Character codes: Difference between revisions

=={{header|11l}}==

=={{header|360 Assembly}}==

In EBCDIC, the character 'a' (lowercase letter A) has a code of 129 in decimal and '81'x in hexadecimal.

To perform conversion, we use IC (insert character) and STC (store character) opcodes.

CHARCODE CSECT

USING CHARCODE,R13 base register

CHAR DS CL1

YREGS

{{out}}

<pre>

The printing routine only understands ASCII characters as codes anyway, so the "given a code produce its character" part is trivial.

The <code>PrintChar</code> routine is omitted for brevity. It converts the two cursor variables to a FIX layer address and outputs the character using the NEOGEO's FIX layer (the layer where text is displayed). Characters are stored in ROM and arranged in ASCII order.

MOVE.B #'A',D1

MOVE.B D1,D0 ;store in low word

popWord D1

Output can be seen [https://ibb.co/ngtDXpq here.]

=={{header|AArch64 Assembly}}==

{{works with|as|Raspberry Pi 3B version Buster 64 bits}}

/* ARM assembly AARCH64 Raspberry PI 3B */

/* program character64.s */

/* for this file see task include a file in language AArch64 assembly */

.include "../includeARM64.inc"

=={{header|ABAP}}==

In ABAP you must first cast the character to a byte field and back to a number in order to get its ASCII value.

data: c value 'A', n type i.

field-symbols <n> type x.

assign c to <n> casting.

move <n> to n.

{{Out}}<pre>A = 65</pre>

=={{header|ACL2}}==

Similar to Common Lisp:

=={{header|Action!}}==

CHAR c=['a]

BYTE b=[97]

Put(c) Put('=) PrintBE(c)

PrintB(b) Put('=) Put(b)

{{out}}

[https://gitlab.com/amarok8bit/action-rosetta-code/-/raw/master/images/Character_codes.png Screenshot from Atari 8-bit computer]

=={{header|ActionScript}}==

In ActionScript, you cannot take the character code of a character directly. Instead you must create a string and call charCodeAt with the character's position in the string as a parameter.

=={{header|Ada}}==

procedure Char_Code is

begin

Put_Line (Character'Val (97) & " =" & Integer'Image (Character'Pos ('a')));

The predefined language attributes S'Pos and S'Val for every discrete subtype, and Character is such a type, yield the position of a value and value by its position correspondingly.

{{out}}

=={{header|Aime}}==

o_integer('a');

o_byte('\n');

# prints "a"

o_byte(97);

=={{header|ALGOL 68}}==

In ALGOL 68 the '''format''' $g$ is type aware, hence the type conversion operators '''abs''' & '''repr''' are used to set the type.

printf(($gl$, ABS "a")); # for ASCII this prints "+97" EBCDIC prints "+129" #

printf(($gl$, REPR 97)) # for ASCII this prints "a"; EBCDIC prints "/" #

''Character conversions'' may be available in the ''standard prelude'' so that when

a foreign tape is mounted, the characters will be converted transparently as the tape's

records are read.

INT errno = open(tape, "/dev/tape1", stand out channel)

make conv(tape, ebcdic conv);

Every '''channel''' has an associated standard character conversion that can be determined

using the ''stand conv'' query routine and then the conversion applied to a particular

file/tape. eg.

=={{header|ALGOL W}}==

% display the character code of "a" (97 in ASCII) %

write( decode( "a" ) );

% display the character corresponding to 97 ("a" in ASCII) %

write( code( 97 ) );

=={{header|APL}}==

{{works with|GNU APL}}

In GNU APL and Dyalog, <tt>⎕UCS</tt> with an integer returns the corresponding Unicode character:

and <tt>⎕UCS</tt> with a character returns the corresponding code:

Like most things in APL, <tt>⎕UCS</tt> can also be used with an array or with a string (which is an array of characters):

APL

⎕UCS 'Hello, world!'

=={{header|AppleScript}}==

{{out}}

<pre>(*97*)

The converse instruction is <tt>character id</tt> — or either of its synonyms <tt>string id</tt> and <tt>Unicode text id</tt>. Because of a bug admitted to in Apple's AppleScript Language Guide, the expression <tt>text id</tt>, which one might expect to work, can't be used.

--> "a"

Unicode text id {72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 33}

=={{header|ARM Assembly}}==

{{works with|as|Raspberry Pi}}

/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */

/* program character.s */

=={{header|Arturo}}==

print to :integer `a`

{{out}}

=={{header|AutoHotkey}}==

=={{header|AWK}}==

but a function that does so can be easily built using an associative array (where the keys are the characters).

The opposite can be done using <tt>printf</tt> (or <tt>sprintf</tt>) with <tt>%c</tt>

{

return chmap[c]

s = sprintf("%c%c", 97, 98)

print s

=={{header|Axe}}==

=={{header|Babel}}==

{{Out}}<pre>

</pre>

{{out}}

babel

=={{header|BASIC}}==

{{works with|QuickBasic|4.5}}

char = "a"

PRINT CHR$(charCode) 'prints a

On the ZX Spectrum string variable names must be a single letter but numeric variables can be multiple characters:

{{works with|ZX Spectrum Basic}}

20 LET d$ = "b": REM d$ holds the character

30 PRINT CHR$(c): REM this prints a

==={{header|Applesoft BASIC}}===

CHR$(97) is used in place of "a" because on the older model Apple II, lower case is difficult to input.

{{Out}}<pre>a=97</pre>

==={{header|BaCon}}===

c$ = "$"

PRINT c$, ": ", ASC(c$)

' UTF-8

uc$ = "€"

{{out}}

==={{header|Commodore BASIC}}===

Commodore BASIC uses PETSCII code for its character set.

20 D$ = "B": REM D$ HOLDS THE CHARACTER 'B'

30 PRINT CHR$(CH): REM THIS PRINTS 'A'

{{Out}}<pre>A

66</pre>

==={{header|IS-BASIC}}===

==={{header|QBasic}}===

{{works with|FreeBASIC}}

{{works with|Run BASIC}}

==={{header|Sinclair ZX81 BASIC}}===

20 REM WHICH DOES NOT INCLUDE LOWER-CASE LETTERS

30 PRINT CODE "A"

{{out}}

<pre>38

==={{header|True BASIC}}===

PRINT "98 -> "; chr$(98)

==={{header|Yabasic}}===

=={{header|BASIC256}}==

charCode = 97

char$ = "a"

char$ = "π"

print chr(960) #prints π

{{out}}

<pre>a

=={{header|Batch File}}==

@echo off

echo %=exitcodeAscii%

exit /b

{{in}}

<pre>

=={{header|BBC BASIC}}==

char$ = "a"

PRINT CHR$(charCode) : REM prints a

=={{header|Befunge}}==

The instruction <tt>.</tt> will output as an integer. <tt>,</tt> will output as ASCII character.

=={{header|BQN}}==

BQN's character arithmetic makes it easy to convert between numbers and characters. Since arithmetic generalizes to arrays, the same function works for both integers and arrays. Here, only the conversion from number to character is defined, since it can be automatically inverted with Undo (<code>⁼</code>): the inverse simply subtracts <code>@</code>.

@⊸+

FromCharCode 97

"aC~"

FromCharCode⁼ 'a'

=={{header|Bracmat}}==

$ ( str

$ ( "\nLatin a

)

)

{{Out}}<pre>Latin a

ISO-9959-1: 97 = a

<tt>char</tt> is already an integer type in C, and it gets automatically promoted to <tt>int</tt>. So you can use a character where you would otherwise use an integer. Conversely, you can use an integer where you would normally use a character, except you may need to cast it, as <tt>char</tt> is smaller.

int main() {

printf("%c\n", 97); /* prints "a"; we don't have to cast because printf is type agnostic */

return 0;

=={{header|C sharp|C#}}==

C# represents strings and characters internally as Unicode,

so casting a char to an int returns its Unicode character encoding.

namespace RosettaCode.CharacterCode

}

}

=={{header|C++}}==

In this case, the output operator <tt><<</tt> is overloaded to handle integer (outputs the decimal representation) and character (outputs just the character) types differently, so we need to cast it in both cases.

int main() {

std::cout << (char)97 << std::endl; // prints "a"

return 0;

=={{header|Clojure}}==

(print (char 97)) ; prints \a

; use String because char in Java can't represent characters outside Basic Multilingual Plane

(print (.codePointAt "𝅘𝅥𝅮" 0)) ; prints 119136

=={{header|CLU}}==

po: stream := stream$primary_output()

% To turn an integer into a character code, use char$i2c

stream$putc(po, char$i2c( 97 ) ); % prints 'a'

{{out}}

<pre>97

Tested with GnuCOBOL on an ASCII based GNU/Linux system.

Running this code on EBCDIC native hardware would display a control code and 000000093.

program-id. character-codes.

remarks. COBOL is an ordinal language, first is 1.

display function ord('*')

goback.

{{out}}

=={{header|CoffeeScript}}==

CoffeeScript transcompiles to JavaScript, so it uses the JS standard library.

=={{header|Common Lisp}}==

=={{header|Component Pascal}}==

BlackBox Component Builder

VAR

c : CHAR;

c := CHR(3A9H);

StdLog.Char(c);StdLog.String(":> ");StdLog.Int(ORD(c));StdLog.Ln

{{Out}}

<pre>A:> 65

=={{header|D}}==

import std.stdio, std.utf;

// 'index' has moved to next character input position.

assert(index == 1);

{{out}}

<pre>97</pre>

=={{header|Dc}}==

A dc program cannot look into strings. But it can convert numeric values into single char strings or print numeric codes directly:

{{out}}

<pre>a</pre>

=={{header|Delphi}}==

Example from Studio 2006.

{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}

Readln;

=={{header|Dyalect}}==

=={{header|DWScript}}==

=={{header|E}}==

# value: 97

? <import:java.lang.makeCharacter>.asChar(97)

=={{header|EasyLang}}==

=={{header|Eiffel}}==

All characters are of the type CHARACTER_8 (ASCII encoding) or CHARACTER_32 (Unicode encoding). CHARACTER is a synonym for either of these two (depending on the compiler option). Characters can be assigned using character literals (a single character enclosed in single quotes) or code value notation (of the form '%/value/' where value is an integer literal of any of the recognized forms).

class

APPLICATION

end

end

Limitations: There is no "put_character_32" feature for standard io (FILE class), so there appears to be no way to print Unicode characters.

=={{header|Elena}}==

ELENA 4.x :

public program()

console.printLine:ch;

console.printLine(ch.toInt())

{{out}}

<pre>

=={{header|Elixir}}==

A String in Elixir is a UTF-8 encoded binary.

97

iex(2)> to_string([code])

=={{header|Emacs Lisp}}==

=={{header|Erlang}}==

In Erlang, lists and strings are the same, only the representation changes. Thus:

#Fun<erl_eval.6.13229925>

2> F("a").

If entered manually, one can also get ASCII codes by prefixing characters with <tt>$</tt>:

Unicode is fully supported since release R13A only.

=={{header|Euphoria}}==

=={{header|F Sharp|F#}}==

let n = 65

printfn "%d" (int c)

{{Out}}<pre>65

A</pre>

=={{header|Factor}}==

"ア" first .

=={{header|FALSE}}==

=={{header|Fantom}}==

A character is represented in single quotes: the 'toInt' method returns the code for the character. The 'toChar' method converts an integer into its respective character.

a

fansh> 'a'.toInt

=={{header|Forth}}==

As with C, characters are just integers on the stack which are treated as ASCII.

dup . \ 97

=={{header|Fortran}}==

Functions ACHAR and IACHAR specifically work with the ASCII character set, while the results of CHAR and ICHAR will depend on the default character set being used.

=={{header|Free Pascal}}==

=={{header|FreeBASIC}}==

' FreeBASIC v1.05.0 win64

Print "a - > "; Asc("a")

Sleep

End

{{out}}

=={{header|Frink}}==

The function <code>char[x]</code> in Frink returns the numerical Unicode codepoints for a string or character, or returns the Unicode string for an integer value or array of integer values. The <code>chars[x]</code> returns an array even if the string is a single character. These functions also correctly handle upper-plane Unicode characters as a single codepoint.

println[chars["a"]] // prints [97] (an array)

println[char[97]] // prints a

println[char["Frink rules!"]] // prints [70, 114, 105, 110, 107, 32, 114, 117, 108, 101, 115, 33]

=={{header|Gambas}}==

Dim sChar As String

Print "ASCII code " & sChar & " represents " & Chr(Val(sChar))

Output:

<pre>

=={{header|GAP}}==

CharInt(65);

# 'A'

IntChar('Z');

=={{header|Go}}==

In Go, a character literal ''is'' simply an integer constant of the character code:

import (

// Given a code, print out the corresponding character.

fmt.Printf("%c\n", 65) // prt A

Literal constants in Go are not typed (named constants can be).

The variable and constant types most commonly used for character data are <code>byte</code>, <code>rune</code>, and <code>string</code>.

This example program shows character codes (as literals) stored in typed variables, and printed out with default formatting. Note that since byte and rune are integer types, the default formatting is a printable base 10 number. String is not numeric, and a little extra work must be done to print the character codes.

import "fmt"

// We can also print the bytes of a string without an explicit loop

fmt.Printf("\n string bytes: % #x\n", s)

{{out}}

<pre>

</pre>

For the second part of the task, printing the character of a given code, the <code>%c</code> verb of <code>fmt.Printf</code> will do this directly from integer values, emitting the UTF-8 encoding of the code, (which will typically print the character depending on your hardware and operating system configuration).

r := rune(960)

{{out}}

<pre>

Examples showing strings constructed from integer constants and then printed:

fmt.Println(string(960)) // prints "π"

=={{header|Golfscript}}==

To convert a number to a string, we use the array to string coercion.

To convert a string to a number, we have a many options, of which the simplest and shortest are:

'a'(\;p

'a'0=p

=={{header|Groovy}}==

Groovy does not have a character literal at all, so one-character strings have to be ''coerced'' to '''char'''. Groovy '''printf''' (like Java, but unlike C) is ''not type-agnostic'', so the cast or coercion from '''char''' to '''int''' is also required. The reverse direction is considerably simpler.

{{Out}}

<pre>97

=={{header|Haskell}}==

main = do

print (chr 97) -- prints "'a'"

print (ord 'π') -- prints "960"

=={{header|HicEst}}==

=={{header|HolyC}}==

=={{header|Hoon}}==

++ enc

|= char=@t `@ud`char

++ dec

|= code=@ud `@t`code

=={{header|i}}==

print(number('a'))

print(text([97]))

=={{header|Icon}} and {{header|Unicon}}==

if *arglist > 0 then L := arglist else L := [97, "a"]

every x := !L do

write(x, " ==> ", char(integer(x)) | ord(x) ) # char produces a character, ord produces a number

Icon and Unicon do not currently support double byte character sets.

{{Out}}<pre>97 ==> a

=={{header|Io}}==

Here character is a sequence (string) of length one.

97 asCharacter println // --> a

"π" at(0) println // --> 960

=={{header|J}}==

abc☺

3 u: 7 u: 'abc☺'

<code>7 u:</code> converts from utf-8, <code>3 u:</code> by itself would give us:

Also, if we limit ourselves to ascii, we have other ways of accomplishing the same thing. <code>a.</code> is a list of the 8 bit character codes and we can index from it, or search it (though that's mostly a notational convenience, since the underlying type already gives us all we need to know).

abc

a.i.'abc'

=={{header|Java}}==

In this case, the <tt>println</tt> method is overloaded to handle integer (outputs the decimal representation) and character (outputs just the character) types differently, so we need to cast it in both cases.

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println((int)'a'); // prints "97"

System.out.println((char)97); // prints "a"

}

Java characters support Unicode:

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println((int)'π'); // prints "960"

System.out.println((char)960); // prints "π"

}

=={{header|JavaScript}}==

Here character is just a string of length 1

ES6 brings '''String.codePointAt()''' and '''String.fromCodePoint()''', which provide access to 4-byte unicode characters,

in addition to the usual 2-byte unicode characters.

{{Out}}

and

return String.fromCodePoint(x);

{{Out}}

=={{header|Joy}}==

=={{header|jq}}==

jq data strings are JSON strings, which can be "explode"d into an array of integers, each representing a Unicode codepoint. The inverse of the <tt>explode</tt> filter is <tt>implode</tt>. <tt>explode</tt> can of course be used for single-character strings, and so for example:

Here is a filter which can be used to convert an integer to the corresponding

Example:

1024 | chr # => "Ѐ"

Julia character constants (of type <code>Char</code>) are treated as an integer type representing the Unicode codepoint of the character, and can easily be converted to and from other integer types.

{{out}}<pre>97

=={{header|K}}==

97 98 99 65 66 67

_ci 97 98 99 65 66 67

=={{header|Kotlin}}==

var c = 'a'

var i = c.toInt()

c = i.toChar()

println("$i <-> $c")

{{out}}

=={{header|Lang5}}==

'\\ comb -1 remove append "]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~" comb append ;

: CODE 95 iota 33 + ; : comb "" split ;

'a ord . # 97

=={{header|langur}}==

The s2cp() and cp2s() functions convert between code point integers and strings. Also, string indexing is by code point.

val .a2 = 97

val .a3 = "a"[1]

writeln .a3 == .a4

writeln "numbers: ", join ", ", [.a1, .a2, .a3, .a4, .a5]

{{out}}

=={{header|Lasso}}==

'A'->integer

97->bytes

{{out}}<pre>97

65

=={{header|LFE}}==

In LFE/Erlang, lists and strings are the same, only the representation changes. For example:

As for this exercise, here's how you could print out the ASCII code for a letter, and a letter from the ASCII code:

97

ok

> (: io format '"~p~n" (list '(97)))

"a"

=={{header|Liberty BASIC}}==

char$ = "a"

print chr$(charCode) 'prints a

=={{header|LIL}}==

LIL does not handle NUL bytes in character strings, char 0 returns an empty string.

{{out}}

=={{header|Lingo}}==

put chartonum("a")

-- 97

-- returns character for Unicode code point (=ASCII code for ASCII characters)

put numtochar(934)

=={{header|Little}}==

printf("The code 241 in Unicode is the letter: %c.\n", 241);

=={{header|LiveCode}}==

=={{header|Logo}}==

Logo characters are words of length 1.

=={{header|Logtalk}}==

a

Char = a

97

Code = 97

=={{header|Lua}}==

=={{header|M2000 Interpreter}}==

\\ ANSI

Print Asc("a")

Print Codes("abcd")

\\ 97 98 99 100

=={{header|Maple}}==

There are two ways to do this in Maple. First, there are procedures in StringTools for this purpose.

65

"A"

Second, the procedure convert handles conversions to and from byte values.

[65]

> convert( [65], bytes );

"A"

=={{header|Mathematica}} / {{header|Wolfram Language}}==

Use the FromCharacterCode and ToCharacterCode functions:

{{Out}}<pre>{97, 98, 99, 100}

There are two built-in function that perform these tasks.

To convert from a number to a character use:

To convert from a character to its corresponding ascii character use:

or if you need this number as an integer not a double use:

asciiNumber = uint32(character)

Sample Usage:

ans =

ans =

=={{header|Maxima}}==

"A"

cint("A");

=={{header|Metafont}}==

Metafont handles only ''ASCII'' (even though codes beyond 127 can be given and used as real ASCII codes)

string a;

a := readstring;

message char10; % (this add a newline...)

message char hex"c3" & char hex"a8"; % since C3 A8 is the UTF-8 encoding for "è"

=={{header|Microsoft Small Basic}}==

{{out}}

The character for '65' is: A.

=={{header|Modula-2}}==

IMPORT InOut;

InOut.Write (CHR (ascii));

InOut.WriteLn

{{out}}

=={{header|Modula-3}}==

The built in functions <code>ORD</code> and <code>VAL</code> work on characters, among other things.

=={{header|MUMPS}}==

=={{header|Nanoquery}}==

println chr(97)

println ord("π")

{{out}}

<pre>97

Neko treats strings as an array of bytes

var s = "a";

var c = 98;

$sset(h, 0, c);

{{out}}

Neko also has standard primitives for handling the byte array as UTF-8

// native strings are just arrays of bytes

var us = "¥·£·€·$·¢·₡·₢·₣·₤·₥·₦·₧·₨·₩·₪·₫·₭·₮·₯·₹";

uc = 8356;

utfAdd(buf, uc);

{{out}}

=={{header|NESL}}==

In NESL, character literals are prefixed with a backtick. The functions <tt>char_code</tt> and <tt>code_char</tt> convert between characters and integer character codes.

=={{header|NetRexx}}==

NetRexx provides built-in functions to convert between character and decimal/hexadecimal.

options replace format comments java crossref symbols nobinary

say ci.right(3)"| '"cc"'" cd.right(6) cx.right(4, 0) "'"dc"' '"xc"'"

end ci

{{Out}}

<pre style="height:20ex; overflow:scroll">' abcde$¢£¤¥₠₡₢₣₤₥₦₧₨₩₪₫€₭₮₯₰₱₲₳₴₵'

=={{header|Nim}}==

echo chr(97) # echoes a

echo int("π".runeAt(0)) # echoes 960

=={{header|NS-HUBASIC}}==

NS-HUBASIC uses a non-ASCII character set that doesn't include letters in lowercase.

{{Out}}

<pre> 0A

=={{header|Oberon-2}}==

IMPORT Out;

VAR

Out.Int(d,3);Out.Ln;

Out.Char(c);Out.Ln

{{Out}}<pre>

97

=={{header|Objeck}}==

=={{header|Object Pascal}}==