Bioinformatics/Sequence mutation: Difference between revisions

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=={{header|Haskell}}==
<lang haskell>import Data.List (group, sort)
import Data.List.Split (chunksOf)
import System.Random (Random, randomR, random, newStdGen, randoms, getStdRandom)
import Text.Printf (PrintfArg(..), fmtChar, fmtPrecision, formatString, IsChar(..), printf)


data Mutation = Swap | Delete | Insert deriving (Show, Eq, Ord, Enum, Bounded)
data DNABase = A | C | G | T deriving (Show, Read, Eq, Ord, Enum, Bounded)
type DNASequence = [DNABase]

instance Random DNABase where
randomR (a, b) g = case randomR (fromEnum a, fromEnum b) g of
(x, y) -> (toEnum x, y)
random = randomR (minBound, maxBound)

instance Random Mutation where
randomR (a, b) g = case randomR (fromEnum a, fromEnum b) g of
(x, y) -> (toEnum x, y)
random = randomR (minBound, maxBound)

instance PrintfArg DNABase where
formatArg x fmt = formatString (show x) (fmt { fmtChar = 's', fmtPrecision = Nothing })

instance PrintfArg Mutation where
formatArg x fmt = formatString (show x) (fmt { fmtChar = 's', fmtPrecision = Nothing })

instance IsChar DNABase where
toChar = head . show
fromChar c = read [c]

dropIndex :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
dropIndex i xs = take (pred i) xs <> drop i xs

insertIndex :: Int -> a -> [a] -> [a]
insertIndex i e xs = take i xs <> [e] <> drop i xs

swapIndex :: Int -> a -> [a] -> [a]
swapIndex i a xs = take (pred i) xs <> [a] <> drop i xs

chunkedDNASequence :: DNASequence -> [(Int, [DNABase])]
chunkedDNASequence = zip [50,100..] . chunksOf 50

baseCounts :: DNASequence -> [(DNABase, Int)]
baseCounts = fmap ((,) . head <*> length) . group . sort

newSequence :: Int -> IO DNASequence
newSequence n = take n . randoms <$> newStdGen

mutateSequence :: DNASequence -> IO ((Mutation, Int), DNASequence)
mutateSequence xs = randomMutation >>= (`mutate` xs)

mutate :: Mutation -> DNASequence -> IO ((Mutation, Int), DNASequence)
mutate m xs = do
i <- randomIndex (length xs)
case m of
Swap -> randomDNA >>= \d -> pure ((Swap, i), swapIndex i d xs)
Insert -> randomDNA >>= \d -> pure ((Insert, i), insertIndex i d xs)
Delete -> pure ((Delete, i), dropIndex i xs)

randomIndex :: Int -> IO Int
randomIndex max = getStdRandom (randomR (1, max))

randomDNA :: IO DNABase
randomDNA = head . randoms <$> newStdGen

randomMutation :: IO Mutation
randomMutation = head . randoms <$> newStdGen

mutations :: Int -> DNASequence -> IO DNASequence
mutations 0 s = pure s
mutations n s = do
(m, ms) <- mutateSequence s
uncurry (printf "%6s @ %d\n") m
mutations (pred n) ms

main :: IO ()
main = do
dnaseq <- newSequence 200
putStrLn "\nInitial Sequence:" >> showSequence dnaseq
putStrLn "\nBase Counts:" >> showBaseCounts dnaseq
printf "Total: %d\n\n" $ length dnaseq
ms <- mutations 10 dnaseq
putStrLn "\nMutated Sequence:" >> showSequence ms
putStrLn "\nBase Counts:" >> showBaseCounts ms
printf "Total: %d\n" $ length ms
where
showSequence = mapM_ (uncurry (printf "%3d: %s\n")) . chunkedDNASequence
showBaseCounts = mapM_ (uncurry (printf "%s: %3d\n")) . baseCounts</lang>
{{out}}
<pre>Initial Sequence:
50: ACAGAGAGACCCACAATGGGGGGTCCGACATAGGCAGATACAGTAGACGA
100: AGTAGCGTTCTCACATTCGCCGTCTTCCACACGTTTGCCTCCCGGGTTGA
150: CCCCGTGTAATGGAACCCAAGCGAATGGCGGCGTAGGCAAACTTAACATG
200: GAATCGGTGGCATAAATGACGGTTCTCCGCCGACAGCGCATGGATTCTTG

Base Counts:
A: 51
C: 53
G: 56
T: 40
Total: 200

Swap @ 82
Insert @ 15
Swap @ 11
Swap @ 159
Swap @ 121
Swap @ 184
Swap @ 126
Delete @ 134
Swap @ 78
Insert @ 69

Mutated Sequence:
50: ACAGAGAGACGCACATATGGGGGGTCCGACATAGGCAGATACAGTAGACG
100: AAGTAGCGTTCTCACATTCGGCCGTCTTTCACATGTTTGCCTCCCGGGTT
150: GACCCCGTGTAATGGAACCCAAGCGATTGGCGGCTAGGCAAACTTAACAT
200: GGAATCGGGGGCATAAATGACGGTTCTCCGCCGCCAGCGCATGGATTCTT
250: G

Base Counts:
A: 49
C: 51
G: 58
T: 43
Total: 201
</pre>
=={{header|J}}==
=={{header|J}}==
<lang J>ACGT=: 'ACGT'
<lang J>ACGT=: 'ACGT'

Revision as of 12:50, 16 June 2020

Task
Bioinformatics/Sequence mutation
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
Task

Given a string of characters A, C, G, and T representing a DNA sequence write a routine to mutate the sequence, (string) by:

  1. Choosing a random base position in the sequence.
  2. Mutate the sequence by doing one of either:
    1. Swap the base at that position by changing it to one of A, C, G, or T. (which has a chance of swapping the base for the same base)
    2. Delete the chosen base at the position.
    3. Insert another base randomly chosen from A,C, G, or T into the sequence at that position.
  3. Randomly generate a test DNA sequence of at least 200 bases
  4. "Pretty print" the sequence and a count of its size, and the count of each base in the sequence
  5. Mutate the sequence ten times.
  6. "Pretty print" the sequence after all mutations, and a count of its size, and the count of each base in the sequence.
Extra credit
  • Give more information on the individual mutations applied.
  • Allow mutations to be weighted and/or chosen.

C

Adenine ( A ) is always swapped for Thymine ( T ) and vice versa. Similarly with Cytosine ( C ) and Guanine ( G ). <lang C>

  1. include<stdlib.h>
  2. include<stdio.h>
  3. include<time.h>

typedef struct genome{ 

   char base;
   struct genome *next;

}genome;

typedef struct{ 

   char mutation;
   int position;

}genomeChange;

typedef struct{ 

   int adenineCount,thymineCount,cytosineCount,guanineCount;

}baseCounts;

genome *strand; baseCounts baseData; int genomeLength = 100, lineLength = 50;

int numDigits(int num){ 

   int len = 1;

   while(num>10){
       num /= 10;
       len++;
   }
   return len;

}

void generateStrand(){ 

   int baseChoice = rand()%4, i;
   genome *strandIterator, *newStrand;

   baseData.adenineCount = 0;
   baseData.thymineCount = 0;
   baseData.cytosineCount = 0;
   baseData.guanineCount = 0;
   
   strand = (genome*)malloc(sizeof(genome));
   strand->base = baseChoice==0?'A':(baseChoice==1?'T':(baseChoice==2?'C':'G'));
   baseChoice==0?baseData.adenineCount++:(baseChoice==1?baseData.thymineCount++:(baseChoice==2?baseData.cytosineCount++:baseData.guanineCount++));
   strand->next = NULL;

   strandIterator = strand;

   for(i=1;i<genomeLength;i++){
       baseChoice = rand()%4;

       newStrand = (genome*)malloc(sizeof(genome));
       newStrand->base = baseChoice==0?'A':(baseChoice==1?'T':(baseChoice==2?'C':'G'));
       baseChoice==0?baseData.adenineCount++:(baseChoice==1?baseData.thymineCount++:(baseChoice==2?baseData.cytosineCount++:baseData.guanineCount++));
       newStrand->next = NULL;

       strandIterator->next = newStrand;
       strandIterator = newStrand;
   }

}

genomeChange generateMutation(int swapWeight, int insertionWeight, int deletionWeight){ 

   int mutationChoice = rand()%(swapWeight + insertionWeight + deletionWeight);
   
   genomeChange mutationCommand;

   mutationCommand.mutation = mutationChoice<swapWeight?'S':((mutationChoice>=swapWeight && mutationChoice<swapWeight+insertionWeight)?'I':'D');
   mutationCommand.position = rand()%genomeLength;

   return mutationCommand;

}

void printGenome(){ 

   int rows, width = numDigits(genomeLength), len = 0,i,j;

lineLength = (genomeLength<lineLength)?genomeLength:lineLength;

rows = genomeLength/lineLength + (genomeLength%lineLength!=0); 

   genome* strandIterator = strand;

   printf("\n\nGenome : \n--------\n");

   for(i=0;i<rows;i++){
       printf("\n%*d%3s",width,len,":");

       for(j=0;j<lineLength && strandIterator!=NULL;j++){
               printf("%c",strandIterator->base);
               strandIterator = strandIterator->next;
       }
       len += lineLength;
   }

   while(strandIterator!=NULL){
           printf("%c",strandIterator->base);
           strandIterator = strandIterator->next;
   }

   printf("\n\nBase Counts\n-----------");

   printf("\n%*c%3s%*d",width,'A',":",width,baseData.adenineCount);
   printf("\n%*c%3s%*d",width,'T',":",width,baseData.thymineCount);
   printf("\n%*c%3s%*d",width,'C',":",width,baseData.cytosineCount);
   printf("\n%*c%3s%*d",width,'G',":",width,baseData.guanineCount);

printf("\n\nTotal:%*d",width,baseData.adenineCount + baseData.thymineCount + baseData.cytosineCount + baseData.guanineCount); 

   printf("\n");

}

void mutateStrand(int numMutations, int swapWeight, int insertionWeight, int deletionWeight){ 

   int i,j,width,baseChoice;
   genomeChange newMutation;
   genome *strandIterator, *strandFollower, *newStrand;

   for(i=0;i<numMutations;i++){
       strandIterator = strand;
       strandFollower = strand;
       newMutation = generateMutation(swapWeight,insertionWeight,deletionWeight);
       width = numDigits(genomeLength);

       for(j=0;j<newMutation.position;j++){
           strandFollower = strandIterator;
           strandIterator = strandIterator->next;
       }
           
       if(newMutation.mutation=='S'){
           if(strandIterator->base=='A'){
               strandIterator->base='T';
               printf("\nSwapping A at position : %*d with T",width,newMutation.position);
           }
           else if(strandIterator->base=='A'){
               strandIterator->base='T';
               printf("\nSwapping A at position : %*d with T",width,newMutation.position);
           }
           else if(strandIterator->base=='C'){
               strandIterator->base='G';
               printf("\nSwapping C at position : %*d with G",width,newMutation.position);
           }
           else{
               strandIterator->base='C';
               printf("\nSwapping G at position : %*d with C",width,newMutation.position);
           }
       }

       else if(newMutation.mutation=='I'){
           baseChoice = rand()%4;

           newStrand = (genome*)malloc(sizeof(genome));
           newStrand->base = baseChoice==0?'A':(baseChoice==1?'T':(baseChoice==2?'C':'G'));
           printf("\nInserting %c at position : %*d",newStrand->base,width,newMutation.position);
           baseChoice==0?baseData.adenineCount++:(baseChoice==1?baseData.thymineCount++:(baseChoice==2?baseData.cytosineCount++:baseData.guanineCount++));
           newStrand->next = strandIterator;
           strandFollower->next = newStrand;
           genomeLength++;
       }

       else{
           strandFollower->next = strandIterator->next;
           strandIterator->next = NULL;
           printf("\nDeleting %c at position : %*d",strandIterator->base,width,newMutation.position);
           free(strandIterator);
           genomeLength--;
       }
   }

}

int main(int argc,char* argv[]) { 

   int numMutations = 10, swapWeight = 10, insertWeight = 10, deleteWeight = 10;

   if(argc==1||argc>6){
               printf("Usage : %s <Genome Length> <Optional number of mutations> <Optional Swapping weight> <Optional Insertion weight> <Optional Deletion weight>\n",argv[0]);
               return 0;
   }

   switch(argc){
       case 2: genomeLength = atoi(argv[1]);
               break;
       case 3: genomeLength = atoi(argv[1]);
               numMutations = atoi(argv[2]);
               break;
       case 4: genomeLength = atoi(argv[1]);
               numMutations = atoi(argv[2]);
               swapWeight   = atoi(argv[3]);
               break;    
       case 5: genomeLength = atoi(argv[1]);
               numMutations = atoi(argv[2]);
               swapWeight   = atoi(argv[3]);
               insertWeight = atoi(argv[4]);
               break; 
       case 6: genomeLength = atoi(argv[1]);
               numMutations = atoi(argv[2]);
               swapWeight   = atoi(argv[3]);
               insertWeight = atoi(argv[4]);
               deleteWeight = atoi(argv[5]);
               break; 
   };

   srand(time(NULL));
   generateStrand();

printf("\nOriginal:"); 

   printGenome();
   mutateStrand(numMutations,swapWeight,insertWeight,deleteWeight);

printf("\n\nMutated:"); printGenome(); 

   return 0;

} </lang> Sample run : 

C:\My Projects\networks>a 500 30 15 10 5

Original:

Genome :
--------

  0  :CGATGAGTTTCCTCCAAGGAGCAGGGCGTGACGGAAGGGAGGCTTAGGTC
 50  :CGCATGCTCGTCGGCAGCCGGCTGGTGCCGTCGTAACCTTCACATTATTC
100  :TAGAATTTCGATGCACCTGATGACTCATACCCAGATGTAGGGGTACGCGA
150  :TGCAGATGCGGGCACGAGGAATTGTGGGCAAGCCGGCAGGTCTTTTGTAA
200  :GTTGTCACTAACTAAATAGAGGGATGGATGTTATAGCACACTACTGTCGA
250  :TTACGGACAGCGTCCCGATTCGTCATACGACCAGGATATATACTCGACGT
300  :CCAACAGGAGATTCACGTAGTGAACGCAGTTGACAGCCTGCTCGTATCTC
350  :CAGGGGTGGACTGCACCGTTCGTTAACTGCTGCCACATTAAACAGCTTCC
400  :CACTCCTTGACGCCAGACTCGGTACCACAGACCGTCAAGCTCCTATTTCC
450  :TTTGCAGTTAAAAAACACTATGGTGAAGGTCGGAGAGATGACCTCATCTA

Base Counts
-----------
  A  :124
  T  :118
  C  :126
  G  :132

Total:500

Inserting G at position : 205
Inserting G at position : 144
Inserting C at position : 171
Swapping A at position : 335 with T
Inserting A at position : 101
Swapping C at position : 109 with G
Swapping A at position : 306 with T
Inserting G at position :  51
Swapping G at position :   1 with C
Deleting G at position :  60
Swapping G at position :  66 with C
Inserting C at position :  41
Inserting C at position : 425
Swapping C at position : 173 with G
Inserting A at position : 319
Swapping G at position : 460 with C
Deleting T at position :  61
Swapping C at position : 160 with G
Inserting C at position : 251
Swapping G at position : 337 with C
Inserting G at position :  43
Inserting T at position : 146
Inserting T at position : 181
Deleting G at position :  53
Deleting A at position : 464
Swapping G at position : 362 with C
Swapping G at position : 190 with C
Swapping C at position : 280 with G
Inserting T at position : 479
Deleting C at position : 400

Mutated:

Genome :
--------

  0  :CCATGAGTTTCCTCCAAGGAGCAGGGCGTGACGGAAGGGAGCGGCTTAGG
 50  :TCCGCATGCTCCGGCACCCGGCTGGTGCCGTCGTAACCTTCACATTATTC
100  :TAAGAATTTGGATGCACCTGATGACTCATACCCAGATGTAGGGGTTGACG
150  :CGATGCAGATGGGGGCACGAGGAGATTGTGTGGCAAGCCGCCAGGTCTTT
200  :TGTAAGTTGTGCACTAACTAAATAGAGGGATGGATGTTATAGCACACTAC
250  :TGTCCGATTACGGACAGCGTCCCGATTCGTGATACGACCAGGATATATAC
300  :TCGACGTCCTACAGGAGATTCAACGTAGTGAACGCAGTTCTCAGCCTGCT
350  :CGTATCTCCAGGCGTGGACTGCACCGTTCGTTAACTGCTGCCACATTAAA
400  :AGCTTCCCACTCCTTGACGCCAGACTCCGGTACCACAGACCGTCAAGCTC
450  :CTATTTCCTTTCCGTTAAAAAACACTATTGGTGAAGGTCGGAGAGATGAC
500  :CTCATCTA

Base Counts
-----------
  A  :126
  T  :121
  C  :130
  G  :136

Total:513

C++

<lang cpp>#include <array>

  1. include <iomanip>
  2. include <iostream>
  3. include <random>
  4. include <string>

class sequence_generator { public: 

   sequence_generator();
   std::string generate_sequence(size_t length);
   void mutate_sequence(std::string&);
   static void print_sequence(std::ostream&, const std::string&);
   enum class operation { change, erase, insert };
   void set_weight(operation, unsigned int);

private: 

   char get_random_base() {
       return bases_[base_dist_(engine_)];
   }
   operation get_random_operation();
   static const std::array<char, 4> bases_;
   std::mt19937 engine_;
   std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t> base_dist_;
   std::array<unsigned int, 3> operation_weight_;
   unsigned int total_weight_;

};

const std::array<char, 4> sequence_generator::bases_{ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T' };

sequence_generator::sequence_generator() : engine_(std::random_device()()), 

   base_dist_(0, bases_.size() - 1),
   total_weight_(operation_weight_.size()) {
   operation_weight_.fill(1);

}

sequence_generator::operation sequence_generator::get_random_operation() { 

   std::uniform_int_distribution<unsigned int> op_dist(0, total_weight_ - 1);
   unsigned int n = op_dist(engine_), op = 0, weight = 0;
   for (; op < operation_weight_.size(); ++op) {
       weight += operation_weight_[op];
       if (n < weight)
           break;
   }
   return static_cast<operation>(op);

}

void sequence_generator::set_weight(operation op, unsigned int weight) { 

   total_weight_ -= operation_weight_[static_cast<size_t>(op)];
   operation_weight_[static_cast<size_t>(op)] = weight;
   total_weight_ += weight;

}

std::string sequence_generator::generate_sequence(size_t length) { 

   std::string sequence;
   sequence.reserve(length);
   for (size_t i = 0; i < length; ++i)
       sequence += get_random_base();
   return sequence;

}

void sequence_generator::mutate_sequence(std::string& sequence) { 

   std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t> dist(0, sequence.length() - 1);
   size_t pos = dist(engine_);
   char b;
   switch (get_random_operation()) {
   case operation::change:
       b = get_random_base();
       std::cout << "Change base at position " << pos << " from "
           << sequence[pos] << " to " << b << '\n';
       sequence[pos] = b;
       break;
   case operation::erase:
       std::cout << "Erase base " << sequence[pos] << " at position "
           << pos << '\n';
       sequence.erase(pos, 1);
       break;
   case operation::insert:
       b = get_random_base();
       std::cout << "Insert base " << b << " at position "
           << pos << '\n';
       sequence.insert(pos, 1, b);
       break;
   }

}

void sequence_generator::print_sequence(std::ostream& out, const std::string& sequence) { 

   constexpr size_t base_count = bases_.size();
   std::array<size_t, base_count> count = { 0 };
   for (size_t i = 0, n = sequence.length(); i < n; ++i) {
       if (i % 50 == 0) {
           if (i != 0)
               out << '\n';
           out << std::setw(3) << i << ": ";
       }
       out << sequence[i];
       for (size_t j = 0; j < base_count; ++j) {
           if (bases_[j] == sequence[i]) {
               ++count[j];
               break;
           }
       }
   }
   out << '\n';
   out << "Base counts:\n";
   size_t total = 0;
   for (size_t j = 0; j < base_count; ++j) {
       total += count[j];
       out << bases_[j] << ": " << count[j] << ", ";
   }
   out << "Total: " << total << '\n';

}

int main() { 

   sequence_generator gen;
   gen.set_weight(sequence_generator::operation::change, 2);
   std::string sequence = gen.generate_sequence(250);
   std::cout << "Initial sequence:\n";
   sequence_generator::print_sequence(std::cout, sequence);
   constexpr int count = 10;
   for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
       gen.mutate_sequence(sequence);
   std::cout << "After " << count << " mutations:\n";
   sequence_generator::print_sequence(std::cout, sequence);
   return 0;

}</lang>

Output:
Initial sequence:
  0: CATATCTGCGTAAGGCGTCGAATCCTTAGAGAAAACTCGCCAAACGCGCT
 50: AGCCAAGACTTAATTAAAGGCTGGCCACATAACAGTAGTACTGCAAGGAT
100: GACGTGACTACAACGTGGAATACTCTATCTGATGAGCCCCACGTGGGCCA
150: ACCTTCCAATGCGGCGTCTTGCAGTCTTCGGACTTTGCCTCTACTAGGAG
200: TAGCCATGACGAGTGGTGAGGCGGAGGGACCAATTCCGCACTTCGAATCG
Base counts:
A: 67, C: 65, G: 64, T: 54, Total: 250
Change base at position 39 from C to C
Erase base T at position 194
Insert base T at position 70
Insert base C at position 190
Insert base T at position 45
Erase base A at position 111
Change base at position 96 from A to C
Change base at position 113 from A to C
Change base at position 5 from C to A
Change base at position 44 from C to T
After 10 mutations:
  0: CATATATGCGTAAGGCGTCGAATCCTTAGAGAAAACTCGCCAAATTGCGC
 50: TAGCCAAGACTTAATTAAAGGTCTGGCCACATAACAGTAGTACTGCCAGG
100: ATGACGTGACTCACCGTGGAATACTCTATCTGATGAGCCCCACGTGGGCC
150: AACCTTCCAATGCGGCGTCTTGCAGTCTTCGGACTTTGCCCTCTACAGGA
200: GTAGCCATGACGAGTGGTGAGGCGGAGGGACCAATTCCGCACTTCGAATC
250: G
Base counts:
A: 65, C: 66, G: 64, T: 56, Total: 251

Common Lisp

Usage :

(mutate (<Genome length> <Number of mutations>
:ins_w <Insertion weight> :swp_w <Swap weight> :del_w <Delete weight>
:genome <Genome Sequence>)

All keys are optional. <Genome length> is discarded when :genome is set. <lang lisp> (defun random_base () 

   (random 4))

(defun basechar (base) 

   (char "ACTG" base))

(defun generate_genome (genome_length) 

   (let (genome '())
       (loop for i below genome_length do
           (push (random_base) genome))
       (return-from generate_genome genome)))

(defun map_genome (genome) 

   (let (seq '())
       (loop for n from (1- (length genome)) downto 0 do
           (push (position (char genome n) "ACTG") seq))
       seq))

(defun output_genome_info (genome &optional (genome_name "ORIGINAL")) 

   (let ((ac 0) (tc 0) (cc 0) (gc 0))
       (format t "~%           ---- ~a ----" genome_name)
       (do ((n 0 (1+ n)))
           ((= n (length genome)))
           (when (= 0 (mod n 50)) (format t "~& ~4d: " (1+ n)))
           (case (nth n genome)
               (0 (incf ac))
               (1 (incf tc))
               (2 (incf cc))
               (3 (incf gc)))
           (format t "~c" (basechar (nth n genome))))
           (format t "~2%- Total : ~3d~%A : ~d   C : ~d~%T : ~d   G : ~d~2%" (length genome) ac tc cc gc)))

(defun insert_base (genome) 

   (let ((place (random (length genome)))
       (base (random_base)))
       (format t "Insert      +  ~c   at   ~3d~%"
           (basechar base) (+ 1 place))
       (if (= 0 place)
           (push base genome)
           (push base (cdr (nthcdr (1- place) genome))))
       (return-from insert_base genome)))

(defun swap_base (genome) 

   (let ((place (random (length genome)))
       (base (random_base)))
       (format t "Swap      ~c -> ~c   at   ~3d~%"
           (basechar (nth place genome)) (basechar base) (+ 1 place))
       (setf (nth place genome) base)
       (return-from swap_base genome)))

(defun delete_base (genome) 

   (let ((place (random (length genome))))
       (format t "Delete      -  ~c   at   ~3d~%"
           (basechar (nth place genome)) (+ 1 place))
       (if (= 0 place) (pop genome)
       (pop (cdr (nthcdr (1- place) genome))))
       (return-from delete_base genome)))

(defun mutate (genome_length n_mutations 

   &key (ins_w 10) (swp_w 10) (del_w 10)
       (genome (generate_genome genome_length) has_genome))
   (if has_genome (setf genome (map_genome genome)))
   (output_genome_info genome)
   (format t "      ---- MUTATION SEQUENCE ----~%")
   (do ((n 0 (1+ n)))
       ((= n n_mutations))
       (setf mutation_type (random (+ ins_w swp_w del_w)))
       (format t "~3d : " (1+ n))
       (setf genome
           (cond ((< mutation_type ins_w) (insert_base genome))
               ((< mutation_type (+ ins_w swp_w)) (swap_base genome))
               (t (delete_base genome)))))
   (output_genome_info genome "MUTATED"))

</lang>

Output:
[CLISP]> (mutate 500 30 :ins_w 5 :swp_w 10 :del_w 15)

           ---- ORIGINAL ----
    1: CTGCCATGCGTAAGATAGCAGAAGTGTTCGCGTATATGTTCATTTTGGCT
   51: TCAACCTACGGGCGTATACACATTTCAGCTCGGAGCTCGGGCCCCAGTAC
  101: CTAGTTTTTCTTTCAAGCTGGAACTACGGCGCCTTGTGCCGTAATCCGTC
  151: GGGGTGATAATTCTAACTTGCTAACACGCGCAGATGGTCCGGTCGCGGGT
  201: CAAACATTCGCCAAGGTCAACTTACCCTTAAAAGGCTTGCAACAGGGACC
  251: AGTACTAGGAAGTAGACTTCATGGATCTTGGGCATAGTGGACTAGCTTAT
  301: TTACCAGCGACGTTCTTGCACCCGAGACATTATCATAGTTCGACAGCGTT
  351: GAACTGTGCTTAGGTTAATGCCGCGCTTCCTACCTTGAACTAAACACAGC
  401: ACACAGTGAGAACGTAGCGGCCTCTTTTCCTGCCTGCAATTCGTAAGCCT
  451: GATTTGACGGGTCTGGAGTTTGGCTCGGAGTAGGTCTGCTACTTAAATTC

- Total : 500
A : 116   C : 124
T : 137   G : 123

      ---- MUTATION SEQUENCE ----
  1 : Swap      T -> C   at    74
  2 : Delete      -  T   at   208
  3 : Insert      +  C   at   332
  4 : Insert      +  G   at   287
  5 : Delete      -  T   at   188
  6 : Swap      G -> A   at   263
  7 : Delete      -  G   at   323
  8 : Delete      -  A   at   336
  9 : Swap      T -> A   at   426
 10 : Swap      G -> G   at    38
 11 : Swap      G -> C   at   288
 12 : Delete      -  T   at    11
 13 : Swap      G -> A   at   197
 14 : Insert      +  T   at   476
 15 : Swap      C -> A   at     5
 16 : Swap      A -> T   at   211
 17 : Swap      A -> T   at   248
 18 : Delete      -  C   at   471
 19 : Delete      -  C   at   455
 20 : Swap      T -> T   at   184
 21 : Insert      +  T   at   224
 22 : Delete      -  T   at   224
 23 : Insert      +  T   at   333
 24 : Delete      -  C   at    18
 25 : Delete      -  G   at   139
 26 : Delete      -  T   at   333
 27 : Insert      +  T   at    80
 28 : Insert      +  T   at   480
 29 : Swap      A -> T   at   341
 30 : Swap      T -> C   at    73

           ---- MUTATED ----
    1: CTGCAATGCGAAGATAGAGAAGTGTTCGCGTATATGTTCATTTTGGCTTC
   51: AACCTACGGGCGTATACACATCCCAGCTCTGGAGCTCGGGCCCCAGTACC
  101: TAGTTTTTCTTTCAAGCTGGAACTACGGCGCCTTGTGCCTAATCCGTCGG
  151: GGTGATAATTCTAACTTGCTAACACGCGCAGATGGCCGGTCGCGGATCAA
  201: ACATCGCCATGGTCAACTTACCCTTAAAAGGCTTGCAACAGGGACCTGTA
  251: CTAGGAAGTAAACTTCATGGATCTTGGGCATAGGTCGACTAGCTTATTTA
  301: CCAGCGACGTTCTTGCACCCAGACATTACTCTAGTTCGACTGCGTTGAAC
  351: TGTGCTTAGGTTAATGCCGCGCTTCCTACCTTGAACTAAACACAGCACAC
  401: AGTGAGAACGTAGCGGCCTCTTTACCTGCCTGCAATTCGTAAGCCTGATT
  451: TGAGGGTCTGGAGTTTGGTCGGTAGTAGGTTCTGCTACTTAAATTC

- Total : 496
A : 116   C : 124
T : 137   G : 119

Factor

<lang factor>USING: assocs combinators.random formatting grouping io kernel macros math math.statistics namespaces prettyprint quotations random sequences sorting ; IN: sequence-mutation

SYMBOL: verbose?  ! Turn on to show mutation details. 

                 ! Off by default.

! Return a random base as a character.

rand-base ( -- n ) "ACGT" random ;

! Generate a random dna sequence of length n.

<dna> ( n -- seq ) [ rand-base ] "" replicate-as ;

! Prettyprint a dna sequence in blocks of n.

.dna ( seq n -- )
   "SEQUENCE:" print [ group ] keep
   [ * swap "  %3d: %s\n" printf ] curry each-index ;

! Show a histogram of bases in a dna sequence and their total.

show-counts ( seq -- )
   "BASE COUNTS:" print histogram >alist [ first ] sort-with
   [ [ "    %c: %3d\n" printf ] assoc-each ]
   [ "TOTAL: " write [ second ] [ + ] map-reduce . ] bi ;

! Prettyprint the overall state of a dna sequence.

show-dna ( seq -- ) [ 50 .dna nl ] [ show-counts nl ] bi ;

! Call a quotation only if verbose? is on.

log ( quot -- ) verbose? get [ call ] [ drop ] if ; inline

! Set index n to a random base.

bswap ( n seq -- seq' )
   [ rand-base ] 2dip 3dup [ nth ] keepd spin
   [ "  index %3d: swapping  %c with %c\n" printf ] 3curry log
   [ set-nth ] keep ;

! Remove the base at index n.

bdelete ( n seq -- seq' )
   2dup dupd nth [ "  index %3d: deleting  %c\n" printf ]
   2curry log remove-nth ;

! Insert a random base at index n.

binsert ( n seq -- seq' )
   [ rand-base ] 2dip over reach
   [ "  index %3d: inserting %c\n" printf ] 2curry log
   insert-nth ;

! Allow "passing" probabilities to casep. This is necessary ! because casep is a macro. MACRO: build-casep-seq ( seq -- quot ) 

   { [ bswap ] [ bdelete ] [ binsert ] } zip 1quotation ;

! Mutate a dna sequence according to some weights. ! For example, ! "ACGT" { 0.1 0.3 0.6 } mutate ! means swap with 0.1 probability, delete with 0.3 probability, ! and insert with 0.6 probability.

mutate ( dna-seq weights-seq -- dna-seq' )
   [ [ length random ] keep ] [ build-casep-seq ] bi* casep ;
   inline

! Prettyprint a sequence of weights.

show-weights ( seq -- )
   "MUTATION PROBABILITIES:" print
   "  swap:   %.2f\n  delete: %.2f\n  insert: %.2f\n\n" vprintf
   ;
main ( -- )
   verbose? on "ORIGINAL " write 200 <dna> dup show-dna 10
   { 0.2 0.2 0.6 } dup show-weights "MUTATION LOG:" print
   [ mutate ] curry times nl "MUTATED " write show-dna ;

MAIN: main</lang>

Output:
ORIGINAL SEQUENCE:
    0: CACAGGCAAGGGTCGTATGCTACTATAGATGTTTCAGAACCGTATTTCGA
   50: CTCCGACGCGGTCATGAAGCAGACACTCCGTCACCGATTGCAAGTGTGCA
  100: GTTGGGAGAATGCATTAAAATTCTGGGTTATGAAACGGGCAGCCTTGATT
  150: GACAGGTGGTCCAGCGACAGTTTAACATACCAAACTCTTTGAGTACGCAG

BASE COUNTS:
    A:  55
    C:  44
    G:  52
    T:  49
TOTAL: 200

MUTATION PROBABILITIES:
  swap:   0.20
  delete: 0.20
  insert: 0.60

MUTATION LOG:
  index  82: deleting  A
  index 161: inserting C
  index  48: deleting  G
  index  10: swapping  G with T
  index 184: swapping  T with C
  index 137: inserting T
  index  60: inserting T
  index 135: inserting C
  index  32: inserting T
  index 201: inserting A

MUTATED SEQUENCE:
    0: CACAGGCAAGTGTCGTATGCTACTATAGATGTTTTCAGAACCGTATTTCA
   50: CTCCGACGCGGTTCATGAAGCAGACACTCCGTCCCGATTGCAAGTGTGCA
  100: GTTGGGAGAATGCATTAAAATTCTGGGTTATGAAACCGGGTCAGCCTTGA
  150: TTGACAGGTGGTCCCAGCGACAGTTTAACATACCAAACCCTTTGAGTACG
  200: CAAG

BASE COUNTS:
    A:  55
    C:  47
    G:  50
    T:  52
TOTAL: 204

Go

<lang go>package main

import ( 

   "fmt"
   "math/rand"
   "sort"
   "time"

)

const bases = "ACGT"

// 'w' contains the weights out of 300 for each // of swap, delete or insert in that order. func mutate(dna string, w [3]int) string { 

   le := len(dna)
   // get a random position in the dna to mutate
   p := rand.Intn(le)
   // get a random number between 0 and 299 inclusive
   r := rand.Intn(300)
   bytes := []byte(dna)
   switch {
   case r < w[0]: // swap
       base := bases[rand.Intn(4)]
       fmt.Printf("  Change @%3d %q to %q\n", p, bytes[p], base)
       bytes[p] = base
   case r < w[0]+w[1]: // delete
       fmt.Printf("  Delete @%3d %q\n", p, bytes[p])
       copy(bytes[p:], bytes[p+1:])
       bytes = bytes[0 : le-1]
   default: // insert
       base := bases[rand.Intn(4)]
       bytes = append(bytes, 0)
       copy(bytes[p+1:], bytes[p:])
       fmt.Printf("  Insert @%3d %q\n", p, base)
       bytes[p] = base
   }
   return string(bytes)

}

// Generate a random dna sequence of given length. func generate(le int) string { 

   bytes := make([]byte, le)
   for i := 0; i < le; i++ {
       bytes[i] = bases[rand.Intn(4)]
   }
   return string(bytes)

}

// Pretty print dna and stats. func prettyPrint(dna string, rowLen int) { 

   fmt.Println("SEQUENCE:")
   le := len(dna)
   for i := 0; i < le; i += rowLen {
       k := i + rowLen
       if k > le {
           k = le
       }
       fmt.Printf("%5d: %s\n", i, dna[i:k])
   }
   baseMap := make(map[byte]int) // allows for 'any' base
   for i := 0; i < le; i++ {
       baseMap[dna[i]]++
   }
   var bases []byte
   for k := range baseMap {
       bases = append(bases, k)
   }
   sort.Slice(bases, func(i, j int) bool { // get bases into alphabetic order
       return bases[i] < bases[j]
   })

   fmt.Println("\nBASE COUNT:")
   for _, base := range bases {
       fmt.Printf("    %c: %3d\n", base, baseMap[base])
   }
   fmt.Println("    ------")
   fmt.Println("    Σ:", le)
   fmt.Println("    ======\n")

}

// Express weights as a string. func wstring(w [3]int) string { 

   return fmt.Sprintf("  Change: %d\n  Delete: %d\n  Insert: %d\n", w[0], w[1], w[2])

}

func main() { 

   rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
   dna := generate(250)
   prettyPrint(dna, 50)
   muts := 10
   w := [3]int{100, 100, 100} // use e.g. {0, 300, 0} to choose only deletions
   fmt.Printf("WEIGHTS (ex 300):\n%s\n", wstring(w))
   fmt.Printf("MUTATIONS (%d):\n", muts)
   for i := 0; i < muts; i++ {
       dna = mutate(dna, w)
   }
   fmt.Println()
   prettyPrint(dna, 50)

}</lang>

Output:

Sample run: 

SEQUENCE:
    0: AATCCAGAAGTTGCGGGAACCGTCGAATAGTGTTCATTAAGTGTCCCGCG
   50: GAGTAGCCTCGTAATATAGAATGACCGGGCTTCCCAGCTAGACTTGTCCG
  100: CCACGTTTGTGTAGGGCGCAGCGAGACTGCTCTTGATACTCGTTATGTTC
  150: CTCACCGGATTATTGAATAGAGTCGAGGGGCTGACGTGACTGAACATTGC
  200: CTCCTTTGCGACTAATCTTTCCTTCAATGAACAGGCGCTACCCGTCATCG

BASE COUNT:
    A:  56
    C:  63
    G:  64
    T:  67
    ------
    Σ: 250
    ======

WEIGHTS (ex 300):
  Change: 100
  Delete: 100
  Insert: 100

MUTATIONS (10):
  Change @195 'A' to 'C'
  Insert @ 95 'G'
  Change @137 'T' to 'C'
  Delete @207 'T'
  Insert @148 'C'
  Insert @113 'A'
  Change @ 45 'C' to 'T'
  Delete @ 93 'T'
  Insert @ 51 'C'
  Delete @248 'A'

SEQUENCE:
    0: AATCCAGAAGTTGCGGGAACCGTCGAATAGTGTTCATTAAGTGTCTCGCG
   50: GCAGTAGCCTCGTAATATAGAATGACCGGGCTTCCCAGCTAGACTGGTCC
  100: GCCACGTTTGTGTAAGGGCGCAGCGAGACTGCTCTTGACACTCGTTATGC
  150: TTCCTCACCGGATTATTGAATAGAGTCGAGGGGCTGACGTGACTGAACCT
  200: TGCCTCCTTGCGACTAATCTTTCCTTCAATGAACAGGCGCTACCCGTCTC
  250: G

BASE COUNT:
    A:  55
    C:  66
    G:  65
    T:  65
    ------
    Σ: 251
    ======

Haskell

<lang haskell>import Data.List (group, sort) import Data.List.Split (chunksOf) import System.Random (Random, randomR, random, newStdGen, randoms, getStdRandom) import Text.Printf (PrintfArg(..), fmtChar, fmtPrecision, formatString, IsChar(..), printf)

data Mutation = Swap | Delete | Insert deriving (Show, Eq, Ord, Enum, Bounded) data DNABase = A | C | G | T deriving (Show, Read, Eq, Ord, Enum, Bounded) type DNASequence = [DNABase]

instance Random DNABase where 

 randomR (a, b) g = case randomR (fromEnum a, fromEnum b) g of
     (x, y) -> (toEnum x, y)
 random = randomR (minBound, maxBound)

instance Random Mutation where 

 randomR (a, b) g = case randomR (fromEnum a, fromEnum b) g of
     (x, y) -> (toEnum x, y)
 random = randomR (minBound, maxBound)

instance PrintfArg DNABase where 

 formatArg x fmt = formatString (show x) (fmt { fmtChar = 's', fmtPrecision = Nothing })

instance PrintfArg Mutation where 

 formatArg x fmt = formatString (show x) (fmt { fmtChar = 's', fmtPrecision = Nothing })

instance IsChar DNABase where 

 toChar = head . show
 fromChar c = read [c]

dropIndex :: Int -> [a] -> [a] dropIndex i xs = take (pred i) xs <> drop i xs

insertIndex :: Int -> a -> [a] -> [a] insertIndex i e xs = take i xs <> [e] <> drop i xs

swapIndex :: Int -> a -> [a] -> [a] swapIndex i a xs = take (pred i) xs <> [a] <> drop i xs

chunkedDNASequence :: DNASequence -> [(Int, [DNABase])] chunkedDNASequence = zip [50,100..] . chunksOf 50

baseCounts :: DNASequence -> [(DNABase, Int)] baseCounts = fmap ((,) . head <*> length) . group . sort

newSequence :: Int -> IO DNASequence newSequence n = take n . randoms <$> newStdGen

mutateSequence :: DNASequence -> IO ((Mutation, Int), DNASequence) mutateSequence xs = randomMutation >>= (`mutate` xs)

mutate :: Mutation -> DNASequence -> IO ((Mutation, Int), DNASequence) mutate m xs = do 

 i <- randomIndex (length xs)
 case m of 
   Swap   -> randomDNA >>= \d -> pure ((Swap, i), swapIndex i d xs)
   Insert -> randomDNA >>= \d -> pure ((Insert, i), insertIndex i d xs)
   Delete -> pure ((Delete, i), dropIndex i xs)

randomIndex :: Int -> IO Int randomIndex max = getStdRandom (randomR (1, max))

randomDNA :: IO DNABase randomDNA = head . randoms <$> newStdGen

randomMutation :: IO Mutation randomMutation = head . randoms <$> newStdGen

mutations :: Int -> DNASequence -> IO DNASequence mutations 0 s = pure s mutations n s = do 

 (m, ms) <- mutateSequence s
 uncurry (printf "%6s @ %d\n") m
 mutations (pred n) ms

main :: IO () main = do 

 dnaseq <- newSequence 200
 putStrLn "\nInitial Sequence:" >> showSequence dnaseq
 putStrLn "\nBase Counts:" >> showBaseCounts dnaseq
 printf "Total: %d\n\n" $ length dnaseq
 ms <- mutations 10 dnaseq
 putStrLn "\nMutated Sequence:" >> showSequence ms
 putStrLn "\nBase Counts:" >> showBaseCounts ms
 printf "Total: %d\n" $ length ms
 where
   showSequence   = mapM_ (uncurry (printf "%3d: %s\n")) . chunkedDNASequence
   showBaseCounts = mapM_ (uncurry (printf "%s: %3d\n")) . baseCounts</lang>
Output:
Initial Sequence:
 50: ACAGAGAGACCCACAATGGGGGGTCCGACATAGGCAGATACAGTAGACGA
100: AGTAGCGTTCTCACATTCGCCGTCTTCCACACGTTTGCCTCCCGGGTTGA
150: CCCCGTGTAATGGAACCCAAGCGAATGGCGGCGTAGGCAAACTTAACATG
200: GAATCGGTGGCATAAATGACGGTTCTCCGCCGACAGCGCATGGATTCTTG

Base Counts:
A:  51
C:  53
G:  56
T:  40
Total: 200

  Swap @ 82
Insert @ 15
  Swap @ 11
  Swap @ 159
  Swap @ 121
  Swap @ 184
  Swap @ 126
Delete @ 134
  Swap @ 78
Insert @ 69

Mutated Sequence:
 50: ACAGAGAGACGCACATATGGGGGGTCCGACATAGGCAGATACAGTAGACG
100: AAGTAGCGTTCTCACATTCGGCCGTCTTTCACATGTTTGCCTCCCGGGTT
150: GACCCCGTGTAATGGAACCCAAGCGATTGGCGGCTAGGCAAACTTAACAT
200: GGAATCGGGGGCATAAATGACGGTTCTCCGCCGCCAGCGCATGGATTCTT
250: G

Base Counts:
A:  49
C:  51
G:  58
T:  43
Total: 201

J

<lang J>ACGT=: 'ACGT' MUTS=: ;: 'del ins mut'

NB. generate sequence of size y of uniformly selected nucleotides. NB. represent sequences as ints in range i.4 pretty printed. nuc NB. defined separately to avoid fixing value inside mutation NB. functions. nuc=: monad : '?4' dna=: nuc"0 @ i.

NB. randomly mutate nucleotide at a random index by deletion insertion NB. or mutation of a nucleotide. del=: {.,[:}.}. ins=: {.,nuc@],}. mut=: {.,nuc@],[:}.}.

NB. pretty print nucleotides in rows of 50 with numbering seq=: [: (;~ [: (4&":"0) 50*i.@#) _50]\{&ACGT

sim=: monad define 'n k ws'=. y NB. initial size, mutations, and weights for mutations ws=. (% +/) ws NB. normalize weights A=.0$]D0=.D=. dna n NB. initial dna and history of actions

NB. k times do a random action according to weights and record it for. i.k do. 

 D=.". action=. (":?#D),' ',(":MUTS{::~(+/\ws)I.?0),' D'
 A=. action ; A

end.

echo 'actions';,. A-.a: echo ('mutation';'probability') , MUTS ,. <"0 ws ('start';'end'),.(seq D0) ,: seq D )

simulate=: (sim@(1 1 1&; &. |. ))`sim@.(3=#)</lang>

Output:
   simulate 200 ; 10
┌─────────┐
│actions  │
├─────────┤
│60 mut D │
├─────────┤
│156 del D│
├─────────┤
│44 mut D │
├─────────┤
│64 mut D │
├─────────┤
│167 mut D│
├─────────┤
│40 ins D │
├─────────┤
│39 mut D │
├─────────┤
│187 del D│
├─────────┤
│186 del D│
├─────────┤
│150 del D│
└─────────┘
┌────────┬───────────┐
│mutation│probability│
├────────┼───────────┤
│del     │0.333333   │
├────────┼───────────┤
│ins     │0.333333   │
├────────┼───────────┤
│mut     │0.333333   │
└────────┴───────────┘
┌─────┬────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│start│   0│GGCTGTTGGCCGCCAATCTACAATGATAGCGCGTGAGGAGGGCTAATGTA│
│     │  50│GAGCCAATAATGGATGCTCGCGCTTCTGCTTATGCTGGTTACTGCTGCCC│
│     │ 100│AAAAACGGGGTACATTGAGCGATAAGCCCGCAAGGTTACTGCTCGTGACA│
│     │ 150│GTCCGAACACCACATTCGTGGTTACTCGACTCTGCCACCTCTTAGCGGAT│
├─────┼────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│end  │   0│GGCTGTTGGCCGCCAATCTACAATGATAGCGCGTGAGGACCGGCAAATGT│
│     │  50│AGAGCCAATACTGGATGCTCGCGCTTCTGCTTATGCTGGTTACTGCTGCC│
│     │ 100│CAAAAACGGGGTACATTGAGCGATAAGCCCGCAAGGTTACTGCTCGTGAC│
│     │ 150│ATCCGACACCACATTCCTGGTTACTCGACTCTGCCACCTTAGCGGAT   │
└─────┴────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
   simulate 200 ; 10 ; 1 3 1
┌─────────┐
│actions  │
├─────────┤
│120 ins D│
├─────────┤
│199 ins D│
├─────────┤
│138 mut D│
├─────────┤
│15 ins D │
├─────────┤
│8 del D  │
├─────────┤
│135 ins D│
├─────────┤
│29 ins D │
├─────────┤
│118 del D│
├─────────┤
│111 ins D│
├─────────┤
│10 del D │
└─────────┘
┌────────┬───────────┐
│mutation│probability│
├────────┼───────────┤
│del     │0.2        │
├────────┼───────────┤
│ins     │0.6        │
├────────┼───────────┤
│mut     │0.2        │
└────────┴───────────┘
┌─────┬────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│start│   0│GAACATACAATATCGTGTGGGTGGTAAGGTGCGCCGATTTGGCAGTGTAG│
│     │  50│AGCGGCCTCTGGCCGGGCCCATACTGACATATCTTTTATCTCCGTGCTAG│
│     │ 100│CAGAAGAATCAAACGCGTCAAGATGCTGGCGCGGGCTGATATGCGCCCGG│
│     │ 150│CAGTGGAGAACTGCGTTGATACACCTCAAAGATAAGCGGACGATATTAGC│
├─────┼────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│end  │   0│GAACATACAATCGTGCTGGGTGGTAAGGTTGCGCCGATTTGGCAGTGTAG│
│     │  50│AGCGGCCTCTGGCCGGGCCCATACTGACATATCTTTTATCTCCGTGCTAG│
│     │ 100│CAGAAGAATCAACACGCGTAGAGATGCTGGCGCGGGACTGATATGCGCCC│
│     │ 150│GGCAGTGGAGAACTGCGTTGATACACCTCAAAGATAAGCGGACGATATTA│
│     │ 200│GGC                                               │
└─────┴────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Java

<lang java>import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Random;

public class SequenceMutation { 

   public static void main(String[] args) {
       SequenceMutation sm = new SequenceMutation();
       sm.setWeight(OP_CHANGE, 3);
       String sequence = sm.generateSequence(250);
       System.out.println("Initial sequence:");
       printSequence(sequence);
       int count = 10;
       for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
           sequence = sm.mutateSequence(sequence);
       System.out.println("After " + count + " mutations:");
       printSequence(sequence);
   }

   public SequenceMutation() {
       totalWeight_ = OP_COUNT;
       Arrays.fill(operationWeight_, 1);
   }

   public String generateSequence(int length) {
       char[] ch = new char[length];
       for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i)
           ch[i] = getRandomBase();
       return new String(ch);
   }

   public void setWeight(int operation, int weight) {
       totalWeight_ -= operationWeight_[operation];
       operationWeight_[operation] = weight;
       totalWeight_ += weight;
   }

   public String mutateSequence(String sequence) {
       char[] ch = sequence.toCharArray();
       int pos = random_.nextInt(ch.length);
       int operation = getRandomOperation();
       if (operation == OP_CHANGE) {
           char b = getRandomBase();
           System.out.println("Change base at position " + pos + " from "
                              + ch[pos] + " to " + b);
           ch[pos] = b;
       } else if (operation == OP_ERASE) {
           System.out.println("Erase base " + ch[pos] + " at position " + pos);
           char[] newCh = new char[ch.length - 1];
           System.arraycopy(ch, 0, newCh, 0, pos);
           System.arraycopy(ch, pos + 1, newCh, pos, ch.length - pos - 1);
           ch = newCh;
       } else if (operation == OP_INSERT) {
           char b = getRandomBase();
           System.out.println("Insert base " + b + " at position " + pos);
           char[] newCh = new char[ch.length + 1];
           System.arraycopy(ch, 0, newCh, 0, pos);
           System.arraycopy(ch, pos, newCh, pos + 1, ch.length - pos);
           newCh[pos] = b;
           ch = newCh;
       }
       return new String(ch);
   }

   public static void printSequence(String sequence) {
       int[] count = new int[BASES.length];
       for (int i = 0, n = sequence.length(); i < n; ++i) {
           if (i % 50 == 0) {
               if (i != 0)
                   System.out.println();
               System.out.print(String.format("%3d: ", i));
           }
           char ch = sequence.charAt(i);
           System.out.print(ch);
           for (int j = 0; j < BASES.length; ++j) {
               if (BASES[j] == ch) {
                   ++count[j];
                   break;
               }
           }
       }
       System.out.println();
       System.out.println("Base counts:");
       int total = 0;
       for (int j = 0; j < BASES.length; ++j) {
           total += count[j];
           System.out.print(BASES[j] + ": " + count[j] + ", ");
       }
       System.out.println("Total: " + total);
   }

   private char getRandomBase() {
       return BASES[random_.nextInt(BASES.length)];
   }

   private int getRandomOperation() {
       int n = random_.nextInt(totalWeight_), op = 0;
       for (int weight = 0; op < OP_COUNT; ++op) {
           weight += operationWeight_[op];
           if (n < weight)
               break;
       }
       return op;
   }

   private final Random random_ = new Random();
   private int[] operationWeight_ = new int[OP_COUNT];
   private int totalWeight_ = 0;

   private static final int OP_CHANGE = 0;
   private static final int OP_ERASE = 1;
   private static final int OP_INSERT = 2;
   private static final int OP_COUNT = 3;
   private static final char[] BASES = {'A', 'C', 'G', 'T'};

}</lang>

Output:
Initial sequence:
  0: TCCCCTCCAGTTAGCAGAAATATTAGCTAACGATACCTCGACACGGAGGG
 50: GTGGGGCCAACTCTTAACACAATTACGAGAACCATCCTTCGAAAGCAAAA
100: AAGTTTATGCCTGTTGTGTCAGGAACCCCCCGCGACGGACAACACAGTAA
150: GCACCTGCGGATACTGTGGTTGCCCTGAAAGACGGAGGATGCCTCCTATG
200: TCATTTAGAACTATCGAACGTACGGTTCTTAAATGGTCGTAGTTAGATAG
Base counts:
A: 73, C: 61, G: 59, T: 57, Total: 250
Insert base T at position 196
Change base at position 19 from A to G
Erase base T at position 204
Change base at position 223 from G to T
Change base at position 183 from G to C
Change base at position 21 from A to T
Insert base T at position 40
Change base at position 20 from T to G
Insert base T at position 69
Change base at position 19 from G to T
After 10 mutations:
  0: TCCCCTCCAGTTAGCAGAATGTTTAGCTAACGATACCTCGTACACGGAGG
 50: GGTGGGGCCAACTCTTAACTACAATTACGAGAACCATCCTTCGAAAGCAA
100: AAAAGTTTATGCCTGTTGTGTCAGGAACCCCCCGCGACGGACAACACAGT
150: AAGCACCTGCGGATACTGTGGTTGCCCTGAAAGACCGAGGATGCCTCCTT
200: ATGTCATTAGAACTATCGAACGTACTGTTCTTAAATGGTCGTAGTTAGAT
250: AG
Base counts:
A: 71, C: 62, G: 58, T: 61, Total: 252

Julia

<lang julia>dnabases = ['A', 'C', 'G', 'T'] randpos(seq) = rand(1:length(seq)) # 1 mutateat(pos, seq) = (s = seq[:]; s[pos] = rand(dnabases); s) # 2-1 deleteat(pos, seq) = [seq[1:pos-1]; seq[pos+1:end]] # 2-2 randinsertat(pos, seq) = [seq[1:pos]; rand(dnabases); seq[pos+1:end]] # 2-3

function weightedmutation(seq, pos, weights=[1, 1, 1], verbose=true) # Extra credit 

   p, r = weights ./ sum(weights), rand()
   f = (r <= p[1]) ? mutateat : (r < p[1] + p[2]) ? deleteat : randinsertat
   verbose && print("Mutate by ", f == mutateat ? "swap" :
                                  f == deleteat ? "delete" : "insert")
   return f(pos, seq)

end

function weightedrandomsitemutation(seq, weights=[1, 1, 1], verbose=true) 

   position = randpos(seq)
   newseq = weightedmutation(seq, position, weights, verbose)
   verbose && println(" at position $position")
   return newseq

end

randdnasequence(n) = rand(dnabases, n) # 3

function dnasequenceprettyprint(seq, colsize=50) # 4 

   println(length(seq), "nt DNA sequence:\n")
   rows = [seq[i:min(length(seq), i + colsize - 1)] for i in 1:colsize:length(seq)]
   for (i, r) in enumerate(rows)
       println(lpad(colsize * (i - 1), 5), "   ", String(r))
   end
   bases = [[c, 0] for c in dnabases]
   for c in seq, base in bases
       if c == base[1]
           base[2] += 1
       end
   end
   println("\nNucleotide counts:\n")
   for base in bases
       println(lpad(base[1], 10), lpad(string(base[2]), 12))
   end
   println(lpad("Other", 10), lpad(string(length(seq) - sum(x[2] for x in bases)), 12))
   println("     _________________\n", lpad("Total", 10), lpad(string(length(seq)), 12))

end

function testbioseq() 

   sequence = randdnasequence(500)
   dnasequenceprettyprint(sequence)
   for _ in 1:10                                                       # 5
       sequence = weightedrandomsitemutation(sequence)
   end
   println("\n Mutated:"); dnasequenceprettyprint(sequence)            # 6

end

testbioseq()

</lang>

Output:
500nt DNA sequence:

    0   TCACGTAACAGAGGTATAGTTGATCTTGAGCGGGCTGGCTCCCGGGTTTC
   50   TAGCAAGAAAAGGGGAGGGAAGTGCGCCTGCTTTTGCCCCGGGCACCCCA
  100   ATCGAAGACAGCTCCGGGGTCGCACATTTTTATGGCCACATAATGAGGGA
  150   ATGCACGCATCACTCCTATCACTAACTGCGAACTCATGTGACTGTGCAAA
  200   ACACCTTTAACACTGCGATGCCGTGGGGACGGGCCCCCCCAGCGGTATAG
  250   CGCGCACACGCGACAGATGTTAACTCGAATGGTCGCGCCGGGGAGTGCAC
  300   CCCTTGACATATACTCCAGATGCAATGCGCTATACTTTATGAACTTGCAT
  350   AAGCTGCGCAGGGGGGATTGACTTATACTACATATTAACTACCGATATCG
  400   ACGCAAATATTCGGGCGGTCTAAAGTGTGTCAGAACGGACATGCCGCCCA
  450   GAATCACGGCTACTGAGGACAAATACGCATTCCCGGTGCTGCATTCATTC

Nucleotide counts:

         A         127
         C         133
         G         131
         T         109
     Other           0
     _________________
     Total         500
Mutate by swap at position 253
Mutate by swap at position 448
Mutate by insert at position 379
Mutate by delete at position 311
Mutate by delete at position 335
Mutate by insert at position 132
Mutate by swap at position 191
Mutate by swap at position 481
Mutate by insert at position 189
Mutate by insert at position 423

 Mutated:
502nt DNA sequence:

    0   TCACGTAACAGAGGTATAGTTGATCTTGAGCGGGCTGGCTCCCGGGTTTC
   50   TAGCAAGAAAAGGGGAGGGAAGTGCGCCTGCTTTTGCCCCGGGCACCCCA
  100   ATCGAAGACAGCTCCGGGGTCGCACATTTTTACTGGCCACATAATGAGGG
  150   AATGCACGCATCACTCCTATCACTAACTGCGAACTCATGATCACTGTGCA
  200   AAACACCTTTAACACTGCGATGCCGTGGGGACGGGCCCCCCCAGCGGTAT
  250   AGCGAGCACACGCGACAGATGTTAACTCGAATGGTCGCGCCGGGGAGTGC
  300   ACCCCTTGACATTACTCCAGATGCAATGCGCTATACTTATGAACTTGCAT
  350   AAGCTGCGCAGGGGGGATTGACTTATACTGACATATTAACTACCGATATC
  400   GACGCAAATATTCGGGCGGTCTAGAAGTGTGTCAGAACGGACATGCCGCT
  450   CAGAATCACGGCTACTGAGGACAAATACGCATTCCCGGTGCTGCATTCAT
  500   TC

Nucleotide counts:

         A         128
         C         133
         G         132
         T         109
     Other           0
     _________________
     Total         502

Perl

Translation of: Raku

<lang perl>use strict; use warnings; use feature 'say';

my @bases = <A C G T>;

my $dna; $dna .= $bases[int rand 4] for 1..200;

my %cnt; $cnt{$_}++ for split //, $dna;

sub pretty { 

   my($string) = @_;
   my $chunk = 10;
   my $wrap  = 5 * ($chunk+1);
   ($string =~ s/(.{$chunk})/$1 /gr) =~ s/(.{$wrap})/$1\n/gr;

}

sub mutate { 

   my($dna,$count) = @_;
   my $orig = $dna;
   substr($dna,rand length $dna,1) = $bases[int rand 4] while $count > diff($orig, $dna) =~ tr/acgt//;
   $dna

}

sub diff { 

   my($orig, $repl) = @_;
   for my $i (0 .. -1+length $orig) {
       substr($repl,$i,1, lc substr $repl,$i,1) if substr($orig,$i,1) ne substr($repl,$i,1);
   }
   $repl;

}

say "Original DNA strand:\n" . pretty($dna); say "Total bases: ". length $dna; say "$_: $cnt{$_}" for @bases;

my $mutate = mutate($dna, 10); %cnt = (); $cnt{$_}++ for split //, $mutate; say "\nMutated DNA strand:\n" . pretty diff $dna, $mutate; say "Total bases: ". length $mutate; say "$_: $cnt{$_}" for @bases; </lang>

Output:
Original DNA strand:
TGGAACATGT CCCAACGAGT TCTTCTTGCT AGCAGATTTT TTCAGTTGAT
CGTCACATGC GGTAGACTAC CCAAGGTGTG ACTACTCGCA TGCCTGATCT
AAATGGACAG TCGGCAGGCT AGTGCTAATT ACCGGAAGTA CGAACGAGCC
ATGCTGAGCG ACTCATCATT GTGAAATCGA GCCTATCTGC ATGACCTAAT

Total bases: 200
A: 52
C: 48
G: 47
T: 53

Mutated DNA strand:
TGGAACATGT CCCAACGAGT cCTTCTTGCT AGCcGATTTT TTCAGTTGgT
gGTCACATGC aGTAGACTAC CCgAGGTGTG ACTACTCGCA TGCCTGATCT
AAATGGACAG TCGGCAGGCT AGTGCTAATT ACCGGAAGTA CGAACGAGCt
ATGCaGAGCG ACTCATCgTT GTGAAATCGA GCCTATCTGC AgGACCTAAT

Total bases: 200
A: 50
C: 48
G: 51
T: 51

Phix

<lang Phix>string dna = repeat(' ',200+rand(300)) for i=1 to length(dna) do dna[i] = "ACGT"[rand(4)] end for

procedure show() 

   sequence acgt = repeat(0,5)
   for i=1 to length(dna) do
       acgt[find(dna[i],"ACGT")] += 1
   end for
   acgt[$] = sum(acgt)
   sequence s = split(trim(join_by(split(join_by(dna,1,10,""),"\n"),1,5," ")),"\n\n")
   for i=1 to length(s) do
       printf(1,"%3d: %s\n",{(i-1)*50+1,s[i]})
   end for
   printf(1,"\nBase counts: A:%d, C:%d, G:%d, T:%d, total:%d\n",acgt)

end procedure

procedure mutate() 

   printf(1,"\n")
   for i=1 to 10 do
       integer p = rand(length(dna)),
               sdi = "SDI"[rand(3)],
               rep = "ACGT"[rand(4)],
               was = dna[p]
       switch sdi do
           case 'S':dna[p] = rep           printf(1,"swapped %c at %d for %c\n",{was,p,rep})
           case 'D':dna[p..p] = ""         printf(1,"deleted %c at %d\n",{was,p})
           case 'I':dna[p..p-1] = ""&rep   printf(1,"inserted %c at %d, before %c\n",{rep,p,was})
       end switch
   end for
   printf(1,"\n")

end procedure

show() mutate() show()</lang>

Output:
  1: ATAGACCGAT GTGTAGGTCT CGAACATCCC TGGGGTAGCT CAGCTTGGGG
 51: GTTGACCTGT CTTGCTCCCA TGAACTGAGG GATTTGGAAA TAACGCTTAT
101: AACTGCGGGG GATTGATATG GGACATTGTT GCTGTAGGGC TTCGGCGTGC
151: TTAGAAACAA GAGAACACCA ATTTCGATAG ACCAGGTTTC GTCCCGCTAC
201: GAGTGATAGT AGCGCGTTAG GATTAATAAT CAGGGAGAGC ATTAAACATT
251: CTAAAAACTG ACATTCCCGA GGTGGAACCC GAGTTGATAA CGAGTATGCT
301: CTGAAAAATT AATTGATTGA TCCGCGACAC TATCACACCG TCTTCGCCGT
351: TGTAATGCAT GCTGGCTTAG CATCCGGATG CTCTTCTACC GATCTTAAGG
401: CGCGCACTCC CCAAGGAGCA TAGAAGCATC CCCGGCCCTC GACAGAGTCT
451: CCCAGTGTAA GTGTCTTTAT CCAAAATC

Base counts: A:125, C:111, G:120, T:122, total:478

inserted C at 58, before T
deleted T at 2
deleted C at 169
deleted G at 80
inserted A at 331, before T
swapped C at 27 for T
inserted A at 22, before A
inserted T at 190, before G
swapped C at 195 for C
inserted A at 274, before G

  1: AAGACCGATG TGTAGGTCTC GAAACATTCC TGGGGTAGCT CAGCTTGGGG
 51: GTTGACCCTG TCTTGCTCCC ATGAACTGAG GATTTGGAAA TAACGCTTAT
101: AACTGCGGGG GATTGATATG GGACATTGTT GCTGTAGGGC TTCGGCGTGC
151: TTAGAAACAA GAGAACACAA TTTCGATAGA CCAGGTTTCT GTCCCGCTAC
201: GAGTGATAGT AGCGCGTTAG GATTAATAAT CAGGGAGAGC ATTAAACATT
251: CTAAAAACTG ACATTCCCGA GGTAGGAACC CGAGTTGATA ACGAGTATGC
301: TCTGAAAAAT TAATTGATTG ATCCGCGACA CTAATCACAC CGTCTTCGCC
351: GTTGTAATGC ATGCTGGCTT AGCATCCGGA TGCTCTTCTA CCGATCTTAA
401: GGCGCGCACT CCCCAAGGAG CATAGAAGCA TCCCCGGCCC TCGACAGAGT
451: CTCCCAGTGT AAGTGTCTTT ATCCAAAATC

Base counts: A:128, C:110, G:119, T:123, total:480

Python

In function seq_mutate argument kinds selects between the three kinds of mutation. The characters I, D, and S are chosen from the string to give the kind of mutation to perform, so the more of that character, the more of that type of mutation performed.
Similarly parameter choice is chosen from to give the base for substitution or insertion - the more any base appears, the more likely it is to be chosen in any insertion/substitution.

<lang python>import random from collections import Counter

def basecount(dna): 

   return sorted(Counter(dna).items())

def seq_split(dna, n=50): 

   return [dna[i: i+n] for i in range(0, len(dna), n)]

def seq_pp(dna, n=50): 

   for i, part in enumerate(seq_split(dna, n)):
       print(f"{i*n:>5}: {part}")
   print("\n  BASECOUNT:")
   tot = 0
   for base, count in basecount(dna):
       print(f"    {base:>3}: {count}")
       tot += count
   base, count = 'TOT', tot
   print(f"    {base:>3}= {count}")

def seq_mutate(dna, count=1, kinds="IDSSSS", choice="ATCG" ): 

   mutation = []
   k2txt = dict(I='Insert', D='Delete', S='Substitute')
   for _ in range(count):
       kind = random.choice(kinds)
       index = random.randint(0, len(dna))
       if kind == 'I':    # Insert
           dna = dna[:index] + random.choice(choice) + dna[index:]
       elif kind == 'D' and dna:  # Delete
           dna = dna[:index] + dna[index+1:]
       elif kind == 'S' and dna:  # Substitute
           dna = dna[:index] + random.choice(choice) + dna[index+1:]
       mutation.append((k2txt[kind], index))
   return dna, mutation

if __name__ == '__main__': 

   length = 250
   print("SEQUENCE:")
   sequence = .join(random.choices('ACGT', weights=(1, 0.8, .9, 1.1), k=length))
   seq_pp(sequence)
   print("\n\nMUTATIONS:")
   mseq, m = seq_mutate(sequence, 10)
   for kind, index in m:
       print(f" {kind:>10} @{index}")
   print()
   seq_pp(mseq)</lang>
Output:
SEQUENCE:
    0: GGAAGATTAGGTCACGGGCCTCATCTTGTGCGAGATAAATAATAACACTC
   50: AGCGATCATTAGAATGTATATTGTACGGGCATGTTTATCTACCATAGGTC
  100: CTGTCAAAAGATGGCTAGCTGCAATTTTTTCTTCTAGATCCCGATTACTG
  150: CGGTATTTTTGTATAACGTGCTAAACGGTGTGTTTTCAGGTCGGCCTGCT
  200: AATCTAACGCCAGTGGACTTGGGATGGACGCCCAACAACTGAGAGCGCGG

  BASECOUNT:
      A: 64
      C: 51
      G: 62
      T: 73
    TOT= 250


MUTATIONS:
 Substitute @138
 Substitute @72
     Insert @103
     Insert @129
     Insert @124
     Delete @52
     Delete @202
 Substitute @200
     Insert @158
     Delete @32

    0: GGAAGATTAGGTCACGGGCCTCATCTTGTGCGGATAAATAATAACACTCA
   50: GGATCATTAGAATGTATATTATACGGGCATGTTTATCTACCATAGGTCCT
  100: GCTCAAAAGATGGCTAGCTGCAGATTTTGTTCTTCTAGAGCCCGATTACT
  150: GCGGTATGTTTTGTATAACGTGCTAAACGGTGTGTTTTCAGGTCGGCCTG
  200: CTATCTAACGCCAGTGGACTTGGGATGGACGCCCAACAACTGAGAGCGCG
  250: G

  BASECOUNT:
      A: 63
      C: 51
      G: 65
      T: 72
    TOT= 251

Racket

<lang racket>#lang racket

(define current-S-weight (make-parameter 1)) (define current-D-weight (make-parameter 1)) (define current-I-weight (make-parameter 1))

(define bases '(#\A #\C #\G #\T))

(define (fold-sequence seq kons #:finalise (finalise (λ x (apply values x))) . k0s) 

 (define (recur seq . ks)
   (if (null? seq)
     (call-with-values (λ () (apply finalise ks)) (λ vs (apply values vs)))
     (call-with-values (λ () (apply kons (car seq) ks)) (λ ks+ (apply recur (cdr seq) ks+)))))
 (apply recur (if (string? seq) (string->list (regexp-replace* #px"[^ACGT]" seq "")) seq) k0s))

(define (sequence->pretty-printed-string seq) 

 (define (fmt idx cs-rev) (format "~a: ~a" (~a idx #:width 3 #:align 'right) (list->string (reverse cs-rev))))
 (fold-sequence
   seq
   (λ (b n start-idx lns-rev cs-rev)
      (if (zero? (modulo n 50))
        (values (+ n 1) n (if (pair? cs-rev) (cons (fmt start-idx cs-rev) lns-rev) lns-rev) (cons b null))
        (values (+ n 1) start-idx lns-rev (cons b cs-rev))))
   0 0 null null
   #:finalise (λ (n idx lns-rev cs-rev)
               (string-join (reverse (if (null? cs-rev) lns-rev (cons (fmt idx cs-rev) lns-rev))) "\n"))))

(define (count-bases b as cs gs ts n) 

 (values (+ as (if (eq? b #\A) 1 0)) (+ cs (if (eq? b #\C) 1 0)) (+ gs (if (eq? b #\T) 1 0)) (+ ts (if (eq? b #\G) 1 0)) (add1 n)))

(define (report-sequence s) 

 (define-values (as cs gs ts n) (fold-sequence s count-bases 0 0 0 0 0))
 (printf "SEQUENCE:~%~a~%" (sequence->pretty-printed-string s))
 (printf "BASE COUNT:~%-----------~%~a~%"
         (string-join (map (λ (c n) (format " ~a :~a" c (~a #:width 4 #:align 'right n))) bases (list as ts cs gs)) "\n"))
 (printf "TOTAL: ~a~%" n))


(define (make-random-sequence-string l) 

 (list->string (for/list ((_ l)) (list-ref bases (random 4)))))

(define (weighted-random-call weights-and-functions . args) 

 (let loop ((r (random)) (wfs weights-and-functions))
   (if (<= r (car wfs)) (apply (cadr wfs) args) (loop (- r (car wfs)) (cddr wfs)))))

(define (mutate-S s) 

 (let ((r (random (string-length s))) (i (string (list-ref bases (random 4)))))
   (printf "Mutate at ~a -> ~a~%" r i)
   (string-append (substring s 0 r) i (substring s (add1 r)))))

(define (mutate-D s) 

 (let ((r (random (string-length s))))
   (printf "Delete at ~a~%" r)
   (string-append (substring s 0 r) (substring s (add1 r)))))

(define (mutate-I s) 

 (let ((r (random (string-length s))) (i (string (list-ref bases (random 4)))))
   (printf "Insert at ~a -> ~a~%" r i)
   (string-append (substring s 0 r) i (substring s r))))

(define (mutate s) 

 (define W (+ (current-S-weight) (current-D-weight) (current-I-weight)))
 (weighted-random-call
   (list (/ (current-S-weight) W) mutate-S (/ (current-D-weight) W) mutate-D (/ (current-I-weight) W) mutate-I)
   s))

(module+ 

 main
 (define initial-sequence (make-random-sequence-string 200))
 (report-sequence initial-sequence)
 (newline)
 (define s+ (for/fold ((s initial-sequence)) ((_ 10)) (mutate s)))
 (newline)
 (report-sequence s+)
 (newline)
 (define s+d (parameterize ((current-D-weight 5)) (for/fold ((s initial-sequence)) ((_ 10)) (mutate s))))
 (newline)
 (report-sequence s+d))</lang>
Output:
SEQUENCE:
  0: AATGCTTGTGTCACCGGCCACCCCCTATGTACATACACGGTTCAGCTGGC
 50: CTGGCAGAGCGTCTGACAACGGAGCTCTAAAACTTCCTTCTGACTAGAGC
100: TCATCCTCTCCCGGCTGAACTCCGTGGCTTACAATCAGACCCTACCCGTG
150: TCCAACTACGCAGTCGCCCGATGAGGCTGGGCTCACCACGTTGGGCGAGG
BASE COUNT:
-----------
 A :  41
 C :  49
 G :  67
 T :  43
TOTAL: 200

Insert at 176 -> T
Insert at 99 -> G
Delete at 154
Mutate at 188 -> A
Insert at 14 -> A
Mutate at 62 -> G
Delete at 110
Mutate at 79 -> T
Insert at 109 -> A
Insert at 46 -> C

SEQUENCE:
  0: AATGCTTGTGTCACACGGCCACCCCCTATGTACATACACGGTTCAGCCTG
 50: GCCTGGCAGAGCGGCTGACAACGGAGCTCTTAAACTTCCTTCTGACTAGA
100: GGCTCATCCTACCCCGGCTGAACTCCGTGGCTTACAATCAGACCCTACCC
150: GTGTCCACTACGCAGTCGCCCGATGAGGTCTGGGCTCACCACGTTGGGCG
200: AGG
BASE COUNT:
-----------
 A :  41
 C :  51
 G :  68
 T :  43
TOTAL: 203

Delete at 79
Delete at 105
Delete at 63
Delete at 37
Delete at 166
Mutate at 42 -> C
Delete at 142
Delete at 23
Delete at 91
Insert at 4 -> T

SEQUENCE:
  0: AATGTCTTGTGTCACCGGCCACCCCTATGTACATACAGGTTCCGCTGGCC
 50: TGGCAGAGCGTCGACAACGGAGCTCTAAACTTCCTTCTGACTGAGCTCAT
100: CCCTCCCGGCTGAACTCCGTGGCTTACAATCAGACCCTACCGTGTCCAAC
150: TACGCAGTCGCCCGTGAGGCTGGGCTCACCACGTTGGGCGAGG
BASE COUNT:
-----------
 A :  37
 C :  49
 G :  65
 T :  42
TOTAL: 193

Raku

(formerly Perl 6)

Works with: Rakudo version 2019.07.1

Unweighted mutations at this point. The mutated DNA strand has a "diff" operation performed on it which (in this specific case) renders the mutated base in lower case so it may be picked out more easily.


<lang perl6>my @bases = <A C G T>;

  1. The DNA strand

my $dna = @bases.roll(200).join;


  1. The Task

put "ORIGINAL DNA STRAND:"; put pretty $dna; put "\nTotal bases: ", +my $bases = $dna.comb.Bag; put $bases.sort( ~*.key ).join: "\n";

put "\nMUTATED DNA STRAND:"; my $mutate = $dna.&mutate(10); put pretty diff $dna, $mutate; put "\nTotal bases: ", +my $mutated = $mutate.comb.Bag; put $mutated.sort( ~*.key ).join: "\n";


  1. Helper subs

sub pretty ($string, $wrap = 50) { 

   $string.comb($wrap).map( { sprintf "%8d: %s", $++ * $wrap, $_ } ).join: "\n"

}

sub mutate ($dna is copy, $count = 1) { 

   $dna.substr-rw((^$dna.chars).roll, 1) = @bases.roll for ^$count;
   $dna

}

sub diff ($orig, $repl) { 

   ($orig.comb Z $repl.comb).map( -> ($o, $r) { $o eq $r ?? $o !! $r.lc }).join

}</lang>

Output:
ORIGINAL DNA STRAND:
       0: ACGGATAGACCGTTCCTGCAAGCTGGTACGGTTCGAATGTTGACCTTATT
      50: CTCCGCAGCGCACTACCCGATCGGGTAACGTACTCTATATGATGCCTATT
     100: TTCCCCGCCTTACATCGGCGATCAATGTTCTTTTACGCTAACTAGGCGCA
     150: CGTCGTGCCTTACCGAGAGCCAGTTCGAAATCGTGCTGAAAATATCTGGA

Total bases: 200
A	45
C	55
G	45
T	55

MUTATED DNA STRAND:
       0: ACGGATAGcCCGTTCCTGCAAGCTGGTACGGTTCGAATGTTGACCTTATT
      50: CTCCGCAGCGCACTACCCGATCGGGTcACtcACTCTATATGAcGCCTAaT
     100: TTCCCCGCCTTACATCGGCGATCAATGTTCTTTTACGCTAACTAGGCGCA
     150: CGTCGTGCCTTACCcAGAGCCAGTTCGAAATCGTGCTGAAAATATCTGGA

Total bases: 200
A	44
C	60
G	43
T	53

Swift

<lang swift>let bases: [Character] = ["A", "C", "G", "T"]

enum Action: CaseIterable { 

 case swap, delete, insert

}

@discardableResult func mutate(dna: inout String) -> Action { 

 guard let i = dna.indices.shuffled().first(where: { $0 != dna.endIndex }) else {
   fatalError()
 }

 let action = Action.allCases.randomElement()!

 switch action {
 case .swap:
   dna.replaceSubrange(i..<i, with: [bases.randomElement()!])
 case .delete:
   dna.remove(at: i)
 case .insert:
   dna.insert(bases.randomElement()!, at: i)
 }

 return action

}

var d = ""

for _ in 0..<200 { 

 d.append(bases.randomElement()!)

}

func printSeq(_ dna: String) { 

 for startI in stride(from: 0, to: dna.count, by: 50) {
   print("\(startI): \(dna.dropFirst(startI).prefix(50))")
 }

 print()
 print("Size: \(dna.count)")
 print()

 let counts = dna.reduce(into: [:], { $0[$1, default: 0] += 1 })

 for (char, count) in counts.sorted(by: { $0.key < $1.key }) {
   print("\(char): \(count)")
 }

}

printSeq(d)

print()

for _ in 0..<20 { 

 mutate(dna: &d)

}

printSeq(d)</lang>

Output:
0: CCCTGTTACCCTTAAGTCACAAATCATGATAAGCAGCCTTCGAGCACTTC
50: GTGTCAAGCCTGATTCGAGCGCGCCGGTCATCCTCCGATAGAGCACGGGG
100: ACGCCCGCACTACCCCACTGGCGCTTGGTCGCTGAATAGGGCGCCCTTGG
150: TGGTGGATGGTCTTAAGCTGTCGCAAATCTAGCCCCGACCAAGAGAAGGC

Size: 200

A: 43
C: 62
G: 54
T: 41

0: CCCTGTTACCCTTAAGTCACAAATCATGTATAAAGCAGCCTTCGAGCACT
50: TCGTGTCAAGCCTGATTCGAGCGCGCTAGGGCATCCTCCGTATAAGAGCA
100: CCGGGGACGCCCGCACTTACCACCACTGGCGCTTGGTCGCGAATAGGGGC
150: GCCCTTTGGTGGTGGATTGGTCTTAAGTGTCGCAAATCTAGCCCCCGACC
200: AAGAGAAGGC

Size: 210

A: 47
C: 62
G: 56
T: 45

zkl

<lang zkl>var [const] bases="ACGT", lbases=bases.toLower(); dna:=(190).pump(Data().howza(3),(0).random.fp(0,4),bases.get); // bucket of bytes

foreach s,m in (T("Original","Mutated").zip(T(True,False))){ 

  println("\n",s," DNA strand:"); dnaPP(dna);
  println("Base Counts: ", dna.len()," : ",
     dna.text.toUpper().counts()	// ("A",5, "C",10, ...)
     .pump(String,Void.Read,"%s(%d) ".fmt));
  if(m) mutate(dna,10,True);

}

fcn mutate(dna,count=1,verbose=False){ 

  if(verbose) println("Mutating:");
  do(count){ 
     n,rb := (0).random(dna.len()), lbases[(0).random(4)];
     switch( (0).random(3) ){

case(0){ if(verbose) println("Change[%d] '%s' to '%s'".fmt(n,dna.charAt(n),rb)); dna[n]=rb; } case(1){ if(verbose) println("Delete[%d] '%s'".fmt(n,dna.charAt(n))); dna.del(n); } else{ if(verbose) println("Insert[%d] '%s'".fmt(n,rb)); dna.insert(n,rb); } 

     }
  }

}

fcn dnaPP(dna,N=50){ 

  [0..*,50].zipWith(fcn(n,bases){ println("%6d: %s".fmt(n,bases.concat())) },
     dna.walker().walk.fp(50)).pump(Void);  // .pump forces the iterator

}</lang>

Output:
Original DNA strand:
     0: AACGACAGGTTCTCGATGCGTGTCTTCACACATGTGGAGTCGCCAAGGAT
    50: TGTTGATCAATGCGTAAACGTCTCCACGGGATACACGGGCAGCTTGCGGT
   100: GACGAGTGCGGACCACCAAAAAAGGTGGGATCCACGTTGAGGAGCCTCAC
   150: TACCTACGGCGTGATATGGCGGCAGGAGTCAAAAACTGCT
Base Counts: 190 : A(49) C(46) G(57) T(38) 
Mutating:
Insert[123] 'c'
Insert[69] 't'
Delete[5] 'C'
Delete[147] 'T'
Change[167] 'G' to 't'
Change[153] 'C' to 'c'
Insert[151] 't'
Insert[156] 't'
Delete[150] 'T'
Change[102] 'C' to 'g'

Mutated DNA strand:
     0: AACGAAGGTTCTCGATGCGTGTCTTCACACATGTGGAGTCGCCAAGGATT
    50: GTTGATCAATGCGTAAACtGTCTCCACGGGATACACGGGCAGCTTGCGGT
   100: GAgGAGTGCGGACCACCAAAAAAcGGTGGGATCCACGTTGAGGAGCCCAC
   150: tACcTtACGGCGTGATATtGCGGCAGGAGTCAAAAACTGCT
Base Counts: 191 : A(49) C(45) G(57) T(40)
Retrieved from "https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Bioinformatics/Sequence_mutation?oldid=296369"