHull.</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>[(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]</pre>
=={{header|Nim}}==
{{trans|Rust}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="nim">type
Point = object
x: float
y: float
# Calculate orientation for 3 points
# 0 -> Straight line
# 1 -> Clockwise
# 2 -> Counterclockwise
proc orientation(p, q, r: Point): int =
let val = (q.y - p.y) * (r.x - q.x) -
(q.x - p.x) * (r.y - q.y)
if val == 0: 0
elif val > 0: 1
else: 2
proc calculateConvexHull(points: openArray[Point]): seq[Point] =
result = newSeq[Point]()
# There must be at least 3 points
if len(points) < 3:
for i in points: result.add(i)
# Find the leftmost point
var indexMinX = 0
for i, _ in points:
if points[i].x < points[indexMinX].x:
indexMinX = i
var p = indexMinX
var q = 0
while true:
# The leftmost point must be part of the hull.
result.add(points[p])
q = (p + 1) mod len(points)
for i in 0..<len(points):
if orientation(points[p], points[i], points[q]) == 2:
q = i
p = q
# Break from loop once we reach the first point again
if p == indexMinX:
break
var points = @[Point(x: 16, y: 3),
Point(x: 12, y: 17),
Point(x: 0, y: 6),
Point(x: -4, y: -6),
Point(x: 16, y: 6),
Point(x: 16, y: -7),
Point(x: 17, y: -4),
Point(x: 5, y: 19),
Point(x: 19, y: -8),
Point(x: 3, y: 16),
Point(x: 12, y: 13),
Point(x: 3, y: -4),
Point(x: 17, y: 5),
Point(x: -3, y: 15),
Point(x: -3, y: -9),
Point(x: 0, y: 11),
Point(x: -9, y: -3),
Point(x: -4, y: -2),
Point(x: 12, y: 10)]
let hull = calculateConvexHull(points)
for i in hull:
echo i</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
(x: -9.0, y: -3.0)
(x: -3.0, y: -9.0)
(x: 19.0, y: -8.0)
(x: 17.0, y: 5.0)
(x: 12.0, y: 17.0)
(x: 5.0, y: 19.0)
(x: -3.0, y: 15.0)
</pre>
=={{header|ObjectIcon}}==
{{trans|Fortran}}
{{trans|Standard ML}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="objecticon"># -*- ObjectIcon -*-
#
# Convex hulls by Andrew's monotone chain algorithm.
#
# For a description of the algorithm, see
# https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain&stableid=40169
#
import io
import ipl.sort
class PlanePoint () # Enough plane geometry for our purpose.
private readable x, y
public new (x, y)
self.x := x
self.y := y
return
end
public equals (other)
if self.x = other.x & self.y = other.y then
return
else
fail
end
# Impose a total order on points, making it one that will work for
# Andrew's monotone chain algorithm. *)
public comes_before (other)
if (self.x < other.x) | (self.x = other.x & self.y < other.y) then
return
else
fail
end
# Subtraction is really a vector or multivector operation.
public minus (other)
return PlanePoint (self.x - other.x, self.y - other.y)
end
# Cross product is really a multivector operation.
public cross (other)
return (self.x * other.y) - (self.y * other.x)
end
public to_string ()
return "(" || string (self.x) || " " || string (self.y) || ")"
end
end
# Comparison like C's strcmp(3).
procedure compare_points (p, q)
local cmp
if p.comes_before (q) then
cmp := -1
else if q.comes_before (p) then
cmp := 1
else
cmp := 0
return cmp
end
procedure sort_points (points)
# Non-destructive sort.
return mergesort (points, compare_points)
end
procedure delete_neighbor_dups (arr, equals)
local arr1, i
if *arr = 0 then {
arr1 := []
} else {
arr1 := [arr[1]]
i := 2
while i <= *arr do {
unless equals (arr[i], arr1[-1]) then
put (arr1, arr[i])
i +:= 1
}
}
return arr1
end
procedure construct_lower_hull (pt)
local hull, i, j
hull := list (*pt)
hull[1] := pt[1]
hull[2] := pt[2]
j := 2
every i := 3 to *pt do {
while (j ~= 1 &
(hull[j].minus (hull[j - 1])).cross (pt[i].minus (hull[j - 1])) <= 0) do
j -:= 1
j +:= 1
hull[j] := pt[i]
}
return hull[1 : j + 1]
end
procedure construct_upper_hull (pt)
local hull, i, j
hull := list (*pt)
hull[1] := pt[-1]
hull[2] := pt[-2]
j := 2
every i := 3 to *pt do {
while (j ~= 1 &
(hull[j].minus (hull[j - 1])).cross (pt[-i].minus (hull[j - 1])) <= 0) do
j -:= 1
j +:= 1
hull[j] := pt[-i]
}
return hull[1 : j + 1]
end
procedure construct_hull (pt)
local lower_hull, upper_hull
lower_hull := construct_lower_hull (pt)
upper_hull := construct_upper_hull (pt)
return lower_hull[1 : -1] ||| upper_hull [1 : -1]
end
procedure points_equal (p, q)
if p.equals (q) then
return
else
fail
end
procedure find_convex_hull (points)
local pt, hull
if *points = 0 then {
hull := []
} else {
pt := delete_neighbor_dups (sort_points (points), points_equal)
if *pt <= 2 then
hull := pt
else
hull := construct_hull (pt)
}
return hull
end
procedure main ()
local example_points, hull
example_points :=
[PlanePoint (16.0, 3.0),
PlanePoint (12.0, 17.0),
PlanePoint (0.0, 6.0),
PlanePoint (-4.0, -6.0),
PlanePoint (16.0, 6.0),
PlanePoint (16.0, -7.0),
PlanePoint (16.0, -3.0),
PlanePoint (17.0, -4.0),
PlanePoint (5.0, 19.0),
PlanePoint (19.0, -8.0),
PlanePoint (3.0, 16.0),
PlanePoint (12.0, 13.0),
PlanePoint (3.0, -4.0),
PlanePoint (17.0, 5.0),
PlanePoint (-3.0, 15.0),
PlanePoint (-3.0, -9.0),
PlanePoint (0.0, 11.0),
PlanePoint (-9.0, -3.0),
PlanePoint (-4.0, -2.0),
PlanePoint (12.0, 10.0)]
hull := find_convex_hull (example_points)
every write ((!hull).to_string ())
end</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>$ oiscript convex_hull_task-OI.icn
(-9.0 -3.0)
(-3.0 -9.0)
(19.0 -8.0)
(17.0 5.0)
(12.0 17.0)
(5.0 19.0)
(-3.0 15.0)</pre>
=={{header|OCaml}}==
{{trans|Standard ML}}
{{works with|OCaml|4.14.0}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="ocaml">(*
* Convex hulls by Andrew's monotone chain algorithm.
*
* For a description of the algorithm, see
* https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain&stableid=40169
*)
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(* Just enough plane geometry for our purpose. *)
module Plane_point =
struct
type t = float * float
let make (xy : t) = xy
let to_tuple ((x, y) : t) = (x, y)
let x ((x, _) : t) = x
let y ((_, y) : t) = y
let equal (u : t) (v : t) = (x u = x v && y u = y v)
(* Impose a total order on points, making it one that will work
for Andrew's monotone chain algorithm. *)
let order (u : t) (v : t) =
(x u < x v) || (x u = x v && y u < y v)
(* The Array module's sort routines expect a "cmp" function. *)
let cmp u v =
if order u v then
(-1)
else if order v u then
(1)
else
(0)
(* Subtraction is really a vector or multivector operation. *)
let sub (u : t) (v : t) = make (x u -. x v, y u -. y v)
(* Cross product is really a multivector operation. *)
let cross (u : t) (v : t) = (x u *. y v) -. (y u *. x v)
let to_string ((x, y) : t) =
"(" ^ string_of_float x ^ " " ^ string_of_float y ^ ")"
end
;;
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(* We want something akin to array_delete_neighbor_dups of Scheme's
SRFI-132. *)
let array_delete_neighbor_dups equal arr =
(* Returns a Seq.t rather than an array. *)
let rec loop i lst =
(* Cons a list of non-duplicates, going backwards through the
array so the list will be in forwards order. *)
if i = 0 then
arr.(i) :: lst
else if equal arr.(i - 1) arr.(i) then
loop (i - 1) lst
else
loop (i - 1) (arr.(i) :: lst)
in
let n = Array.length arr in
List.to_seq (if n = 0 then [] else loop (n - 1) [])
;;
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(* The convex hull algorithm. *)
let cross_test pt_i hull j =
let hull_j = hull.(j)
and hull_j1 = hull.(j - 1) in
0.0 < Plane_point.(cross (sub hull_j hull_j1)
(sub pt_i hull_j1))
let construct_lower_hull n pt =
let hull = Array.make n (Plane_point.make (0.0, 0.0)) in
let () = hull.(0) <- pt.(0)
and () = hull.(1) <- pt.(1) in
let rec outer_loop i j =
if i = n then
j + 1
else
let pt_i = pt.(i) in
let rec inner_loop j =
if j = 0 || cross_test pt_i hull j then
begin
hull.(j + 1) <- pt_i;
j + 1
end
else
inner_loop (j - 1)
in
outer_loop (i + 1) (inner_loop j)
in
let hull_size = outer_loop 2 1 in
(hull_size, hull)
let construct_upper_hull n pt =
let hull = Array.make n (Plane_point.make (0.0, 0.0)) in
let () = hull.(0) <- pt.(n - 1)
and () = hull.(1) <- pt.(n - 2) in
let rec outer_loop i j =
if i = (-1) then
j + 1
else
let pt_i = pt.(i) in
let rec inner_loop j =
if j = 0 || cross_test pt_i hull j then
begin
hull.(j + 1) <- pt_i;
j + 1
end
else
inner_loop (j - 1)
in
outer_loop (i - 1) (inner_loop j)
in
let hull_size = outer_loop (n - 3) 1 in
(hull_size, hull)
let construct_hull n pt =
(* Side note: Construction of the lower and upper hulls can be done
in parallel. *)
let (lower_hull_size, lower_hull) = construct_lower_hull n pt
and (upper_hull_size, upper_hull) = construct_upper_hull n pt in
let hull_size = lower_hull_size + upper_hull_size - 2 in
let hull = Array.make hull_size (Plane_point.make (0.0, 0.0)) in
begin
Array.blit lower_hull 0 hull 0 (lower_hull_size - 1);
Array.blit upper_hull 0 hull (lower_hull_size - 1)
(upper_hull_size - 1);
hull
end
let plane_convex_hull points =
(* Takes an arbitrary sequence of points, which may be in any order
and may contain duplicates. Returns an ordered array of points
that make up the convex hull. If the sequence of points is empty,
the returned array is empty. *)
let pt = Array.of_seq points in
let () = Array.fast_sort Plane_point.cmp pt in
let pt = Array.of_seq
(array_delete_neighbor_dups Plane_point.equal pt) in
let n = Array.length pt in
if n <= 2 then
pt
else
construct_hull n pt
;;
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
let example_points =
[Plane_point.make (16.0, 3.0);
Plane_point.make (12.0, 17.0);
Plane_point.make (0.0, 6.0);
Plane_point.make (-4.0, -6.0);
Plane_point.make (16.0, 6.0);
Plane_point.make (16.0, -7.0);
Plane_point.make (16.0, -3.0);
Plane_point.make (17.0, -4.0);
Plane_point.make (5.0, 19.0);
Plane_point.make (19.0, -8.0);
Plane_point.make (3.0, 16.0);
Plane_point.make (12.0, 13.0);
Plane_point.make (3.0, -4.0);
Plane_point.make (17.0, 5.0);
Plane_point.make (-3.0, 15.0);
Plane_point.make (-3.0, -9.0);
Plane_point.make (0.0, 11.0);
Plane_point.make (-9.0, -3.0);
Plane_point.make (-4.0, -2.0);
Plane_point.make (12.0, 10.0)]
;;
let hull = plane_convex_hull (List.to_seq example_points)
;;
Array.iter
(fun p -> (print_string (Plane_point.to_string p);
print_string " "))
hull;
print_newline ()
;;
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>$ ocaml convex_hull_task.ml
(-9. -3.) (-3. -9.) (19. -8.) (17. 5.) (12. 17.) (5. 19.) (-3. 15.)</pre>
=={{header|Pascal}}==
{{trans|Fortran}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal">{$mode ISO}
program convex_hull_task (output);
{ Convex hulls, by Andrew's monotone chain algorithm.
For a description of the algorithm, see
https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain&stableid=40169 }
const max_points = 1000;
type points_range = 0 .. max_points - 1;
type point =
record
x, y : real
end;
type point_array = array [points_range] of point;
var ciura_gaps : array [1 .. 8] of integer;
var example_points : point_array;
var hull : point_array;
var hull_size : integer;
var index : integer;
function make_point (x, y : real) : point;
begin
make_point.x := x;
make_point.y := y;
end;
{ The cross product as a signed scalar. }
function cross (u, v : point) : real;
begin
cross := (u.x * v.y) - (u.y * v.x)
end;
function point_subtract (u, v : point) : point;
begin
point_subtract := make_point (u.x - v.x, u.y - v.y)
end;
function point_equal (u, v : point) : boolean;
begin
point_equal := (u.x = v.x) and (u.y = v.y)
end;
procedure sort_points (num_points : integer;
var points : point_array);
{ Sort first in ascending order by x-coordinates, then in
ascending order by y-coordinates. Any decent sort algorithm will
suffice; for the sake of interest, here is the Shell sort of
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shellsort&oldid=1084744510 }
var
i, j, k, gap, offset : integer;
temp : point;
done : boolean;
begin
for k := 1 to 8 do
begin
gap := ciura_gaps[k];
for offset := 0 to gap - 1 do
begin
i := offset;
while i <= num_points - 1 do
begin
temp := points[i];
j := i;
done := false;
while not done do
begin
if j < gap then
done := true
else if points[j - gap].x < temp.x then
done := true
else if ((points[j - gap].x = temp.x)
and (points[j - gap].y < temp.y)) then
done := true
else
begin
points[j] := points[j - gap];
j := j - gap
end
end;
points[j] := temp;
i := i + gap
end
end
end
end; { sort_points }
procedure delete_neighbor_duplicates (var n : integer;
var pt : point_array);
procedure delete_trailing_duplicates;
var
i : integer;
done : boolean;
begin
i := n - 1;
done := false;
while not done do
begin
if i = 0 then
begin
n := 1;
done := true
end
else if not point_equal (pt[i - 1], pt[i]) then
begin
n := i + 1;
done := true
end
else
i := i + 1
end
end;
procedure delete_nontrailing_duplicates;
var
i, j, num_deleted : integer;
done : boolean;
begin
i := 0;
while i < n - 1 do
begin
j := i + 1;
done := false;
while not done do
begin
if j = n then
done := true
else if not point_equal (pt[j], pt[i]) then
done := true
else
j := j + 1
end;
if j <> i + 1 then
begin
num_deleted := j - i - 1;
while j <> n do
begin
pt[j - num_deleted] := pt[j];
j := j + 1
end;
n := n - num_deleted
end;
i := i + 1
end
end;
begin
delete_trailing_duplicates;
delete_nontrailing_duplicates
end; { delete_neighbor_duplicates }
procedure construct_lower_hull (n : integer;
pt : point_array;
var hull_size : integer;
var hull : point_array);
var
i, j : integer;
done : boolean;
begin
j := 1;
hull[0] := pt[0];
hull[1] := pt[1];
for i := 2 to n - 1 do
begin
done := false;
while not done do
begin
if j = 0 then
begin
j := j + 1;
hull[j] := pt[i];
done := true
end
else if 0.0 < cross (point_subtract (hull[j],
hull[j - 1]),
point_subtract (pt[i],
hull[j - 1])) then
begin
j := j + 1;
hull[j] := pt[i];
done := true
end
else
j := j - 1
end
end;
hull_size := j + 1
end; { construct_lower_hull }
procedure construct_upper_hull (n : integer;
pt : point_array;
var hull_size : integer;
var hull : point_array);
var
i, j : integer;
done : boolean;
begin
j := 1;
hull[0] := pt[n - 1];
hull[1] := pt[n - 2];
for i := n - 3 downto 0 do
begin
done := false;
while not done do
begin
if j = 0 then
begin
j := j + 1;
hull[j] := pt[i];
done := true
end
else if 0.0 < cross (point_subtract (hull[j],
hull[j - 1]),
point_subtract (pt[i],
hull[j - 1])) then
begin
j := j + 1;
hull[j] := pt[i];
done := true
end
else
j := j - 1
end
end;
hull_size := j + 1
end; { construct_upper_hull }
procedure contruct_hull (n : integer;
pt : point_array;
var hull_size : integer;
var hull : point_array);
var
i : integer;
lower_hull_size, upper_hull_size : integer;
lower_hull, upper_hull : point_array;
begin
{ A side note: the calls to construct_lower_hull and
construct_upper_hull could be done in parallel. }
construct_lower_hull (n, pt, lower_hull_size, lower_hull);
construct_upper_hull (n, pt, upper_hull_size, upper_hull);
hull_size := lower_hull_size + upper_hull_size - 2;
for i := 0 to lower_hull_size - 2 do
hull[i] := lower_hull[i];
for i := 0 to upper_hull_size - 2 do
hull[lower_hull_size - 1 + i] := upper_hull[i]
end; { contruct_hull }
procedure find_convex_hull (n : integer;
points : point_array;
var hull_size : integer;
var hull : point_array);
var
pt : point_array;
numpt : integer;
i : integer;
begin
for i := 0 to n - 1 do
pt[i] := points[i];
numpt := n;
sort_points (numpt, pt);
delete_neighbor_duplicates (numpt, pt);
if numpt = 0 then
hull_size := 0
else if numpt <= 2 then
begin
hull_size := numpt;
for i := 0 to numpt - 1 do
hull[i] := pt[i]
end
else
contruct_hull (numpt, pt, hull_size, hull)
end; { find_convex_hull }
begin
ciura_gaps[1] := 701;
ciura_gaps[2] := 301;
ciura_gaps[3] := 132;
ciura_gaps[4] := 57;
ciura_gaps[5] := 23;
ciura_gaps[6] := 10;
ciura_gaps[7] := 4;
ciura_gaps[8] := 1;
example_points[0] := make_point (16, 3);
example_points[1] := make_point (12, 17);
example_points[2] := make_point (0, 6);
example_points[3] := make_point (-4, -6);
example_points[4] := make_point (16, 6);
example_points[5] := make_point (16, -7);
example_points[6] := make_point (16, -3);
example_points[7] := make_point (17, -4);
example_points[8] := make_point (5, 19);
example_points[9] := make_point (19, -8);
example_points[10] := make_point (3, 16);
example_points[11] := make_point (12, 13);
example_points[12] := make_point (3, -4);
example_points[13] := make_point (17, 5);
example_points[14] := make_point (-3, 15);
example_points[15] := make_point (-3, -9);
example_points[16] := make_point (0, 11);
example_points[17] := make_point (-9, -3);
example_points[18] := make_point (-4, -2);
example_points[19] := make_point (12, 10);
find_convex_hull (19, example_points, hull_size, hull);
for index := 0 to hull_size - 1 do
writeln (hull[index].x, ' ', hull[index].y)
end.
{--------------------------------------------------------------------}
{ The Emacs Pascal mode is intolerable.
Until I can find a substitute: }
{ local variables: }
{ mode: fundamental }
{ end: }</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>$ fpc convex_hull_task.pas && ./convex_hull_task
Free Pascal Compiler version 3.2.2 [2021/06/27] for x86_64
Copyright (c) 1993-2021 by Florian Klaempfl and others
Target OS: Linux for x86-64
Compiling convex_hull_task.pas
Linking convex_hull_task
324 lines compiled, 0.1 sec
-9.0000000000000000e+000 -3.0000000000000000e+000
-3.0000000000000000e+000 -9.0000000000000000e+000
1.9000000000000000e+001 -8.0000000000000000e+000
1.7000000000000000e+001 5.0000000000000000e+000
1.2000000000000000e+001 1.7000000000000000e+001
5.0000000000000000e+000 1.9000000000000000e+001
-3.0000000000000000e+000 1.5000000000000000e+001</pre>
=={{header|Perl}}==
{{trans|Raku}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="perl">use strict;
use warnings;
use feature 'say';
{
package Point;
use Class::Struct;
struct( x => '$', y => '$',);
sub print { '(' . $_->x . ', ' . $_->y . ')' }
}
sub ccw {
my($a, $b, $c) = @_;
($b->x - $a->x)*($c->y - $a->y) - ($b->y - $a->y)*($c->x - $a->x);
}
sub tangent {
my($a, $b) = @_;
my $opp = $b->x - $a->x;
my $adj = $b->y - $a->y;
$adj != 0 ? $opp / $adj : 1E99;
}
sub graham_scan {
our @coords; local *coords = shift;
my @sp = sort { $a->y <=> $b->y or $a->x <=> $b->x } map { Point->new( x => $_->[0], y => $_->[1] ) } @coords;
# need at least 3 points to make a hull
return @sp if @sp < 3;
# first point on hull is minimum y point
my @h = shift @sp;
# re-sort the points by angle, secondary on x (classic Schwartzian)
@sp =
map { $sp[$_->[0]] }
sort { $b->[1] <=> $a->[1] or $a->[2] <=> $b->[2] }
map { [$_, tangent($h[0], $sp[$_]), $sp[$_]->x] }
0..$#sp;
# first point of re-sorted list is guaranteed to be on hull
push @h, shift @sp;
# check through the remaining list making sure that there is always a positive angle
for my $point (@sp) {
if (ccw( @h[-2,-1], $point ) >= 0) {
push @h, $point;
} else {
pop @h;
redo;
}
}
@h
}
my @hull_1 = graham_scan(
[[16, 3], [12,17], [ 0, 6], [-4,-6], [16, 6], [16,-7], [16,-3],
[17,-4], [ 5,19], [19,-8], [ 3,16], [12,13], [ 3,-4], [17, 5],
[-3,15], [-3,-9], [ 0,11], [-9,-3], [-4,-2], [12,10]]
);
my @hull_2 = graham_scan(
[[16, 3], [12,17], [ 0, 6], [-4,-6], [16, 6], [16,-7], [16,-3],
[17,-4], [ 5,19], [19,-8], [ 3,16], [12,13], [ 3,-4], [17, 5],
[-3,15], [-3,-9], [ 0,11], [-9,-3], [-4,-2], [12,10], [14,-9], [1,-9]]
);
my $list = join ' ', map { Point::print($_) } @hull_1;
say "Convex Hull (@{[scalar @hull_1]} points): [$list]";
$list = join ' ', map { Point::print($_) } @hull_2;
say "Convex Hull (@{[scalar @hull_2]} points): [$list]";
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull (7 points): [(-3, -9) (19, -8) (17, 5) (12, 17) (5, 19) (-3, 15) (-9, -3)]
Convex Hull (9 points): [(-3, -9) (1, -9) (14, -9) (19, -8) (17, 5) (12, 17) (5, 19) (-3, 15) (-9, -3)]</pre>
=={{header|Phix}}==
{{libheader|Phix/pGUI}}
{{libheader|Phix/online}}
You can run this online [http://phix.x10.mx/p2js/convexhull.htm here].
<!--<syntaxhighlight lang="phix">(phixonline)-->
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">--
-- demo/rosetta/Convex_hull.exw
-- ============================
--</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">with</span> <span style="color: #008080;">javascript_semantics</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">constant</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tests</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{{{</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">12</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">17</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">6</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">6</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">6</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">7</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">17</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">5</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">19</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">19</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">8</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">12</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">13</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">17</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">5</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">15</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">11</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">12</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">10</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{{</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">12</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">17</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">6</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">6</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">6</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">7</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">17</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">5</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">19</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">19</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">8</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">12</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">13</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">17</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">5</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">15</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">11</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">12</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">10</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,-</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,-</span><span style="color: #000000;">9</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{{</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">5</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">5</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">5</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">5</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{{</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">8</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,-</span><span style="color: #000000;">8</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">8</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{-</span><span style="color: #000000;">8</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,-</span><span style="color: #000000;">8</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span> <span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,-</span><span style="color: #000000;">8</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">4</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">16</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}}}</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">t</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- idx to tests, for the GTITLE.</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">enum</span> <span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">y</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ccw</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">c</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">])</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">*</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">c</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">])</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">></span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">b</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">])</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">*</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">c</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span> <span style="color: #000000;">a</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">])</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">convex_hull</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">points</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">h</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{}</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">points</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">sort</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">deep_copy</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">points</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">/* lower hull */</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">points</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)>=</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #008080;">not</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ccw</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[$-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span> <span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[$],</span> <span style="color: #000000;">points</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">])</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">h</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..$-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">h</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">append</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">points</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">])</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">/* upper hull */</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">integer</span> <span style="color: #000000;">t</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">points</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">by</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">while</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)>=</span><span style="color: #000000;">t</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">and</span> <span style="color: #008080;">not</span> <span style="color: #000000;">ccw</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[$-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span><span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[$],</span><span style="color: #000000;">points</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">])</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">h</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..$-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">while</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">h</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">append</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">points</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">])</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">h</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">h</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">..$-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #000000;">h</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">for</span> <span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #008080;">to</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">tests</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">do</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"For test set: "</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">pp</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">tests</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],{</span><span style="color: #004600;">pp_Indent</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">13</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #004600;">pp_Maxlen</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">111</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">})</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">printf</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"Convex Hull is: "</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">pp</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">convex_hull</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">tests</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">i</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]))</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">for</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- plots the test points in red crosses and the convex hull in green circles</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">include</span> <span style="color: #000000;">pGUI</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">.</span><span style="color: #000000;">e</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">include</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">IupGraph</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">.</span><span style="color: #000000;">e</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">Ihandle</span> <span style="color: #000000;">dlg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #000000;">graph</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">get_data</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">Ihandle</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">/*graph*/</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetStrAttribute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">graph</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"GTITLE"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"Marks Mode (%d/%d)"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">t</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">tests</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)})</span>
<span style="color: #004080;">sequence</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tt</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">tests</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">t</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">],</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">columnize</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">tt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">),</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">cx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">cy</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">columnize</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">convex_hull</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">tt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))</span>
<span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- and close the loop:</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">cx</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">cx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">cy</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">&=</span> <span style="color: #000000;">cy</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">[</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">]</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">{{</span><span style="color: #000000;">x</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">y</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #004600;">CD_RED</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">},</span>
<span style="color: #0000FF;">{</span><span style="color: #000000;">cx</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #000000;">cy</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #004600;">CD_GREEN</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"HOLLOW_CIRCLE"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"MARKLINE"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">}}</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">function</span> <span style="color: #000000;">key_cb</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #004080;">Ihandle</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">/*ih*/</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #004080;">atom</span> <span style="color: #000000;">c</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">c</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #004600;">K_ESC</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #004600;">IUP_CLOSE</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (standard practice for me)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">c</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #004600;">K_F5</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #004600;">IUP_DEFAULT</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000080;font-style:italic;">-- (let browser reload work)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">c</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #004600;">K_LEFT</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">t</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">t</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">?</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">tests</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">):</span><span style="color: #000000;">t</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">-</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #000000;">c</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #004600;">K_RIGHT</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span> <span style="color: #000000;">t</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #008080;">iff</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">t</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span><span style="color: #7060A8;">length</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">tests</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)?</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">:</span><span style="color: #000000;">t</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">+</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span> <span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupUpdate</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">graph</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">return</span> <span style="color: #004600;">IUP_CONTINUE</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">function</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupOpen</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">graph</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">IupGraph</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">get_data</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"RASTERSIZE=640x480,MODE=MARK"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #000000;">dlg</span> <span style="color: #0000FF;">=</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">IupDialog</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">graph</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">`TITLE="Convex Hull",MINSIZE=270x430`</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetAttributes</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">graph</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"XTICK=2,XMIN=-12,XMAX=20,XMARGIN=25,YTICK=2,YMIN=-12,YMAX=20"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetInt</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">graph</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">"GRIDCOLOR"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #004600;">CD_LIGHT_GREY</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupShow</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">dlg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetCallback</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">dlg</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #008000;">"K_ANY"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">Icallback</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #008000;">"key_cb"</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">))</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupSetAttribute</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">(</span><span style="color: #000000;">graph</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #008000;">`RASTERSIZE`</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">,</span><span style="color: #004600;">NULL</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">)</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">if</span> <span style="color: #7060A8;">platform</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()!=</span><span style="color: #004600;">JS</span> <span style="color: #008080;">then</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupMainLoop</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #7060A8;">IupClose</span><span style="color: #0000FF;">()</span>
<span style="color: #008080;">end</span> <span style="color: #008080;">if</span>
<!--</syntaxhighlight>-->
{{out}}
<pre>
For test set: {{16,3}, {12,17}, {0,6}, {-4,-6}, {16,6}, {16,-7}, {16,-3}, {17,-4}, {5,19}, {19,-8}, {3,16},
{12,13}, {3,-4}, {17,5}, {-3,15}, {-3,-9}, {0,11}, {-9,-3}, {-4,-2}, {12,10}}
Convex Hull is: {{-9,-3}, {-3,-9}, {19,-8}, {17,5}, {12,17}, {5,19}, {-3,15}}
For test set: {{16,3}, {12,17}, {0,6}, {-4,-6}, {16,6}, {16,-7}, {16,-3}, {17,-4}, {5,19}, {19,-8}, {3,16},
{12,13}, {3,-4}, {17,5}, {-3,15}, {-3,-9}, {0,11}, {-9,-3}, {-4,-2}, {12,10}, {14,-9}, {1,-9}}
Convex Hull is: {{-9,-3}, {-3,-9}, {14,-9}, {19,-8}, {17,5}, {12,17}, {5,19}, {-3,15}}
For test set: {{0,0}, {5,5}, {5,0}, {0,5}}
Convex Hull is: {{0,0}, {5,0}, {5,5}, {0,5}}
For test set: {{0,0}, {0,1}, {0,2}, {1,0}, {1,1}, {1,2}, {2,0}, {2,1}, {2,2}}
Convex Hull is: {{0,0}, {2,0}, {2,2}, {0,2}}
For test set: {{-8,-8}, {-8,4}, {-8,16}, {4,-8}, {4,4}, {4,16}, {16,-8}, {16,4}, {16,16}}
Convex Hull is: {{-8,-8}, {16,-8}, {16,16}, {-8,16}}
</pre>
=={{header|Python}}==
{{libheader|Shapely}}
An approach that uses the shapely library:
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">from __future__ import print_function
from shapely.geometry import MultiPoint
if __name__=="__main__":
pts = MultiPoint([(16,3), (12,17), (0,6), (-4,-6), (16,6), (16,-7), (16,-3), (17,-4), (5,19), (19,-8), (3,16), (12,13), (3,-4), (17,5), (-3,15), (-3,-9), (0,11), (-9,-3), (-4,-2), (12,10)])
print (pts.convex_hull)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>POLYGON ((-3 -9, -9 -3, -3 15, 5 19, 12 17, 17 5, 19 -8, -3 -9))</pre>
=={{header|Racket}}==
Also an implementation of https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain (therefore kinda {{trans|Go}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="racket">#lang typed/racket
(define-type Point (Pair Real Real))
(define-type Points (Listof Point))
(: ⊗ (Point Point Point -> Real))
(define/match (⊗ o a b)
[((cons o.x o.y) (cons a.x a.y) (cons b.x b.y))
(- (* (- a.x o.x) (- b.y o.y)) (* (- a.y o.y) (- b.x o.x)))])
(: Point<? (Point Point -> Boolean))
(define (Point<? a b)
(cond [(< (car a) (car b)) #t] [(> (car a) (car b)) #f] [else (< (cdr a) (cdr b))]))
;; Input: a list P of points in the plane.
(define (convex-hull [P:unsorted : Points])
;; Sort the points of P by x-coordinate (in case of a tie, sort by y-coordinate).
(define P (sort P:unsorted Point<?))
;; for i = 1, 2, ..., n:
;; while L contains at least two points and the sequence of last two points
;; of L and the point P[i] does not make a counter-clockwise turn:
;; remove the last point from L
;; append P[i] to L
;; TB: U is identical with (reverse P)
(define (upper/lower-hull [P : Points])
(reverse
(for/fold ((rev : Points null))
((P.i (in-list P)))
(let u/l : Points ((rev rev))
(match rev
[(list p-2 p-1 ps ...) #:when (not (positive? (⊗ p-2 P.i p-1))) (u/l (list* p-1 ps))]
[(list ps ...) (cons P.i ps)])))))
;; Initialize U and L as empty lists.
;; The lists will hold the vertices of upper and lower hulls respectively.
(let ((U (upper/lower-hull (reverse P)))
(L (upper/lower-hull P)))
;; Remove the last point of each list (it's the same as the first point of the other list).
;; Concatenate L and U to obtain the convex hull of P.
(append (drop-right L 1) (drop-right U 1)))) ; Points in the result will be listed in CCW order.)
(module+ test
(require typed/rackunit)
(check-equal?
(convex-hull
(list '(16 . 3) '(12 . 17) '(0 . 6) '(-4 . -6) '(16 . 6) '(16 . -7) '(16 . -3) '(17 . -4)
'(5 . 19) '(19 . -8) '(3 . 16) '(12 . 13) '(3 . -4) '(17 . 5) '(-3 . 15) '(-3 . -9)
'(0 . 11) '(-9 . -3) '(-4 . -2) '(12 . 10)))
(list '(-9 . -3) '(-3 . -9) '(19 . -8) '(17 . 5) '(12 . 17) '(5 . 19) '(-3 . 15))))</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
silence implies tests pass (and output is as expected)
=={{header|Raku}}==
(formerly Perl 6)
{{works with|Rakudo|2017.05}}
{{trans|zkl}}
Modified the angle sort method as the original could fail if there were multiple points on the same y coordinate as the starting point. Sorts on tangent rather than triangle area. Inexpensive since it still doesn't do any trigonometric math, just calculates the ratio of opposite over adjacent.
<syntaxhighlight lang="raku" line>class Point {
has Real $.x is rw;
has Real $.y is rw;
method gist { [~] '(', self.x,', ', self.y, ')' };
}
sub ccw (Point $a, Point $b, Point $c) {
($b.x - $a.x)*($c.y - $a.y) - ($b.y - $a.y)*($c.x - $a.x);
}
sub tangent (Point $a, Point $b) {
my $opp = $b.x - $a.x;
my $adj = $b.y - $a.y;
$adj != 0 ?? $opp / $adj !! Inf
}
sub graham-scan (**@coords) {
# sort points by y, secondary sort on x
my @sp = @coords.map( { Point.new( :x($_[0]), :y($_[1]) ) } )
.sort: {.y, .x};
# need at least 3 points to make a hull
return @sp if +@sp < 3;
# first point on hull is minimum y point
my @h = @sp.shift;
# re-sort the points by angle, secondary on x
@sp = @sp.map( { $++ => [tangent(@h[0], $_), $_.x] } )
.sort( {-$_.value[0], $_.value[1] } )
.map: { @sp[$_.key] };
# first point of re-sorted list is guaranteed to be on hull
@h.push: @sp.shift;
# check through the remaining list making sure that
# there is always a positive angle
for @sp -> $point {
if ccw( |@h.tail(2), $point ) > 0 {
@h.push: $point;
} else {
@h.pop;
@h.push: $point and next if +@h < 2;
redo;
}
}
@h
}
my @hull = graham-scan(
(16, 3), (12,17), ( 0, 6), (-4,-6), (16, 6), (16,-7), (16,-3),
(17,-4), ( 5,19), (19,-8), ( 3,16), (12,13), ( 3,-4), (17, 5),
(-3,15), (-3,-9), ( 0,11), (-9,-3), (-4,-2), (12,10)
);
say "Convex Hull ({+@hull} points): ", @hull;
@hull = graham-scan(
(16, 3), (12,17), ( 0, 6), (-4,-6), (16, 6), (16,-7), (16,-3),
(17,-4), ( 5,19), (19,-8), ( 3,16), (12,13), ( 3,-4), (17, 5),
(-3,15), (-3,-9), ( 0,11), (-9,-3), (-4,-2), (12,10), (20,-9), (1,-9)
);
say "Convex Hull ({+@hull} points): ", @hull;</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull (7 points): [(-3, -9) (19, -8) (17, 5) (12, 17) (5, 19) (-3, 15) (-9, -3)]
Convex Hull (7 points): [(-3, -9) (20, -9) (17, 5) (12, 17) (5, 19) (-3, 15) (-9, -3)]</pre>
=={{header|RATFOR}}==
{{trans|Fortran}}
{{works with|ratfor77|[https://sourceforge.net/p/chemoelectric/ratfor77/ public domain 1.0]}}
{{works with|gfortran|11.3.0}}
{{works with|f2c|20100827}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="ratfor">#
# Convex hulls by Andrew's monotone chain algorithm.
#
# For a description of the algorithm, see
# https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain&stableid=40169
#
# As in the Fortran 2018 version upon which this code is based, I
# shall use the built-in "complex" type to represent "points" in the
# plane. This is merely for convenience, rather than to express a
# mathematical equivalence.
#
define(point, complex)
function x (u)
# Return the x-coordinate of "point" u.
implicit none
point u
real x
x = real (u)
end
function y (u)
# Return the y-coordinate of "point" u.
implicit none
point u
real y
y = aimag (u)
end
function cross (u, v)
# Return, as a signed scalar, the cross product of "points" u and v
# (regarded as "vectors" or multivectors).
implicit none
point u, v
real cross, x, y
cross = (x (u) * y (v)) - (y (u) * x (v))
end
subroutine sortpt (numpt, pt)
# Sort "points" in ascending order, first by the x-coordinates and
# then by the y-coordinates. Any decent sort algorithm will suffice;
# for the sake of interest, here is the Shell sort of
# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shellsort&oldid=1084744510
implicit none
integer numpt
point pt(0:*)
real x, y
integer i, j, k, gap, offset
point temp
logical done
integer gaps(1:8)
data gaps / 701, 301, 132, 57, 23, 10, 4, 1 /
for (k = 1; k <= 8; k = k + 1)
{
gap = gaps(k)
for (offset = 0; offset <= gap - 1; offset = offset + 1)
for (i = offset; i <= numpt - 1; i = i + gap)
{
temp = pt(i)
j = i
done = .false.
while (!done)
{
if (j < gap)
done = .true.
else if (x (pt(j - gap)) < x (temp))
done = .true.
else if (x (pt(j - gap)) == x (temp) _
&& (y (pt(j - gap)) <= y (temp)))
done = .true.
else
{
pt(j) = pt(j - gap)
j = j - gap
}
}
pt(j) = temp
}
}
end
subroutine deltrd (n, pt)
# Delete trailing neighbor duplicates.
implicit none
integer n
point pt(0:*)
integer i
logical done
i = n - 1
done = .false.
while (!done)
{
if (i == 0)
{
n = 1
done = .true.
}
else if (pt(i - 1) != pt(i))
{
n = i + 1
done = .true.
}
else
i = i - 1
}
end
subroutine delntd (n, pt)
# Delete non-trailing neighbor duplicates.
implicit none
integer n
point pt(0:*)
integer i, j, numdel
logical done
i = 0
while (i < n - 1)
{
j = i + 1
done = .false.
while (!done)
{
if (j == n)
done = .true.
else if (pt(j) != pt(i))
done = .true.
else
j = j + 1
}
if (j != i + 1)
{
numdel = j - i - 1
while (j != n)
{
pt(j - numdel) = pt(j)
j = j + 1
}
n = n - numdel
}
i = i + 1
}
end
subroutine deldup (n, pt)
# Delete neighbor duplicates.
implicit none
integer n
point pt(0:*)
call deltrd (n, pt)
call delntd (n, pt)
end
subroutine cxlhul (n, pt, hullsz, hull)
# Construct the lower hull.
implicit none
integer n # Number of points.
point pt(0:*)
integer hullsz # Output.
point hull(0:*) # Output.
real cross
integer i, j
logical done
j = 1
hull(0) = pt(0)
hull(1) = pt(1)
for (i = 2; i <= n - 1; i = i + 1)
{
done = .false.
while (!done)
{
if (j == 0)
{
j = j + 1
hull(j) = pt(i)
done = .true.
}
else if (0.0 < cross (hull(j) - hull(j - 1), _
pt(i) - hull(j - 1)))
{
j = j + 1
hull(j) = pt(i)
done = .true.
}
else
j = j - 1
}
}
hullsz = j + 1
end
subroutine cxuhul (n, pt, hullsz, hull)
# Construct the upper hull.
implicit none
integer n # Number of points.
point pt(0:*)
integer hullsz # Output.
point hull(0:*) # Output.
real cross
integer i, j
logical done
j = 1
hull(0) = pt(n - 1)
hull(1) = pt(n - 2)
for (i = n - 3; 0 <= i; i = i - 1)
{
done = .false.
while (!done)
{
if (j == 0)
{
j = j + 1
hull(j) = pt(i)
done = .true.
}
else if (0.0 < cross (hull(j) - hull(j - 1), _
pt(i) - hull(j - 1)))
{
j = j + 1
hull(j) = pt(i)
done = .true.
}
else
j = j - 1
}
}
hullsz = j + 1
end
subroutine cxhull (n, pt, hullsz, lhull, uhull)
# Construct the hull.
implicit none
integer n # Number of points.
point pt(0:*) # Overwritten with hull.
integer hullsz # Output.
point lhull(0:*) # Workspace.
point uhull(0:*) # Workspace
integer lhulsz, uhulsz, i
# A side note: the calls to construct_lower_hull and
# construct_upper_hull could be done in parallel.
call cxlhul (n, pt, lhulsz, lhull)
call cxuhul (n, pt, uhulsz, uhull)
hullsz = lhulsz + uhulsz - 2
for (i = 0; i <= lhulsz - 2; i = i + 1)
pt(i) = lhull(i)
for (i = 0; i <= uhulsz - 2; i = i + 1)
pt(lhulsz - 1 + i) = uhull(i)
end
subroutine cvxhul (n, pt, hullsz, lhull, uhull)
# Find a convex hull.
implicit none
integer n # Number of points.
point pt(0:*) # The contents of pt is replaced with the hull.
integer hullsz # Output.
point lhull(0:*) # Workspace.
point uhull(0:*) # Workspace
integer numpt
numpt = n
call sortpt (numpt, pt)
call deldup (numpt, pt)
if (numpt == 0)
hullsz = 0
else if (numpt <= 2)
hullsz = numpt
else
call cxhull (numpt, pt, hullsz, lhull, uhull)
end
program cvxtsk
# The Rosetta Code convex hull task.
implicit none
integer n, i
point points(0:100)
point lhull(0:100)
point uhull(0:100)
character*100 fmt
point exampl(0:19)
data exampl / (16, 3), (12, 17), (0, 6), (-4, -6), (16, 6), _
(16, -7), (16, -3), (17, -4), (5, 19), (19, -8), _
(3, 16), (12, 13), (3, -4), (17, 5), (-3, 15), _
(-3, -9), (0, 11), (-9, -3), (-4, -2), (12, 10) /
n = 20
for (i = 0; i <= n - 1; i = i + 1)
points(i) = exampl(i)
call cvxhul (n, points, n, lhull, uhull)
write (fmt, '("(", I20, ''("(", F3.0, 1X, F3.0, ") ")'', ")")') n
write (*, fmt) (points(i), i = 0, n - 1)
end</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>$ ratfor77 convex_hull_task.r > cvxtsk.f && f2c -C cvxtsk.f && cc cvxtsk.c -lf2c && ./a.out
(-9. -3.) (-3. -9.) (19. -8.) (17. 5.) (12. 17.) ( 5. 19.) (-3. 15.)</pre>
=={{header|REXX}}==
===version 1===
<syntaxhighlight lang="rexx">/* REXX ---------------------------------------------------------------
* Compute the Convex Hull for a set of points
* Format of the input file:
* (16,3) (12,17) (0,6) (-4,-6) (16,6) (16,-7) (16,-3) (17,-4) (5,19)
* (19,-8) (3,16) (12,13) (3,-4) (17,5) (-3,15) (-3,-9) (0,11) (-9,-3)
* (-4,-2)
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Signal On Novalue
Signal On Syntax
Parse Arg fid
If fid='' Then Do
fid='chullmin.in' /* miscellaneous test data */
fid='chullx.in'
fid='chullt.in'
fid='chulla.in'
fid='chullxx.in'
fid='sq.in'
fid='tri.in'
fid='line.in'
fid='point.in'
fid='chull.in' /* data from task description */
End
g.0debug=''
g.0oid=fn(fid)'.txt'; 'erase' g.0oid
x.=0
yl.=''
Parse Value '1000 -1000' With g.0xmin g.0xmax
Parse Value '1000 -1000' With g.0ymin g.0ymax
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* First read the input and store the points' coordinates
* x.0 contains the number of points, x.i contains the x.coordinate
* yl.x contains the y.coordinate(s) of points (x/y)
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Do while lines(fid)>0
l=linein(fid)
Do While l<>''
Parse Var l '(' x ',' y ')' l
Call store x,y
End
End
Call lineout fid
Do i=1 To x.0 /* loop over points */
x=x.i
yl.x=sortv(yl.x) /* sort y-coordinates */
End
Call sho
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Now we look for special border points:
* lefthigh and leftlow: leftmost points with higheste and lowest y
* ritehigh and ritelow: rightmost points with higheste and lowest y
* yl.x contains the y.coordinate(s) of points (x/y)
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
leftlow=0
lefthigh=0
Do i=1 To x.0
x=x.i
If maxv(yl.x)=g.0ymax Then Do
If lefthigh=0 Then lefthigh=x'/'g.0ymax
ritehigh=x'/'g.0ymax
End
If minv(yl.x)=g.0ymin Then Do
ritelow=x'/'g.0ymin
If leftlow=0 Then leftlow=x'/'g.0ymin
End
End
Call o 'lefthigh='lefthigh
Call o 'ritehigh='ritehigh
Call o 'ritelow ='ritelow
Call o 'leftlow ='leftlow
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Now we look for special border points:
* leftmost_n and leftmost_s: points with lowest x and highest/lowest y
* ritemost_n and ritemost_s: points with largest x and highest/lowest y
* n and s stand foNorth and South, respectively
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
x=g.0xmi; leftmost_n=x'/'maxv(yl.x)
x=g.0xmi; leftmost_s=x'/'minv(yl.x)
x=g.0xma; ritemost_n=x'/'maxv(yl.x)
x=g.0xma; ritemost_s=x'/'minv(yl.x)
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Now we compute the paths from ritehigh to ritelow (n_end)
* and leftlow to lefthigh (s_end), respectively
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
x=g.0xma
n_end=''
Do i=words(yl.x) To 1 By -1
n_end=n_end x'/'word(yl.x,i)
End
Call o 'n_end='n_end
x=g.0xmi
s_end=''
Do i=1 To words(yl.x)
s_end=s_end x'/'word(yl.x,i)
End
Call o 's_end='s_end
n_high=''
s_low=''
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Now we compute the upper part of the convex hull (nhull)
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Call o 'leftmost_n='leftmost_n
Call o 'lefthigh ='lefthigh
nhull=leftmost_n
res=mk_nhull(leftmost_n,lefthigh);
nhull=nhull res
Call o 'A nhull='nhull
Do While res<>lefthigh
res=mk_nhull(res,lefthigh); nhull=nhull res
Call o 'B nhull='nhull
End
res=mk_nhull(lefthigh,ritemost_n); nhull=nhull res
Call o 'C nhull='nhull
Do While res<>ritemost_n
res=mk_nhull(res,ritemost_n); nhull=nhull res
Call o 'D nhull='nhull
End
nhull=nhull n_end /* attach the right vertical border */
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Now we compute the lower part of the convex hull (shull)
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
res=mk_shull(ritemost_s,ritelow);
shull=ritemost_s res
Call o 'A shull='shull
Do While res<>ritelow
res=mk_shull(res,ritelow)
shull=shull res
Call o 'B shull='shull
End
res=mk_shull(ritelow,leftmost_s)
shull=shull res
Call o 'C shull='shull
Do While res<>leftmost_s
res=mk_shull(res,leftmost_s);
shull=shull res
Call o 'D shull='shull
End
shull=shull s_end
chull=nhull shull /* concatenate upper and lower part */
/* eliminate duplicates */
/* too lazy to take care before :-) */
Parse Var chull chullx chull
have.=0
have.chullx=1
Do i=1 By 1 While chull>''
Parse Var chull xy chull
If have.xy=0 Then Do
chullx=chullx xy
have.xy=1
End
End
/* show the result */
Say 'Points of convex hull in clockwise order:'
Say chullx
/**********************************************************************
* steps that were necessary in previous attempts
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Final polish: Insert points that are not yet in chullx but should be
* First on the upper hull going from left to right
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
i=1
Do While i<words(chullx)
xya=word(chullx,i) ; Parse Var xya xa '/' ya
If xa=g.0xmax Then Leave
xyb=word(chullx,i+1); Parse Var xyb xb '/' yb
Do j=1 To x.0
If x.j>xa Then Do
If x.j<xb Then Do
xx=x.j
parse Value kdx(xya,xyb) With k d x
If (k*xx+d)=maxv(yl.xx) Then Do
chullx=subword(chullx,1,i) xx'/'maxv(yl.xx),
subword(chullx,i+1)
i=i+1
End
End
End
Else
i=i+1
End
End
Say chullx
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Final polish: Insert points that are not yet in chullx but should be
* Then on the lower hull going from right to left
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
i=wordpos(ritemost_s,chullx)
Do While i<words(chullx)
xya=word(chullx,i) ; Parse Var xya xa '/' ya
If xa=g.0xmin Then Leave
xyb=word(chullx,i+1); Parse Var xyb xb '/' yb
Do j=x.0 To 1 By -1
If x.j<xa Then Do
If x.j>xb Then Do
xx=x.j
parse Value kdx(xya,xyb) With k d x
If (k*xx+d)=minv(yl.xx) Then Do
chullx=subword(chullx,1,i) xx'/'minv(yl.xx),
subword(chullx,i+1)
i=i+1
End
End
End
Else
i=i+1
End
End
Say chullx
**********************************************************************/
Call lineout g.0oid
Exit
store: Procedure Expose x. yl. g.
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* arrange the points in ascending order of x (in x.) and,
* for each x in ascending order of y (in yl.x)
* g.0xmin is the smallest x-value, etc.
* g.0xmi is the x-coordinate
* g.0ymin is the smallest y-value, etc.
* g.0ymi is the x-coordinate of such a point
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Parse Arg x,y
Call o 'store' x y
If x<g.0xmin Then Do; g.0xmin=x; g.0xmi=x; End
If x>g.0xmax Then Do; g.0xmax=x; g.0xma=x; End
If y<g.0ymin Then Do; g.0ymin=y; g.0ymi=x; End
If y>g.0ymax Then Do; g.0ymax=y; g.0yma=x; End
Do i=1 To x.0
Select
When x.i>x Then
Leave
When x.i=x Then Do
yl.x=yl.x y
Return
End
Otherwise
Nop
End
End
Do j=x.0 To i By -1
ja=j+1
x.ja=x.j
End
x.i=x
yl.x=y
x.0=x.0+1
Return
sho: Procedure Expose x. yl. g.
Do i=1 To x.0
x=x.i
say format(i,2) 'x='format(x,3) 'yl='yl.x
End
Say ''
Return
maxv: Procedure Expose g.
Call trace 'O'
Parse Arg l
res=-1000
Do While l<>''
Parse Var l v l
If v>res Then res=v
End
Return res
minv: Procedure Expose g.
Call trace 'O'
Parse Arg l
res=1000
Do While l<>''
Parse Var l v l
If v<res Then res=v
End
Return res
sortv: Procedure Expose g.
Call trace 'O'
Parse Arg l
res=''
Do Until l=''
v=minv(l)
res=res v
l=remove(v,l)
End
Return space(res)
lastword: return word(arg(1),words(arg(1)))
kdx: Procedure Expose xy. g.
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Compute slope and y-displacement of a straight line
* that is defined by two points: y=k*x+d
* Specialty; k='*' x=xa if xb=xa
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Call trace 'O'
Parse Arg xya,xyb
Parse Var xya xa '/' ya
Parse Var xyb xb '/' yb
If xa=xb Then
Parse Value '*' '-' xa With k d x
Else Do
k=(yb-ya)/(xb-xa)
d=yb-k*xb
x='*'
End
Return k d x
remove:
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Remove a specified element (e) from a given string (s)
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Parse Arg e,s
Parse Var s sa (e) sb
Return space(sa sb)
o: Procedure Expose g.
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Write a line to the debug file
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
If arg(2)=1 Then say arg(1)
Return lineout(g.0oid,arg(1))
is_ok: Procedure Expose x. yl. g. sigl
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Test if a given point (b) is above/on/or below a straight line
* defined by two points (a and c)
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Parse Arg a,b,c,op
Call o 'is_ok' a b c op
Parse Value kdx(a,c) With k d x
Parse Var b x'/'y
If op='U' Then y=maxv(yl.x)
Else y=minv(yl.x)
Call o y x (k*x+d)
If (abs(y-(k*x+d))<1.e-8) Then Return 0
If op='U' Then res=(y<=(k*x+d))
Else res=(y>=(k*x+d))
Return res
mk_nhull: Procedure Expose x. yl. g.
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Compute the upper (north) hull between two points (xya and xyb)
* Move x from xyb back to xya until all points within the current
* range (x and xyb) are BELOW the straight line defined xya and x
* Then make x the new starting point
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Parse Arg xya,xyb
Call o 'mk_nhull' xya xyb
If xya=xyb Then Return xya
Parse Var xya xa '/' ya
Parse Var xyb xb '/' yb
iu=0
iv=0
Do xi=1 To x.0
if x.xi>=xa & iu=0 Then iu=xi
if x.xi<=xb Then iv=xi
If x.xi>xb Then Leave
End
Call o iu iv
xu=x.iu
xyu=xu'/'maxv(yl.xu)
Do h=iv To iu+1 By -1 Until good
Call o 'iv='iv,g.0debug
Call o ' h='h,g.0debug
xh=x.h
xyh=xh'/'maxv(yl.xh)
Call o 'Testing' xyu xyh,g.0debug
good=1
Do hh=h-1 To iu+1 By -1 While good
xhh=x.hh
xyhh=xhh'/'maxv(yl.xhh)
Call o 'iu hh iv=' iu hh h,g.0debug
If is_ok(xyu,xyhh,xyh,'U') Then Do
Call o xyhh 'is under' xyu xyh,g.0debug
Nop
End
Else Do
good=0
Call o xyhh 'is above' xyu xyh '-' xyh 'ist nicht gut'
End
End
End
Call o xyh 'is the one'
Return xyh
p: Return
Say arg(1)
Pull .
Return
mk_shull: Procedure Expose x. yl. g.
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Compute the lower (south) hull between two points (xya and xyb)
* Move x from xyb back to xya until all points within the current
* range (x and xyb) are ABOVE the straight line defined xya and x
* Then make x the new starting point
*-----
---------------------------------------------------------------*/
Parse Arg xya,xyb
Call o 'mk_shull' xya xyb
If xya=xyb Then Return xya
Parse Var xya xa '/' ya
Parse Var xyb xb '/' yb
iu=0
iv=0
Do xi=x.0 To 1 By -1
if x.xi<=xa & iu=0 Then iu=xi
if x.xi>=xb Then iv=xi
If x.xi<xb Then Leave
End
Call o iu iv '_' x.iu x.iv
Call o 'mk_shull iv iu' iv iu
xu=x.iu
xyu=xu'/'minv(yl.xu)
good=0
Do h=iv To iu-1 Until good
xh=x.h
xyh=xh'/'minv(yl.xh)
Call o 'Testing' xyu xyh h iu
good=1
Do hh=h+1 To iu-1 While good
Call o 'iu hh h=' iu hh h
xhh=x.hh
xyhh=xhh'/'minv(yl.xhh)
If is_ok(xyu,xyhh,xyh,'O') Then Do
Call o xyhh 'is above' xyu xyh
Nop
End
Else Do
Call o xyhh 'is under' xyu xyh '-' xyh 'ist nicht gut'
good=0
End
End
End
Call o xyh 'is the one'
Return xyh
Novalue:
Say 'Novalue raised in line' sigl
Say sourceline(sigl)
Say 'Variable' condition('D')
Signal lookaround
Syntax:
Say 'Syntax raised in line' sigl
Say sourceline(sigl)
Say 'rc='rc '('errortext(rc)')'
halt:
lookaround:
Say 'You can look around now.'
Trace ?R
Nop
Exit 12</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre> 1 x= -9 yl=-3
2 x= -4 yl=-6 -2
3 x= -3 yl=-9 15
4 x= 0 yl=6 11
5 x= 3 yl=-4 16
6 x= 5 yl=19
7 x= 12 yl=13 17
8 x= 16 yl=-7 -3 3 6
9 x= 17 yl=-4 5
10 x= 19 yl=-8
Points of convex hull in clockwise order:
-9/-3 -3/15 5/19 12/17 17/5 19/-8 -3/-9</pre>
===version 2===
After learning from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRTGDig3jx8
<syntaxhighlight lang="rexx">/* REXX ---------------------------------------------------------------
* Compute the Convex Hull for a set of points
* Format of the input file:
* (16,3) (12,17) (0,6) (-4,-6) (16,6) (16,-7) (16,-3) (17,-4) (5,19)
* (19,-8) (3,16) (12,13) (3,-4) (17,5) (-3,15) (-3,-9) (0,11) (-9,-3)
* (-4,-2)
* Alternate (better) method using slopes
* 1) Compute path from lowest/leftmost to leftmost/lowest
* 2) Compute leftmost vertical border
* 3) Compute path from rightmost/highest to highest/rightmost
* 4) Compute path from highest/rightmost to rightmost/highest
* 5) Compute rightmost vertical border
* 6) Compute path from rightmost/lowest to lowest_leftmost point
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Parse Arg fid
If fid='' Then Do
fid='line.in'
fid='point.in'
fid='chullmin.in' /* miscellaneous test data */
fid='chullxx.in'
fid='chullx.in'
fid='chullt.in'
fid='chulla.in'
fid='sq.in'
fid='tri.in'
fid='z.in'
fid='chull.in' /* data from task description */
End
g.0debug=''
g.0oid=fn(fid)'.txt'; 'erase' g.0oid
x.=0
yl.=''
Parse Value '1000 -1000' With g.0xmin g.0xmax
Parse Value '1000 -1000' With g.0ymin g.0ymax
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* First read the input and store the points' coordinates
* x.0 contains the number of points, x.i contains the x.coordinate
* yl.x contains the y.coordinate(s) of points (x/y)
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Do while lines(fid)>0
l=linein(fid)
Do While l<>''
Parse Var l '(' x ',' y ')' l
Call store x,y
End
End
Call lineout fid
g.0xlist=''
Do i=1 To x.0 /* loop over points */
x=x.i
g.0xlist=g.0xlist x
yl.x=sortv(yl.x) /* sort y-coordinates */
End
Call sho
If x.0<3 Then Do
Say 'We need at least three points!'
Exit
End
Call o 'g.0xmin='g.0xmin
Call o 'g.0xmi ='g.0xmi
Call o 'g.0ymin='g.0ymin
Call o 'g.0ymi ='g.0ymi
Do i=1 To x.0
x=x.i
If minv(yl.x)=g.0ymin Then Leave
End
lowest_leftmost=i
highest_rightmost=0
Do i=1 To x.0
x=x.i
If maxv(yl.x)=g.0ymax Then
highest_rightmost=i
If maxv(yl.x)<g.0ymax Then
If highest_rightmost>0 Then
Leave
End
Call o 'lowest_leftmost='lowest_leftmost
Call o 'highest_rightmost ='highest_rightmost
x=x.lowest_leftmost
Call o 'We start at' from x'/'minv(yl.x)
path=x'/'minv(yl.x)
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* 1) Compute path from lowest/leftmost to leftmost/lowest
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Call min_path lowest_leftmost,1
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* 2) Compute leftmost vertical border
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Do i=2 To words(yl.x)
path=path x'/'word(yl.x,i)
End
cxy=x'/'maxv(yl.x)
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* 3) Compute path from rightmost/highest to highest/rightmost
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Call max_path ci,highest_rightmost
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* 4) Compute path from highest/rightmost to rightmost/highest
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Call max_path ci,x.0
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* 5) Compute rightmost vertical border
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Do i=words(yl.x)-1 To 1 By -1
cxy=x'/'word(yl.x,i)
path=path cxy
End
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* 6) Compute path from rightmost/lowest to lowest_leftmost
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Call min_path ci,lowest_leftmost
Parse Var path pathx path
have.=0
Do i=1 By 1 While path>''
Parse Var path xy path
If have.xy=0 Then Do
pathx=pathx xy
have.xy=1
End
End
Say 'Points of convex hull in clockwise order:'
Say pathx
Call lineout g.0oid
Exit
min_path:
Parse Arg from,tgt
ci=from
cxy=x.ci
Do Until ci=tgt
kmax=-1000
Do i=ci-1 To 1 By sign(tgt-from)
x=x.i
k=k(cxy'/'minv(yl.cxy),x'/'minv(yl.x))
If k>kmax Then Do
kmax=k
ii=i
End
End
ci=ii
cxy=x.ii
path=path cxy'/'minv(yl.cxy)
End
Return
max_path:
Parse Arg from,tgt
Do Until ci=tgt
kmax=-1000
Do i=ci+1 To tgt
x=x.i
k=k(cxy,x'/'maxv(yl.x))
If k>kmax Then Do
kmax=k
ii=i
End
End
x=x.ii
cxy=x'/'maxv(yl.x)
path=path cxy
ci=ii
End
Return
store: Procedure Expose x. yl. g.
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* arrange the points in ascending order of x (in x.) and,
* for each x in ascending order of y (in yl.x)
* g.0xmin is the smallest x-value, etc.
* g.0xmi is the x-coordinate
* g.0ymin is the smallest y-value, etc.
* g.0ymi is the x-coordinate of such a point
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Parse Arg x,y
Call o 'store' x y
If x<g.0xmin Then Do; g.0xmin=x; g.0xmi=x; End
If x>g.0xmax Then Do; g.0xmax=x; g.0xma=x; End
If y<g.0ymin Then Do; g.0ymin=y; g.0ymi=x; End
If y>g.0ymax Then Do; g.0ymax=y; g.0yma=x; End
Do i=1 To x.0
Select
When x.i>x Then
Leave
When x.i=x Then Do
yl.x=yl.x y
Return
End
Otherwise
Nop
End
End
Do j=x.0 To i By -1
ja=j+1
x.ja=x.j
End
x.i=x
yl.x=y
x.0=x.0+1
Return
sho: Procedure Expose x. yl. g.
Do i=1 To x.0
x=x.i
say format(i,2) 'x='format(x,3) 'yl='yl.x
End
Say ''
Return
maxv: Procedure Expose g.
Call trace 'O'
Parse Arg l
res=-1000
Do While l<>''
Parse Var l v l
If v>res Then res=v
End
Return res
minv: Procedure Expose g.
Call trace 'O'
Parse Arg l
res=1000
Do While l<>''
Parse Var l v l
If v<res Then res=v
End
Return res
sortv: Procedure Expose g.
Call trace 'O'
Parse Arg l
res=''
Do Until l=''
v=minv(l)
res=res v
l=remove(v,l)
End
Return space(res)
lastword: return word(arg(1),words(arg(1)))
k: Procedure
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Compute slope of a straight line
* that is defined by two points: y=k*x+d
* Specialty; k='*' x=xa if xb=xa
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Call trace 'O'
Parse Arg xya,xyb
Parse Var xya xa '/' ya
Parse Var xyb xb '/' yb
If xa=xb Then
k='*'
Else
k=(yb-ya)/(xb-xa)
Return k
remove:
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Remove a specified element (e) from a given string (s)
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Parse Arg e,s
Parse Var s sa (e) sb
Return space(sa sb)
o: Procedure Expose g.
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* Write a line to the debug file
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
If arg(2)=1 Then say arg(1)
Return lineout(g.0oid,arg(1))</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre> 1 x= -9 yl=-3
2 x= -4 yl=-6 -2
3 x= -3 yl=-9 15
4 x= 0 yl=6 11
5 x= 3 yl=-4 16
6 x= 5 yl=19
7 x= 12 yl=13 17
8 x= 16 yl=-7 -3 3 6
9 x= 17 yl=-4 5
10 x= 19 yl=-8
Points of convex hull in clockwise order:
-3/-9 -9/-3 -3/15 5/19 12/17 17/5 19/-8 -3/-9</pre>
=={{header|Ruby}}==
{{trans|D}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">class Point
include Comparable
attr :x, :y
def initialize(x, y)
@x = x
@y = y
end
def <=>(other)
x <=> other.x
end
def to_s
"(%d, %d)" % [@x, @y]
end
def to_str
to_s()
end
end
def ccw(a, b, c)
((b.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y)) > ((b.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x))
end
def convexHull(p)
if p.length == 0 then
return []
end
p = p.sort
h = []
# Lower hull
p.each { |pt|
while h.length >= 2 and not ccw(h[-2], h[-1], pt)
h.pop()
end
h << pt
}
# upper hull
t = h.length + 1
p.reverse.each { |pt|
while h.length >= t and not ccw(h[-2], h[-1], pt)
h.pop()
end
h << pt
}
h.pop()
h
end
def main
points = [
Point.new(16, 3), Point.new(12, 17), Point.new( 0, 6), Point.new(-4, -6), Point.new(16, 6),
Point.new(16, -7), Point.new(16, -3), Point.new(17, -4), Point.new( 5, 19), Point.new(19, -8),
Point.new( 3, 16), Point.new(12, 13), Point.new( 3, -4), Point.new(17, 5), Point.new(-3, 15),
Point.new(-3, -9), Point.new( 0, 11), Point.new(-9, -3), Point.new(-4, -2), Point.new(12, 10)
]
hull = convexHull(points)
print "Convex Hull: [", hull.join(", "), "]\n"
end
main()</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]</pre>
=={{header|Rust}}==
Calculates convex hull from list of points (f32, f32). This can be executed entirely in the Rust Playground.
<syntaxhighlight lang="rust">
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct Point {
x: f32,
y: f32
}
fn calculate_convex_hull(points: &Vec<Point>) -> Vec<Point> {
//There must be at least 3 points
if points.len() < 3 { return points.clone(); }
let mut hull = vec![];
//Find the left most point in the polygon
let (left_most_idx, _) = points.iter()
.enumerate()
.min_by(|lhs, rhs| lhs.1.x.partial_cmp(&rhs.1.x).unwrap())
.expect("No left most point");
let mut p = left_most_idx;
let mut q = 0_usize;
loop {
//The left most point must be part of the hull
hull.push(points[p].clone());
q = (p + 1) % points.len();
for i in 0..points.len() {
if orientation(&points[p], &points[i], &points[q]) == 2 {
q = i;
}
}
p = q;
//Break from loop once we reach the first point again
if p == left_most_idx { break; }
}
return hull;
}
//Calculate orientation for 3 points
//0 -> Straight line
//1 -> Clockwise
//2 -> Counterclockwise
fn orientation(p: &Point, q: &Point, r: &Point) -> usize {
let val = (q.y - p.y) * (r.x - q.x) -
(q.x - p.x) * (r.y - q.y);
if val == 0. { return 0 };
if val > 0. { return 1; } else { return 2; }
}
fn main(){
let points = vec![pt(16,3), pt(12,17), pt(0,6), pt(-4,-6), pt(16,6), pt(16,-7), pt(16,-3), pt(17,-4), pt(5,19), pt(19,-8), pt(3,16), pt(12,13), pt(3,-4), pt(17,5), pt(-3,15), pt(-3,-9), pt(0,11), pt(-9,-3), pt(-4,-2), pt(12,10)];
let hull = calculate_convex_hull(&points);
hull.iter()
.for_each(|pt| println!("{:?}", pt));
}
fn pt(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {
return Point {x:x as f32, y:y as f32};
}
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Point { x: -9.0, y: -3.0 }
Point { x: -3.0, y: -9.0 }
Point { x: 19.0, y: -8.0 }
Point { x: 17.0, y: 5.0 }
Point { x: 12.0, y: 17.0 }
Point { x: 5.0, y: 19.0 }
Point { x: -3.0, y: 15.0 }
</pre>
=={{header|Scala}}==
Scala Implementation to find Convex hull of given points collection. Functional Paradigm followed
<syntaxhighlight lang="scala">
object convex_hull{
def get_hull(points:List[(Double,Double)], hull:List[(Double,Double)]):List[(Double,Double)] = points match{
case Nil => join_tail(hull,hull.size -1)
case head :: tail => get_hull(tail,reduce(head::hull))
}
def reduce(hull:List[(Double,Double)]):List[(Double,Double)] = hull match{
case p1::p2::p3::rest => {
if(check_point(p1,p2,p3)) hull
else reduce(p1::p3::rest)
}
case _ => hull
}
def check_point(pnt:(Double,Double), p2:(Double,Double),p1:(Double,Double)): Boolean = {
val (x,y) = (pnt._1,pnt._2)
val (x1,y1) = (p1._1,p1._2)
val (x2,y2) = (p2._1,p2._2)
((x-x1)*(y2-y1) - (x2-x1)*(y-y1)) <= 0
}
def m(p1:(Double,Double), p2:(Double,Double)):Double = {
if(p2._1 == p1._1 && p1._2>p2._2) 90
else if(p2._1 == p1._1 && p1._2<p2._2) -90
else if(p1._1<p2._1) 180 - Math.toDegrees(Math.atan(-(p1._2 - p2._2)/(p1._1 - p2._1)))
else Math.toDegrees(Math.atan((p1._2 - p2._2)/(p1._1 - p2._1)))
}
def join_tail(hull:List[(Double,Double)],len:Int):List[(Double,Double)] = {
if(m(hull(len),hull(0)) > m(hull(len-1),hull(0))) join_tail(hull.slice(0,len),len-1)
else hull
}
def main(args:Array[String]){
val points = List[(Double,Double)]((16,3), (12,17), (0,6), (-4,-6), (16,6), (16,-7), (16,-3), (17,-4), (5,19), (19,-8), (3,16), (12,13), (3,-4), (17,5), (-3,15), (-3,-9), (0,11), (-9,-3), (-4,-2), (12,10))
val sorted_points = points.sortWith(m(_,(0.0,0.0)) < m(_,(0.0,0.0)))
println(f"Points:\n" + points + f"\n\nConvex Hull :\n" +get_hull(sorted_points,List[(Double,Double)]()))
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Points:
List((16.0,3.0), (12.0,17.0), (0.0,6.0), (-4.0,-6.0), (16.0,6.0), (16.0,-7.0), (16.0,-3.0), (17.0,-4.0), (5.0,19.0), (19.0,-8.0), (3.0,16.0), (12.0,13.0), (3.0,-4.0), (17.0,5.0), (-3.0,15.0), (-3.0,-9.0), (0.0,11.0), (-9.0,-3.0), (-4.0,-2.0), (12.0,10.0))
Convex Hull :
List((-3.0,-9.0), (-9.0,-3.0), (-3.0,15.0), (5.0,19.0), (12.0,17.0), (17.0,5.0), (19.0,-8.0))
</pre>
=={{header|Scheme}}==
{{works with|Gauche Scheme|0.9.11-p1}}
{{works with|CHICKEN Scheme|5.3.0}}
The program is in R7RS Scheme. For CHICKEN, you need to install the '''r7rs''' and '''srfi-132''' eggs.
See also [[#Common_Lisp|Common Lisp]], [[#Standard_ML|Standard ML]], [[#OCaml|OCaml]], and [[#ATS|ATS]]. These implementations were based closely on the Scheme. The last includes proofs of various constraints and of termination of the recursions.
Interestingly, I also derived a [[#Fortran|Fortran]] implementation from this Scheme, which was itself based on Fortran code I wrote over a decade beforehand.
<syntaxhighlight lang="scheme">(define-library (convex-hulls)
(export vector-convex-hull)
(export list-convex-hull)
(import (scheme base))
(import (srfi 132)) ; Sorting.
(begin
;;
;; The implementation is based on Andrew's monotone chain
;; algorithm, and is adapted from a Fortran implementation I wrote
;; myself in 2011.
;;
;; For a description of the algorithm, see
;; https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain&stableid=4016938
;;
(define x@ car)
(define y@ cadr)
(define (cross u v)
;; Cross product (as a signed scalar).
(- (* (x@ u) (y@ v)) (* (y@ u) (x@ v))))
(define (point- u v)
(list (- (x@ u) (x@ v)) (- (y@ u) (y@ v))))
(define (sort-points-vector points-vector)
;; Ascending sort on x-coordinates, followed by ascending sort
;; on y-coordinates.
(vector-sort (lambda (u v)
(or (< (x@ u) (x@ v))
(and (= (x@ u) (x@ v))
(< (y@ u) (y@ v)))))
points-vector))
(define (construct-lower-hull sorted-points-vector)
(let* ((pt sorted-points-vector)
(n (vector-length pt))
(hull (make-vector n))
(j 1))
(vector-set! hull 0 (vector-ref pt 0))
(vector-set! hull 1 (vector-ref pt 1))
(do ((i 2 (+ i 1)))
((= i n))
(let inner-loop ()
(if (or (zero? j)
(positive?
(cross (point- (vector-ref hull j)
(vector-ref hull (- j 1)))
(point- (vector-ref pt i)
(vector-ref hull (- j 1))))))
(begin
(set! j (+ j 1))
(vector-set! hull j (vector-ref pt i)))
(begin
(set! j (- j 1))
(inner-loop)))))
(values (+ j 1) hull))) ; Hull size, hull points.
(define (construct-upper-hull sorted-points-vector)
(let* ((pt sorted-points-vector)
(n (vector-length pt))
(hull (make-vector n))
(j 1))
(vector-set! hull 0 (vector-ref pt (- n 1)))
(vector-set! hull 1 (vector-ref pt (- n 2)))
(do ((i (- n 3) (- i 1)))
((= i -1))
(let inner-loop ()
(if (or (zero? j)
(positive?
(cross (point- (vector-ref hull j)
(vector-ref hull (- j 1)))
(point- (vector-ref pt i)
(vector-ref hull (- j 1))))))
(begin
(set! j (+ j 1))
(vector-set! hull j (vector-ref pt i)))
(begin
(set! j (- j 1))
(inner-loop)))))
(values (+ j 1) hull))) ; Hull size, hull points.
(define (construct-hull sorted-points-vector)
;; Notice that the lower and upper hulls could be constructed in
;; parallel.
(let-values (((lower-hull-size lower-hull)
(construct-lower-hull sorted-points-vector))
((upper-hull-size upper-hull)
(construct-upper-hull sorted-points-vector)))
(let* ((hull-size (+ lower-hull-size upper-hull-size -2))
(hull (make-vector hull-size)))
(vector-copy! hull 0 lower-hull 0 (- lower-hull-size 1))
(vector-copy! hull (- lower-hull-size 1) upper-hull
0 (- upper-hull-size 1))
hull)))
(define (vector-convex-hull points)
(let* ((points-vector (if (vector? points)
points
(list->vector points)))
(sorted-points-vector
(vector-delete-neighbor-dups
equal?
(sort-points-vector points-vector))))
(if (<= (vector-length sorted-points-vector) 2)
sorted-points-vector
(construct-hull sorted-points-vector))))
(define (list-convex-hull points)
(vector->list (vector-convex-hull points)))
)) ;; end of library convex-hulls.
;;
;; A demonstration.
;;
(import (scheme base))
(import (scheme write))
(import (convex-hulls))
(define example-points
'((16 3) (12 17) (0 6) (-4 -6) (16 6)
(16 -7) (16 -3) (17 -4) (5 19) (19 -8)
(3 16) (12 13) (3 -4) (17 5) (-3 15)
(-3 -9) (0 11) (-9 -3) (-4 -2) (12 10)))
(write (list-convex-hull example-points))
(newline)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
Using Gauche Scheme:
<pre>$ gosh convex-hull-task.scm
((-9 -3) (-3 -9) (19 -8) (17 5) (12 17) (5 19) (-3 15))</pre>
Compiling to native code with CHICKEN Scheme:
<pre>$ csc -O3 -R r7rs convex-hull-task.scm && ./convex-hull-task
((-9 -3) (-3 -9) (19 -8) (17 5) (12 17) (5 19) (-3 15))</pre>
=== A second implementation ===
{{trans|Mercury}}
From the first Scheme implementation, above, I derived an implementation in [[#Standard_ML|Standard ML]]. From that I derived one in [[#Mercury|Mercury]]. Now, starting from that [[#Mercury|Mercury implementation]], I can come back and write a Scheme program more concise than the original.
One could pass these changes along to other languages as well.
If you are using CHICKEN Scheme you will need the '''srfi-1''' egg, in addition to those you needed for the first Scheme implementation.
<syntaxhighlight lang="scheme">(define-library (convex-hulls)
(export convex-hull)
(import (scheme base))
(import (only (srfi 1) fold))
(import (only (srfi 1) append!))
(import (only (srfi 132) list-sort))
(import (only (srfi 132) list-delete-neighbor-dups))
(begin
;;
;; Andrew's monotone chain algorithm for the convex hull in a
;; plane.
;;
;; For a description of the algorithm, see
;; https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain&stableid=4016938
;;
(define x@ car)
(define y@ cadr)
(define (cross u v)
;; Cross product (as a signed scalar).
(- (* (x@ u) (y@ v)) (* (y@ u) (x@ v))))
(define (point- u v)
(list (- (x@ u) (x@ v)) (- (y@ u) (y@ v))))
(define (point=? u v)
(and (= (x@ u) (x@ v)) (= (y@ u) (y@ v))))
(define (point<? u v)
(let ((xu (x@ u))
(xv (x@ v)))
(or (< xu xv) (and (= xu xv) (< (y@ u) (y@ v))))))
(define (convex-hull points-list)
(let* ((points (list-delete-neighbor-dups
point=? (list-sort point<? points-list)))
(n (length points)))
(cond
((<= n 2) points)
(else
(let ((half-hull (make-vector n)))
(define (cross-test pt j)
(or (zero? j)
(let ((elem-j (vector-ref half-hull j))
(elem-j1 (vector-ref half-hull (- j 1))))
(positive? (cross (point- elem-j elem-j1)
(point- pt elem-j1))))))
(define (construct-half-hull points)
(vector-set! half-hull 0 (car points))
(vector-set! half-hull 1 (cadr points))
(fold (lambda (pt j)
(let loop ((j j))
(if (cross-test pt j)
(let ((j1 (+ j 1)))
(vector-set! half-hull j1 pt)
j1)
(loop (- j 1)))))
1 (cddr points)))
(let* ((lower-hull
;; Leave out the last point, which is the same
;; as the first point of the upper hull.
(let ((j (construct-half-hull points)))
(vector->list half-hull 0 j)))
(upper-hull
;; Leave out the last point, which is the same
;; as the first point of the lower hull.
(let ((j (construct-half-hull (reverse points))))
(vector->list half-hull 0 j))))
(append! lower-hull upper-hull)))))))
)) ;; end of library convex-hulls.
;;
;; A demonstration.
;;
(import (scheme base))
(import (scheme write))
(import (convex-hulls))
(define example-points
'((16 3) (12 17) (0 6) (-4 -6) (16 6)
(16 -7) (16 -3) (17 -4) (5 19) (19 -8)
(3 16) (12 13) (3 -4) (17 5) (-3 15)
(-3 -9) (0 11) (-9 -3) (-4 -2) (12 10)))
(write (convex-hull example-points))
(newline)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>$ gosh convex-hull-task-2.scm
((-9 -3) (-3 -9) (19 -8) (17 5) (12 17) (5 19) (-3 15))</pre>
Footnote: My Mercury implementation originally had a "fold" in it, the way this Scheme program does, but that got lost during debugging. (The bug turned out to be elsewhere.) The fold and inner loop became one loop that I think is easier to understand. However, here I wanted to show it could be done with a fold.
=={{header|Sidef}}==
{{trans|Raku}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">class Point(Number x, Number y) {
method to_s {
"(#{x}, #{y})"
}
}
func ccw (Point a, Point b, Point c) {
(b.x - a.x)*(c.y - a.y) - (b.y - a.y)*(c.x - a.x)
}
func tangent (Point a, Point b) {
(b.x - a.x) / (b.y - a.y)
}
func graham_scan (*coords) {
## sort points by y, secondary sort on x
var sp = coords.map { |a|
Point(a...)
}.sort { |a,b|
(a.y <=> b.y) ||
(a.x <=> b.x)
}
# need at least 3 points to make a hull
if (sp.len < 3) {
return sp
}
# first point on hull is minimum y point
var h = [sp.shift]
# re-sort the points by angle, secondary on x
sp = sp.map_kv { |k,v|
Pair(k, [tangent(h[0], v), v.x])
}.sort { |a,b|
(b.value[0] <=> a.value[0]) ||
(a.value[1] <=> b.value[1])
}.map { |a|
sp[a.key]
}
# first point of re-sorted list is guaranteed to be on hull
h << sp.shift
# check through the remaining list making sure that
# there is always a positive angle
sp.each { |point|
loop {
if (ccw(h.last(2)..., point) >= 0) {
h << point
break
} else {
h.pop
}
}
}
return h
}
var hull = graham_scan(
[16, 3], [12,17], [ 0, 6], [-4,-6], [16, 6], [16,-7], [16,-3],
[17,-4], [ 5,19], [19,-8], [ 3,16], [12,13], [ 3,-4], [17, 5],
[-3,15], [-3,-9], [ 0,11], [-9,-3], [-4,-2], [12,10])
say("Convex Hull (#{hull.len} points): ", hull.join(" "))
hull = graham_scan(
[16, 3], [12,17], [ 0, 6], [-4,-6], [16, 6], [16,-7], [16,-3],
[17,-4], [ 5,19], [19,-8], [ 3,16], [12,13], [ 3,-4], [17, 5],
[-3,15], [-3,-9], [ 0,11], [-9,-3], [-4,-2], [12,10], [14,-9], [1,-9])
say("Convex Hull (#{hull.len} points): ", hull.join(" "))</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Convex Hull (7 points): (-3, -9) (19, -8) (17, 5) (12, 17) (5, 19) (-3, 15) (-9, -3)
Convex Hull (9 points): (-3, -9) (1, -9) (14, -9) (19, -8) (17, 5) (12, 17) (5, 19) (-3, 15) (-9, -3)
</pre>
=={{header|Standard ML}}==
{{trans|Scheme}}
{{trans|Fortran}}
{{works with|MLton|20210117}}
{{works with|Poly/ML|5.9}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="sml">(*
* Convex hulls by Andrew's monotone chain algorithm.
*
* For a description of the algorithm, see
* https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain&stableid=40169
*)
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(*
* Just enough plane geometry for our purpose.
*)
signature PLANE_POINT =
sig
type planePoint
val planePoint : real * real -> planePoint
val toTuple : planePoint -> real * real
val x : planePoint -> real
val y : planePoint -> real
val == : planePoint * planePoint -> bool
(* Impose a total order on points, making it one that will work for
Andrew's monotone chain algorithm. *)
val order : planePoint * planePoint -> bool
(* Subtraction is really a vector or multivector operation. *)
val subtract : planePoint * planePoint -> planePoint
(* Cross product is really a multivector operation. *)
val cross : planePoint * planePoint -> real
val toString : planePoint -> string
end
structure PlanePoint : PLANE_POINT =
struct
type planePoint = real * real
fun planePoint xy = xy
fun toTuple (x, y) = (x, y)
fun x (x, _) = x
fun y (_, y) = y
fun == ((a : real, b : real), (c : real, d : real)) =
Real.== (a, c) andalso Real.== (b, d)
fun order ((a : real, b : real), (c : real, d : real)) =
Real.< (a, c) orelse (Real.== (a, c) andalso Real.< (b, d))
fun subtract ((a : real, b : real), (c : real, d : real)) =
(a - c, b - d)
fun cross ((a : real, b : real), (c : real, d : real)) =
(a * d) - (b * c)
fun toString (x, y) =
"(" ^ Real.toString x ^ " " ^ Real.toString y ^ ")"
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(*
* Rather than rely on compiler extensions for sorting, let us write
* our own.
*
* For no special reason, let us use the Shell sort of
* https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shellsort&oldid=1084744510
*)
val ciura_gaps = Array.fromList [701, 301, 132, 57, 23, 10, 4, 1]
fun sort_in_place less arr =
let
open Array
fun span_gap gap =
let
fun iloop i =
if length arr <= i then
()
else
let
val temp = sub (arr, i)
fun jloop j =
if j < gap orelse
less (sub (arr, j - gap), temp) then
update (arr, j, temp)
else
(update (arr, j, sub (arr, j - gap));
jloop (j - gap))
in
jloop i;
iloop (i + gap)
end
in
iloop 0
end
in
app span_gap ciura_gaps
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(*
* To go with our sort routine, we want something akin to
* array_delete_neighbor_dups of Scheme's SRFI-132.
*)
fun array_delete_neighbor_dups equal arr =
let
open Array
fun loop i lst =
(* Cons a list of non-duplicates, going backwards through
the array so the list will be in forwards order. *)
if i = 0 then
sub (arr, i) :: lst
else if equal (sub (arr, i - 1), sub (arr, i)) then
loop (i - 1) lst
else
loop (i - 1) (sub (arr, i) :: lst)
val n = length arr
in
fromList (if n = 0 then [] else loop (n - 1) [])
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(*
* The convex hull algorithm.
*)
fun cross_test (pt_i, hull, j) =
let
open PlanePoint
val hull_j = Array.sub (hull, j)
val hull_j1 = Array.sub (hull, j - 1)
in
0.0 < cross (subtract (hull_j, hull_j1),
subtract (pt_i, hull_j1))
end
fun construct_lower_hull (n, pt) =
let
open PlanePoint
val hull = Array.array (n, planePoint (0.0, 0.0))
val () = Array.update (hull, 0, Array.sub (pt, 0))
val () = Array.update (hull, 1, Array.sub (pt, 1))
fun outer_loop i j =
if i = n then
j + 1
else
let
val pt_i = Array.sub (pt, i)
fun inner_loop j =
if j = 0 orelse cross_test (pt_i, hull, j) then
(Array.update (hull, j + 1, pt_i);
j + 1)
else
inner_loop (j - 1)
in
outer_loop (i + 1) (inner_loop j)
end
val hull_size = outer_loop 2 1
in
(hull_size, hull)
end
fun construct_upper_hull (n, pt) =
let
open PlanePoint
val hull = Array.array (n, planePoint (0.0, 0.0))
val () = Array.update (hull, 0, Array.sub (pt, n - 1))
val () = Array.update (hull, 1, Array.sub (pt, n - 2))
fun outer_loop i j =
if i = ~1 then
j + 1
else
let
val pt_i = Array.sub (pt, i)
fun inner_loop j =
if j = 0 orelse cross_test (pt_i, hull, j) then
(Array.update (hull, j + 1, pt_i);
j + 1)
else
inner_loop (j - 1)
in
outer_loop (i - 1) (inner_loop j)
end
val hull_size = outer_loop (n - 3) 1
in
(hull_size, hull)
end
fun construct_hull (n, pt) =
let
(* Side note: Construction of the lower and upper hulls can be
done in parallel. *)
val (lower_hull_size, lower_hull) = construct_lower_hull (n, pt)
and (upper_hull_size, upper_hull) = construct_upper_hull (n, pt)
val hull_size = lower_hull_size + upper_hull_size - 2
val hull =
Array.array (hull_size, PlanePoint.planePoint (0.0, 0.0))
fun copy_lower i =
if i = lower_hull_size - 1 then
()
else
(Array.update (hull, i, Array.sub (lower_hull, i));
copy_lower (i + 1))
fun copy_upper i =
if i = upper_hull_size - 1 then
()
else
(Array.update (hull, i + lower_hull_size - 1,
Array.sub (upper_hull, i));
copy_upper (i + 1))
in
copy_lower 0;
copy_upper 0;
hull
end
fun plane_convex_hull points_lst =
(* Takes an arbitrary list of points, which may be in any order
and may contain duplicates. Returns an ordered array of points
that make up the convex hull. If the list of points is empty,
the returned array is empty. *)
let
val pt = Array.fromList points_lst
val () = sort_in_place PlanePoint.order pt
val pt = array_delete_neighbor_dups (PlanePoint.==) pt
val n = Array.length pt
in
if n <= 2 then
pt
else
construct_hull (n, pt)
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
fun main () =
let
open PlanePoint
val example_points =
[planePoint (16.0, 3.0),
planePoint (12.0, 17.0),
planePoint (0.0, 6.0),
planePoint (~4.0, ~6.0),
planePoint (16.0, 6.0),
planePoint (16.0, ~7.0),
planePoint (16.0, ~3.0),
planePoint (17.0, ~4.0),
planePoint (5.0, 19.0),
planePoint (19.0, ~8.0),
planePoint (3.0, 16.0),
planePoint (12.0, 13.0),
planePoint (3.0, ~4.0),
planePoint (17.0, 5.0),
planePoint (~3.0, 15.0),
planePoint (~3.0, ~9.0),
planePoint (0.0, 11.0),
planePoint (~9.0, ~3.0),
planePoint (~4.0, ~2.0),
planePoint (12.0, 10.0)]
val hull = plane_convex_hull example_points
in
Array.app (fn p => (print (toString p);
print " "))
hull;
print "\n"
end;
main ();
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(* local variables: *)
(* mode: sml *)
(* sml-indent-level: 2 *)
(* sml-indent-args: 2 *)
(* end: *)</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
Output with MLton:
<pre>$ mlton convex_hull_task.sml && ./convex_hull_task
(~9 ~3) (~3 ~9) (19 ~8) (17 5) (12 17) (5 19) (~3 15)</pre>
Output with Poly/ML (yes, the result is printed twice):
<pre>$ polyc convex_hull_task.sml && ./a.out
(~9.0 ~3.0) (~3.0 ~9.0) (19.0 ~8.0) (17.0 5.0) (12.0 17.0) (5.0 19.0) (~3.0 15.0)
(~9.0 ~3.0) (~3.0 ~9.0) (19.0 ~8.0) (17.0 5.0) (12.0 17.0) (5.0 19.0) (~3.0 15.0)</pre>
When you use Poly/ML, if you want the result printed only once, comment out the call to '''main()''' near the bottom of the source file. The call is redundant, because a program compiled with Poly/ML automatically calls '''main()'''.
=={{header|Swift}}==
{{trans|Rust}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="swift">public struct Point: Equatable, Hashable {
public var x: Double
public var y: Double
public init(fromTuple t: (Double, Double)) {
self.x = t.0
self.y = t.1
}
}
public func calculateConvexHull(fromPoints points: [Point]) -> [Point] {
guard points.count >= 3 else {
return points
}
var hull = [Point]()
let (leftPointIdx, _) = points.enumerated().min(by: { $0.element.x < $1.element.x })!
var p = leftPointIdx
var q = 0
repeat {
hull.append(points[p])
q = (p + 1) % points.count
for i in 0..<points.count where calculateOrientation(points[p], points[i], points[q]) == .counterClockwise {
q = i
}
p = q
} while p != leftPointIdx
return hull
}
private func calculateOrientation(_ p: Point, _ q: Point, _ r: Point) -> Orientation {
let val = (q.y - p.y) * (r.x - q.x) - (q.x - p.x) * (r.y - q.y)
if val == 0 {
return .straight
} else if val > 0 {
return .clockwise
} else {
return .counterClockwise
}
}
private enum Orientation {
case straight, clockwise, counterClockwise
}
let points = [
(16,3),
(12,17),
(0,6),
(-4,-6),
(16,6),
(16,-7),
(16,-3),
(17,-4),
(5,19),
(19,-8),
(3,16),
(12,13),
(3,-4),
(17,5),
(-3,15),
(-3,-9),
(0,11),
(-9,-3),
(-4,-2),
(12,10)
].map(Point.init(fromTuple:))
print("Input: \(points)")
print("Output: \(calculateConvexHull(fromPoints: points))")</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Input: [Point(x: 16.0, y: 3.0), Point(x: 12.0, y: 17.0), Point(x: 0.0, y: 6.0), Point(x: -4.0, y: -6.0), Point(x: 16.0, y: 6.0), Point(x: 16.0, y: -7.0), Point(x: 16.0, y: -3.0), Point(x: 17.0, y: -4.0), Point(x: 5.0, y: 19.0), Point(x: 19.0, y: -8.0), Point(x: 3.0, y: 16.0), Point(x: 12.0, y: 13.0), Point(x: 3.0, y: -4.0), Point(x: 17.0, y: 5.0), Point(x: -3.0, y: 15.0), Point(x: -3.0, y: -9.0), Point(x: 0.0, y: 11.0), Point(x: -9.0, y: -3.0), Point(x: -4.0, y: -2.0), Point(x: 12.0, y: 10.0)]
Output: [Point(x: -9.0, y: -3.0), Point(x: -3.0, y: -9.0), Point(x: 19.0, y: -8.0), Point(x: 17.0, y: 5.0), Point(x: 12.0, y: 17.0), Point(x: 5.0, y: 19.0), Point(x: -3.0, y: 15.0)]</pre>
=={{header|Tcl}}==
Translation of: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain#Python
<syntaxhighlight lang="tcl">catch {namespace delete test_convex_hull} ;# Start with a clean namespace
namespace eval test_convex_hull {
package require Tcl 8.5 ;# maybe earlier?
interp alias {} @ {} lindex;# An essential readability helper for list indexing
proc cross {o a b} {
### 2D cross product of OA and OB vectors ###
return [expr {([@ $a 0] - [@ $o 0]) * ([@ $b 1] - [@ $o 1]) - ([@ $a 1] - [@ $o 1]) * ([@ $b 0] - [@ $o 0]) }]
}
proc calc_hull_edge {points} {
### Build up hull edge ###
set edge [list]
foreach p $points {
while {[llength $edge ] >= 2 && [cross [@ $edge end-1] [@ $edge end] $p] <= 0} {
set edge [lreplace $edge end end] ;# pop
}
lappend edge $p
}
return $edge
}
proc convex_hull {points} {
### Convex hull of a set of 2D points ###
# Unique points
set points [lsort -unique $points]
# Sorted points
set points [lsort -real -index 0 [lsort -real -index 1 $points]]
# No calculation necessary
if {[llength $points] <= 1} {
return $points
}
set lower [calc_hull_edge $points]
set upper [calc_hull_edge [lreverse $points]]
return [concat [lrange $lower 0 end-1] [lrange $upper 0 end-1]]
}
# Testing
set tpoints {{16 3} {12 17} {0 6} {-4 -6} {16 6} {16 -7} {16 -3} {17 -4} {5 19} {19 -8}
{3 16} {12 13} {3 -4} {17 5} {-3 15} {-3 -9} {0 11} {-9 -3} {-4 -2} {12 10}}
puts "Test points:"
puts [lrange $tpoints 0 end] ;# prettier
puts "Convex Hull:"
puts [convex_hull $tpoints]
}
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Test points:
{16 3} {12 17} {0 6} {-4 -6} {16 6} {16 -7} {16 -3} {17 -4} {5 19} {19 -8} {3 16} {12 13} {3 -4} {17 5} {-3 15} {-3 -9} {0 11} {-9 -3} {-4 -2} {12 10}
Convex Hull:
{-9 -3} {-3 -9} {19 -8} {17 5} {12 17} {5 19} {-3 15}</pre>
=={{header|Visual Basic .NET}}==
{{trans|C#}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="vbnet">Imports ConvexHull
Module Module1
Class Point : Implements IComparable(Of Point)
Public Property X As Integer
Public Property Y As Integer
Public Sub New(x As Integer, y As Integer)
Me.X = x
Me.Y = y
End Sub
Public Function CompareTo(other As Point) As Integer Implements IComparable(Of Point).CompareTo
Return X.CompareTo(other.X)
End Function
Public Overrides Function ToString() As String
Return String.Format("({0}, {1})", X, Y)
End Function
End Class
Function ConvexHull(p As List(Of Point)) As List(Of Point)
If p.Count = 0 Then
Return New List(Of Point)
End If
p.Sort()
Dim h As New List(Of Point)
' Lower hull
For Each pt In p
While h.Count >= 2 AndAlso Not Ccw(h(h.Count - 2), h(h.Count - 1), pt)
h.RemoveAt(h.Count - 1)
End While
h.Add(pt)
Next
' Upper hull
Dim t = h.Count + 1
For i = p.Count - 1 To 0 Step -1
Dim pt = p(i)
While h.Count >= t AndAlso Not Ccw(h(h.Count - 2), h(h.Count - 1), pt)
h.RemoveAt(h.Count - 1)
End While
h.Add(pt)
Next
h.RemoveAt(h.Count - 1)
Return h
End Function
Function Ccw(a As Point, b As Point, c As Point) As Boolean
Return ((b.X - a.X) * (c.Y - a.Y)) > ((b.Y - a.Y) * (c.X - a.X))
End Function
Sub Main()
Dim points As New List(Of Point) From {
New Point(16, 3),
New Point(12, 17),
New Point(0, 6),
New Point(-4, -6),
New Point(16, 6),
New Point(16, -7),
New Point(16, -3),
New Point(17, -4),
New Point(5, 19),
New Point(19, -8),
New Point(3, 16),
New Point(12, 13),
New Point(3, -4),
New Point(17, 5),
New Point(-3, 15),
New Point(-3, -9),
New Point(0, 11),
New Point(-9, -3),
New Point(-4, -2),
New Point(12, 10)
}
Dim hull = ConvexHull(points)
Dim it = hull.GetEnumerator()
Console.Write("Convex Hull: [")
If it.MoveNext() Then
Console.Write(it.Current)
End If
While it.MoveNext()
Console.Write(", {0}", it.Current)
End While
Console.WriteLine("]")
End Sub
End Module</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]</pre>
=={{header|Wren}}==
{{trans|Kotlin}}
{{libheader|Wren-sort}}
{{libheader|Wren-trait}}
{{libheader|Wren-iterate}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="wren">import "./sort" for Sort
import "./trait" for Comparable
import "./iterate" for Stepped
class Point is Comparable {
construct new(x, y) {
_x = x
_y = y
}
x { _x }
y { _y }
compare(other) { (_x != other.x) ? (_x - other.x).sign : (_y - other.y).sign }
toString { "(%(_x), %(_y))" }
}
/* ccw returns true if the three points make a counter-clockwise turn */
var ccw = Fn.new { |a, b, c| ((b.x - a.x) * (c.y - a.y)) > ((b.y - a.y) * (c.x - a.x)) }
var convexHull = Fn.new { |pts|
if (pts.isEmpty) return []
Sort.quick(pts)
var h = []
// lower hull
for (pt in pts) {
while (h.count >= 2 && !ccw.call(h[-2], h[-1], pt)) h.removeAt(-1)
h.add(pt)
}
// upper hull
var t = h.count + 1
for (i in Stepped.descend(pts.count-2..0, 1)) {
var pt = pts[i]
while (h.count >= t && !ccw.call(h[-2], h[-1], pt)) h.removeAt(-1)
h.add(pt)
}
h.removeAt(-1)
return h
}
var pts = [
Point.new(16, 3), Point.new(12, 17), Point.new( 0, 6), Point.new(-4, -6), Point.new(16, 6),
Point.new(16, -7), Point.new(16, -3), Point.new(17, -4), Point.new( 5, 19), Point.new(19, -8),
Point.new( 3, 16), Point.new(12, 13), Point.new( 3, -4), Point.new(17, 5), Point.new(-3, 15),
Point.new(-3, -9), Point.new( 0, 11), Point.new(-9, -3), Point.new(-4, -2), Point.new(12, 10)
]
System.print("Convex Hull: %(convexHull.call(pts))")</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
Convex Hull: [(-9, -3), (-3, -9), (19, -8), (17, 5), (12, 17), (5, 19), (-3, 15)]
</pre>
=={{header|XPL0}}==
<syntaxhighlight lang "XPL0">func real CosAng(A, B); \Return cosine of angle between vectors A and B
int A, B; \Cos(Ang) = DotProd / (|A|*|B|)
real DotProd, Magnitude;
[DotProd:= float( A(0)*B(0) + A(1)*B(1));
Magnitude:= sqrt(float( sq(B(0)-A(0)) + sq(B(1)-A(1)) ));
return DotProd / Magnitude;
];
proc ConvexHull(N, P);
int N, P;
int Min, I, HullI, EndI, A(2), B(2), J, SJ;
real Ang, MinAng;
[Min:= -1>>1; \find index of point with smallest X coordinate
for I:= 0 to N-1 do
if P(I,0) < Min then
[Min:= P(I,0); HullI:= I];
EndI:= HullI;
A(0):= 0; A(1):= -1;
repeat ChOut(0, ^();
IntOut(0, P(HullI,0)); ChOut(0, ^,); IntOut(0, P(HullI,1));
ChOut(0, ^));
MinAng:= -1e12; \find index of point with smallest diverting angle
for J:= 0 to N-1 do
[B(0):= P(J,0) - P(HullI,0); B(1):= P(J,1) - P(HullI,1);
Ang:= CosAng(A, B);
if Ang > MinAng and J # HullI then
[MinAng:= Ang; SJ:= J];
];
A(0):= P(SJ,0) - P(HullI,0); A(1):= P(SJ,1) - P(HullI,1);
HullI:= SJ;
if HullI # EndI then Text(0, ", ");
until HullI = EndI;
];
ConvexHull(20, [[16,3], [12,17], [0,6], [-4,-6], [16,6], [16,-7], [16,-3],
[17,-4], [5,19], [19,-8], [3,16], [12,13], [3,-4], [17,5],
[-3,15], [-3,-9], [0,11], [-9,-3], [-4,-2], [12,10]])
</syntaxhighlight>
{{out}}
<pre>
(-9,-3), (-3,-9), (19,-8), (17,5), (12,17), (5,19), (-3,15)</pre>
=={{header|zkl}}==
<
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_scan, O(n log n)
// http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/convex-hull-set-2-graham-scan/
Line 124 ⟶ 7,163:
fcn ccw(a,b,c){ // a,b,c are points: (x,y)
((b[0] - a[0])*(c[1] - a[1])) - ((b[1] - a[1])*(c[0] - a[0]))
}</
<
T(16, -7), T(16,-3),T(17,-4), T(5,19), T(19,-8),
T(3,16), T(12,13), T(3,-4), T(17,5), T(-3,15),
Line 131 ⟶ 7,170:
.apply(fcn(xy){ xy.apply("toFloat") }).copy();
hull:=grahamScan(pts);
println("Convex Hull (%d points): %s".fmt(hull.len(),hull.toString(*)));</
{{out}}
<pre>
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