Addition-chain exponentiation: Difference between revisions

Content added Content deleted

Inline

Revision as of 01:50, 15 May 2021

This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Addition-chain exponentiation. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)

In cases of special objects (such as with matrices) the operation of multiplication can be excessively expensive. In these cases the operation of multiplication should be avoided or reduced to a minimum.

In mathematics and computer science, optimal addition-chain exponentiation is a method of exponentiation by positive integer powers that requires a minimal number of multiplications. It works by creating a shortest addition chain that generates the desired exponent. Each exponentiation in the chain can be evaluated by multiplying two of the earlier exponentiation results. More generally, addition-chain exponentiation may also refer to exponentiation by non-minimal addition chains constructed by a variety of algorithms (since a shortest addition chain is very difficult to find).

The shortest addition-chain algorithm requires no more multiplications than binary exponentiation and usually less. The first example of where it does better is for $a^{15}$ , where the binary method needs six multiplies but a shortest addition chain requires only five:

a^{15}=a\times (a\times [a\times a^{2}]^{2})^{2}\!

(binary, 6 multiplications)

a^{15}=a^{3}\times ([a^{3}]^{2})^{2}\!

(shortest addition chain, 5 multiplications)

On the other hand, the addition-chain method is much more complicated, since the determination of a shortest addition chain seems quite difficult: no efficient optimal methods are currently known for arbitrary exponents, and the related problem of finding a shortest addition chain for a given set of exponents has been proven NP-complete.

Table demonstrating how to do *Exponentiation* using *Addition Chains*
Number of Multiplications	Actual Exponentiation	Specific implementation of Addition Chains to do Exponentiation
0	a¹	a
1	a²	a × a
2	a³	a × a × a
2	a⁴	(a × a→b) × b
3	a⁵	(a × a→b) × b × a
3	a⁶	(a × a→b) × b × b
4	a⁷	(a × a→b) × b × b × a
3	a⁸	((a × a→b) × b→d) × d
4	a⁹	(a × a × a→c) × c × c
4	a¹⁰	((a × a→b) × b→d) × d × b
5	a¹¹	((a × a→b) × b→d) × d × b × a
4	a¹²	((a × a→b) × b→d) × d × d
5	a¹³	((a × a→b) × b→d) × d × d × a
5	a¹⁴	((a × a→b) × b→d) × d × d × b
5	a¹⁵	((a × a→b) × b × a→e) × e × e
4	a¹⁶	(((a × a→b) × b→d) × d→h) × h

The number of multiplications required follows this sequence: 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 7, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 7, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 6, 7, 7, 8, 7, 8, 8, 9, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 8, 9, 8, 9, 8, 9, 9, 9, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8...

This sequence can be found at: http://oeis.org/A003313

Task requirements:

Using the following values: $A={\begin{bmatrix}{\sqrt {\frac {1}{2}}}&0&{\sqrt {\frac {1}{2}}}&0&0&0&\\0&{\sqrt {\frac {1}{2}}}&0&{\sqrt {\frac {1}{2}}}&0&0&\\0&{\sqrt {\frac {1}{2}}}&0&-{\sqrt {\frac {1}{2}}}&0&0&\\-{\sqrt {\frac {1}{2}}}&0&{\sqrt {\frac {1}{2}}}&0&0&0&\\0&0&0&0&0&1&\\0&0&0&0&1&0&\\\end{bmatrix}}$ $m=31415$ and $n=27182$

Repeat task Matrix-exponentiation operator, except use addition-chain exponentiation to better calculate:

A^{m}

,

A^{n}

and

A^{n\times m}

.

As an easier alternative to doing the matrix manipulation above, generate the addition-chains for 12509, 31415 and 27182 and use addition-chain exponentiation to calculate these two equations:

1.00002206445416³¹⁴¹⁵
1.00002550055251²⁷¹⁸²

Also: Display a count of how many multiplications were done in each case.

Note: There are two ways to approach this task:

Brute force - try every permutation possible and pick one with the least number of multiplications. If the brute force is a simpler algorithm, then present it as a subtask under the subtitle "Brute force", eg ===Brute Force===.
Some clever algorithm - the wikipedia page has some hints, subtitle the code with the name of algorithm.

Note: Binary exponentiation does not usually produce the best solution. Provide only optimal solutions.

Kudos (κῦδος) for providing a routine that generate sequence A003313 in the output.

Also, see the Rosetta Code task: [http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Knuth%27s_power_tree Knuth's power tree].

C

Using complex instead of matrix. Requires Achain.c. It takes a long while to compute the shortest addition chains, such that if you don't have the chain lengths precomputed and stored somewhere, you are probably better off with a binary chain (normally not shortest but very simple to calculate) whatever you intend to use the chains for. <lang c>#include <stdio.h>

include "achain.c" /* not common practice */

/* don't have a C99 compiler atm */ typedef struct {double u, v;} cplx;

inline cplx c_mul(cplx a, cplx b) { cplx c; c.u = a.u * b.u - a.v * b.v; c.v = a.u * b.v + a.v * b.u; return c; }

cplx chain_expo(cplx x, int n) { int i, j, k, l, e[32]; cplx v[32];

l = seq(n, 0, e);

puts("Exponents:"); for (i = 0; i <= l; i++) printf("%d%c", e[i], i == l ? '\n' : ' ');

v[0] = x; v[1] = c_mul(x, x); for (i = 2; i <= l; i++) { for (j = i - 1; j; j--) { for (k = j; k >= 0; k--) { if (e[k] + e[j] < e[i]) break; if (e[k] + e[j] > e[i]) continue; v[i] = c_mul(v[j], v[k]); j = 1; break; } } } printf("(%f + i%f)^%d = %f + i%f\n", x.u, x.v, n, v[l].u, v[l].v);

return x; }

int bin_len(int n) { int r, o; for (r = o = -1; n; n >>= 1, r++) if (n & 1) o++; return r + o; }

int main() { cplx r1 = {1.0000254989, 0.0000577896}, r2 = {1.0000220632, 0.0000500026}; int n1 = 27182, n2 = 31415, i;

init(); puts("Precompute chain lengths"); seq_len(n2);

chain_expo(r1, n1); chain_expo(r2, n2); puts("\nchain lengths: shortest binary"); printf("%14d %7d %7d\n", n1, seq_len(n1), bin_len(n1)); printf("%14d %7d %7d\n", n2, seq_len(n2), bin_len(n2)); for (i = 1; i < 100; i++) printf("%14d %7d %7d\n", i, seq_len(i), bin_len(i)); return 0; }</lang> output

...
Exponents:
1 2 4 8 10 18 28 46 92 184 212 424 848 1696 3392 6784 13568 27136 27182
(1.000025 + i0.000058)^27182 = -0.000001 + i2.000001
Exponents:
1 2 4 8 16 17 33 49 98 196 392 784 1568 3136 6272 6289 12561 25122 31411 31415
(1.000022 + i0.000050)^31415 = -0.000001 + i2.000000

chain lengths: shortest binary
         27182      18      21
         31415      19      24
             1       0       0
             2       1       1
             3       2       2
             4       2       2
      ...
            89       9       9
            90       8       9
            91       9      10
            92       8       9
            93       9      10
      ...

Go

Translation of: C

Though adjusted to deal with matrices rather than complex numbers.

Calculating A ^ (m * n) from scratch using this method would take 'for ever' so I've calculated it instead as (A ^ m) ^ n. <lang go>package main

import (

   "fmt"
   "math"

)

const (

   N    = 32
   NMAX = 40000

)

var (

   u     = [N]int{0: 1, 1: 2} // upper bounds
   l     = [N]int{0: 1, 1: 2} // lower bounds
   out   = [N]int{}
   sum   = [N]int{}
   tail  = [N]int{}
   cache = [NMAX + 1]int{2: 1}
   known = 2
   stack = 0
   undo  = [N * N]save{}

)

type save struct {

   p *int
   v int

}

func replace(x *[N]int, i, n int) {

   undo[stack].p = &x[i]
   undo[stack].v = x[i]
   x[i] = n
   stack++

}

func restore(n int) {

   for stack > n {
       stack--
       *undo[stack].p = undo[stack].v
   }

}

/* lower and upper bounds */ func lower(n int, up *int) int {

   if n <= 2 || (n <= NMAX && cache[n] != 0) {
       if up != nil {
           *up = cache[n]
       }
       return cache[n]
   }
   i, o := -1, 0
   for ; n != 0; n, i = n>>1, i+1 {
       if n&1 != 0 {
           o++
       }
   }
   if up != nil {
       i--
       *up = o + i
   }
   for {
       i++
       o >>= 1
       if o == 0 {
           break
       }
   }
   if up == nil {
       return i
   }
   for o = 2; o*o < n; o++ {
       if n%o != 0 {
           continue
       }
       q := cache[o] + cache[n/o]
       if q < *up {
           *up = q
           if q == i {
               break
           }
       }
   }
   if n > 2 {
       if *up > cache[n-2]+1 {
           *up = cache[n-1] + 1
       }
       if *up > cache[n-2]+1 {
           *up = cache[n-2] + 1
       }
   }
   return i

}

func insert(x, pos int) bool {

   save := stack
   if l[pos] > x || u[pos] < x {
       return false
   }
   if l[pos] == x {
       goto replU
   }
   replace(&l, pos, x)
   for i := pos - 1; u[i]*2 < u[i+1]; i-- {
       t := l[i+1] + 1
       if t*2 > u[i] {
           goto bail
       }
       replace(&l, i, t)
   }
   for i := pos + 1; l[i] <= l[i-1]; i++ {
       t := l[i-1] + 1
       if t > u[i] {
           goto bail
       }
       replace(&l, i, t)
   }

replU:

   if u[pos] == x {
       return true
   }
   replace(&u, pos, x)
   for i := pos - 1; u[i] >= u[i+1]; i-- {
       t := u[i+1] - 1
       if t < l[i] {
           goto bail
       }
       replace(&u, i, t)
   }
   for i := pos + 1; u[i] > u[i-1]*2; i++ {
       t := u[i-1] * 2
       if t < l[i] {
           goto bail
       }
       replace(&u, i, t)
   }
   return true

bail:

   restore(save)
   return false

}

func try(p, q, le int) bool {

   pl := cache[p]
   if pl >= le {
       return false
   }
   ql := cache[q]
   if ql >= le {
       return false
   }
   var pu, qu int
   for pl < le && u[pl] < p {
       pl++
   }
   for pu = pl - 1; pu < le-1 && u[pu+1] >= p; pu++ {

   }
   for ql < le && u[ql] < q {
       ql++
   }
   for qu = ql - 1; qu < le-1 && u[qu+1] >= q; qu++ {

   }
   if p != q && pl <= ql {
       pl = ql + 1
   }
   if pl > pu || ql > qu || ql > pu {
       return false
   }
   if out[le] == 0 {
       pu = le - 1
       pl = pu
   }
   ps := stack
   for ; pu >= pl; pu-- {
       if !insert(p, pu) {
           continue
       }
       out[pu]++
       sum[pu] += le
       if p != q {
           qs := stack
           j := qu
           if j >= pu {
               j = pu - 1
           }
           for ; j >= ql; j-- {
               if !insert(q, j) {
                   continue
               }
               out[j]++
               sum[j] += le
               tail[le] = q
               if seqRecur(le - 1) {
                   return true
               }
               restore(qs)
               out[j]--
               sum[j] -= le
           }
       } else {
           out[pu]++
           sum[pu] += le
           tail[le] = p
           if seqRecur(le - 1) {
               return true
           }
           out[pu]--
           sum[pu] -= le
       }
       out[pu]--
       sum[pu] -= le
       restore(ps)
   }
   return false

}

func seqRecur(le int) bool {

   n := l[le]
   if le < 2 {
       return true
   }
   limit := n - 1
   if out[le] == 1 {
       limit = n - tail[sum[le]]
   }
   if limit > u[le-1] {
       limit = u[le-1]
   }
   // Try to break n into p + q, and see if we can insert p, q into
   // list while satisfying bounds.
   p := limit
   for q := n - p; q <= p; q, p = q+1, p-1 {
       if try(p, q, le) {
           return true
       }
   }
   return false

}

func seq(n, le int, buf []int) int {

   if le == 0 {
       le = seqLen(n)
   }
   stack = 0
   l[le], u[le] = n, n
   for i := 0; i <= le; i++ {
       out[i], sum[i] = 0, 0
   }
   for i := 2; i < le; i++ {
       l[i] = l[i-1] + 1
       u[i] = u[i-1] * 2
   }
   for i := le - 1; i > 2; i-- {
       if l[i]*2 < l[i+1] {
           l[i] = (1 + l[i+1]) / 2
       }
       if u[i] >= u[i+1] {
           u[i] = u[i+1] - 1
       }
   }
   if !seqRecur(le) {
       return 0
   }
   if buf != nil {
       for i := 0; i <= le; i++ {
           buf[i] = u[i]
       }
   }
   return le

}

func seqLen(n int) int {

   if n <= known {
       return cache[n]
   }
   // Need all lower n to compute sequence.
   for known+1 < n {
       seqLen(known + 1)
   }
   var ub int
   lb := lower(n, &ub)
   for lb < ub && seq(n, lb, nil) == 0 {
       lb++
   }
   known = n
   if n&1023 == 0 {
       fmt.Printf("Cached %d\n", known)
   }
   cache[n] = lb
   return lb

}

func binLen(n int) int {

   r, o := -1, -1
   for ; n != 0; n, r = n>>1, r+1 {
       if n&1 != 0 {
           o++
       }
   }
   return r + o

}

type(

   vector = []float64
   matrix []vector

)

func (m1 matrix) mul(m2 matrix) matrix {

   rows1, cols1 := len(m1), len(m1[0])
   rows2, cols2 := len(m2), len(m2[0])
   if cols1 != rows2 {
       panic("Matrices cannot be multiplied.")
   }
   result := make(matrix, rows1)
   for i := 0; i < rows1; i++ {
       result[i] = make(vector, cols2)
       for j := 0; j < cols2; j++ {
           for k := 0; k < rows2; k++ {
               result[i][j] += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j]
           }
       }
   }
   return result

}

func (m matrix) pow(n int, printout bool) matrix {

   e := make([]int, N)
   var v [N]matrix
   le := seq(n, 0, e)
   if printout {
       fmt.Println("Addition chain:")
       for i := 0; i <= le; i++ {
           c := ' '
           if i == le {
               c = '\n'
           }
           fmt.Printf("%d%c", e[i], c)
       }
   }
   v[0] = m
   v[1] = m.mul(m)
   for i := 2; i <= le; i++ {
       for j := i - 1; j != 0; j-- {
           for k := j; k >= 0; k-- {
               if e[k]+e[j] < e[i] {
                   break
               }
               if e[k]+e[j] > e[i] {
                   continue
               }
               v[i] = v[j].mul(v[k])
               j = 1
               break
           }
       }
   }
   return v[le]

}

func (m matrix) print() {

   for _, v := range m {
       fmt.Printf("% f\n", v)
   }
   fmt.Println()

}

func main() {

   m := 27182
   n := 31415
   fmt.Println("Precompute chain lengths:")
   seqLen(n)
   rh := math.Sqrt(0.5)
   mx := matrix{
       {rh, 0, rh, 0, 0, 0},
       {0, rh, 0, rh, 0, 0},
       {0, rh, 0, -rh, 0, 0},
       {-rh, 0, rh, 0, 0, 0},
       {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1},
       {0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0},
   }
   fmt.Println("\nThe first 100 terms of A003313 are:")
   for i := 1; i <= 100; i++ {
       fmt.Printf("%d ", seqLen(i))
       if i%10 == 0 {
           fmt.Println()
       }
   }
   exs := [2]int{m, n}
   mxs := [2]matrix{}
   for i, ex := range exs {
       fmt.Println("\nExponent:", ex)
       mxs[i] = mx.pow(ex, true)
       fmt.Printf("A ^ %d:-\n\n", ex)
       mxs[i].print()
       fmt.Println("Number of A/C multiplies:", seqLen(ex))
       fmt.Println("  c.f. Binary multiplies:", binLen(ex))
   }
   fmt.Printf("\nExponent: %d x %d = %d\n", m, n, m*n)
   fmt.Printf("A ^ %d = (A ^ %d) ^ %d:-\n\n", m*n, m, n)   
   mx2 := mxs[0].pow(n, false)
   mx2.print()

}</lang>

Output:

Precompute chain lengths:
Cached 1024
Cached 2048
Cached 3072
....
Cached 28672
Cached 29696
Cached 30720

The first 100 terms of A003313 are:
0 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 6 5 
6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 7 6 
7 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 6 
7 7 7 7 7 7 8 6 7 7 
7 7 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 7 
8 8 8 6 7 7 8 7 8 8 
9 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 7 
8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8 
9 8 9 9 9 7 8 8 8 8 

Exponent: 27182
Addition chain:
1 2 4 8 10 18 28 46 92 184 212 424 848 1696 3392 6784 13568 27136 27182
A ^ 27182:-

[-0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000 -0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000  0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000]

Number of A/C multiplies: 18
  c.f. Binary multiplies: 21

Exponent: 31415
Addition chain:
1 2 4 8 16 17 33 49 98 196 392 784 1568 3136 6272 6289 12561 25122 31411 31415
A ^ 31415:-

[ 0.707107  0.000000  0.000000 -0.707107  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.707107  0.707107  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.707107  0.000000  0.000000  0.707107  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.707107 -0.707107  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000  0.000000]

Number of A/C multiplies: 19
  c.f. Binary multiplies: 24

Exponent: 27182 x 31415 = 853922530
A ^ 853922530 = (A ^ 27182) ^ 31415:-

[-0.500000  0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000  0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000]

Below is the original solution which was ruled inadmissible because it uses 'star chains' and is therefore non-optimal.

I think it should nevertheless be retained as it is an interesting approach and there are other solutions to this task which are based on it.

<lang go>/* Continued fraction addition chains, as described in "Efficient computation of addition chains" by F. Bergeron, J. Berstel, and S. Brlek, published in Journal de théorie des nombres de Bordeaux, 6 no. 1 (1994), p. 21-38, accessed at http://www.numdam.org/item?id=JTNB_1994__6_1_21_0.

/

package main

import (

   "fmt"
   "math"

)

// Representation of addition chains. // Notes: // 1. While an []int might represent addition chains in general, the // techniques here work only with "star" chains, as described in the paper. // Knowledge that the chains are star chains allows certain optimizations. // 2. The paper descibes a linked list representation which encodes both // addends of numbers in the chain. This allows additional optimizations, but // for the purposes of the RC task, this simpler representation is adequate. type starChain []int

// ⊗= operator. modifies receiver. func (s1 *starChain) cMul(s2 starChain) {

   p := *s1
   i := len(p)
   n := p[i-1]
   p = append(p, s2[1:]...)
   for ; i < len(p); i++ {
       p[i] *= n
   }
   *s1 = p

}

// ⊕= operator. modifies receiver. func (p *starChain) cAdd(j int) {

   c := *p
   *p = append(c, c[len(c)-1]+j)

}

// The γ function described in the paper returns a set of numbers in general, // but certain γ functions return only singletons. The dichotomic strategy // is one of these and gives good results so it is the one used for the // RC task. Defining the package variable γ to be a singleton allows some // simplifications in the code. var γ singleton

type singleton func(int) int

func dichotomic(n int) int {

   return n / (1 << uint((λ(n)+1)/2))

}

// integer log base 2 func λ(n int) (a int) {

   for n != 1 {
       a++
       n >>= 1
   }
   return

}

// minChain as described in the paper. func minChain(n int) starChain {

   switch a := λ(n); {
   case n == 1<<uint(a):
       r := make(starChain, a+1)
       for i := range r {
           r[i] = 1 << uint(i)
       }
       return r
   case n == 3:
       return starChain{1, 2, 3}
   }
   return chain(n, γ(n))

}

// chain as described in the paper. func chain(n1, n2 int) starChain {

   q, r := n1/n2, n1%n2
   if r == 0 {
       c := minChain(n2)
       c.cMul(minChain(q))
       return c
   }
   c := chain(n2, r)
   c.cMul(minChain(q))
   c.cAdd(r)
   return c

}

func main() {

   m := 31415
   n := 27182
   show(m)
   show(n)
   show(m * n)
   showEasier(m, 1.00002206445416)
   showEasier(n, 1.00002550055251)

}

func show(e int) {

   fmt.Println("exponent:", e)
   s := math.Sqrt(.5)
   a := matrixFromRows([][]float64{
       {s, 0, s, 0, 0, 0},
       {0, s, 0, s, 0, 0},
       {0, s, 0, -s, 0, 0},
       {-s, 0, s, 0, 0, 0},
       {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1},
       {0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0},
   })
   γ = dichotomic
   sc := minChain(e)
   fmt.Println("addition chain:", sc)
   a.scExp(sc).print("a^e")
   fmt.Println("count of multiplies:", mCount)
   fmt.Println()

}

var mCount int

func showEasier(e int, a float64) {

   fmt.Println("exponent:", e)
   γ = dichotomic
   sc := minChain(e)
   fmt.Printf("%.14f^%d: %.14f\n", a, sc[len(sc)-1], scExp64(a, sc))
   fmt.Println("count of multiplies:", mCount)
   fmt.Println()

}

func scExp64(a float64, sc starChain) float64 {

   mCount = 0
   p := make([]float64, len(sc))
   p[0] = a 
   for i := 1; i < len(p); i++ {
       d := sc[i] - sc[i-1]
       j := i - 1
       for sc[j] != d {
           j--
       }
       p[i] = p[i-1] * p[j]
       mCount++
   }
   return p[len(p)-1]

}

func (m *matrix) scExp(sc starChain) *matrix {

   mCount = 0
   p := make([]*matrix, len(sc))
   p[0] = m.copy()
   for i := 1; i < len(p); i++ {
       d := sc[i] - sc[i-1]
       j := i - 1
       for sc[j] != d {
           j--
       }
       p[i] = p[i-1].multiply(p[j])
       mCount++
   }
   return p[len(p)-1]

}

func (m *matrix) copy() *matrix {

   return &matrix{append([]float64{}, m.ele...), m.stride}

}

// code below copied from matrix multiplication task type matrix struct {

   ele    []float64
   stride int

}

func matrixFromRows(rows [][]float64) *matrix {

   if len(rows) == 0 {
       return &matrix{nil, 0}
   }
   m := &matrix{make([]float64, len(rows)*len(rows[0])), len(rows[0])}
   for rx, row := range rows {
       copy(m.ele[rx*m.stride:(rx+1)*m.stride], row)
   }
   return m

}

func (m *matrix) print(heading string) {

   if heading > "" {
       fmt.Print(heading, "\n")
   }
   for e := 0; e < len(m.ele); e += m.stride {
       fmt.Printf("%6.3f ", m.ele[e:e+m.stride])
       fmt.Println()
   }

}

func (m1 *matrix) multiply(m2 *matrix) (m3 *matrix) {

   m3 = &matrix{make([]float64, (len(m1.ele)/m1.stride)*m2.stride), m2.stride}
   for m1c0, m3x := 0, 0; m1c0 < len(m1.ele); m1c0 += m1.stride {
       for m2r0 := 0; m2r0 < m2.stride; m2r0++ {
           for m1x, m2x := m1c0, m2r0; m2x < len(m2.ele); m2x += m2.stride {
               m3.ele[m3x] += m1.ele[m1x] * m2.ele[m2x]
               m1x++
           }
           m3x++
       }
   }
   return m3

}</lang> Output (manually wrapped at 80 columns.)

exponent: 31415
addition chain: [1 2 4 5 10 20 25 50 55 110 220 245 490 980 1960 3920 7840
15680 31360 31415]
a^e
[ 0.707  0.000  0.000 -0.707  0.000  0.000] 
[ 0.000  0.707  0.707  0.000  0.000  0.000] 
[ 0.707  0.000  0.000  0.707  0.000  0.000] 
[ 0.000  0.707 -0.707  0.000  0.000  0.000] 
[ 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000] 
[ 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000  0.000] 
count of multiplies: 19

exponent: 27182
addition chain: [1 2 4 8 10 18 28 46 92 184 212 424 848 1696 3392 6784 13568
27136 27182]
a^e
[-0.500 -0.500 -0.500  0.500  0.000  0.000] 
[ 0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500  0.000  0.000] 
[-0.500 -0.500  0.500 -0.500  0.000  0.000] 
[ 0.500 -0.500  0.500  0.500  0.000  0.000] 
[ 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000  0.000] 
[ 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000] 
count of multiplies: 18

exponent: 853922530
addition chain: [1 2 4 5 7 12 24 48 96 103 206 309 412 721 1133 1854 3708 4841
9682 19364 21218 26059 52118 104236 208472 416944 833888 1667776 3335552 6671104
13342208 26684416 53368832 106737664 213475328 426950656 853901312 853922530]
a^e
[-0.500  0.500 -0.500  0.500  0.000  0.000] 
[-0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500  0.000  0.000] 
[-0.500 -0.500  0.500  0.500  0.000  0.000] 
[ 0.500 -0.500 -0.500  0.500  0.000  0.000] 
[ 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000  0.000] 
[ 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000] 
count of multiplies: 37

exponent: 31415
1.00002206445416^31415: 1.99999999989447
count of multiplies: 19

exponent: 27182
1.00002550055251^27182: 1.99999999997876
count of multiplies: 18

Nim

Translation of: Go

<lang Nim>import math, sequtils, strutils

const

 N = 32
 NMax = 40_000

type Save = tuple[p: ptr int; v: int]

var

 u: array[N, int]  # Upper bounds.
 l: array[N, int]  # Lower bounds.

u[0] = 1; u[1] = 2 l[0] = 1; l[1] = 2

var outp, sum, tail: array[N, int]

var cache: array[NMax + 1, int] cache[2] = 1

var

 known = 2
 stack = 0
 undo: array[N * N, Save]

proc replace(x: var openArray[int]; i, n: int) =

 undo[stack] = (x[i].addr, x[i])
 x[i] = n
 inc stack

proc restore(n: int) =

 while stack > n:
   dec stack
   undo[stack].p[] = undo[stack].v

proc bounds(n: int): tuple[lower, upper: int] =

 # Return lower and upper bounds.
 if n <= 2 or n <= NMax and cache[n] != 0:
   return (cache[n], cache[n])
 var
   i = -1
   o = 0
   n = n
 while n != 0:
   if (n and 1) != 0: inc o
   n = n shr 1
   inc i
 dec i
 result.upper = o + i
 while true:
   inc i
   o = o shr 1
   if o == 0: break
 o = 2
 while o * o < n:
   if n mod o == 0:
     let q = cache[o] + cache[n div o]
     if q < result.upper:
       result.upper = q
       if q == i: break
   inc o
 if n > 2:
   if result.upper > cache[n - 2] + 1:
     result.upper = cache[n - 1] + 1
   if result.upper > cache[n - 2] + 1:
     result.upper = cache[n - 2] + 1
 result.lower = i

proc insert(x, pos: int): bool =

 let save = stack

 if l[pos] > x or u[pos] < x:
   return false

 if l[pos] != x:
   l.replace(pos, x)
   var i = pos - 1
   while u[i] * 2 < u[i+1]:
     let t = l[i+1] + 1
     if t * 2 > u[i]:
       restore(save)
       return false
     l.replace(i, t)
     dec i
   i = pos + 1
   while l[i] <= l[i-1]:
     let t = l[i-1] + 1
     if t > u[i]:
       restore(save)
       return false
     l.replace(i, t)
     inc i

 if u[pos] == x:
   return true

 u.replace(pos, x)
 var i = pos - 1
 while u[i] >= u[i+1]:
   let t = u[i+1] - 1
   if t < l[i]:
     restore(save)
     return false
   u.replace(i, t)
   dec i
 i = pos + 1
 while u[i] > u[i-1] * 2:
   let t = u[i-1] * 2
   if t < l[i]:
     restore(save)
     return false
   u.replace(i, t)
   inc i

 result = true

Forward reference.

proc seqRecur(le: int): bool

proc `try`(p, q, le: int): bool =

 var pl = cache[p]
 if pl >= le: return false
 var ql = cache[q]
 if ql >= le: return false

 while pl < le and u[pl] < p: inc pl
 var pu = pl - 1
 while pu < le - 1 and u[pu+1] >= p: inc pu

 while ql < le and u[ql] < q: inc ql
 var qu = ql - 1
 while qu < le - 1 and u[qu+1] >= q: inc qu

 if p != q and pl <= ql: pl = ql + 1
 if pl > pu or ql > qu or ql > pu: return false

 if outp[le] == 0:
   pu = le - 1
   pl = pu

 let ps = stack
 while pu >= pl:
   if insert(p, pu):
     inc outp[pu]
     inc sum[pu], le
     if p != q:
       let qs= stack
       var j = qu
       if j >= pu: j = pu - 1
       while j >= ql:
         if insert(q, j):
           inc outp[j]
           inc sum[j], le
           tail[le] = q
           if seqRecur(le - 1): return true
           restore(qs)
           dec outp[j]
           dec sum[j], le
         dec j
     else:
       inc outp[pu]
       inc sum[pu], le
       tail[le] = p
       if seqRecur(le - 1): return true
       dec outp[pu]
       dec sum[pu], le
     dec outp[pu]
     dec sum[pu], le
     restore(ps)
   dec pu

proc seqRecur(le: int): bool =

 let n = l[le]
 if le < 2: return true
 var limit = n - 1
 if outp[le] == 1: limit = n - tail[sum[le]]
 if limit > u[le-1]: limit = u[le-1]
 # Try to break n into p + q, and see if we can insert p, q into
 # list while satisfying bounds.
 var p = limit
 var q = n - p
 while q <= p:
   if `try`(p, q, le): return true
   dec p
   inc q

Forward reference.

proc sequence(n, le: int): int

proc seqLen(n: int): int =

 if n <= known: return cache[n]

 # Need all lower n to compute sequence.
 while known + 1 < n:
   discard seqLen(known + 1)

 var (lb, ub) = bounds(n)
 while lb < ub and sequence(n, lb) == 0: inc lb

 known = n
 if (n and 1023) == 0: echo "Cached: ", known
 cache[n] = lb
 result = lb

proc sequence(n, le: int): int =

 let le = if le != 0: le else: seqLen(n)
 stack = 0
 l[le] = n
 u[le] = n
 for i in 0..le:
   outp[i] = 0
   sum[i] = 0
 for i in 2..<le:
   l[i] = l[i-1] + 1
   u[i] = u[i-1] * 2
 for i in countdown(le - 1, 3):
   if l[i] * 2 < l[i+1]:
     l[i] = (1 + l[i+1]) div 2
   if u[i] >= u[i+1]:
     u[i] = u[i+1] - 1

 if not seqRecur(le): return 0
 result = le

proc sequence(n, le: int; buf: var openArray[int]): int =

 let le = sequence(n, le)
 for i in 0..le: buf[i] = u[i]
 result = le

proc binLen(n: int): int =

 var r, o = -1
 var n = n
 while n != 0:
   if (n and 1) != 0: inc o
   n = n shr 1
   inc r
 result = r + o

type

 Vector = seq[float]
 Matrix = seq[Vector]

func `*`(m1, m2: Matrix): Matrix =

 let
   rows1 = m1.len
   cols1 = m1[0].len
   rows2 = m2.len
   cols2 = m2[0].len
 if cols1 != rows2:
   raise newException(ValueError, "Matrices cannot be multiplied.")

 result = newSeqWith(rows1, newSeq[float](cols2))
 for i in 0..<rows1:
   for j in 0..<cols2:
     for k in 0..<rows2:
       result[i][j] += m1[i][k] * m2[k][j]

proc pow(m: Matrix; n: int; printout: bool): Matrix =

 var e = newSeq[int](N)
 var v: array[N, Matrix]
 let le = sequence(n, 0, e)
 if printout:
   echo "Addition chain:"
   echo e[0..le].join(" ")
 v[0] = m
 v[1] = m * m
 for i in 2..le:
   block loop2:
     for j in countdown(i - 1, 0):
       for k in countdown(j, 0):
         if e[k] + e[j] < e[i]: break
         if e[k] + e[j] > e[i]: continue
         v[i] = v[j] * v[k]
         break loop2
 result = v[le]

func `$`(m: Matrix): string =

 for v in m:
   result.add '['
   let start = result.len
   for x in v:
     result.addSep(" ", start)
     result.add x.formatFloat(ffDecimal, precision = 6).align(9)
   result.add "]\n"

var m = 27182 var n = 31415 echo "Precompute chain lengths:" discard seqlen(n) let rh = sqrt(0.5) let mx: Matrix = @[@[ rh, 0.0, rh, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],

                  @[0.0,  rh, 0.0,  rh, 0.0, 0.0],
                  @[0.0,  rh, 0.0, -rh, 0.0, 0.0],
                  @[-rh, 0.0,  rh, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
                  @[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0],
                  @[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0]]

echo "\nThe first 100 terms of A003313 are:" for i in 1..100:

 stdout.write seqLen(i), ' '
 if i mod 10 == 0: echo()

let exs = [m, n] var mxs: array[2, Matrix] for i, ex in exs:

 echo()
 echo "Exponent: ", ex
 mxs[i] = mx.pow(ex, true)
 echo "A ^ $#:\n".format(ex)
 echo mxs[i]
 echo "Number of A/C multiplies: ", seqLen(ex)
 echo "  c.f. Binary multiplies: ", binLen(ex)

echo() echo "Exponent: $1 x $2 = $3".format(m, n, m * n) echo "A ^ $1 = (A ^ $2) ^ $3:\n".format(m * n, m, n) echo mxs[0].pow(n, false)</lang>

Output:

Precompute chain lengths:
Cached: 1024
Cached: 2048
Cached: 3072
Cached: 4096
Cached: 5120
Cached: 6144
Cached: 7168
Cached: 8192
Cached: 9216
Cached: 10240
Cached: 11264
Cached: 12288
Cached: 13312
Cached: 14336
Cached: 15360
Cached: 16384
Cached: 17408
Cached: 18432
Cached: 19456
Cached: 20480
Cached: 21504
Cached: 22528
Cached: 23552
Cached: 24576
Cached: 25600
Cached: 26624
Cached: 27648
Cached: 28672
Cached: 29696
Cached: 30720

The first 100 terms of A003313 are:
0 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 6 5 
6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 7 6 
7 5 6 6 7 6 7 7 7 6 
7 7 7 7 7 7 8 6 7 7 
7 7 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 7 
8 8 8 6 7 7 8 7 8 8 
9 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 7 
8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8 
9 8 9 9 9 7 8 8 8 8 

Exponent: 27182
Addition chain:
1 2 4 8 10 18 28 46 92 184 212 424 848 1696 3392 6784 13568 27136 27182
A ^ 27182:

[-0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000 -0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000  0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000]

Number of A/C multiplies: 18
  c.f. Binary multiplies: 21

Exponent: 31415
Addition chain:
1 2 4 8 16 17 33 49 98 196 392 784 1568 3136 6272 6289 12561 25122 31411 31415
A ^ 31415:

[ 0.707107  0.000000  0.000000 -0.707107  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.707107  0.707107  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.707107  0.000000  0.000000  0.707107  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.707107 -0.707107  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000  0.000000]

Number of A/C multiplies: 19
  c.f. Binary multiplies: 24

Exponent: 27182 x 31415 = 853922530
A ^ 853922530 = (A ^ 27182) ^ 31415:

[-0.500000  0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[-0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000  0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.500000 -0.500000 -0.500000  0.500000  0.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000  0.000000]
[ 0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000  1.000000]

Phix

Brute force

Naieve brute force search, no attempt to optimise, manages about 4 million checks/s.
Replacing the recursion with an internal stack and chosen with a fixed length array might help, but otherwise I got no good ideas at all for trimming the search space.
Giving it the same length, I think, yields the same result as Knuth's_power_tree#Phix, and at least in the cases that I tried, somewhat faster than the method on that page.
If you know the A003313 number, you can throw that at it and wait (for several billion years) or get the power tree length and loop trying to find a path one shorter (and wait several trillion years). For the path() and treepow() routines see link above.
Note that "tries" overflows (crashes) at 1073741824, which I kept in as a deliberate limiter.

atom t1 = time()+1
integer tries = 0
function addition_chain(integer target, len, sequence chosen={1})
-- target and len must be >=2
    tries += 1
    integer l = length(chosen),
            last = chosen[$]
    if last=target then return chosen end if
    if l=len then
        if time()>t1 then
            ?{"addition_chain",chosen,tries}
            t1 = time()+1
        end if
    else
        for i=l to 1 by -1 do
            integer next = last+chosen[i]
            if next<=target then
                sequence res = addition_chain(target,len,chosen&next)
                if length(res) then return res end if
            end if
        end for
    end if
    return {}
end function
 
-- first, some proof of correctness at the lower/trivial end:
 
sequence res = repeat(0,120)
res[2] = 1
for n=3 to length(res) do
    integer l = length(path(n))
    while true do
        sequence ac = addition_chain(n,l)
        if length(ac)=0 then exit end if
        l = length(ac)-1
    end while
    res[n] = l
end for
puts(1,"The first 120 members of A003313:\n")
pp(res)
 
printf(1,"addition_chain(31,8):%s\n",{sprint(addition_chain(31,8))})

Output:

The first 120 members of A003313:
{0,1,2,2,3,3,4,3,4,4,5,4,5,5,5,4,5,5,6,5,6,6,6,5,6,6,6,6,7,6,7,5,6,6,7,6,7,
 7,7,6,7,7,7,7,7,7,8,6,7,7,7,7,8,7,8,7,8,8,8,7,8,8,8,6,7,7,8,7,8,8,9,7,8,8,
 8,8,8,8,9,7,8,8,8,8,8,8,9,8,9,8,9,8,9,9,9,7,8,8,8,8,9,8,9,8,9,9,9,8,9,9,9,
 8,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,8}
addition_chain(31,8):{1,2,4,8,10,20,30,31}

On the task numbers, however, as to be expected, it struggles but probably would eventually get there if the overflow on tries were removed:

--?path(12509)                       -- {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,12288,12416,12480,12496,12504,12508,12509}
--?addition_chain(12509,21) -- 0s       {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,12288,12416,12480,12496,12504,12508,12509}
--?addition_chain(12509,20) -- 12.3s    {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,4160,8320,12480,12496,12504,12508,12509}
--?addition_chain(12509,19) -- 1.1s     {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,4160,4168,8336,12504,12508,12509}
--?addition_chain(12509,18) -- bust
--?addition_chain(12509,17) -- bust

--?path(31415)                       -- {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,28672,30720,31232,31360,31392,31408,31412,31414,31415}
--?addition_chain(31415,25) -- 0s       {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,28672,30720,31232,31360,31392,31408,31412,31414,31415}
--?addition_chain(31415,24) -- bust
--?addition_chain(31415,23) -- bust
--?addition_chain(31415,22) -- 137s     {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,10240,10368,10384,10386,20772,31158,31414,31415}
--?addition_chain(31415,21) -- 116s     {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,6144,6272,6288,6290,12562,25124,31414,31415}
--?addition_chain(31415,20) -- bust     
--?addition_chain(31415,19) -- bust

--?path(27182)                       -- {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,26624,27136,27168,27176,27180,27182}
--?addition_chain(27182,22) -- 0s       {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,26624,27136,27168,27176,27180,27182}
--?addition_chain(27182,21) -- 19.4s    {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,8704,8712,8714,17428,26142,27166,27182}
--?addition_chain(27182,20) -- 14.2s    {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,5120,5128,5640,5642,10770,21540,27182}
--?addition_chain(27182,19) -- bust
--?addition_chain(27182,18) -- bust

Once you have an addition chain, of course, apply it as per Knuth's_power_tree#Phix, and of course length(pn) is the number of multiplies that will perform.

--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,28672,30720,31232,31360,31392,31408,31412,31414,31415}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,10240,10368,10384,10386,20772,31158,31414,31415}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,6144,6272,6288,6290,12562,25124,31414,31415}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,17,33,49,98,196,392,784,1568,3136,6272,6289,12561,25122,31411,31415}    -- (from C)
--printf(1,"%3g ^ %d (%d) = %s\n", {1.00002206445416,31415,length(pn),treepow(1.00002206445416,31415,pn)})
--1.00002 ^ 31415 (25) = 1.9999999998949602994638558
--1.00002 ^ 31415 (22) = 1.9999999998949602994638556
--1.00002 ^ 31415 (21) = 1.9999999998949602994638552
--1.00002 ^ 31415 (20) = 1.9999999998949602994638291

--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,16384,24576,26624,27136,27168,27176,27180,27182}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,8192,8704,8712,8714,17428,26142,27166,27182}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096,5120,5128,5640,5642,10770,21540,27182}
--sequence pn = {1,2,4,8,10,18,28,46,92,184,212,424,848,1696,3392,6784,13568,27136,27182}       -- (from C)
--printf(1,"%3g ^ %d (%d) = %s\n", {1.00002550055251,27182,length(pn),treepow(1.00002550055251,27182,pn)})
--1.00003 ^ 27182 (22) = 1.9999999999727968238298861
--1.00003 ^ 27182 (21) = 1.9999999999727968238298859
--1.00003 ^ 27182 (20) = 1.9999999999727968238298855
--1.00003 ^ 27182 (19) = 1.9999999999727968238298527

Racket

This example is incorrect. Please fix the code and remove this message.

Details: The task states: Binary exponentiation does not usually produce the best solution. Provide only optimal solutions. This answer only considers binary exponentiation, which is not enough to give an optimal solution.

The addition chains correspond to binary exponentiation. <lang racket>

lang racket

(define (chain n)

 ; computes a simple addition chain for n
 (cond [(= n 1)   '()]
       [(even? n) (define n/2 (/ n 2))
                  (cons (list n n/2 n/2) (chain n/2))]
       [(odd? n)  (define n-1 (- n 1))
                  (cons (list n n-1 1) (chain (- n 1)))]))

(define mult

 (let ([n 0])
   (λ xs
     (cond [(equal? xs (list 'count)) n]
           [(equal? xs (list 'reset)) (set! n 0)]
           [else (set! n (+ n 1))
                 (apply * xs)]))))

(define (expt/chain x n chain)

   ; computes x^n using the addition chain  
 (define ht (make-hash))
 (hash-set! ht 1 x)
 (define (expt1 n)
   (or (hash-ref ht n #f)
       (let ()
         (define x^n
           (match (assoc n chain)
             [(list _ s t) (mult (expt1 s) (expt1 t))]))
         (hash-set! ht n x^n)
         x^n)))
 (expt1 n))

(define (test x n)

 (displayln (~a "Chain for " n "\n" (chain n)))
 (mult 'reset)
 (displayln (~a x " ^ " n " = " (expt/chain x n (chain n))))
 (displayln (~a "Multiplications: " (mult 'count)))
 (newline))

(test 1.00002206445416 31415) (test 1.00002550055251 27182) </lang> Output: <lang racket> Chain for 31415 ((31415 31414 1) (31414 15707 15707) (15707 15706 1) (15706 7853 7853) (7853 7852 1) (7852 3926 3926) (3926 1963 1963) (1963 1962 1) (1962 981 981) (981 980 1) (980 490 490) (490 245 245) (245 244 1) (244 122 122) (122 61 61) (61 60 1) (60 30 30) (30 15 15) (15 14 1) (14 7 7) (7 6 1) (6 3 3) (3 2 1) (2 1 1)) 1.00002206445416 ^ 31415 = 1.9999999998913485 Multiplications: 24

Chain for 27182 ((27182 13591 13591) (13591 13590 1) (13590 6795 6795) (6795 6794 1) (6794 3397 3397) (3397 3396 1) (3396 1698 1698) (1698 849 849) (849 848 1) (848 424 424) (424 212 212) (212 106 106) (106 53 53) (53 52 1) (52 26 26) (26 13 13) (13 12 1) (12 6 6) (6 3 3) (3 2 1) (2 1 1)) 1.00002550055251 ^ 27182 = 1.9999999999774538 Multiplications: 21 </lang>

Tcl

This example is incorrect. Please fix the code and remove this message.

Details: The tasks explicitly asks to give only optimal solutions, star chains are not enough.

Using code at Matrix multiplication#Tcl and Matrix Transpose#Tcl (not shown here).

Translation of: Go

<lang tcl># Continued fraction addition chains, as described in "Efficient computation

of addition chains" by F. Bergeron, J. Berstel, and S. Brlek, published in
Journal de théorie des nombres de Bordeaux, 6 no. 1 (1994), p. 21-38,
accessed at http://www.numdam.org/item?id=JTNB_1994__6_1_21_0.
Uses the dichotomic strategy, which produces good results with simpler
coding than for a pluggable non-deterministic strategy.

package require Tcl 8.5 namespace path {::tcl::mathop ::tcl::mathfunc}

proc minchain {n} {

   if {!($n & ($n-1))} {

for {set i 1} {$i <= $n} {incr i $i} {lappend c $i} return $c

   } elseif {$n == 3} {

return {1 2 3}

   }
   return [chain $n [expr {$n >> int(ceil(floor(log($n)/log(2))/2))}]]

} proc chain {n1 n2} {

   set q [expr {$n1 / $n2}]
   set r [expr {$n1 % $n2}]
   if {$r == 0} {

return [chain.* [minchain $n2] [minchain $q]]

   } else {

return [chain.+ [chain.* [chain $n2 $r] [minchain $q]] $r]

} proc chain.+ {ns k} {

   return [lappend ns [expr {[lindex $ns end] + $k}]]

} proc chain.* {ns ms} {

   set n_k [lindex $ns end]
   foreach m_i $ms {

if {$m_i==1} continue lappend ns [expr {$n_k * $m_i}]

   }
   return $ns

}

Generate a lambda term to do exponentiation with a given multiplier command.
Works by extracting information from the addition chain; the lambda term
generated is minimal

proc makeExponentiationLambda {n mulfunc} {

   set chain [minchain $n]
   set cmd {set a0}
   set idxes 0
   foreach c0 [lrange $chain 0 end-1] c1 [lrange $chain 1 end] {

lappend idxes [lsearch $chain [expr {$c1 - $c0}]]

   }
   for {set i 1} {$i<[llength $chain]} {incr i} {

set cmd "$mulfunc \[$cmd\] \$a[lindex $idxes $i]" if {$i in $idxes} { set cmd "set a$i \[$cmd\]" }

   }
   list a0 $cmd

}

Demonstrating application of problem to matrix exponentiation

proc count_mult {a b} {incr ::countMult;matrix_multiply $a $b} set m 31415 set n 27182 set mn [expr {$m*$n}] set pow_m [makeExponentiationLambda $m count_mult] set pow_n [makeExponentiationLambda $n count_mult] set pow_mn [makeExponentiationLambda $mn count_mult]

set rh [expr {sqrt(0.5)}] set mrh [expr {-$rh}] set A [subst {

   {$rh 0 $rh 0 0 0}
   {0 $rh 0 $rh 0 0}
   {0 $rh 0 $mrh 0 0}
   {$mrh 0 $rh 0 0 0}
   {0 0 0 0 0 1}
   {0 0 0 0 1 0}

}] puts "A**$m"; set countMult 0 print_matrix [apply $pow_m $A] %6.3f puts "$countMult matrix multiplies" puts "A**$n"; set countMult 0 print_matrix [apply $pow_n $A] %6.3f puts "$countMult matrix multiplies" puts "A**$mn"; set countMult 0 print_matrix [apply $pow_mn $A] %6.3f puts "$countMult matrix multiplies"</lang>

Output:

A**31415
 0.707  0.000  0.000 -0.707  0.000  0.000 
 0.000  0.707  0.707  0.000  0.000  0.000 
 0.707  0.000  0.000  0.707  0.000  0.000 
 0.000  0.707 -0.707  0.000  0.000  0.000 
 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000 
 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000  0.000 
19 matrix multiplies
A**27182
-0.500 -0.500 -0.500  0.500  0.000  0.000 
 0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500  0.000  0.000 
-0.500 -0.500  0.500 -0.500  0.000  0.000 
 0.500 -0.500  0.500  0.500  0.000  0.000 
 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000  0.000 
 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000 
18 matrix multiplies
A**853922530
-0.500  0.500 -0.500  0.500  0.000  0.000 
-0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500  0.000  0.000 
-0.500 -0.500  0.500  0.500  0.000  0.000 
 0.500 -0.500 -0.500  0.500  0.000  0.000 
 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000  0.000 
 0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  0.000  1.000 
37 matrix multiplies